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Wang Q, Pan M, Kreiss L, Samaei S, Carp SA, Johansson JD, Zhang Y, Wu M, Horstmeyer R, Diop M, Li DDU. A comprehensive overview of diffuse correlation spectroscopy: theoretical framework, recent advances in hardware, analysis, and applications. Neuroimage 2024:120793. [PMID: 39153520 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is a powerful tool for assessing microvascular hemodynamic in deep tissues. Recent advances in sensors, lasers, and deep learning have further boosted the development of new DCS methods. However, newcomers might feel overwhelmed, not only by the already-complex DCS theoretical framework but also by the broad range of component options and system architectures. To facilitate new entry to this exciting field, we present a comprehensive review of DCS hardware architectures (continuous-wave, frequency-domain, and time-domain) and summarize corresponding theoretical models. Further, we discuss new applications of highly integrated silicon single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) sensors in DCS, compare SPADs with existing sensors, and review other components (lasers, sensors, and correlators), as well as data analysis tools, including deep learning. Potential applications in medical diagnosis are discussed and an outlook for the future directions is provided, to offer effective guidance to embark on DCS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Wang
- University of Strathclyde, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mingliang Pan
- University of Strathclyde, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Kreiss
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Saeed Samaei
- Western University, Department of Medical and Biophysics, Schulich School of Medical & Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada; Imaging Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan A Carp
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Optics at Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | - Yuanzhe Zhang
- University of Strathclyde, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa Wu
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Roarke Horstmeyer
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Mamadou Diop
- Western University, Department of Medical and Biophysics, Schulich School of Medical & Dentistry, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Day-Uei Li
- University of Strathclyde, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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Cortese L, Fernández Esteberena P, Zanoletti M, Lo Presti G, Aranda Velazquez G, Ruiz Janer S, Buttafava M, Renna M, Di Sieno L, Tosi A, Dalla Mora A, Wojtkiewicz S, Dehghani H, de Fraguier S, Nguyen-Dinh A, Rosinski B, Weigel UM, Mesquida J, Squarcia M, Hanzu FA, Contini D, Mora Porta M, Durduran T. In vivocharacterization of the optical and hemodynamic properties of the human sternocleidomastoid muscle through ultrasound-guided hybrid near-infrared spectroscopies. Physiol Meas 2023; 44:125010. [PMID: 38061053 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ad133a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Objective.In this paper, we present a detailedin vivocharacterization of the optical and hemodynamic properties of the human sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM), obtained through ultrasound-guided near-infrared time-domain and diffuse correlation spectroscopies.Approach.A total of sixty-five subjects (forty-nine females, sixteen males) among healthy volunteers and thyroid nodule patients have been recruited for the study. Their SCM hemodynamic (oxy-, deoxy- and total hemoglobin concentrations, blood flow, blood oxygen saturation and metabolic rate of oxygen extraction) and optical properties (wavelength dependent absorption and reduced scattering coefficients) have been measured by the use of a novel hybrid device combining in a single unit time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy, diffuse correlation spectroscopy and simultaneous ultrasound imaging.Main results.We provide detailed tables of the results related to SCM baseline (i.e. muscle at rest) properties, and reveal significant differences on the measured parameters due to variables such as side of the neck, sex, age, body mass index, depth and thickness of the muscle, allowing future clinical studies to take into account such dependencies.Significance.The non-invasive monitoring of the hemodynamics and metabolism of the sternocleidomastoid muscle during respiration became a topic of increased interest partially due to the increased use of mechanical ventilation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Near-infrared diffuse optical spectroscopies were proposed as potential practical monitors of increased recruitment of SCM during respiratory distress. They can provide clinically relevant information on the degree of the patient's respiratory effort that is needed to maintain an optimal minute ventilation, with potential clinical application ranging from evaluating chronic pulmonary diseases to more acute settings, such as acute respiratory failure, or to determine the readiness to wean from invasive mechanical ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cortese
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, E-08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Pablo Fernández Esteberena
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, E-08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Marta Zanoletti
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, E-08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lo Presti
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, E-08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | | | - Sabina Ruiz Janer
- IDIBAPS, Fundació Clínic per la Recerca Biomèdica, E-08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mauro Buttafava
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria, I-20133 Milano, Italy
- Now at PIONIRS s.r.l., I-20124 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Renna
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria, I-20133 Milano, Italy
- Now at Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, MGH, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States of America
| | - Laura Di Sieno
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Tosi
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Stanislaw Wojtkiewicz
- University of Birmingham, School of Computer Science, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
- Now at Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hamid Dehghani
- University of Birmingham, School of Computer Science, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Udo M Weigel
- HemoPhotonics S.L., E-08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Jaume Mesquida
- Área de Crítics, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, E-08208 Sabadell, Spain
| | - Mattia Squarcia
- IDIBAPS, Fundació Clínic per la Recerca Biomèdica, E-08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Neuroradiology Department, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, E-08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felicia A Hanzu
- IDIBAPS, Fundació Clínic per la Recerca Biomèdica, E-08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, E-08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Davide Contini
- Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mireia Mora Porta
- IDIBAPS, Fundació Clínic per la Recerca Biomèdica, E-08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, E-08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Turgut Durduran
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, E-08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Nakabayashi M, Liu S, Broti NM, Ichinose M, Ono Y. Deep-learning-based separation of shallow and deep layer blood flow rates in diffuse correlation spectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:5358-5375. [PMID: 37854549 PMCID: PMC10581791 DOI: 10.1364/boe.498693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse correlation spectroscopy faces challenges concerning the contamination of cutaneous and deep tissue blood flow. We propose a long short-term memory network to directly quantify the flow rates of shallow and deep-layer tissues. By exploiting the different contributions of shallow and deep-layer flow rates to auto-correlation functions, we accurately predict the shallow and deep-layer flow rates (RMSE = 0.047 and 0.034 ml/min/100 g of simulated tissue, R2 = 0.99 and 0.99, respectively) in a two-layer flow phantom experiment. This approach is useful in evaluating the blood flow responses of active muscles, where both cutaneous and deep-muscle blood flow increase with exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikie Nakabayashi
- Electrical Engineering Program, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 2148571, Japan
| | - Siwei Liu
- Electrical Engineering Program, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 2148571, Japan
| | - Nawara Mahmood Broti
- Electrical Engineering Program, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 2148571, Japan
| | - Masashi Ichinose
- Human Integrative Physiology Laboratory, School of Business Administration, Meiji University,1-1 Surugadai, Kanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo,1018301, Japan
| | - Yumie Ono
- Department of Electronics and Bioinformatics, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 2148571, Japan
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Wu MM, Horstmeyer R, Carp SA. scatterBrains: an open database of human head models and companion optode locations for realistic Monte Carlo photon simulations. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2023; 28:100501. [PMID: 37811478 PMCID: PMC10557038 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.28.10.100501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Significance Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are currently the gold standard in the near-infrared and diffuse correlation spectroscopy (NIRS/DCS) communities for generating light transport paths through tissue. However, realistic and diverse models that capture complex tissue layers are not easily available to all; moreover, manually placing optodes on such models can be tedious and time consuming. Such limitations may hinder the adoption of representative models for basic simulations and the use of these models for large-scale simulations, e.g., for training machine learning algorithms. Aim We aim to provide the NIRS/DCS communities with an open-source, user-friendly database of morphologically and optically realistic head models, as well as a succinct software pipeline to prepare these models for mesh-based Monte Carlo simulations of light transport. Approach Sixteen anatomical models were created from segmented T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) head scans and converted to tetrahedral mesh volumes. Approximately 800 companion scalp surface locations were distributed on each model, comprising full head coverage. A pipeline was created to place custom source and optical detectors at each location, and guidance is provided on how to use these parameters to set up MC simulations. Results The models, head surface locations, and all associated code are freely available under the scatterBrains project on Github. Conclusions The NIRS/DCS community benefits from having shared resources for conducting MC simulations on realistic head geometries. We hope this will make MRI-based head models and virtual optode placement easily accessible to all. Contributions to the database are welcome and encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M. Wu
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Roarke Horstmeyer
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Stefan A. Carp
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
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Liu X, Irwin DA, Huang C, Gu Y, Chen L, Donohue KD, Chen L, Yu G. A Wearable Fiber-Free Optical Sensor for Continuous Monitoring of Cerebral Blood Flow in Freely Behaving Mice. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2023; 70:1838-1848. [PMID: 37015409 PMCID: PMC10542964 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2022.3229513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wearable technologies for functional brain monitoring in freely behaving subjects can advance our understanding of cognitive processing and adaptive behavior. Existing technologies are lacking in this capability or need procedures that are invasive and/or otherwise impede brain assessments during social behavioral conditions, exercise, and sleep. METHODS In response a complete system was developed to combine relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measurement, O2 and CO2 supplies, and behavior recording for use on conscious, freely behaving mice. An innovative diffuse speckle contrast flowmetry (DSCF) device and associated hardware were miniaturized and optimized for rCBF measurements in small subject applications. The use of this wearable, fiber-free, near-infrared DSCF head-stage/probe allowed no craniotomy, minimally invasive probe implantation, and minimal restraint of the awake animal. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Significant correlations were found between measurements with the new DSCF design and an optical standard. The system successfully detected rCBF responses to CO2-induced hypercapnia in both anesthetized and freely behaving mice. SIGNIFICANCE Collecting rCBF and activity information together during natural behaviors provides realistic physiological results and opens the path to exploring their correlations with pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Daniel A. Irwin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Chong Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Yutong Gu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource Facility, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kevin D. Donohue
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Physiology, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Guoqiang Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Carp SA, Robinson MB, Franceschini MA. Diffuse correlation spectroscopy: current status and future outlook. NEUROPHOTONICS 2023; 10:013509. [PMID: 36704720 PMCID: PMC9871606 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.10.1.013509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) has emerged as a versatile, noninvasive method for deep tissue perfusion assessment using near-infrared light. A broad class of applications is being pursued in neuromonitoring and beyond. However, technical limitations of the technology as originally implemented remain as barriers to wider adoption. A wide variety of approaches to improve measurement performance and reduce cost are being explored; these include interferometric methods, camera-based multispeckle detection, and long path photon selection for improved depth sensitivity. We review here the current status of DCS technology and summarize future development directions and the challenges that remain on the path to widespread adoption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan A. Carp
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Optics at Martinos Research Group, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Mitchell B. Robinson
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Optics at Martinos Research Group, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Maria A. Franceschini
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Optics at Martinos Research Group, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
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Matsuda Y, Nakabayashi M, Suzuki T, Zhang S, Ichinose M, Ono Y. Evaluation of Local Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow in Manipulative Therapy by Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:800051. [PMID: 35087803 PMCID: PMC8786806 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.800051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Manipulative therapy (MT) is applied to motor organs through a therapist’s hands. Although MT has been utilized in various medical treatments based on its potential role for increasing the blood flow to the local muscle, a quantitative validation of local muscle blood flow in MT remains challenging due to the lack of appropriate bedside evaluation techniques. Therefore, we investigated changes in the local blood flow to the muscle undergoing MT by employing diffuse correlation spectroscopy, a portable and emerging optical measurement technology that non-invasively measures blood flow in deep tissues. This study investigated the changes in blood flow, heart rate, blood pressure, and autonomic nervous activity in the trapezius muscle through MT application in 30 volunteers without neck and shoulder injury. Five minutes of MT significantly increased the median local blood flow relative to that of the pre-MT period (p < 0.05). The post-MT local blood flow increase was significantly higher in the MT condition than in the control condition, where participants remained still without receiving MT for the same time (p < 0.05). However, MT did not affect the heart rate, blood pressure, or cardiac autonomic nervous activity. The post-MT increase in muscle blood flow was significantly higher in the participants with muscle stiffness in the neck and shoulder regions than in those without (p < 0.05). These results suggest that MT could increase the local blood flow to the target skeletal muscle, with minimal effects on systemic circulatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Matsuda
- Electrical Engineering Program, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
- Faculty of Medical Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mikie Nakabayashi
- Electrical Engineering Program, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Suzuki
- Electrical Engineering Program, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Sinan Zhang
- Electrical Engineering Program, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
- Department of Electronics and Bioinformatics, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Masashi Ichinose
- Human Integrative Physiology Laboratory, School of Business Administration, Meiji University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumie Ono
- Department of Electronics and Bioinformatics, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yumie Ono,
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Giovannella M, Urtane E, Zanoletti M, Karadeniz U, Rubins U, Weigel UM, Marcinkevics Z, Durduran T. Microvascular blood flow changes of the abductor pollicis brevis muscle during sustained static exercise. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:4235-4248. [PMID: 34457411 PMCID: PMC8367267 DOI: 10.1364/boe.427885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A practical assessment of the general health and microvascular function of the palm muscle, abductor pollicis brevis (APB), is important for the diagnosis of different conditions. In this study, we have developed a protocol and a probe to study microvascular blood flow using near-infrared diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) in APB during and after thumb abduction at 55% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). Near-infrared time resolved spectroscopy (TRS) was also used to characterize the baseline optical and hemodynamic properties. Thirteen (n=13) subjects were enrolled and subdivided in low MVC (N=6, MVC<2.3 kg) and high MVC (N=7, MVC≥2.3 kg) groups. After ruling out significant changes in the systemic physiology that influence the muscle hemodynamics, we have observed that the high MVC group showed a 56% and 36% decrease in the blood flow during exercise, with respect to baseline, in the long and short source-detector (SD) separations (p=0.031 for both). No statistical differences were shown for the low MVC group (p=1 for short and p=0.15 for long SD). These results suggest that the mechanical occlusion, due to increased intramuscular pressure, exceeded the vasodilation elicited by the higher metabolic demand. Also, blood flow changes during thumb contraction negatively correlated (R=-0.7, p<0.01) with the absolute force applied by each subject. Furthermore, after the exercise, muscular blood flow increased significantly immediately after thumb contractions in both high and low MVC groups, with respect to the recorded values during the exercise (p=0.031). An increase of 251% (200%) was found for the long (short) SD in the low MVC group. The high MVC groups showed a significant 90% increase in blood flow only after 80 s from the start of the protocol. For both low and high MVC groups, blood flow recovered to baseline values within 160 s from starting the exercise. In conclusion, DCS allows the study of the response of a small muscle to static exercise and can be potentially used in multiple clinical conditions scenarios for assessing microvascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Giovannella
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Evelina Urtane
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Human and Animal Physiology, University of Latvia, Kronvalda Blvd. 4, LV 1586, Riga, Latvia
| | - Marta Zanoletti
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Umut Karadeniz
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Uldis Rubins
- Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, 19 Rainis Blvd., Riga LV- 1586, Latvia
| | - Udo M. Weigel
- HemoPhotonics S.L., Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss Num. 3, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Zbignevs Marcinkevics
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Human and Animal Physiology, University of Latvia, Kronvalda Blvd. 4, LV 1586, Riga, Latvia
| | - Turgut Durduran
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Kish B, Herr S, Yang HCS, Sun S, Shi R, Tong Y. Whole body measurements using near-infrared spectroscopy in a rat spinal cord contusion injury model. J Spinal Cord Med 2021; 46:508-520. [PMID: 33890843 PMCID: PMC10116927 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2021.1911504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injuries cause great damage to the central nervous system as well as the peripheral vasculature. While treatments for spinal cord injury typically focus on the spine itself, improvements in the function of the peripheral vasculature after spinal cord injury have shown to improve overall neurological recovery. OBJECTIVE This study focused on the use of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a mode to monitor cerebral and peripheral vascular condition non-invasively during the recovery process. DESIGN Animal research study. METHODS Rats underwent spinal contusion or sham injury and relative concentrations of de-/oxyhemoglobin (Δ[HbO]/Δ[Hb]) over time were measured over the cerebral, spinal, and pedal regions via NIRS. Correlational relationships across the body were determined. Rats received 1 NIRS measurement before injury and 3 after injury: 4, 7, and 14 days post. RESULTS Correlational relationships between signals across the body, between animals with and without spinal cord injury, indicate that NIRS was able to detect patterns of vascular change in the spine and the periphery occurring secondary to spinal cord injury and evolving during subsequent recovery. Additionally, NIRS determined an overall correlational decrease within the central nervous system, between spinal and cerebral measurements. CONCLUSION NIRS was able to closely reflect physiologic changes in the rat during recovery, demonstrating a promising method to monitor whole body hemodynamics after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Kish
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Seth Herr
- Center for Paralysis Research and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Ho-Ching Shawn Yang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Siyuan Sun
- Center for Paralysis Research and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Riyi Shi
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Center for Paralysis Research and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Yunjie Tong
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Bartlett MF, Jordan SM, Hueber DM, Nelson MD. Impact of changes in tissue optical properties on near-infrared diffuse correlation spectroscopy measures of skeletal muscle blood flow. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1183-1195. [PMID: 33571054 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00857.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-infrared diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is increasingly used to study relative changes in skeletal muscle blood flow. However, most diffuse correlation spectrometers assume that tissue optical properties-such as absorption (μa) and reduced scattering (μ's) coefficients-remain constant during physiological provocations, which is untrue for skeletal muscle. Here, we interrogate how changes in tissue μa and μ's affect DCS calculations of blood flow index (BFI). We recalculated BFI using raw autocorrelation curves and μa/μ's values recorded during a reactive hyperemia protocol in 16 healthy young individuals. First, we show that incorrectly assuming baseline μa and μ's substantially affects peak BFI and BFI slope when expressed in absolute terms (cm2/s, P < 0.01), but these differences are abolished when expressed in relative terms (% baseline). Next, to evaluate the impact of physiologic changes in μa and μ's, we compared peak BFI and BFI slope when μa and μ's were held constant throughout the reactive hyperemia protocol versus integrated from a 3-s rolling average. Regardless of approach, group means for peak BFI and BFI slope did not differ. Group means for peak BFI and BFI slope were also similar following ad absurdum analyses, where we simulated supraphysiologic changes in μa/μ's. In both cases, however, we identified individual cases where peak BFI and BFI slope were indeed affected, with this result being driven by relative changes in μa over μ's. Overall, these results provide support for past reports in which μa/μ's were held constant but also advocate for real-time incorporation of μa and μ's moving forward.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We investigated how changes in tissue optical properties affect near-infrared diffuse correlation spectroscopy (NIR-DCS)-derived indices of skeletal muscle blood flow (BFI) during physiological provocation. Although accounting for changes in tissue optical properties has little impact on BFI on a group level, individual BFI calculations are indeed impacted by changes in tissue optical properties. NIR-DCS calculations of BFI should therefore account for real-time, physiologically induced changes in tissue optical properties whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles F Bartlett
- Applied Physiology and Advanced Imaging Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
| | - Scott M Jordan
- College of Information and Computer Sciences, The University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | | | - Michael D Nelson
- Applied Physiology and Advanced Imaging Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
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11
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Liu X, Gu Y, Huang C, Zhao M, Cheng Y, Jawdeh EGA, Bada HS, Chen L, Yu G. Simultaneous measurements of tissue blood flow and oxygenation using a wearable fiber-free optical sensor. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-200314RR. [PMID: 33515216 PMCID: PMC7846117 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.1.012705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE There is an essential need to develop wearable multimodality technologies that can continuously measure both blood flow and oxygenation in deep tissues to investigate and manage various vascular/cellular diseases. AIM To develop a wearable dual-wavelength diffuse speckle contrast flow oximetry (DSCFO) for simultaneous measurements of blood flow and oxygenation variations in deep tissues. APPROACH A wearable fiber-free DSCFO probe was fabricated using 3D printing to confine two small near-infrared laser diodes and a tiny CMOS camera in positions for DSCFO measurements. The spatial diffuse speckle contrast and light intensity measurements at the two different wavelengths enable quantification of tissue blood flow and oxygenation, respectively. The DSCFO was first calibrated using tissue phantoms and then tested in adult forearms during artery cuff occlusion. RESULTS Phantom tests determined the largest effective source-detector distance (15 mm) and optimal camera exposure time (10 ms) and verified the accuracy of DSCFO in measuring absorption coefficient variations. The DSCFO detected substantial changes in forearm blood flow and oxygenation resulting from the artery occlusion, which meet physiological expectations and are consistent with previous study results. CONCLUSIONS The wearable DSCFO may be used for continuous and simultaneous monitoring of blood flow and oxygenation variations in freely behaving subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Liu
- University of Kentucky, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Yutong Gu
- University of Kentucky, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Chong Huang
- University of Kentucky, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Mingjun Zhao
- University of Kentucky, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Yanda Cheng
- University of Kentucky, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Elie G. Abu Jawdeh
- University of Kentucky, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Henrietta S. Bada
- University of Kentucky, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Lei Chen
- University of Kentucky, Department of Physiology, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Guoqiang Yu
- University of Kentucky, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
- Address all correspondence to Guoqiang Yu,
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12
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Abu Jawdeh EG, Huang C, Mazdeyasna S, Chen L, Chen L, Bada HS, Yu G. Noncontact optical imaging of brain hemodynamics in preterm infants: a preliminary study. Phys Med Biol 2020; 65:245009. [PMID: 33113516 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abc5a7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extremely preterm infants' hemodynamic instability places them at high risk of brain injury. Currently there is no reliable bedside method to continuously monitor cerebral hemodynamics in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). This paper reports a feasibility study to adapt and test an innovative speckle contrast diffuse correlation tomography (scDCT) device for noncontact, high-density, 3D imaging of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in preterm infants. The scDCT scans a focused point near-infrared illumination to multiple source positions for deep tissue penetration, and controls an electron multiplying charge-coupled-device camera with thousands of pixels to achieve a high-density sampling. The optimized scDCT for use in preterm infants was first evaluated against an established diffuse correlation spectroscopy in an infant-head-simulating phantom with known properties. The observed significant correlation between the two measurements verified the capability of scDCT for transcranial brain imaging. The insignificant influence of transparent incubator wall on scDCT measurements was then confirmed by comparing adult forearm blood flow responses to artery cuff occlusions measured inside and outside the incubator. Finally, the scDCT device was moved to the NICU to image CBF variations in two preterm infants. Infant #1 with no major organ deficits showed little CBF fluctuation over the first 3 weeks of life. Infant #2 showed a significant CBF increase after the 2 h pharmacotherapy for patent ductus arteriosus closure. While these CBF variations meet physiological expectations, the fact that no significant changes are noted with peripheral monitoring of blood oxygen saturation suggests necessity of direct cerebral monitoring. This feasibility study with timely technology development is an important and necessary step towards larger clinical studies with more subjects to further validate it for continuous monitoring and instant management of cerebral pathologies and interventions in the NICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie G Abu Jawdeh
- Deparment of Pediatrics/Neonatology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America. Contributed equally as co-first authors
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13
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McManus R, Ioussoufovitch S, Froats E, St Lawrence K, Van Uum S, Diop M. Dynamic response of cerebral blood flow to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21300. [PMID: 33277531 PMCID: PMC7718270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77626-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of cerebral blood flow (CBF) at the onset of hypoglycemia may play a key role in hypoglycemia unawareness; however, there is currently a paucity of techniques that can monitor adult CBF with high temporal resolution. Herein, we investigated the use of diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) to monitor the dynamics of CBF during insulin-induced hypoglycemia in adults. Plasma glucose concentrations, cortisol levels, and changes in CBF were measured before and during hypoglycemia in 8 healthy subjects. Cerebral blood flow increased by 42% following insulin injection with a delay of 17 ± 10 min, while the onset of hypoglycemia symptoms was delayed by 24 ± 11 min. The findings suggest that the onset of CBF increments precedes the appearance of hypoglycemia symptoms in nondiabetic subjects with normal awareness to hypoglycemia, and DCS could be a valuable tool for investigating the role of CBF in hypoglycemia unawareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth McManus
- St. Joseph's Health Care, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Seva Ioussoufovitch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | | | - Keith St Lawrence
- St. Joseph's Health Care, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Stan Van Uum
- St. Joseph's Health Care, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada
| | - Mamadou Diop
- St. Joseph's Health Care, London, ON, N6A 4V2, Canada.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada.
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14
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Poon CS, Long F, Sunar U. Deep learning model for ultrafast quantification of blood flow in diffuse correlation spectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:5557-5564. [PMID: 33149970 PMCID: PMC7587273 DOI: 10.1364/boe.402508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is increasingly used in the optical imaging field to assess blood flow in humans due to its non-invasive, real-time characteristics and its ability to provide label-free, bedside monitoring of blood flow changes. Previous DCS studies have utilized a traditional curve fitting of the analytical or Monte Carlo models to extract the blood flow changes, which are computationally demanding and less accurate when the signal to noise ratio decreases. Here, we present a deep learning model that eliminates this bottleneck by solving the inverse problem more than 2300% faster, with equivalent or improved accuracy compared to the nonlinear fitting with an analytical method. The proposed deep learning inverse model will enable real-time and accurate tissue blood flow quantification with the DCS technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Sing Poon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wright State
University, 207 Russ Engineering Center, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy.,
Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | | | - Ulas Sunar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wright State
University, 207 Russ Engineering Center, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy.,
Dayton, OH 45435, USA
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15
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Stephens SL, Selkow NM, Hoffman NL. Dry Cupping Therapy for Improving Nonspecific Neck Pain and Subcutaneous Hemodynamics. J Athl Train 2020; 55:682-690. [PMID: 32556324 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-236-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Dry cupping therapy is a noninvasive treatment commonly used to reduce pain and promote the healing process in various populations, including those with nonspecific neck pain; however, no data are available to support most of this method's true physiological benefits. OBJECTIVE To determine if dry cupping therapy decreased pain and increased subcutaneous blood flow compared with sham cupping and control conditions. DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. SETTING Laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 32 participants (age = 22.5 ± 2.8 years, height = 173.3 ± 10.1 cm, mass = 76.6 ± 18.7 kg) with self-reported nonspecific neck pain. INTERVENTION(S) We used dry cupping and sham cupping interventions and a control condition. For the dry cupping intervention, 1 stationary cup was placed directly over the most painful area for 8 minutes. The sham cupping intervention followed the same procedures as the dry cupping intervention except a sham cup was applied. For the control condition, participants received no treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Subjective pain intensity (visual analog scale); pain-pressure threshold; subcutaneous hemodynamics, including superficial and deep oxygenated, deoxygenated, and total hemoglobin levels; and tissue saturation index. RESULTS We observed differences in the visual analog scale score and the superficial and deep oxygenated and total hemoglobin levels (P values ≤ .002) immediately postintervention compared with baseline. Post hoc tests revealed that the dry cupping group had less pain than the sham cupping and control groups and higher superficial and deep oxygenated and total hemoglobin levels (P values ≤ .008). No differences were found between baseline and 24 hours postintervention. CONCLUSIONS A single session of dry cupping therapy may be an effective short-term treatment method for immediately reducing pain and increasing oxygenated and total hemoglobin levels in patients with nonspecific neck pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noelle M Selkow
- School of Kinesiology and Recreation, Illinois State University, Normal
| | - Nicole L Hoffman
- School of Kinesiology and Recreation, Illinois State University, Normal
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Blood Flow Measurements Enable Optimization of Light Delivery for Personalized Photodynamic Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061584. [PMID: 32549354 PMCID: PMC7353010 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluence rate is an effector of photodynamic therapy (PDT) outcome. Lower light fluence rates can conserve tumor perfusion during some illumination protocols for PDT, but then treatment times are proportionally longer to deliver equivalent fluence. Likewise, higher fluence rates can shorten treatment time but may compromise treatment efficacy by inducing blood flow stasis during illumination. We developed blood-flow-informed PDT (BFI-PDT) to balance these effects. BFI-PDT uses real-time noninvasive monitoring of tumor blood flow to inform selection of irradiance, i.e., incident fluence rate, on the treated surface. BFI-PDT thus aims to conserve tumor perfusion during PDT while minimizing treatment time. Pre-clinical studies in murine tumors of radiation-induced fibrosarcoma (RIF) and a mesothelioma cell line (AB12) show that BFI-PDT preserves tumor blood flow during illumination better than standard PDT with continuous light delivery at high irradiance. Compared to standard high irradiance PDT, BFI-PDT maintains better tumor oxygenation during illumination and increases direct tumor cell kill in a manner consistent with known oxygen dependencies in PDT-mediated cytotoxicity. BFI-PDT promotes vascular shutdown after PDT, thereby depriving remaining tumor cells of oxygen and nutrients. Collectively, these benefits of BFI-PDT produce a significantly better therapeutic outcome than standard high irradiance PDT. Moreover, BFI-PDT requires ~40% less time on average to achieve outcomes that are modestly better than those with standard low irradiance treatment. This contribution introduces BFI-PDT as a platform for personalized light delivery in PDT, documents the design of a clinically-relevant instrument, and establishes the benefits of BFI-PDT with respect to treatment outcome and duration.
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17
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Wang D, Baker WB, He H, Gao P, Zhu L, Peng Q, Li Z, Li F, Chen T, Feng H. Influence of probe pressure on the pulsatile diffuse correlation spectroscopy blood flow signal on the forearm and forehead regions. NEUROPHOTONICS 2019; 6:035013. [PMID: 31548976 PMCID: PMC6755374 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.6.3.035013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In a pilot study of 11 healthy adults (24 to 39 years, all male), we characterize the influence of external probe pressure on optical diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) measurements of pulsatile blood flow obtained on the forearm and forehead. For external probe pressure control, a hand inflatable air balloon is inserted between the tissue and an elastic strap. The air balloon is sequentially inflated to achieve a wide range of external probe pressures between 20 and 250 mmHg on the forearm and forehead, which are measured with a flexible pressure sensor underneath the probe. At each probe pressure, the pulsatility index (PI) of arteriole blood flow on the forehead and forearm is measured with DCS (2.1-cm source-detector separation). We observe a strong correlation between probe pressure and PI on the forearm ( R = 0.66 , p < 0.001 ), but not on the forehead ( R = - 0.11 , p = 0.4 ). The forearm measurements demonstrate the sensitivity of the DCS PI to skeletal muscle tissue pressure, whereas the forehead measurements indicate that DCS PI measurements are not sensitive to scalp tissue pressure. Note, in contrast to pulsatility, the time-averaged DCS blood flow index on the forehead was significantly correlated with probe pressure ( R = - 0.55 , p < 0.001 ). This pilot data appears to support the initiation of more comprehensive clinical studies on DCS to detect trends in internal pressure in brain and skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detian Wang
- Army Medical University, Southwest Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Chong Qing, China
- China Academy of Engineering Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Mianyang, China
| | - Wesley B. Baker
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Neurology, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Hui He
- China Academy of Engineering Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Mianyang, China
| | - Peng Gao
- China Academy of Engineering Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Mianyang, China
| | - Liguo Zhu
- China Academy of Engineering Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Mianyang, China
| | - Qixian Peng
- China Academy of Engineering Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Mianyang, China
| | - Zeren Li
- China Academy of Engineering Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Mianyang, China
| | - Fei Li
- Army Medical University, Southwest Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Chong Qing, China
| | - Tunan Chen
- Army Medical University, Southwest Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Chong Qing, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Army Medical University, Southwest Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Chong Qing, China
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18
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Tucker WJ, Rosenberry R, Trojacek D, Chamseddine HH, Arena-Marshall CA, Zhu Y, Wang J, Kellawan JM, Haykowsky MJ, Tian F, Nelson MD. Studies into the determinants of skeletal muscle oxygen consumption: novel insight from near-infrared diffuse correlation spectroscopy. J Physiol 2019; 597:2887-2901. [PMID: 30982990 DOI: 10.1113/jp277580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is emerging as a powerful tool to assess skeletal muscle perfusion. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an established technique for characterizing the transport and utilization of oxygen through the microcirculation. Here we compared a combined NIRS-DCS system with conventional measures of oxygen delivery and utilization during handgrip exercise. The data show good concurrent validity between convective oxygen delivery and DCS-derived blood flow index, as well as between oxygen extraction at the conduit and microvascular level. We then manipulated forearm arterial perfusion pressure by adjusting the position of the exercising arm relative to the position of the heart. The data show that microvascular perfusion can be uncoupled from convective oxygen delivery, and that tissue saturation seemingly compensates to maintain skeletal muscle oxygen consumption. Taken together, these data support a novel role for NIRS-DCS in understanding the determinants of muscle oxygen consumption at the microvascular level. ABSTRACT Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) is emerging as a powerful tool to assess skeletal muscle perfusion. Combining DCS with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) introduces exciting possibilities for understanding the determinants of muscle oxygen consumption; however, no investigation has directly compared NIRS-DCS to conventional measures of oxygen delivery and utilization in an exercising limb. To address this knowledge gap, nine healthy males performed rhythmic handgrip exercise with simultaneous measurements by NIRS-DCS, Doppler blood flow and venous oxygen content. The two approaches showed good concurrent validity, with directionally similar responses between: (a) Doppler-derived forearm blood flow and DCS-derived blood flow index (BFI), and (b) venous oxygen saturation and NIRS-derived tissue saturation. To explore the utility of combined NIRS-DCS across the physiological spectrum, we manipulated forearm arterial perfusion pressure by altering the arm position above or below the level of the heart. As expected, Doppler-derived skeletal muscle blood flow increased with exercise in both arm positions, but with markedly different magnitudes (below: +424.3 ± 41.4 ml/min, above: +306 ± 12.0 ml/min, P = 0.002). In contrast, DCS-derived microvascular BFI increased to a similar extent with exercise, regardless of arm position (P = 0.65). Importantly, however, the time to reach BFI steady state was markedly slower with the arm above the heart, supporting the experimental design. Notably, we observed faster tissue desaturation at the onset of exercise with the arm above the heart, resulting in similar muscle oxygen consumption profiles throughout exercise. Taken together, these data support a novel role for NIRS-DCS in understanding the determinants of skeletal muscle oxygen utilization non-invasively and throughout exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley J Tucker
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.,College of Nursing, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Ryan Rosenberry
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Darian Trojacek
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Houda H Chamseddine
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | | | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Nursing, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - J Mikhail Kellawan
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Mark J Haykowsky
- College of Nursing, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Fenghua Tian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Michael D Nelson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
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Baker WB, Li Z, Schenkel SS, Chandra M, Busch DR, Englund EK, Schmitz KH, Yodh AG, Floyd TF, Mohler ER. Effects of exercise training on calf muscle oxygen extraction and blood flow in patients with peripheral artery disease. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:1599-1609. [PMID: 28982943 PMCID: PMC5814687 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00585.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We employed near-infrared optical techniques, diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS), and frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy (FD-NIRS) to test the hypothesis that supervised exercise training increases skeletal muscle microvascular blood flow and oxygen extraction in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) who experience claudication. PAD patients ( n = 64) were randomly assigned to exercise and control groups. Patients in the exercise group received 3 mo of supervised exercise training. Calf muscle blood flow and oxygen extraction were optically monitored before, during, and after performance of a graded treadmill protocol at baseline and at 3 mo in both groups. Additionally, measurements of the ankle-brachial index (ABI) and peak walking time (PWT) to maximal claudication were made during each patient visit. Supervised exercise training was found to increase the maximal calf muscle blood flow and oxygen extraction levels during treadmill exercise by 29% (13%, 50%) and 8% (1%, 12%), respectively [ P < 0.001; median (25th percentile, 75th percentile)]. These improvements across the exercise group population were significantly higher than corresponding changes in the control group ( P < 0.004). Exercise training also increased PWT by 49% (18%, 101%) ( P = 0.01). However, within statistical error, the ABI, resting calf muscle blood flow and oxygen extraction, and the recovery half-time for hemoglobin\myoglobin desaturation following cessation of maximal exercise were not altered by exercise training. The concurrent monitoring of both blood flow and oxygen extraction with the hybrid DCS/FD-NIRS instrument revealed enhanced muscle oxidative metabolism during physical activity from exercise training, which could be an underlying mechanism for the observed improvement in PWT. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We report on noninvasive optical measurements of skeletal muscle blood flow and oxygen extraction dynamics before/during/after treadmill exercise in peripheral artery disease patients who experience claudication. The measurements tracked the effects of a 3-mo supervised exercise training protocol and revealed that supervised exercise training improved patient ability to increase microvascular calf muscle blood flow and oxygen extraction during physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley B Baker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Technology , Beijing , China
| | - Steven S Schenkel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Malavika Chandra
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David R Busch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Erin K Englund
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathryn H Schmitz
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Arjun G Yodh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas F Floyd
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University Medical Center , Stony Brook, New York
| | - Emile R Mohler
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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20
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Farraro R, Fathi O, Choi B. Handheld, point-of-care laser speckle imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:94001. [PMID: 27579578 PMCID: PMC5005973 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.9.094001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Laser speckle imaging (LSI) enables measurement of relative changes in blood flow in biological tissues. We postulate that a point-of-care form factor will lower barriers to routine clinical use of LSI. Here, we describe a first-generation handheld LSI device based on a tablet computer. The coefficient of variation of speckle contrast was < 2% after averaging imaging data collected over an acquisition period of 5.3 s. With a single, experienced user, handheld motion artifacts had a negligible effect on data collection. With operation by multiple users, we did not identify any significant difference (p > 0.05) between the measured speckle contrast values using either a handheld or mounted configuration. In vivo data collected during occlusion experiments demonstrate that a handheld LSI is capable of both quantitative and qualitative assessment of changes in blood flow. Finally, as a practical application of handheld LSI, we collected data from a 53-day-old neonate with confirmed compromised blood flow in the hand. We readily identified with LSI a region of diminished blood flow in the thumb of the affected hand. Our data collectively suggest that handheld LSI is a promising technique to enable clinicians to obtain point-of-care measurements of blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Farraro
- University of California-Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United States
- University of California-Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Omid Fathi
- University of California-Irvine, Department of Pediatrics, 505 South Main Street, Irvine, Orange, California 92868, United States
| | - Bernard Choi
- University of California-Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, 1002 Health Sciences Road East, Irvine, California 92612, United States
- University of California-Irvine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- University of California-Irvine, Department of Surgery, 333 City Boulevard West, Suite 1600, Orange, California 92868, United States
- University of California-Irvine, Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, 2400 Engineering Hall, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- CHOC Children’s Hospital, 1201 West La Veta Avenue, Orange, California 92868, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Bernard Choi, E-mail:
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Wilson RH, Vishwanath K, Mycek MA. Optical methods for quantitative and label-free sensing in living human tissues: principles, techniques, and applications. ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 2016; 1:523-543. [PMID: 28824194 PMCID: PMC5560608 DOI: 10.1080/23746149.2016.1221739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We present an overview of quantitative and label-free optical methods used to characterize living biological tissues, with an emphasis on emerging applications in clinical tissue diagnostics. Specifically, this review focuses on diffuse optical spectroscopy, imaging, and tomography, optical coherence-based techniques, and non-linear optical methods for molecular imaging. The potential for non- or minimally-invasive assessment, quantitative diagnostics, and continuous monitoring enabled by these tissue-optics technologies provides significant promise for continued clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Wilson
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Mary-Ann Mycek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Wang D, Parthasarathy AB, Baker WB, Gannon K, Kavuri V, Ko T, Schenkel S, Li Z, Li Z, Mullen MT, Detre JA, Yodh AG. Fast blood flow monitoring in deep tissues with real-time software correlators. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:776-97. [PMID: 27231588 PMCID: PMC4866455 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.000776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We introduce, validate and demonstrate a new software correlator for high-speed measurement of blood flow in deep tissues based on diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS). The software correlator scheme employs standard PC-based data acquisition boards to measure temporal intensity autocorrelation functions continuously at 50 - 100 Hz, the fastest blood flow measurements reported with DCS to date. The data streams, obtained in vivo for typical source-detector separations of 2.5 cm, easily resolve pulsatile heart-beat fluctuations in blood flow which were previously considered to be noise. We employ the device to separate tissue blood flow from tissue absorption/scattering dynamics and thereby show that the origin of the pulsatile DCS signal is primarily flow, and we monitor cerebral autoregulation dynamics in healthy volunteers more accurately than with traditional instrumentation as a result of increased data acquisition rates. Finally, we characterize measurement signal-to-noise ratio and identify count rate and averaging parameters needed for optimal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detian Wang
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
USA
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Physics and Biomedicine, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900,
China
| | | | - Wesley B. Baker
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
USA
| | - Kimberly Gannon
- Div. of Stroke and Neurocritical Care, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
USA
| | - Venki Kavuri
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
USA
| | - Tiffany Ko
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
USA
| | - Steven Schenkel
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
USA
| | - Zhe Li
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
USA
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072,
China
| | - Zeren Li
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Physics and Biomedicine, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900,
China
| | - Michael T. Mullen
- Div. of Stroke and Neurocritical Care, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
USA
| | - John A. Detre
- Div. of Stroke and Neurocritical Care, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
USA
| | - Arjun G. Yodh
- Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
USA
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Li Z, Baker WB, Parthasarathy AB, Ko TS, Wang D, Schenkel S, Durduran T, Li G, Yodh AG. Calibration of diffuse correlation spectroscopy blood flow index with venous-occlusion diffuse optical spectroscopy in skeletal muscle. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:125005. [PMID: 26720870 PMCID: PMC4688416 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.12.125005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigate and assess the utility of a simple scheme for continuous absolute blood flow monitoring based on diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS). The scheme calibrates DCS using venous-occlusion diffuse optical spectroscopy (VO-DOS) measurements of arm muscle tissue at a single time-point. A calibration coefficient (γ) for the arm is determined, permitting conversion of DCS blood flow indices to absolute blood flow units, and a study of healthy adults (N=10) is carried out to ascertain the variability of γ. The average DCS calibration coefficient for the right (i.e., dominant) arm was γ=(1.24±0.15)×10(8) (mL·100 mL(−1)·min(−1))/(cm(2)/s). However, variability can be significant and is apparent in our site-to-site and day-to-day repeated measurements. The peak hyperemic blood flow overshoot relative to baseline resting flow was also studied following arm-cuff ischemia; excellent agreement between VO-DOS and DCS was found (R(2)=0.95, slope=0.94±0.07, mean difference=−0.10±0.45). Finally, we show that incorporation of subject-specific absolute optical properties significantly improves blood flow calibration accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics & Astronomy, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Tianjin University, School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin University, State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tianjin 300072, China
- Address all correspondence to: Zhe Li, E-mail:
| | - Wesley B. Baker
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics & Astronomy, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ashwin B. Parthasarathy
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics & Astronomy, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Tiffany S. Ko
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Bioengineering, 210 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Detian Wang
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics & Astronomy, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Institute of Fluid Physics, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Steven Schenkel
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics & Astronomy, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Turgut Durduran
- ICFO-Institut de Ciéncies Fotóniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Gang Li
- Tianjin University, School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
- Tianjin University, State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Arjun G. Yodh
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics & Astronomy, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Baker WB, Parthasarathy AB, Busch DR, Mesquita RC, Greenberg JH, Yodh AG. Modified Beer-Lambert law for blood flow. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 5:4053-75. [PMID: 25426330 PMCID: PMC4242038 DOI: 10.1364/boe.5.004053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We develop and validate a Modified Beer-Lambert law for blood flow based on diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) measurements. The new formulation enables blood flow monitoring from temporal intensity autocorrelation function data taken at single or multiple delay-times. Consequentially, the speed of the optical blood flow measurement can be substantially increased. The scheme facilitates blood flow monitoring of highly scattering tissues in geometries wherein light propagation is diffusive or non-diffusive, and it is particularly well-suited for utilization with pressure measurement paradigms that employ differential flow signals to reduce contributions of superficial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley B. Baker
- Dept. Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,
USA
| | | | - David R. Busch
- Dept. Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,
USA
- Div. of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104,
USA
| | - Rickson C. Mesquita
- Institute of Physics, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-859,
Brazil
| | - Joel H. Greenberg
- Dept. Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,
USA
| | - A. G. Yodh
- Dept. Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,
USA
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