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Banks SJ, Yhang E, Tripodis Y, Su Y, Protas H, Adler CH, Balcer LJ, Bernick C, Mez JB, Palmisano J, Barr WB, Wethe JV, Dodick DW, Mcclean MD, Martin B, Hartlage K, Turner A, Turner RW, Malhotra A, Colman M, Pasternak O, Lin AP, Koerte IK, Bouix S, Cummings JL, Shenton ME, Reiman EM, Stern RA, Alosco ML. Clinical Outcomes and Tau Pathology in Retired Football Players: Associations With Diagnosed and Witnessed Sleep Apnea. Neurol Clin Pract 2024; 14:e200263. [PMID: 38425491 PMCID: PMC10900387 DOI: 10.1212/cpj.0000000000200263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Obstructive sleep apnea (SA) is common in older men and a contributor to negative cognitive, psychiatric, and brain health outcomes. Little is known about SA in those who played contact sports and are at increased risk of neurodegenerative disease(s) and other neuropathologies associated with repetitive head impacts (RHI). In this study, we investigated the frequency of diagnosed and witnessed SA and its contribution to clinical symptoms and tau pathology using PET imaging among male former college and former professional American football players. Methods The sample included 120 former National Football League (NFL) players, 60 former college players, and 60 asymptomatic men without exposure to RHI (i.e., controls). Diagnosed SA was self-reported, and all participants completed the Mayo Sleep Questionnaire (MSQ, informant version), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), neuropsychological testing, and tau (flortaucipir) PET imaging. Associations between sleep indices (diagnosed SA, MSQ items, and the ESS) and derived neuropsychological factor scores, self-reported depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II [BDI-II]), informant-reported neurobehavioral dysregulation (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version [BRIEF-A] Behavioral Regulation Index [BRI]), and tau PET uptake, were tested. Results Approximately 36.7% of NFL players had diagnosed SA compared with 30% of the former college football players and 16.7% of the controls. Former NFL players and college football players also had higher ESS scores compared with the controls. Years of football play was not associated with any of the sleep metrics. Among the former NFL players, diagnosed SA was associated with worse Executive Function and Psychomotor Speed factor scores, greater BDI-II scores, and higher flortaucipir PET standard uptake value ratios, independent of age, race, body mass index, and APOE ε4 gene carrier status. Higher ESS scores correlated with higher BDI-II and BRIEF-A BRI scores. Continuous positive airway pressure use mitigated all of the abovementioned associations. Among the former college football players, witnessed apnea and higher ESS scores were associated with higher BRIEF-A BRI and BDI-II scores, respectively. No other associations were observed in this subgroup. Discussion Former elite American football players are at risk of SA. Our findings suggest that SA might contribute to cognitive, neuropsychiatric, and tau outcomes in this population. Like all neurodegenerative diseases, this study emphasizes the multifactorial contributions to negative brain health outcomes and the importance of sleep for optimal brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Banks
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Eukyung Yhang
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Yorghos Tripodis
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Yi Su
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Hillary Protas
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Charles H Adler
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Laura J Balcer
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Charles Bernick
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Jesse B Mez
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Joseph Palmisano
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - William B Barr
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Jennifer V Wethe
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - David W Dodick
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Michael D Mcclean
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Brett Martin
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Kaitlin Hartlage
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Arlener Turner
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Robert W Turner
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Atul Malhotra
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Michael Colman
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Ofer Pasternak
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Alexander P Lin
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Inga K Koerte
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Sylvain Bouix
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Jeffrey L Cummings
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Martha E Shenton
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Eric M Reiman
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Robert A Stern
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Michael L Alosco
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry (SJB), University of California, San Diego; Department of Biostatistics (EY, YT), Boston University School of Public Health; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (YT, JBM, RAS, MLA), Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, MA; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (YS), Arizona State University,; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (HP), Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Neurology (CHA, DWD), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (LJB), Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (CB), Las Vegas, NV; Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC) (JP, BM, KH), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Neurology (WBB), NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (JVW), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Department of Environmental Health (MDM), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (AT), University of Miami; Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (RWT), The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC; Department of Medicine (AM), UCSD, San Diego, CA; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MC, OP, APL, IKK, SB), Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital (IKK), Boston, MA; cBRAIN (IKK), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (IKK); NICUM (NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich) (IKK), Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (JLC), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (MES), Department of Psychiatry, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (SB), École de technologie supérieure, Montreal, QC; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (EMR), University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (RAS); and Department of Neurosurgery (RAS), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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Ly MT, Tuz-Zahra F, Tripodis Y, Adler CH, Balcer LJ, Bernick C, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Peskind ER, Au R, Banks SJ, Barr WB, Wethe JV, Bondi MW, Delano-Wood LM, Cantu RC, Coleman MJ, Dodick DW, McClean MD, Mez JB, Palmisano J, Martin B, Hartlage K, Lin AP, Koerte IK, Cummings JL, Reiman EM, Shenton ME, Stern RA, Bouix S, Alosco ML. Association of Vascular Risk Factors and CSF and Imaging Biomarkers With White Matter Hyperintensities in Former American Football Players. Neurology 2024; 102:e208030. [PMID: 38165330 PMCID: PMC10870736 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000208030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Recent data link exposure to repetitive head impacts (RHIs) from American football with increased white matter hyperintensity (WMH) burden. WMH might have unique characteristics in the context of RHI beyond vascular risk and normal aging processes. We evaluated biological correlates of WMH in former American football players, including markers of amyloid, tau, inflammation, axonal injury, neurodegeneration, and vascular health. METHODS Participants underwent clinical interviews, MRI, and lumbar puncture as part of the Diagnostics, Imaging, and Genetics Network for the Objective Study and Evaluation of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Research Project. Structural equation modeling tested direct and indirect effects between log-transformed total fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) lesion volumes (TLV) and the revised Framingham stroke risk profile (rFSRP), MRI-derived global metrics of cortical thickness and fractional anisotropy (FA), and CSF levels of amyloid β1-42, p-tau181, soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2), and neurofilament light. Covariates included age, race, education, body mass index, APOE ε4 carrier status, and evaluation site. Models were performed separately for former football players and a control group of asymptomatic men unexposed to RHI. RESULTS In 180 former football players (mean age = 57.2, 36% Black), higher log(TLV) had direct associations with the following: higher rFSRP score (B = 0.26, 95% CI 0.07-0.40), higher p-tau181 (B = 0.17, 95% CI 0.01-0.43), lower FA (B = -0.28, 95% CI -0.42 to -0.13), and reduced cortical thickness (B = -0.25, 95% CI -0.45 to -0.08). In 60 asymptomatic unexposed men (mean age = 59.3, 40% Black), there were no direct effects on log(TLV) (rFSRP: B = -0.03, 95% CI -0.48 to 0.57; p-tau181: B = -0.30, 95% CI -1.14 to 0.37; FA: B = -0.07, 95% CI -0.48 to 0.42; or cortical thickness: B = -0.28, 95% CI -0.64 to 0.10). The former football players showed stronger associations between log(TLV) and rFSRP (1,069% difference in estimates), p-tau181 (158%), and FA (287%) than the unexposed men. DISCUSSION Risk factors and biological correlates of WMH differed between former American football players and asymptomatic unexposed men. In addition to vascular health, p-tau181 and diffusion tensor imaging indices of white matter integrity showed stronger associations with WMH in the former football players. FLAIR WMH may have specific risk factors and pathologic underpinnings in RHI-exposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica T Ly
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System (M.T.L., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), CA; Department of Psychiatry (M.T.L., S.J.B., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla; Departments of Biostatistics (F.T.-Z., Y.T.), Epidemiology (R.A.), Environmental Health (M.D.M.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (J.P., B.M., K.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Y.T., J.B.M., M.L.A., R.A., R.C.C., R.A.S.), Boston University CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (C.H.A., D.W.D.) and Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Population Health and Ophthalmology, (L.J.B.), and Neurology (W.B.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (C.B.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (E.R.P.), Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Framingham Heart Study (R.A., J.B.M.); Slone Epidemiology Center (R.A.), Boston University, MA; Department of Neurosciences (S.J.B.), University of California San Diego; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.J.C., A.P.L., I.K.K., M.E.S., S.B.), Departments of Psychiatry Radiology (M.E.S.), and Center for Clinical Spectroscopy (A.P.L.), Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; cBRAIN (I.K.K.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix; Arizona State University (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Translational Genomics Research Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium (E.M.R.), Phoenix; and Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (S.B.), École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - Fatima Tuz-Zahra
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System (M.T.L., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), CA; Department of Psychiatry (M.T.L., S.J.B., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla; Departments of Biostatistics (F.T.-Z., Y.T.), Epidemiology (R.A.), Environmental Health (M.D.M.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (J.P., B.M., K.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Y.T., J.B.M., M.L.A., R.A., R.C.C., R.A.S.), Boston University CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (C.H.A., D.W.D.) and Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Population Health and Ophthalmology, (L.J.B.), and Neurology (W.B.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (C.B.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (E.R.P.), Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Framingham Heart Study (R.A., J.B.M.); Slone Epidemiology Center (R.A.), Boston University, MA; Department of Neurosciences (S.J.B.), University of California San Diego; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.J.C., A.P.L., I.K.K., M.E.S., S.B.), Departments of Psychiatry Radiology (M.E.S.), and Center for Clinical Spectroscopy (A.P.L.), Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; cBRAIN (I.K.K.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix; Arizona State University (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Translational Genomics Research Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium (E.M.R.), Phoenix; and Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (S.B.), École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - Yorghos Tripodis
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System (M.T.L., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), CA; Department of Psychiatry (M.T.L., S.J.B., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla; Departments of Biostatistics (F.T.-Z., Y.T.), Epidemiology (R.A.), Environmental Health (M.D.M.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (J.P., B.M., K.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Y.T., J.B.M., M.L.A., R.A., R.C.C., R.A.S.), Boston University CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (C.H.A., D.W.D.) and Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Population Health and Ophthalmology, (L.J.B.), and Neurology (W.B.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (C.B.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (E.R.P.), Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Framingham Heart Study (R.A., J.B.M.); Slone Epidemiology Center (R.A.), Boston University, MA; Department of Neurosciences (S.J.B.), University of California San Diego; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.J.C., A.P.L., I.K.K., M.E.S., S.B.), Departments of Psychiatry Radiology (M.E.S.), and Center for Clinical Spectroscopy (A.P.L.), Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; cBRAIN (I.K.K.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix; Arizona State University (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Translational Genomics Research Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium (E.M.R.), Phoenix; and Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (S.B.), École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - Charles H Adler
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System (M.T.L., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), CA; Department of Psychiatry (M.T.L., S.J.B., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla; Departments of Biostatistics (F.T.-Z., Y.T.), Epidemiology (R.A.), Environmental Health (M.D.M.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (J.P., B.M., K.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Y.T., J.B.M., M.L.A., R.A., R.C.C., R.A.S.), Boston University CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (C.H.A., D.W.D.) and Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Population Health and Ophthalmology, (L.J.B.), and Neurology (W.B.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (C.B.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (E.R.P.), Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Framingham Heart Study (R.A., J.B.M.); Slone Epidemiology Center (R.A.), Boston University, MA; Department of Neurosciences (S.J.B.), University of California San Diego; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.J.C., A.P.L., I.K.K., M.E.S., S.B.), Departments of Psychiatry Radiology (M.E.S.), and Center for Clinical Spectroscopy (A.P.L.), Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; cBRAIN (I.K.K.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix; Arizona State University (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Translational Genomics Research Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium (E.M.R.), Phoenix; and Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (S.B.), École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - Laura J Balcer
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System (M.T.L., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), CA; Department of Psychiatry (M.T.L., S.J.B., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla; Departments of Biostatistics (F.T.-Z., Y.T.), Epidemiology (R.A.), Environmental Health (M.D.M.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (J.P., B.M., K.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Y.T., J.B.M., M.L.A., R.A., R.C.C., R.A.S.), Boston University CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (C.H.A., D.W.D.) and Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Population Health and Ophthalmology, (L.J.B.), and Neurology (W.B.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (C.B.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (E.R.P.), Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Framingham Heart Study (R.A., J.B.M.); Slone Epidemiology Center (R.A.), Boston University, MA; Department of Neurosciences (S.J.B.), University of California San Diego; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.J.C., A.P.L., I.K.K., M.E.S., S.B.), Departments of Psychiatry Radiology (M.E.S.), and Center for Clinical Spectroscopy (A.P.L.), Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; cBRAIN (I.K.K.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix; Arizona State University (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Translational Genomics Research Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium (E.M.R.), Phoenix; and Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (S.B.), École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - Charles Bernick
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System (M.T.L., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), CA; Department of Psychiatry (M.T.L., S.J.B., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla; Departments of Biostatistics (F.T.-Z., Y.T.), Epidemiology (R.A.), Environmental Health (M.D.M.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (J.P., B.M., K.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Y.T., J.B.M., M.L.A., R.A., R.C.C., R.A.S.), Boston University CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (C.H.A., D.W.D.) and Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Population Health and Ophthalmology, (L.J.B.), and Neurology (W.B.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (C.B.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (E.R.P.), Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Framingham Heart Study (R.A., J.B.M.); Slone Epidemiology Center (R.A.), Boston University, MA; Department of Neurosciences (S.J.B.), University of California San Diego; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.J.C., A.P.L., I.K.K., M.E.S., S.B.), Departments of Psychiatry Radiology (M.E.S.), and Center for Clinical Spectroscopy (A.P.L.), Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; cBRAIN (I.K.K.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix; Arizona State University (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Translational Genomics Research Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium (E.M.R.), Phoenix; and Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (S.B.), École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System (M.T.L., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), CA; Department of Psychiatry (M.T.L., S.J.B., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla; Departments of Biostatistics (F.T.-Z., Y.T.), Epidemiology (R.A.), Environmental Health (M.D.M.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (J.P., B.M., K.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Y.T., J.B.M., M.L.A., R.A., R.C.C., R.A.S.), Boston University CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (C.H.A., D.W.D.) and Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Population Health and Ophthalmology, (L.J.B.), and Neurology (W.B.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (C.B.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (E.R.P.), Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Framingham Heart Study (R.A., J.B.M.); Slone Epidemiology Center (R.A.), Boston University, MA; Department of Neurosciences (S.J.B.), University of California San Diego; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.J.C., A.P.L., I.K.K., M.E.S., S.B.), Departments of Psychiatry Radiology (M.E.S.), and Center for Clinical Spectroscopy (A.P.L.), Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; cBRAIN (I.K.K.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix; Arizona State University (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Translational Genomics Research Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium (E.M.R.), Phoenix; and Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (S.B.), École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - Kaj Blennow
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System (M.T.L., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), CA; Department of Psychiatry (M.T.L., S.J.B., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla; Departments of Biostatistics (F.T.-Z., Y.T.), Epidemiology (R.A.), Environmental Health (M.D.M.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (J.P., B.M., K.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Y.T., J.B.M., M.L.A., R.A., R.C.C., R.A.S.), Boston University CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (C.H.A., D.W.D.) and Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Population Health and Ophthalmology, (L.J.B.), and Neurology (W.B.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (C.B.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (E.R.P.), Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Framingham Heart Study (R.A., J.B.M.); Slone Epidemiology Center (R.A.), Boston University, MA; Department of Neurosciences (S.J.B.), University of California San Diego; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.J.C., A.P.L., I.K.K., M.E.S., S.B.), Departments of Psychiatry Radiology (M.E.S.), and Center for Clinical Spectroscopy (A.P.L.), Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; cBRAIN (I.K.K.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix; Arizona State University (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Translational Genomics Research Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium (E.M.R.), Phoenix; and Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (S.B.), École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - Elaine R Peskind
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System (M.T.L., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), CA; Department of Psychiatry (M.T.L., S.J.B., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla; Departments of Biostatistics (F.T.-Z., Y.T.), Epidemiology (R.A.), Environmental Health (M.D.M.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (J.P., B.M., K.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Y.T., J.B.M., M.L.A., R.A., R.C.C., R.A.S.), Boston University CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (C.H.A., D.W.D.) and Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Population Health and Ophthalmology, (L.J.B.), and Neurology (W.B.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (C.B.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (E.R.P.), Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Framingham Heart Study (R.A., J.B.M.); Slone Epidemiology Center (R.A.), Boston University, MA; Department of Neurosciences (S.J.B.), University of California San Diego; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.J.C., A.P.L., I.K.K., M.E.S., S.B.), Departments of Psychiatry Radiology (M.E.S.), and Center for Clinical Spectroscopy (A.P.L.), Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; cBRAIN (I.K.K.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix; Arizona State University (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Translational Genomics Research Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium (E.M.R.), Phoenix; and Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (S.B.), École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - Rhoda Au
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System (M.T.L., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), CA; Department of Psychiatry (M.T.L., S.J.B., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla; Departments of Biostatistics (F.T.-Z., Y.T.), Epidemiology (R.A.), Environmental Health (M.D.M.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (J.P., B.M., K.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Y.T., J.B.M., M.L.A., R.A., R.C.C., R.A.S.), Boston University CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (C.H.A., D.W.D.) and Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Population Health and Ophthalmology, (L.J.B.), and Neurology (W.B.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (C.B.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (E.R.P.), Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Framingham Heart Study (R.A., J.B.M.); Slone Epidemiology Center (R.A.), Boston University, MA; Department of Neurosciences (S.J.B.), University of California San Diego; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.J.C., A.P.L., I.K.K., M.E.S., S.B.), Departments of Psychiatry Radiology (M.E.S.), and Center for Clinical Spectroscopy (A.P.L.), Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; cBRAIN (I.K.K.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix; Arizona State University (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Translational Genomics Research Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium (E.M.R.), Phoenix; and Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (S.B.), École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - Sarah J Banks
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System (M.T.L., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), CA; Department of Psychiatry (M.T.L., S.J.B., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla; Departments of Biostatistics (F.T.-Z., Y.T.), Epidemiology (R.A.), Environmental Health (M.D.M.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (J.P., B.M., K.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Y.T., J.B.M., M.L.A., R.A., R.C.C., R.A.S.), Boston University CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (C.H.A., D.W.D.) and Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Population Health and Ophthalmology, (L.J.B.), and Neurology (W.B.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (C.B.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (E.R.P.), Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Framingham Heart Study (R.A., J.B.M.); Slone Epidemiology Center (R.A.), Boston University, MA; Department of Neurosciences (S.J.B.), University of California San Diego; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.J.C., A.P.L., I.K.K., M.E.S., S.B.), Departments of Psychiatry Radiology (M.E.S.), and Center for Clinical Spectroscopy (A.P.L.), Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; cBRAIN (I.K.K.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix; Arizona State University (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Translational Genomics Research Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium (E.M.R.), Phoenix; and Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (S.B.), École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - William B Barr
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System (M.T.L., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), CA; Department of Psychiatry (M.T.L., S.J.B., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla; Departments of Biostatistics (F.T.-Z., Y.T.), Epidemiology (R.A.), Environmental Health (M.D.M.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (J.P., B.M., K.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Y.T., J.B.M., M.L.A., R.A., R.C.C., R.A.S.), Boston University CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (C.H.A., D.W.D.) and Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Population Health and Ophthalmology, (L.J.B.), and Neurology (W.B.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (C.B.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (E.R.P.), Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Framingham Heart Study (R.A., J.B.M.); Slone Epidemiology Center (R.A.), Boston University, MA; Department of Neurosciences (S.J.B.), University of California San Diego; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.J.C., A.P.L., I.K.K., M.E.S., S.B.), Departments of Psychiatry Radiology (M.E.S.), and Center for Clinical Spectroscopy (A.P.L.), Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; cBRAIN (I.K.K.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix; Arizona State University (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Translational Genomics Research Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium (E.M.R.), Phoenix; and Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (S.B.), École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jennifer V Wethe
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System (M.T.L., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), CA; Department of Psychiatry (M.T.L., S.J.B., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla; Departments of Biostatistics (F.T.-Z., Y.T.), Epidemiology (R.A.), Environmental Health (M.D.M.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (J.P., B.M., K.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Y.T., J.B.M., M.L.A., R.A., R.C.C., R.A.S.), Boston University CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (C.H.A., D.W.D.) and Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Population Health and Ophthalmology, (L.J.B.), and Neurology (W.B.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (C.B.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (E.R.P.), Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Framingham Heart Study (R.A., J.B.M.); Slone Epidemiology Center (R.A.), Boston University, MA; Department of Neurosciences (S.J.B.), University of California San Diego; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.J.C., A.P.L., I.K.K., M.E.S., S.B.), Departments of Psychiatry Radiology (M.E.S.), and Center for Clinical Spectroscopy (A.P.L.), Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; cBRAIN (I.K.K.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix; Arizona State University (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Translational Genomics Research Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium (E.M.R.), Phoenix; and Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (S.B.), École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - Mark W Bondi
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System (M.T.L., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), CA; Department of Psychiatry (M.T.L., S.J.B., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla; Departments of Biostatistics (F.T.-Z., Y.T.), Epidemiology (R.A.), Environmental Health (M.D.M.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (J.P., B.M., K.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Y.T., J.B.M., M.L.A., R.A., R.C.C., R.A.S.), Boston University CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (C.H.A., D.W.D.) and Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Population Health and Ophthalmology, (L.J.B.), and Neurology (W.B.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (C.B.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (E.R.P.), Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Framingham Heart Study (R.A., J.B.M.); Slone Epidemiology Center (R.A.), Boston University, MA; Department of Neurosciences (S.J.B.), University of California San Diego; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.J.C., A.P.L., I.K.K., M.E.S., S.B.), Departments of Psychiatry Radiology (M.E.S.), and Center for Clinical Spectroscopy (A.P.L.), Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; cBRAIN (I.K.K.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix; Arizona State University (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Translational Genomics Research Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium (E.M.R.), Phoenix; and Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (S.B.), École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - Lisa M Delano-Wood
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System (M.T.L., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), CA; Department of Psychiatry (M.T.L., S.J.B., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla; Departments of Biostatistics (F.T.-Z., Y.T.), Epidemiology (R.A.), Environmental Health (M.D.M.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (J.P., B.M., K.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Y.T., J.B.M., M.L.A., R.A., R.C.C., R.A.S.), Boston University CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (C.H.A., D.W.D.) and Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Population Health and Ophthalmology, (L.J.B.), and Neurology (W.B.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (C.B.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (E.R.P.), Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Framingham Heart Study (R.A., J.B.M.); Slone Epidemiology Center (R.A.), Boston University, MA; Department of Neurosciences (S.J.B.), University of California San Diego; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.J.C., A.P.L., I.K.K., M.E.S., S.B.), Departments of Psychiatry Radiology (M.E.S.), and Center for Clinical Spectroscopy (A.P.L.), Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; cBRAIN (I.K.K.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix; Arizona State University (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Translational Genomics Research Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium (E.M.R.), Phoenix; and Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (S.B.), École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - Robert C Cantu
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System (M.T.L., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), CA; Department of Psychiatry (M.T.L., S.J.B., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla; Departments of Biostatistics (F.T.-Z., Y.T.), Epidemiology (R.A.), Environmental Health (M.D.M.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (J.P., B.M., K.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Y.T., J.B.M., M.L.A., R.A., R.C.C., R.A.S.), Boston University CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (C.H.A., D.W.D.) and Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Population Health and Ophthalmology, (L.J.B.), and Neurology (W.B.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (C.B.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (E.R.P.), Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Framingham Heart Study (R.A., J.B.M.); Slone Epidemiology Center (R.A.), Boston University, MA; Department of Neurosciences (S.J.B.), University of California San Diego; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.J.C., A.P.L., I.K.K., M.E.S., S.B.), Departments of Psychiatry Radiology (M.E.S.), and Center for Clinical Spectroscopy (A.P.L.), Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; cBRAIN (I.K.K.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix; Arizona State University (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Translational Genomics Research Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium (E.M.R.), Phoenix; and Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (S.B.), École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - Michael J Coleman
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System (M.T.L., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), CA; Department of Psychiatry (M.T.L., S.J.B., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla; Departments of Biostatistics (F.T.-Z., Y.T.), Epidemiology (R.A.), Environmental Health (M.D.M.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (J.P., B.M., K.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Y.T., J.B.M., M.L.A., R.A., R.C.C., R.A.S.), Boston University CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (C.H.A., D.W.D.) and Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Population Health and Ophthalmology, (L.J.B.), and Neurology (W.B.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (C.B.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (E.R.P.), Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Framingham Heart Study (R.A., J.B.M.); Slone Epidemiology Center (R.A.), Boston University, MA; Department of Neurosciences (S.J.B.), University of California San Diego; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.J.C., A.P.L., I.K.K., M.E.S., S.B.), Departments of Psychiatry Radiology (M.E.S.), and Center for Clinical Spectroscopy (A.P.L.), Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; cBRAIN (I.K.K.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix; Arizona State University (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Translational Genomics Research Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium (E.M.R.), Phoenix; and Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (S.B.), École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - David W Dodick
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System (M.T.L., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), CA; Department of Psychiatry (M.T.L., S.J.B., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla; Departments of Biostatistics (F.T.-Z., Y.T.), Epidemiology (R.A.), Environmental Health (M.D.M.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (J.P., B.M., K.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Y.T., J.B.M., M.L.A., R.A., R.C.C., R.A.S.), Boston University CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (C.H.A., D.W.D.) and Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Population Health and Ophthalmology, (L.J.B.), and Neurology (W.B.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (C.B.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (E.R.P.), Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Framingham Heart Study (R.A., J.B.M.); Slone Epidemiology Center (R.A.), Boston University, MA; Department of Neurosciences (S.J.B.), University of California San Diego; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.J.C., A.P.L., I.K.K., M.E.S., S.B.), Departments of Psychiatry Radiology (M.E.S.), and Center for Clinical Spectroscopy (A.P.L.), Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; cBRAIN (I.K.K.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix; Arizona State University (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Translational Genomics Research Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium (E.M.R.), Phoenix; and Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (S.B.), École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - Michael D McClean
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System (M.T.L., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), CA; Department of Psychiatry (M.T.L., S.J.B., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla; Departments of Biostatistics (F.T.-Z., Y.T.), Epidemiology (R.A.), Environmental Health (M.D.M.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (J.P., B.M., K.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Y.T., J.B.M., M.L.A., R.A., R.C.C., R.A.S.), Boston University CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (C.H.A., D.W.D.) and Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Population Health and Ophthalmology, (L.J.B.), and Neurology (W.B.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (C.B.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (E.R.P.), Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Framingham Heart Study (R.A., J.B.M.); Slone Epidemiology Center (R.A.), Boston University, MA; Department of Neurosciences (S.J.B.), University of California San Diego; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.J.C., A.P.L., I.K.K., M.E.S., S.B.), Departments of Psychiatry Radiology (M.E.S.), and Center for Clinical Spectroscopy (A.P.L.), Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; cBRAIN (I.K.K.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix; Arizona State University (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Translational Genomics Research Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium (E.M.R.), Phoenix; and Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (S.B.), École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jesse B Mez
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System (M.T.L., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), CA; Department of Psychiatry (M.T.L., S.J.B., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla; Departments of Biostatistics (F.T.-Z., Y.T.), Epidemiology (R.A.), Environmental Health (M.D.M.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (J.P., B.M., K.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Y.T., J.B.M., M.L.A., R.A., R.C.C., R.A.S.), Boston University CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (C.H.A., D.W.D.) and Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Population Health and Ophthalmology, (L.J.B.), and Neurology (W.B.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (C.B.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (E.R.P.), Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Framingham Heart Study (R.A., J.B.M.); Slone Epidemiology Center (R.A.), Boston University, MA; Department of Neurosciences (S.J.B.), University of California San Diego; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.J.C., A.P.L., I.K.K., M.E.S., S.B.), Departments of Psychiatry Radiology (M.E.S.), and Center for Clinical Spectroscopy (A.P.L.), Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; cBRAIN (I.K.K.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix; Arizona State University (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Translational Genomics Research Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium (E.M.R.), Phoenix; and Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (S.B.), École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - Joseph Palmisano
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System (M.T.L., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), CA; Department of Psychiatry (M.T.L., S.J.B., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla; Departments of Biostatistics (F.T.-Z., Y.T.), Epidemiology (R.A.), Environmental Health (M.D.M.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (J.P., B.M., K.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Y.T., J.B.M., M.L.A., R.A., R.C.C., R.A.S.), Boston University CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (C.H.A., D.W.D.) and Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Population Health and Ophthalmology, (L.J.B.), and Neurology (W.B.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (C.B.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (E.R.P.), Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Framingham Heart Study (R.A., J.B.M.); Slone Epidemiology Center (R.A.), Boston University, MA; Department of Neurosciences (S.J.B.), University of California San Diego; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.J.C., A.P.L., I.K.K., M.E.S., S.B.), Departments of Psychiatry Radiology (M.E.S.), and Center for Clinical Spectroscopy (A.P.L.), Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; cBRAIN (I.K.K.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix; Arizona State University (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Translational Genomics Research Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium (E.M.R.), Phoenix; and Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (S.B.), École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - Brett Martin
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System (M.T.L., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), CA; Department of Psychiatry (M.T.L., S.J.B., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla; Departments of Biostatistics (F.T.-Z., Y.T.), Epidemiology (R.A.), Environmental Health (M.D.M.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (J.P., B.M., K.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Y.T., J.B.M., M.L.A., R.A., R.C.C., R.A.S.), Boston University CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (C.H.A., D.W.D.) and Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Population Health and Ophthalmology, (L.J.B.), and Neurology (W.B.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (C.B.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (E.R.P.), Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Framingham Heart Study (R.A., J.B.M.); Slone Epidemiology Center (R.A.), Boston University, MA; Department of Neurosciences (S.J.B.), University of California San Diego; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.J.C., A.P.L., I.K.K., M.E.S., S.B.), Departments of Psychiatry Radiology (M.E.S.), and Center for Clinical Spectroscopy (A.P.L.), Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; cBRAIN (I.K.K.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix; Arizona State University (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Translational Genomics Research Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium (E.M.R.), Phoenix; and Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (S.B.), École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - Kaitlin Hartlage
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System (M.T.L., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), CA; Department of Psychiatry (M.T.L., S.J.B., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla; Departments of Biostatistics (F.T.-Z., Y.T.), Epidemiology (R.A.), Environmental Health (M.D.M.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (J.P., B.M., K.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Y.T., J.B.M., M.L.A., R.A., R.C.C., R.A.S.), Boston University CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (C.H.A., D.W.D.) and Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Population Health and Ophthalmology, (L.J.B.), and Neurology (W.B.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (C.B.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (E.R.P.), Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Framingham Heart Study (R.A., J.B.M.); Slone Epidemiology Center (R.A.), Boston University, MA; Department of Neurosciences (S.J.B.), University of California San Diego; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.J.C., A.P.L., I.K.K., M.E.S., S.B.), Departments of Psychiatry Radiology (M.E.S.), and Center for Clinical Spectroscopy (A.P.L.), Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; cBRAIN (I.K.K.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix; Arizona State University (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Translational Genomics Research Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium (E.M.R.), Phoenix; and Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (S.B.), École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - Alexander P Lin
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System (M.T.L., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), CA; Department of Psychiatry (M.T.L., S.J.B., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla; Departments of Biostatistics (F.T.-Z., Y.T.), Epidemiology (R.A.), Environmental Health (M.D.M.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (J.P., B.M., K.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Y.T., J.B.M., M.L.A., R.A., R.C.C., R.A.S.), Boston University CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (C.H.A., D.W.D.) and Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Population Health and Ophthalmology, (L.J.B.), and Neurology (W.B.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (C.B.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (E.R.P.), Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Framingham Heart Study (R.A., J.B.M.); Slone Epidemiology Center (R.A.), Boston University, MA; Department of Neurosciences (S.J.B.), University of California San Diego; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.J.C., A.P.L., I.K.K., M.E.S., S.B.), Departments of Psychiatry Radiology (M.E.S.), and Center for Clinical Spectroscopy (A.P.L.), Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; cBRAIN (I.K.K.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix; Arizona State University (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Translational Genomics Research Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium (E.M.R.), Phoenix; and Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (S.B.), École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - Inga K Koerte
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System (M.T.L., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), CA; Department of Psychiatry (M.T.L., S.J.B., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla; Departments of Biostatistics (F.T.-Z., Y.T.), Epidemiology (R.A.), Environmental Health (M.D.M.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (J.P., B.M., K.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Y.T., J.B.M., M.L.A., R.A., R.C.C., R.A.S.), Boston University CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (C.H.A., D.W.D.) and Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Population Health and Ophthalmology, (L.J.B.), and Neurology (W.B.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (C.B.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (E.R.P.), Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Framingham Heart Study (R.A., J.B.M.); Slone Epidemiology Center (R.A.), Boston University, MA; Department of Neurosciences (S.J.B.), University of California San Diego; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.J.C., A.P.L., I.K.K., M.E.S., S.B.), Departments of Psychiatry Radiology (M.E.S.), and Center for Clinical Spectroscopy (A.P.L.), Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; cBRAIN (I.K.K.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix; Arizona State University (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Translational Genomics Research Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium (E.M.R.), Phoenix; and Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (S.B.), École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jeffrey L Cummings
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System (M.T.L., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), CA; Department of Psychiatry (M.T.L., S.J.B., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla; Departments of Biostatistics (F.T.-Z., Y.T.), Epidemiology (R.A.), Environmental Health (M.D.M.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (J.P., B.M., K.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Y.T., J.B.M., M.L.A., R.A., R.C.C., R.A.S.), Boston University CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (C.H.A., D.W.D.) and Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Population Health and Ophthalmology, (L.J.B.), and Neurology (W.B.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (C.B.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (E.R.P.), Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Framingham Heart Study (R.A., J.B.M.); Slone Epidemiology Center (R.A.), Boston University, MA; Department of Neurosciences (S.J.B.), University of California San Diego; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.J.C., A.P.L., I.K.K., M.E.S., S.B.), Departments of Psychiatry Radiology (M.E.S.), and Center for Clinical Spectroscopy (A.P.L.), Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; cBRAIN (I.K.K.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix; Arizona State University (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Translational Genomics Research Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium (E.M.R.), Phoenix; and Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (S.B.), École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - Eric M Reiman
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System (M.T.L., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), CA; Department of Psychiatry (M.T.L., S.J.B., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla; Departments of Biostatistics (F.T.-Z., Y.T.), Epidemiology (R.A.), Environmental Health (M.D.M.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (J.P., B.M., K.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Y.T., J.B.M., M.L.A., R.A., R.C.C., R.A.S.), Boston University CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (C.H.A., D.W.D.) and Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Population Health and Ophthalmology, (L.J.B.), and Neurology (W.B.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (C.B.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (E.R.P.), Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Framingham Heart Study (R.A., J.B.M.); Slone Epidemiology Center (R.A.), Boston University, MA; Department of Neurosciences (S.J.B.), University of California San Diego; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.J.C., A.P.L., I.K.K., M.E.S., S.B.), Departments of Psychiatry Radiology (M.E.S.), and Center for Clinical Spectroscopy (A.P.L.), Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; cBRAIN (I.K.K.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix; Arizona State University (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Translational Genomics Research Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium (E.M.R.), Phoenix; and Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (S.B.), École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - Martha E Shenton
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System (M.T.L., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), CA; Department of Psychiatry (M.T.L., S.J.B., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla; Departments of Biostatistics (F.T.-Z., Y.T.), Epidemiology (R.A.), Environmental Health (M.D.M.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (J.P., B.M., K.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Y.T., J.B.M., M.L.A., R.A., R.C.C., R.A.S.), Boston University CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (C.H.A., D.W.D.) and Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Population Health and Ophthalmology, (L.J.B.), and Neurology (W.B.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (C.B.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (E.R.P.), Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Framingham Heart Study (R.A., J.B.M.); Slone Epidemiology Center (R.A.), Boston University, MA; Department of Neurosciences (S.J.B.), University of California San Diego; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.J.C., A.P.L., I.K.K., M.E.S., S.B.), Departments of Psychiatry Radiology (M.E.S.), and Center for Clinical Spectroscopy (A.P.L.), Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; cBRAIN (I.K.K.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix; Arizona State University (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Translational Genomics Research Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium (E.M.R.), Phoenix; and Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (S.B.), École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - Robert A Stern
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System (M.T.L., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), CA; Department of Psychiatry (M.T.L., S.J.B., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla; Departments of Biostatistics (F.T.-Z., Y.T.), Epidemiology (R.A.), Environmental Health (M.D.M.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (J.P., B.M., K.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Y.T., J.B.M., M.L.A., R.A., R.C.C., R.A.S.), Boston University CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (C.H.A., D.W.D.) and Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Population Health and Ophthalmology, (L.J.B.), and Neurology (W.B.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (C.B.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (E.R.P.), Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Framingham Heart Study (R.A., J.B.M.); Slone Epidemiology Center (R.A.), Boston University, MA; Department of Neurosciences (S.J.B.), University of California San Diego; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.J.C., A.P.L., I.K.K., M.E.S., S.B.), Departments of Psychiatry Radiology (M.E.S.), and Center for Clinical Spectroscopy (A.P.L.), Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; cBRAIN (I.K.K.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix; Arizona State University (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Translational Genomics Research Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium (E.M.R.), Phoenix; and Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (S.B.), École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - Sylvain Bouix
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System (M.T.L., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), CA; Department of Psychiatry (M.T.L., S.J.B., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla; Departments of Biostatistics (F.T.-Z., Y.T.), Epidemiology (R.A.), Environmental Health (M.D.M.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (J.P., B.M., K.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Y.T., J.B.M., M.L.A., R.A., R.C.C., R.A.S.), Boston University CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (C.H.A., D.W.D.) and Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Population Health and Ophthalmology, (L.J.B.), and Neurology (W.B.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (C.B.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (E.R.P.), Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Framingham Heart Study (R.A., J.B.M.); Slone Epidemiology Center (R.A.), Boston University, MA; Department of Neurosciences (S.J.B.), University of California San Diego; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.J.C., A.P.L., I.K.K., M.E.S., S.B.), Departments of Psychiatry Radiology (M.E.S.), and Center for Clinical Spectroscopy (A.P.L.), Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; cBRAIN (I.K.K.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix; Arizona State University (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Translational Genomics Research Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium (E.M.R.), Phoenix; and Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (S.B.), École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada
| | - Michael L Alosco
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System (M.T.L., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), CA; Department of Psychiatry (M.T.L., S.J.B., M.W.B., L.M.D.-W.), University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla; Departments of Biostatistics (F.T.-Z., Y.T.), Epidemiology (R.A.), Environmental Health (M.D.M.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (J.P., B.M., K.H.), Boston University School of Public Health, MA; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (Y.T., J.B.M., M.L.A., R.A., R.C.C., R.A.S.), Boston University CTE Center; Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine; Departments of Neurology (C.H.A., D.W.D.) and Psychiatry and Psychology (J.V.W.), Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Departments of Neurology (L.J.B.), Population Health and Ophthalmology, (L.J.B.), and Neurology (W.B.B.), NYU Grossman School of Medicine; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (C.B.), Las Vegas, NV; Department of Neurology (C.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease (H.Z.), and UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), University College London Institute of Neurology, UK; Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (H.Z.), China; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (H.Z.), University of Wisconsin-Madison; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (H.Z., K.B.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden; VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (E.R.P.), Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (E.R.P.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle; Framingham Heart Study (R.A., J.B.M.); Slone Epidemiology Center (R.A.), Boston University, MA; Department of Neurosciences (S.J.B.), University of California San Diego; Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory (M.J.C., A.P.L., I.K.K., M.E.S., S.B.), Departments of Psychiatry Radiology (M.E.S.), and Center for Clinical Spectroscopy (A.P.L.), Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; cBRAIN (I.K.K.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience (J.L.C.), Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Department of Psychiatry (E.M.R.), University of Arizona, Phoenix; Arizona State University (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Translational Genomics Research Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium (E.M.R.), Phoenix; and Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology (S.B.), École de technologie supérieure, Université du Québec, Montréal, Canada
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