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Xiao C, Lu D, Chen J, Chen X, Lin H, Huang M, Cheng S, Wang Y, Liu Q, Zheng H. Human Olfactory Mesenchymal Stem Cells Are a Novel Candidate for Neurological Autoimmune Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:770884. [PMID: 34955841 PMCID: PMC8702423 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.770884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human olfactory mesenchymal stem cells (OMSC) have become a novel therapeutic option for immune disorder or demyelinating disease due to their immunomodulatory and regenerative potentials. However, the immunomodulatory effects of OMSC still need to be elucidated, and comparisons of the effects of different MSCs are also required in order to select an optimal cell source for further applications. Results: In animal experiments, we found neural functional recovery and delayed EAE attack in the OMSC treatment group. Compared with umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UMSC) treatment group and the control group, the OMSC treatment group had a better neurological improvement, lower serum levels of IFN-γ, and a lower proportion of CD4+IFN-γ+ T splenic lymphocyte. We also observed OMSC effectively suppressed CD4+IFN-γ+ T cell proportion in vitro when co-cultured with human peripheral blood-derived lymphocytes. The OMSC-mediated immunosuppressive effect on human CD4+IFN-γ+ T cells was attenuated by blocking cyclooxygenase activity. Conclusion: Our results suggest that OMSC treatment delayed the onset and promoted the neural functional recovery in the EAE mouse model possibly by suppressing CD4+IFN-γ+ T cells. OMSC transplantation might become an alternative therapeutic option for neurological autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongjun Xiao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Lu
- The Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinshuo Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- The Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huizhu Lin
- The Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mudan Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shimei Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuge Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuli Liu
- The Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiqing Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Lindsay SL, Barnett SC. Therapeutic Potential of Niche-Specific Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Spinal Cord Injury Repair. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040901. [PMID: 33919910 PMCID: PMC8070966 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) for transplant-mediated repair represents an important and promising therapeutic strategy after spinal cord injury (SCI). The appeal of MSCs has been fuelled by their ease of isolation, immunosuppressive properties, and low immunogenicity, alongside the large variety of available tissue sources. However, despite reported similarities in vitro, MSCs sourced from distinct tissues may not have comparable biological properties in vivo. There is accumulating evidence that stemness, plasticity, immunogenicity, and adaptability of stem cells is largely controlled by tissue niche. The extrinsic impact of cellular niche for MSC repair potential is therefore important, not least because of its impact on ex vivo expansion for therapeutic purposes. It is likely certain niche-targeted MSCs are more suited for SCI transplant-mediated repair due to their intrinsic capabilities, such as inherent neurogenic properties. In addition, the various MSC anatomical locations means that differences in harvest and culture procedures can make cross-comparison of pre-clinical data difficult. Since a clinical grade MSC product is inextricably linked with its manufacture, it is imperative that cells can be made relatively easily using appropriate materials. We discuss these issues and highlight the importance of identifying the appropriate niche-specific MSC type for SCI repair.
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3
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Prager J, Ito D, Carwardine DR, Jiju P, Chari DM, Granger N, Wong LF. Delivery of chondroitinase by canine mucosal olfactory ensheathing cells alongside rehabilitation enhances recovery after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2021; 340:113660. [PMID: 33647272 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause chronic paralysis and incontinence and remains a major worldwide healthcare burden, with no regenerative treatment clinically available. Intraspinal transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and injection of chondroitinase ABC (chABC) are both promising therapies but limited and unpredictable responses are seen, particularly in canine clinical trials. Sustained delivery of chABC presents a challenge due to its thermal instability; we hypothesised that transplantation of canine olfactory mucosal OECs genetically modified ex vivo by lentiviral transduction to express chABC (cOEC-chABC) would provide novel delivery of chABC and synergistic therapy. Rats were randomly divided into cOEC-chABC, cOEC, or vehicle transplanted groups and received transplant immediately after dorsal column crush corticospinal tract (CST) injury. Rehabilitation for forepaw reaching and blinded behavioural testing was conducted for 8 weeks. We show that cOEC-chABC transplanted animals recover greater forepaw reaching accuracy on Whishaw testing and more normal gait than cOEC transplanted or vehicle control rats. Increased CST axon sprouting cranial to the injury and serotonergic fibres caudal to the injury suggest a mechanism for recovery. We therefore demonstrate that cOECs can deliver sufficient chABC to drive modest functional improvement, and that this genetically engineered cellular and molecular approach is a feasible combination therapy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Prager
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Japan
| | | | - Prince Jiju
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Divya M Chari
- Neural Tissue Engineering, Keele School of Medicine, Keele University, Keele, UK
| | - Nicolas Granger
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
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4
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Vaira LA, Hopkins C, Sandison A, Manca A, Machouchas N, Turilli D, Lechien JR, Barillari MR, Salzano G, Cossu A, Saussez S, De Riu G. Olfactory epithelium histopathological findings in long-term coronavirus disease 2019 related anosmia. J Laryngol Otol 2020; 134:1123-1127. [PMID: 33190655 PMCID: PMC7729153 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215120002455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory dysfunction represents one of the most frequent symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019, affecting about 70 per cent of patients. However, the pathogenesis of the olfactory dysfunction in coronavirus disease 2019 has not yet been elucidated. CASE REPORT This report presents the radiological and histopathological findings of a patient who presented with anosmia persisting for more than three months after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. CONCLUSION The biopsy demonstrated significant disruption of the olfactory epithelium. This shifts the focus away from invasion of the olfactory bulb and encourages further studies of treatments targeted at the surface epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Vaira
- Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, Italy
- Biomedical Science Department, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - C Hopkins
- Department of ENT, King's College, London, UK
| | - A Sandison
- Department of Histopathology, Charing Cross Hospital and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - A Manca
- Histopathology Operative Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - N Machouchas
- Otorhinolaryngology Operative Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, Italy
| | - D Turilli
- Radiology Operative Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, Italy
| | - J R Lechien
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (‘YO-IFOS’), Belgium
- Department of Human and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (‘UMons’), Belgium
| | - M R Barillari
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Luigi Vanvitelli University, Naples, Italy
| | - G Salzano
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, University Hospital of Naples ‘Federico II’, Italy
| | - A Cossu
- Histopathology Operative Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - S Saussez
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (‘YO-IFOS’), Belgium
- Department of Human and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (‘UMons’), Belgium
| | - G De Riu
- Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, Italy
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5
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Lewis MJ, Granger N, Jeffery ND. Emerging and Adjunctive Therapies for Spinal Cord Injury Following Acute Canine Intervertebral Disc Herniation. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:579933. [PMID: 33195591 PMCID: PMC7593405 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.579933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Some dogs do not make a full recovery following medical or surgical management of acute canine intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH), highlighting the limits of currently available treatment options. The multitude of difficulties in treating severe spinal cord injury are well-recognized, and they have spurred intense laboratory research, resulting in a broad range of strategies that might have value in treating spinal cord-injured dogs. These include interventions that aim to directly repair the spinal cord lesion, promote axonal sparing or regeneration, mitigate secondary injury through neuroprotective mechanisms, or facilitate functional compensation. Despite initial promise in experimental models, many of these techniques have failed or shown mild efficacy in clinical trials in humans and dogs, although high quality evidence is lacking for many of these interventions. However, the continued introduction of new options to the veterinary clinic remains important for expanding our understanding of the mechanisms of injury and repair and for development of novel and combined strategies for severely affected dogs. This review outlines adjunctive or emerging therapies that have been proposed as treatment options for dogs with acute IVDH, including discussion of local or lesion-based approaches as well as systemically applied treatments in both acute and subacute-to-chronic settings. These interventions include low-level laser therapy, electromagnetic fields or oscillating electrical fields, adjunctive surgical techniques (myelotomy or durotomy), systemically or locally-applied hypothermia, neuroprotective chemicals, physical rehabilitation, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, electroacupuncture, electrical stimulation of the spinal cord or specific peripheral nerves, nerve grafting strategies, 4-aminopyridine, chondroitinase ABC, and cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Nicolas Granger
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.,CVS Referrals, Bristol Veterinary Specialists at Highcroft, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nick D Jeffery
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A & M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States
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6
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Bartlett RD, Burley S, Ip M, Phillips JB, Choi D. Cell Therapies for Spinal Cord Injury: Trends and Challenges of Current Clinical Trials. Neurosurgery 2020; 87:E456-E472. [DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyaa149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Cell therapies have the potential to revolutionize the treatment of spinal cord injury. Basic research has progressed significantly in recent years, with a plethora of cell types now reaching early-phase human clinical trials, offering new strategies to repair the spinal cord. However, despite initial enthusiasm for preclinical and early-phase clinical trials, there has been a notable hiatus in the translation of cell therapies to routine clinical practice. Here, we review cell therapies that have reached clinical trials for spinal cord injury, providing a snapshot of all registered human trials and a summary of all published studies. Of registered trials, the majority have used autologous cells and approximately a third have been government funded, a third industry sponsored, and a third funded by university or healthcare systems. A total of 37 cell therapy trials have been published, primarily using stem cells, although a smaller number have used Schwann cells or olfactory ensheathing cells. Significant challenges remain for cell therapy trials in this area, including achieving stringent regulatory standards, ensuring appropriately powered efficacy trials, and establishing sustainable long-term funding. However, cell therapies hold great promise for human spinal cord repair and future trials must continue to capitalize on the exciting developments emerging from preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Bartlett
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Burley
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mina Ip
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James B Phillips
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Choi
- Centre for Nerve Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Victor Horsley Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Developmental Potential and Plasticity of Olfactory Epithelium Stem Cells Revealed by Heterotopic Grafting in the Adult Brain. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 14:692-702. [PMID: 32243847 PMCID: PMC7160358 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural stem cells (NSCs) residing in the olfactory epithelium (OE) regenerate damaged olfactory sensory neurons throughout adulthood. The accessibility and availability of these NSCs in living individuals, including humans, makes them a promising candidate for harvesting their potential for cell replacement therapies. However, this requires an in-depth understanding of their developmental potential after grafting. Here, we investigated the developmental potential and plasticity of mouse OE-derived NSCs after grafting into the adult subventricular zone (SVZ) neurogenic niche. Our results showed that OE-derived NSCs integrate and proliferate just like endogenous SVZ stem cells, migrate with similar dynamics as endogenous neuroblasts toward the olfactory bulb, and mature and acquire similar electrophysiological properties as endogenous adult-born bulbar interneurons. These results reveal the developmental potential and plasticity of OE-derived NSCs in vivo and show that they can respond to heterotopic neurogenic cues to adapt their phenotype and become functional neurons in ectopic brain regions. OE-derived NSCs integrate in the SVZ after heterotopic transplantation OE-derived NSCs respond to SVZ niche factors and change their developmental program The development of OE-derived and SVZ NSCs are indistinguishable OE-derived NSCs grafted into the SVZ become functional bulbar interneurons
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8
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Smith KE, Whitcroft K, Law S, Andrews P, Choi D, Jagger DJ. Olfactory ensheathing cells from the nasal mucosa and olfactory bulb have distinct membrane properties. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:888-901. [PMID: 31797433 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) is a potential therapy for the regeneration of damaged neurons. While they maintain tissue homeostasis in the olfactory mucosa (OM) and olfactory bulb (OB), their regenerative properties also support the normal sense of smell by enabling continual turnover and axonal regrowth of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). However, the molecular physiology of OECs is not fully understood, especially that of OECs from the mucosa. Here, we carried out whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from individual OECs cultured from the OM and OB of the adult rat, and from the human OM. A subset of OECs from the rat OM cultured 1-3 days in vitro had large weakly rectifying K+ currents, which were sensitive to Ba2+ and desipramine, blockers of Kir4-family channels. Kir4.1 immunofluorescence was detectable in cultured OM cells colabeled for the OEC marker S100, and in S100-labeled cells found adjacent to OSN axons in mucosal sections. OECs cultured from rat OB had distinct properties though, displaying strongly rectifying inward currents at hyperpolarized membrane potentials and strongly rectifying outward currents at depolarized potentials. Kir4.1 immunofluorescence was not evident in OECs adjacent to axons of OSNs in the OB. A subset of human OECs cultured from the OM of adults had membrane properties comparable to those of the rat OM that is dominated by Ba2+ -sensitive weak inwardly rectifying currents. The membrane properties of peripheral OECs are different to those of central OECs, suggesting they may play distinct roles during olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Smith
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Katherine Whitcroft
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Royal National Throat Nose & Ear Hospital, London, UK
| | - Stuart Law
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Andrews
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK.,Royal National Throat Nose & Ear Hospital, London, UK
| | - David Choi
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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9
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Safety and efficacy of superior turbinate biopsies as a source of olfactory epithelium appropriate for morphological analysis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 277:483-492. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-019-05728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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10
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Methods of olfactory ensheathing cell harvesting from the olfactory mucosa in dogs. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213252. [PMID: 30840687 PMCID: PMC6402693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells are thought to support regeneration and remyelination of damaged axons when transplanted into spinal cord injuries. Following transplantation, improved locomotion has been detected in many laboratory models and in dogs with naturally-occurring spinal cord injury; safety trials in humans have also been completed. For widespread clinical implementation, it will be necessary to derive large numbers of these cells from an accessible and, preferably, autologous, source making olfactory mucosa a good candidate. Here, we compared the yield of olfactory ensheathing cells from the olfactory mucosa using 3 different techniques: rhinotomy, frontal sinus keyhole approach and rhinoscopy. From canine clinical cases with spinal cord injury, 27 biopsies were obtained by rhinotomy, 7 by a keyhole approach and 1 with rhinoscopy. Biopsy via rhinoscopy was also tested in 13 cadavers and 7 living normal dogs. After 21 days of cell culture, the proportions and populations of p75-positive (presumed to be olfactory ensheathing) cells obtained by the keyhole approach and rhinoscopy were similar (~4.5 x 106 p75-positive cells; ~70% of the total cell population), but fewer were obtained by frontal sinus rhinotomy. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea was observed in one dog and emphysema in 3 dogs following rhinotomy. Blepharitis occurred in one dog after the keyhole approach. All three biopsy methods appear to be safe for harvesting a suitable number of olfactory ensheathing cells from the olfactory mucosa for transplantation within the spinal cord but each technique has specific advantages and drawbacks.
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11
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Salazar I, Sanchez-Quinteiro P, Barrios AW, López Amado M, Vega JA. Anatomy of the olfactory mucosa. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2019; 164:47-65. [PMID: 31604563 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63855-7.00004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The classic notion that humans are microsmatic animals was born from comparative anatomy studies showing the reduction in the size of both the olfactory bulbs and the limbic brain relative to the whole brain. However, the human olfactory system contains a number of neurons comparable to that of most other mammals, and humans have exquisite olfactory abilities. Major advances in molecular and genetic research have resulted in the identification of extremely large gene families that express receptors for sensing odors. Such advances have led to a renaissance of studies focused on both human and nonhuman aspects of olfactory physiology and function. Evidence that olfactory dysfunction is among the earliest signs of a number of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders has led to considerable interest in the use of olfactory epithelial biopsies for potentially identifying such disorders. Moreover, the unique features of the olfactory ensheathing cells have made the olfactory mucosa a promising and unexpected source of cells for treating spinal cord injuries and other neural injuries in which cell guidance is critical. The olfactory system of humans and other primates differs in many ways from that of other species. In this chapter we provide an overview of the anatomy of not only the human olfactory mucosa but of mucosae from a range of mammals from which more detailed information is available. Basic information regarding the general organization of the olfactory mucosa, including its receptor cells and the large number of other cell types critical for their maintenance and function, is provided. Cross-species comparisons are made when appropriate. The polemic issue of the human vomeronasal organ in both the adult and fetus is discussed, along with recent findings regarding olfactory subsystems within the nose of a number of mammals (e.g., the septal organ and Grüneberg ganglion).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Salazar
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Unit of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Pablo Sanchez-Quinteiro
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Unit of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain
| | - Arthur W Barrios
- Laboratory of Histology, Embryology and Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Nacional Mayor of San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Manuel López Amado
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital La Coruña, La Coruña, Spain
| | - José A Vega
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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12
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Kim JS, Kim BG. Neurogenesis and Regulation of Olfactory Epithelium. JOURNAL OF RHINOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.18787/jr.2019.26.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Sun Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eunpyeong St. Mar's, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Guk Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eunpyeong St. Mar's, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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13
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Godoy MDCL, Fornazieri MA, Doty RL, Pinna FDR, Farfel JM, Santos GBD, Molina M, Ferretti-Rebustini REL, Leite REP, Suemoto CK, Grinberg LT, Pasqualucci CAG, Voegels RL, Nitrini R, Jacob Filho W. Is Olfactory Epithelium Biopsy Useful for Confirming Alzheimer's Disease? Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2018; 128:184-192. [PMID: 30501500 DOI: 10.1177/0003489418814865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The clinical symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are preceded by a long asymptomatic period associated with "silent" deposition of aberrant paired helical filament (PHF)-tau and amyloid-beta proteins in brain tissue. Similar depositions have been reported within the olfactory epithelium (OE), a tissue that can be biopsied in vivo. The degree to which such biopsies are useful in identifying AD is controversial. This postmortem study had 3 main goals: first, to quantify the relative densities of AD-related proteins in 3 regions of the olfactory neuroepithelium, namely, the nasal septum, middle turbinate, and superior turbinate; second, to establish whether such densities are correlated among these epithelial regions as well as with semi-quantitative ratings of general brain cortex pathology; and third, to evaluate correlations between the protein densities and measures of antemortem cognitive function. METHODS Postmortem blocks of olfactory mucosa were obtained from 12 AD cadavers and 24 controls and subjected to amyloid-beta and PHF-tau immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We observed marked heterogeneity in the presence of the biomarkers of tau and amyloid-beta among the targeted olfactory epithelial regions. No significant difference was observed between the cadavers with AD and the controls regarding the concentration of these proteins in any of these epithelial regions. Only one correlation significant was evident, namely, that between the tau protein densities of the middle and the upper turbinate (r = .58, P = .002). CONCLUSION AD-related biomarker heterogeneity, which has not been previously demonstrated, makes comparisons across studies difficult and throws into question the usefulness of OE amyloid-beta and PHF-tau biopsies in detecting AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Aurélio Fornazieri
- Department of Surgery, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil, and Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lea T Grinberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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14
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Olfactory ensheathing cells in facial nerve regeneration. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2018; 86:525-533. [PMID: 30497873 PMCID: PMC9422483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Olfactory ensheathing cell is a unique kind of glia cells, which can promote axon growth. Little is known about the differences between olfactory mucosa olfactory ensheathing cells and olfactory bulb olfactory ensheathing cells in the capability to promote nerve regeneration. Objective To study the recovery of the rat facial nerve after olfactory ensheathing cells transplantation, and to compare the differences between the facial nerve regeneration of olfactory mucosa-olfactory ensheathing cells and olfactory bulb olfactory bulb olfactory ensheathing cells transplantation. Methods Institutional ethical guideline was followed (201510129A). Olfactory mucosa-olfactory ensheathing cells and olfactory bulb olfactory ensheathing cells were cultured and harvested after 7 days in vitro. 36 Sprague Dawley male rats were randomly divided into three different groups depending on the transplanting cells: Group A: olfactory mucosa-olfactory ensheathing cells; Group B: olfactory bulb olfactory ensheathing cells; Group C: DF-12 medium/fetal bovine serum. The main trunk of the facial nerve was transected and both stumps were inserted into a polylactic acid/chitosan conduit, then the transplanted cells were injected into the collagen in the conduits. After 4 and 8 weeks after the transplant, the rats of the three groups were scarified and the facial function score, facial nerve evoked potentials, histology analysis, and fluorescent retrograde tracing were tested and recorded, respectively, to evaluate the facial nerve regeneration and to analysis the differences among the three groups. Results Olfactory ensheathing cells can promote the facial nerve regeneration. Compared with olfactory bulb olfactory ensheathing cells, olfactory mucosa olfactory ensheathing cells were more effective in promoting facial nerve regeneration, and this difference was more significant 8 weeks after the transplantation than 4 weeks. Conclusion We discovered that olfactory ensheathing cells with nerve conduit could improve the facial nerve recovery, and the olfactory mucosa olfactory ensheathing cells are more effective for facial nerve regeneration compared with olfactory bulb olfactory ensheathing cells 8 weeks after the transplantation. These results could cast new light in the therapy of facial nerve defect, and furnish the foundation of auto-transplantation of olfactory mucosa olfactory ensheathing cells in periphery nerve injury.
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Boecker AH, Bozkurt A, Kim BS, Altinova H, Tank J, Deumens R, Tolba R, Weis J, Brook GA, Pallua N, van Neerven SGA. Cell-enrichment with olfactory ensheathing cells has limited local extra beneficial effects on nerve regeneration supported by the nerve guide Perimaix. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:2125-2137. [PMID: 30044547 DOI: 10.1002/term.2731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The reconstruction of peripheral nerve injuries is clinically challenging, and today, the autologous nerve transplantation is still considered as the only gold standard remedy for nerve lesions where a direct nerve coaptation is not possible. Nevertheless, the functional merits of many biomaterials have been tested as potential substitutes for the autologous nerve transplant. One of the strategies that have been pursued is the combination of bioengineered nerve guides with cellular enrichment. In this present study, we combined the previously evaluated collagen-based and microstructured nerve guide Perimaix with olfactory ensheathing cell enrichment. Rat sciatic nerve defects of 20 mm were either bridged by a cell-seeded or nonseeded nerve guide or an autologous nerve transplant. Animals were monitored for 12 weeks for structural and functional parameters. Seeded cells survived on Perimaix, and following implantation aligned along the microstructured Perimaix framework. Axonal densities within the cell-seeded nerve guides were higher than in the nonseeded nerve guides and were comparable to the autograft. Additionally, cell-seeding had local beneficial effects on myelination within the nerve guide, as myelin sheath thickness was enhanced when compared with the empty scaffold. Nevertheless, for bridging the nerve gap of 20 mm, both the cell-seeded as well as nonseeded scaffolds were equally efficient regarding the functional outcome, which did not differ between the autograft, seeded or nonseeded groups. Our data demonstrate that olfactory ensheathing cell enrichment has local effects on nerve regeneration in combination with the Perimaix nerve guide. Surprisingly, for traversing the lesion gap, additional cell-seeding is not crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Hendrik Boecker
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Burn Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Hand-Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Trauma Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, University of Heidelberg, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ahmet Bozkurt
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Burn Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Plastic, Hand, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Helios Klinikum Wuppertal, University Witten/Herdecke, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Bong Sung Kim
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Burn Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Haktan Altinova
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julian Tank
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, Private Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Ronald Deumens
- Neuropharmacology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rene Tolba
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Translational Brain Medicine (JARA Brain), Juelich-Aachen Research Alliance, Germany
| | - Gary Anthony Brook
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Translational Brain Medicine (JARA Brain), Juelich-Aachen Research Alliance, Germany
| | - Norbert Pallua
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Burn Center, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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16
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Yao R, Murtaza M, Velasquez JT, Todorovic M, Rayfield A, Ekberg J, Barton M, St John J. Olfactory Ensheathing Cells for Spinal Cord Injury: Sniffing Out the Issues. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:879-889. [PMID: 29882418 PMCID: PMC6050914 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718779353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are glia reported to sustain the continuous axon extension and successful topographic targeting of the olfactory receptor neurons responsible for the sense of smell (olfaction). Due to this distinctive property, OECs have been trialed in human cell transplant therapies to assist in the repair of central nervous system injuries, particularly those of the spinal cord. Though many studies have reported neurological improvement, the therapy remains inconsistent and requires further improvement. Much of this variability stems from differing olfactory cell populations prior to transplantation into the injury site. While some studies have used purified cells, others have used unpurified transplants. Although both preparations have merits and faults, the latter increases the variability between transplants received by recipients. Without a robust purification procedure in OEC transplantation therapies, the full potential of OECs for spinal cord injury may not be realised.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Yao
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Murtaza
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Tello Velasquez
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Todorovic
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - A Rayfield
- 2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Ekberg
- 2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Barton
- 2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - J St John
- 1 Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,2 Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith Health Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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17
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Gousheh SMR, Olapour AR, Nesioonpour S, Rashidi M, Pooyan S. The Effect of Intravenous Infusion of Dexmedetomidine to Prevent Bleeding During Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: A Clinical Trial. Anesth Pain Med 2017; 7:e12682. [PMID: 29637043 PMCID: PMC5883081 DOI: 10.5812/aapm.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bleeding during surgery can lead to serious complications. Methods and drugs to control bleeding are always important both for the surgeon and anesthesiologist, especially in endoscopic procedures. A lot of efforts are made to optimize the surgical conditions for functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Induced hypotension is widely advocated to prevent bleeding and consequently to improve the quality of an operation . Amongst the pharmacological agents, dexmedetomidine is the most recently introduced drug to provide hypotensive anesthesia during functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Objectives The current study aimed at investigating the effects of intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine on bleeding, nausea, awakening time, and other intravenous anesthetic doses during functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Methods Sixty patients aged 16 to 60 years with American society of anesthesiologists (ASA) class I or II in Imam Khomeini hospital of Ahvaz, Iran, who were the candidate for the elective functional endoscopic sinus surgery were enrolled in the current double-blind clinical trial. They were randomly divided into 2 groups: group D (receiving dexmedetomidine), and group N (receiving normal saline). Sampling was based on the block randomization method. In group D, a 1-μg/kg dexmedetomidine was injected during 10 minutes just before the induction. Then, 0.5 µg/ kg/ hour infusion was started. Both groups had the same induction and maintenance method as well as the drugs administered for general anesthesia induction. For maintenance, the patients received O2 50%: N2O 50% and 100 μg/kg/minute of propofol and 0.2 μg/kg/minute of remifentanil. In group N, instead of dexmedetomidine in bolus and maintenance, normal saline was used with the same volume. Mean arterial pressure was maintained between 65 to 75 mmHg. The incidence of bleeding, nausea and vomiting after surgery, the amount of maintenance drugs, and awakening time were recorded in a checklist. Results The intravenous use of dexmedetomidine significantly reduced the amount of bleeding (P < 0.0001); in addition, the need for opioids (P < 0.0001) and intravenous anesthetics significantly decreased (P = 0.001). Awakening time was significantly longer (P = 0.001), but its effect on postoperative nausea and vomiting was not significant (P = 0.052). Conclusions The current study showed that although propofol and remifentanil compounds can control hemodynamic state, but intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine during the functional endoscopic sinus surgery reduced the amount of bleeding more significantly. It also reduced the dosage of maintenance drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Reza Gousheh
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Olapour
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sholeh Nesioonpour
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Corresponding author: Sholeh Nesioonpour, Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Tel: +98-6132220168, Fax: +98-6132220168, E-mail:
| | - Mahboobeh Rashidi
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Pooyan
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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18
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Delaney AM, Adams CF, Fernandes AR, Al-Shakli AF, Sen J, Carwardine DR, Granger N, Chari DM. A fusion of minicircle DNA and nanoparticle delivery technologies facilitates therapeutic genetic engineering of autologous canine olfactory mucosal cells. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:8560-8566. [PMID: 28613324 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00811b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) promote axonal regeneration and improve locomotor function when transplanted into the injured spinal cord. A recent clinical trial demonstrated improved motor function in domestic dogs with spinal injury following autologous OEC transplantation. Their utility in canines offers promise for human translation, as dogs are comparable to humans in terms of clinical management and genetic/environmental variation. Moreover, the autologous, minimally invasive derivation of OECs makes them viable for human spinal injury investigation. Genetic engineering of transplant populations may augment their therapeutic potential, but relies heavily on viral methods which have several drawbacks for clinical translation. We present here the first proof that magnetic particles deployed with applied magnetic fields and advanced DNA minicircle vectors can safely bioengineer OECs to secrete a key neurotrophic factor, with an efficiency approaching that of viral vectors. We suggest that our alternative approach offers high translational potential for the delivery of augmented clinical cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Delaney
- Cellular and Neural Engineering Group, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
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