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Menbari Oskouie I, Zareian Baghdadabad L, Mashhadi R, Zahmatkesh P, Mirzaei A, Khajavi A, Noori M, Mesbah G, Aghamir SMK. Evaluation of the Effects of Opium on the Expression of SOX2 and OCT4 in Wistar Rat Bladder. Bladder Cancer 2024; 10:47-59. [PMID: 38993529 PMCID: PMC11181810 DOI: 10.3233/blc-230076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder cancer is a malignancy greatly affected by behavioral habits. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of opium on changes in the expression of OCT4 and SOX2 in the bladder tissue of rats. METHOD Thirty six rats were divided into six groups: 24 rats in the addicted group received morphine and opium for 4 months with 12 rats in the control group. Blood testing was done for the evaluation of CBC, MDA, and TAC. The bladder tissue was removed and checked by histopathological examination. All total RNA was extracted, then cDNAs were synthesized and the OCT4 and SOX2 gene expressions were evaluated by Real-time PCR. RESULTS The OCT4 mRNA expression level in the opium group of rats was significantly increased compared to the control group (13.5 and 6.8 fold in males and females respectively). Also, in the morphine group, similar augmentation was detected (3.8 and 6.7 fold in males and females respectively). The SOX2 mRNA over-expression level was seen in the morphine group of both genders as compared to the control group (3.7 and 4.2 fold in male and female respectively) but in the opium group, enhancement of mRNA level was seen only in males (6.6 fold). Opium increases both OCT4 and SOX2 expression more than morphine in male rats, but in female rats, SOX2 is increased more by morphine. CONCLUSION Over expression of OCT4 and SOX2 was observed in rats treated with opium and morphine. Increased OCT4 and SOX2 expression was seen in opium-treated male rats, but in female rats, SOX2 was increased more by morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rahil Mashhadi
- Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Zahmatkesh
- Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Mirzaei
- Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Khajavi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Noori
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Mesbah
- Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mardi P. Opium abuse and stroke in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:855578. [PMID: 36188414 PMCID: PMC9524459 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.855578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Opium dependence is a significant health concern in low and middle-income countries, leading to a considerable number of deaths annually. Opium has several detrimental effects on its consumers. Data regarding the impact of opium on stroke are controversial. The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between opium dependence and stroke. Methods I conducted a systematic search based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to evaluate the association between opium dependence and stroke. Following the extraction of qualitative findings from included studies, a meta-analysis was performed to assess the pooled estimate of odds ratios (ORs). Results Eight and four studies were included in qualitative and quantitative synthesis, respectively. Opium dependence increases the hazard of stroke mortality. Also, opium increases the odds of ischemic stroke by 127% (pooled OR = 2.27, 95% CI: 1.47–3.07). Conclusion Opium not only merely increases the odds of being diagnosed with ischemic stroke but also leads to a notable increase in the mortality rate following stroke.
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Yaribeygi H, Sathyapalan T, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. The Impact of Diabetes Mellitus in COVID-19: A Mechanistic Review of Molecular Interactions. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:5436832. [PMID: 33294461 PMCID: PMC7691013 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5436832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 is now the major issue in global health. Evidence implies that patients with diabetes are at a higher risk of severe disease or death due to COVID-19 than individuals without diabetes. However, the underlying mechanism for this differential effect in individuals with and without diabetes is not clearly understood. We have reviewed the pathophysiological pathways which may facilitate the entry of virus or an increase in its infectivity in host cells in the diabetic milieu. We suggest that the preexisting pathological pathways in patients with poorly controlled diabetes increase the risk of infectivity and are responsible for the higher levels of tissue injury and death in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Yaribeygi
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, UK
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Benford D, Calò G, Dahan A, Dusemund B, Mulder P, Németh-Zámboriné É, Arcella D, Baert K, Cascio C, Levorato S, Schutte M, Vleminckx C. Update of the Scientific Opinion on opium alkaloids in poppy seeds. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05243. [PMID: 32625895 PMCID: PMC7009406 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poppy seeds are obtained from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). They are used as food and to produce edible oil. The opium poppy plant contains narcotic alkaloids such as morphine and codeine. Poppy seeds do not contain the opium alkaloids, but can become contaminated with alkaloids as a result of pest damage and during harvesting. The European Commission asked EFSA to provide an update of the Scientific Opinion on opium alkaloids in poppy seeds. The assessment is based on data on morphine, codeine, thebaine, oripavine, noscapine and papaverine in poppy seed samples. The CONTAM Panel confirms the acute reference dose (ARfD) of 10 μg morphine/kg body weight (bw) and concluded that the concentration of codeine in the poppy seed samples should be taken into account by converting codeine to morphine equivalents, using a factor of 0.2. The ARfD is therefore a group ARfD for morphine and codeine, expressed in morphine equivalents. Mean and high levels of dietary exposure to morphine equivalents from poppy seeds considered to have high levels of opium alkaloids (i.e. poppy seeds from varieties primarily grown for pharmaceutical use) exceed the ARfD in most age groups. For poppy seeds considered to have relatively low concentrations of opium alkaloids (i.e. primarily varieties for food use), some exceedance of the ARfD is also seen at high levels of dietary exposure in most surveys. For noscapine and papaverine, the available data do not allow making a hazard characterisation. However, comparison of the dietary exposure to the recommended therapeutical doses does not suggest a health concern for these alkaloids. For thebaine and oripavine, no risk characterisation was done due to insufficient data. However, for thebaine, limited evidence indicates a higher acute lethality than for morphine and the estimated exposure could present a health risk.
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Asadikaram G, Akbari H, Vakili S, Asiabanha M, Shahrokhi N, Savardashtaki A. THE EFFECTS OF OPIUM ADDICTION ON THYROID AND SEX HORMONES IN DIABETIC AND NON-DIABETIC MALE AND FEMALE RATS. ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA-BUCHAREST 2018; 14:466-472. [PMID: 31149298 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2018.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective Opium is a narcotic drug that is commonly abused. The prescription of pharmaceutical derivatives of opium is limited due to their possible harmful effects on the body's metabolism and tolerability by patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of chronic opium consumption on some sexual and thyroid hormones in diabetic and non-diabetic male and female rats. Material and Methods This experimental study was conducted on 56 Wistar rats. The animals were divided into diabetic addicted (DA), diabetic non-addicted (DNA), non-diabetic addicted (NDA) and non-diabetic non-addicted (NDNA) groups of male and female rats. Peripheral blood samples were collected to measure the thyroid and sex hormone levels. Student's t-test was used to compare the mean values of the hormones between two groups. Results T3 serum level in male addicted groups significantly increased in comparison with non-addicted ones in both diabetic and non-diabetic groups. The testosterone level of male rats decreased due to the consumption of opium while it was significantly increased in diabetic and NDNA female rats in comparison with non-addicts. In DNA female animals, the mean level of 17-hydroxyprogesterone increased significantly compared with non-diabetic groups, however, it decreased in addicted females (diabetic and non-diabetic) in comparison with non-addicts. The level of DHEA-S increased significantly in diabetic and NDA male rats as compared with the non-addicted group. Conclusion Opium affects the endocrine system in a sex-dependent manner, and opium could have different effects in diabetic and non-diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Asadikaram
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman
| | - H Akbari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Dept. of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman
| | - S Vakili
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman.,Dept. of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz
| | - M Asiabanha
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan
| | - N Shahrokhi
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman
| | - A Savardashtaki
- Dept. of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Arababadi MK, Asadikaram G. Opium induces apoptosis in Jurkat cells via promotion of pro-apoptotic and inhibition of anti-apoptotic molecules. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 19:215-20. [PMID: 27081468 PMCID: PMC4818371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the important molecules involved in apoptosis induction by opium in Jurkat cell line. MATERIALS AND METHODS Jurkat cells were incubated 48 hrs with 2.86×10(-5) g/ml concentration of opium and apoptosis as well as expression levels of related molecules were measured. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that 50.3±0.2 percent of opium treated Jurkat cells were revealed apoptotic features. The levels of mRNA of several pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic molecules were increased and decreased, respectively, in the opium treated cells. The results also demonstrated that expression levels of BCL2, DFFA and NOL3 as anti-apoptotic molecules were increased in the opium treated cells. CONCLUSION It seems that opium induces apoptosis in Jurkat cells via both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Although opium induces apoptosis in the cells but increased expression of some anti-apoptotic molecules may be a normal resistance of the cell for death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi
- Department of Laboratoty Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Asadikaram
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences and Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran,Corresponding author: Gholamreza Asadikaram. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences and Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Tel: +98-913-1406916; Fax: +98-341-3222048; ;
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Dahi-Taleghani M, Fazli B, Ghasemi M, Vosoughian M, Dabbagh A. Effect of intravenous patient controlled ketamine analgesiaon postoperative pain in opium abusers. Anesth Pain Med 2014; 4:e14129. [PMID: 24701419 PMCID: PMC3961031 DOI: 10.5812/aapm.14129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Acutepostoperative pain is among the worst experience that patient scan undergo, and many analgesics have been used to suppress it; especially in chronic opium abusers. Ketamine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist analgesic, having both anesthetic and analgesic properties, which are not affected to the same extent in chronic opium abusers. Objectives: In this study, we assessed the analgesic effects of ketamine added to morphine as a patient-controlled analgesia method for acute pain management, compared with a placebo, inchronic maleopium abusers. Patients and Methods: After institutional review board approval for ethical considerations, a randomized double-blinded placebo controlled clinical trial was conducted. A total of 140 male patients aged 18-65 years, undergoing orthopedic surgery, were entered into the study after matching inclusion and exclusion criteria. All patients received the same anesthesia method; while the first group received ketamine (1mg/mL) and morphine (0.5 mg/mL) as a patient-controlled analgesia (70 patients), the second group received morphine (0.5 mg/mL) plus normal saline (70 patients). P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The ketamine and morphine group of patients experienced less postoperative pain and required less postoperative rescue analgesia. However, the unwanted postoperative side effects were nearly the same; although increased levels of postoperative nausea and vomiting were observed in the ketamine and morphine group Conclusions: This study demonstrated improved analgesic effects after using intravenous patient controlled analgesia with ketamine on postoperative pain in opium abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mastane Dahi-Taleghani
- Anesthesiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Benjamin Fazli
- Anesthesiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Ghasemi
- Anesthesiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Vosoughian
- Anesthesiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Dabbagh
- Anesthesiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding author: Ali Dabbagh, Anesthesiology Research Center, ShahidBeheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98-989121972368, Fax: +98-982122432572, E-mail: ,
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Asadikaram G, Asiabanha M, Sirati Sabet M. Ovary cells apoptosis in opium-addicted diabetic and non-diabetic rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH RISK BEHAVIORS & ADDICTION 2013; 2:3-7. [PMID: 24971264 PMCID: PMC4070143 DOI: 10.5812/ijhrba.8409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Apoptosis is a physiological mechanism of cell death and it can be triggered by a variety of internal and external stimuli. It has been indicated that some opium derivatives develop cell apoptosis. Objectives The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of opium addiction on ovary cell apoptosis in diabetic and non-diabetic Wistar rats. Materials and Methods This experimental study was done on control, control-addicted, diabetic and diabetic-addicted rats. DNA fragmentation as a biomarker of apoptosis was determined by the TUNEL assay. Results The blood glucose concentration in diabetic-addicted and diabetic rats was increased when compared to control (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between weights of control, control-addicted (non-diabetic) and diabetic-addicted groups during this study. The results of this study indicated that apoptosis in addicted and diabetic-addicted ovary cells was significantly higher than in diabetic group, and also apoptosis in addicted group was significantly more than the control rats. In addition, we found that ovary cells apoptosis of diabetic rats were significantly less than in control group. Conclusions Overall, these findings suggest that opium-addiction could play an important role in ovary cell apoptosis and could be very harmful for the reproductive system. Also, ovary cells of non-diabetic rats are more susceptible to opium-induced apoptosis than those of diabetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Asadikaram
- Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Kerman, IR Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Gholamreza Asadikaram, Department of Biochemistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Kerman, IR Iran, Tel.: +98-9131406916, Fax: +98-3413222048, E-mail:
| | - Majid Asiabanha
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetic, Faculty of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, IR Iran
| | - Majid Sirati Sabet
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetic, Faculty of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, IR Iran
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Asadikaram G, Sirati-Sabet M, Asiabanha M, Shahrokhi N, Jafarzadeh A, Khaksari M. Hematological changes in opium addicted diabetic rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH RISK BEHAVIORS & ADDICTION 2013; 1:141-8. [PMID: 24971253 PMCID: PMC4070129 DOI: 10.5812/ijhrba.8777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Chronic opioid treatment in animal models has shown to alter hematological parameters. Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological effects of opium on the number of peripheral blood cells and red blood cells (RBCs) indices in diabetic rats. Materials and Methods Peripheral blood samples were collected from diabetic, opium-addicted, diabetic opium-addicted and normal male and female rats and hematological parameters were measured. Results The mean number of white blood cells (WBCs) was significantly higher in diabetic opium-addict females compared to diabetic non-addict female group. In both male and female, the mean number of neutrophils was significantly higher and the mean number of lymphocytes was lower in diabetic opium-addicted rats than those observed in diabetic non-addicted group. In diabetic opium-addicted male group the mean counts of RBC significantly increased as compared with diabetic male group. However, in diabetic addicted female, the mean number of RBCs was significantly lower than diabetic non-addicted female group. In both males and females, the mean number of platelets was significantly lower in diabetic addict rats compared to diabetic non-addict group. Conclusions Generally, the results indicated that opium addiction has different effects on male and female rats according to the number of WBC, RBC and RBC indices. It could also be concluded that in the opium-addicts the risk of infection is enhanced due to the weakness of immune system as a result of the imbalance effect of opium on the immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Asadikaram
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IR Iran
- Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IR Iran
| | - Majid Sirati-Sabet
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Majid Sirati-Sabet, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, IR Iran. Tel.: +98-9122050817, Fax: +98-2813324970, E-mail:
| | - Majid Asiabanha
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, IR Iran
| | - Nader Shahrokhi
- Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IR Iran
- Department of Physiology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IR Iran
| | - Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Khaksari
- Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IR Iran
- Department of Physiology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IR Iran
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Igder S, Asadikaram GR, Sheykholeslam F, Sayadi AR, Mahmoodi M, Kazemi Arababadi M, Rasaee MJ. Opium induces apoptosis in jurkat cells. ADDICTION & HEALTH 2013; 5:27-34. [PMID: 24494155 PMCID: PMC3905558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The direct effect of some opioids on immune cells has been demonstrated. The aim of this study was to assess the apoptotic effect of opium on Jurkat T lymphocyte cells. METHODS Different concentrations of opium (2.86 × 10-3 to 2.86 × 10-11 g/ml) were added to 24-well plates containing 5 × 105 Jurkat cells. Apoptotic events were assessed after 6, 24, and 72 hours by flow-cytometric detection of surface phosphatidylserine. FINDINGS Significant differences in apoptosis of Jurkat cells were seen at 24 and 72 hours in different concentrations of opium (P < 0.05). After 72 hours, significant increase in necrosis of Jurkat cells was seen in opium concentration of 2.85 × 10-3 g/ml compared to cells without opium (control) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These results showed that opium directly increases apoptosis and necrosis of T lymphocytes. This effect may play a role in immune dysfunction in opium addicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Igder
- MSc Student, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Gholam Reza Asadikaram
- Professor, Physiology Research Center AND Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran,Correspondence to: Gholam Reza Asadikaram PhD,
| | | | - Ahmad Reza Sayadi
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mahmoodi
- Professor, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi
- Assistant Professor, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Rasaee
- Professor, Department of Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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