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Akinrinmade AO, Obitulata-Ugwu VO, Obijiofor NB, Victor F, Chive M, Marwizi FM, Odion-Omonhimin LO, Obasi NB. COVID-19 and Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Literature Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e29747. [PMID: 36324350 PMCID: PMC9617587 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.29747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019, also known as the COVID-19 pandemic has had a deleterious impact on daily living, with health and socioeconomic effects of a global magnitude. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS), an important cardiovascular disease with significant morbidity and mortality rates, has been frequently reported in patients with this novel virus. This review aims to discuss the potential associations between COVID-19 and ACS with the use of multiple databases, including but not limited to; PubMed, ScienceDirect, World Health Organization, and American Heart Association. We have explored the pathophysiology of ACS, focusing on COVID-19 in particular with the use of various works of literature that highlights the pattern of viral entry and replication via the angiotensin-converting enzyme II. The review has also discussed the impact of the pandemic on hospital admissions, diagnosis, and management of ACS patients, as well as briefly highlighted a possible link between the widely available COVID-19 vaccines and possible cardiovascular complications. The association between COVID-19 and ACS needs more in-depth studies to help establish whether there exists a direct causal and or inciting correlation between them. Understanding this association might lead to new research and treatment options for ACS patients.
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Flu Vaccination as a Key Prevention Recommendation for Patients at High Cardiovascular Risk: The Next Season's Scenario. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2022; 29:405-407. [PMID: 36053448 PMCID: PMC9437400 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-022-00540-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Geerdes-Fenge HF, Klein S, Schuldt HM, Löbermann M, Köller K, Däbritz J, Reisinger EC. Complications of influenza in 272 adult and pediatric patients in a German university hospital during the seasonal epidemic 2017-2018. Wien Med Wochenschr 2021; 172:280-286. [PMID: 34581968 PMCID: PMC8476975 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-021-00884-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background The influenza season 2017–2018 of the northern hemisphere was the highest since 2001 and was caused predominantly by influenza B virus. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients in a university hospital in northern Germany with laboratory-confirmed influenza during the winter season 2017–2018 and analyzed underlying conditions, complications, and outcome. Results A total of 272 cases of influenza were diagnosed: 70 influenza A (25.7%), 201 influenza B (73.9%), and 1 co-infection. Of 182 adults, 145 were hospitalized, 73 developed pneumonia, 11 developed myocardial infarction, two a transient ischemic attack, one a stroke, and one perimyocarditis. Eleven of the 145 hospitalized adult patients (7.6%) died, ten of them because of pneumonia. All of them had preexisting diseases. Pneumonia was associated with a mortality of 13.7%. Underlying cardiac insufficiency was correlated with higher mortality (7/51 with versus 4/126 patients without cardiac insufficiency; p < 0.05). Ninety cases of influenza were diagnosed in 89 children (30 A, 60 B), one child had first influenza B, then influenza A. Twenty-eight children (31%) were hospitalized, 15 children developed one or more complications (lower respiratory tract infections, meningeal irritations, febrile seizures, otitis media, myositis). No child died. Influenza vaccination status was known in 149 adult patients, pneumonia occurred more frequently in non-vaccinated individuals (43/90; 47.8%) than in vaccinated patients (18/59; 30.5%, p < 0.05). Conclusion Patients with influenza should be monitored for secondary pneumonia and myocardial infarction, and vaccination should be enforced especially in patients with coronary heart disease and cardiac insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilte F Geerdes-Fenge
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Centre of Internal Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Saskia Klein
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Centre of Internal Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Schuldt
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Centre of Internal Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Micha Löbermann
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Centre of Internal Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Kerstin Köller
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre, Rostock, Schillingallee 70, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jan Däbritz
- Department of Paediatrics, Rostock University Medical Centre, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 8, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Emil Christian Reisinger
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Centre of Internal Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre, Ernst-Heydemann-Str. 6, 18057, Rostock, Germany
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Influenza Vaccination for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in the Americas: Consensus document of the Inter-American Society of Cardiology and the Word Heart Federation. Glob Heart 2021; 16:55. [PMID: 34381676 PMCID: PMC8344961 DOI: 10.5334/gh.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular mortality is decreasing but remains the leading cause of death world-wide. Respiratory infections such as influenza significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease. Despite of proven benefits, influenza vaccination is not fully implemented, especially in Latin America. Objective The aim was to develop a regional consensus with recommendations regarding influenza vaccination and cardiovascular disease. Methods A multidisciplinary team composed by experts in the management and prevention of cardiovascular disease from the Americas, convened by the Inter-American Society of Cardiology (IASC) and the World Heart Federation (WHF), participated in the process and the formulation of statements. The modified RAND/UCLA methodology was used. This document was supported by a grant from the WHF. Results An extensive literature search was divided into seven questions, and a total of 23 conclusions and 29 recommendations were achieved. There was no disagreement among experts in the conclusions or recommendations. Conclusions There is a strong correlation between influenza and cardiovascular events. Influenza vaccination is not only safe and a proven strategy to reduce cardiovascular events, but it is also cost saving. We found several barriers for its global implementation and potential strategies to overcome them.
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García-Lledó A, Rodríguez-Martín S, Tobías A, García-de-Santiago E, Ordobás-Gavín M, Ansede-Cascudo JC, Alonso-Martín J, de Abajo FJ. Relationship Between Influenza, Temperature, and Type 1 Myocardial Infarction: An Ecological Time-Series Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e019608. [PMID: 33829851 PMCID: PMC8174174 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.019608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Previous studies investigating the relationship of influenza with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have not distinguished between AMI types 1 and 2. Influenza and cold temperature can explain the increased incidence of AMI during winter but, because they are closely related in temperate regions, their relative contribution is unknown. Methods and Results The temporal relationship between incidence rates of AMI with demonstrated culprit plaque (type 1 AMI) from the regional primary angioplasty network and influenza, adjusted for ambient temperature, was studied in Madrid region (Spain) during 5 influenza seasons (from June 2013 to June 2018). A time-series analysis with quasi-Poisson regression models and distributed lag-nonlinear models was used. The incidence rate of type 1 AMI according to influenza vaccination status was also explored. A total of 8240 cases of confirmed type 1 AMI were recorded. The overall risk ratio (RR) of type 1 AMI during epidemic periods, adjusted for year, month, and temperature, was 1.23 (95% CI, 1.03-1.47). An increase of weekly influenza rate of 50 cases per 100 000 inhabitants resulted in an RR for type 1 AMI of 1.16 (95% CI, 1.09-1.23) during the same week, disappearing 1 week after. When adjusted for influenza, a decrease of 1ºC in the minimum temperature resulted in an increase of 2.5% type 1 AMI. Influenza vaccination was associated with a decreased risk of type 1 AMI in subjects aged 60 to 64 years (RR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.47-0.71) and ≥65 years (RR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.49-0.57). Conclusions Influenza and cold temperature were both independently associated with an increased risk of type 1 AMI, whereas vaccination was associated with a reduced risk among older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto García-Lledó
- Department of Cardiology Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain.,Department of Medicine University of Alcalá Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain.,Código Infarto MadridServicio Madrileño de Salud Madrid Spain
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Martín
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain.,Pharmacology Unit Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Alcalá Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - Aurelio Tobías
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research Spanish Council for Scientific Research Barcelona Spain.,School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health Nagasaki University Nagasaki Japan
| | | | - María Ordobás-Gavín
- Epidemiology Department Directorate-General of Public Health Madrid Regional Health Authority Madrid Spain
| | | | - Joaquin Alonso-Martín
- Código Infarto MadridServicio Madrileño de Salud Madrid Spain.,Department of Cardiology Hospital Universitario de Getafe Madrid Spain
| | - Francisco J de Abajo
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain.,Pharmacology Unit Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Alcalá Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
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Sosa Liprandi Á, Zaidel EJ, Lopez Santi R, Araujo JJ, Baños González MA, Busso JM, Cabral L, Camilletti J, Erriest J, Flores R, Forte E, Guzman Ramos M, Mendez Castillo M, Ramírez Zambrano LJ, Roa C, Custodio–Sanchez P, Solache Ortiz G, Spitz B, Baranchuk A. Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccination in Non-Infected Cardiometabolic Patients from the Americas during the COVID-19 Pandemic. A Sub-Analysis of the CorCOVID-LATAM Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020123. [PMID: 33557082 PMCID: PMC7913840 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza vaccination (IV) and Pneumococcus vaccination (PV) are recommended for patients with cardiometabolic diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the immunization rate of ambulatory cardiometabolic patients during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Americas. METHODS Electronic surveys were collected from 13 Spanish speaking countries between 15 June and 15 July 2020. RESULTS 4216 patients were analyzed. Mean age 60 (±15) years and 49% females. Global IV rate was 46.5% and PV 24.6%. Vaccinated patients were older (IV = 63 vs. 58 years; PV = 68 vs. 59, p < 0.01) but without gender difference. Vaccination rates were greater in higher-risk groups (65+, diabetics, heart failure), but not in coronary artery disease patients. In the Southern cone, the rate of IV and PV was approximately double that in the tropical regions of the Americas. In a multivariate model, geographic zone (IV = OR 2.02, PV = OR 2.42, p < 0.001), age (IV = OR 1.023, PV = OR 1.035, p < 0.001), and incomes (IV = OR 1.28, PV = OR 1.58, p < 0.001) were predictors for vaccination. CONCLUSIONS During the COVID-19 pandemic, ambulatory patients with cardiometabolic diseases from the Americas with no evidence of COVID-19 infection had lower-than-expected rates of IV and PV. Geographic, social, and cultural differences were found, and they should be explored in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Sosa Liprandi
- Sanatorio Güemes, Buenos Aires C1180AAX, Argentina;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +54-114-372-4747
| | | | - Ricardo Lopez Santi
- Hospital Italiano de La Plata, La Plata B1900, Argentina; (R.L.S.); (J.C.); (J.E.)
| | | | | | | | - Luz Cabral
- Centro Médico Nacional-Hospital Nacional Itauguá, Itauguá 2740, Paraguay;
| | - Jorge Camilletti
- Hospital Italiano de La Plata, La Plata B1900, Argentina; (R.L.S.); (J.C.); (J.E.)
| | - Juan Erriest
- Hospital Italiano de La Plata, La Plata B1900, Argentina; (R.L.S.); (J.C.); (J.E.)
| | - Roberto Flores
- Hospital Ramón Carrillo, Santiago del Estero G4200, Argentina;
| | - Ezequiel Forte
- CENDIC Centro Diagnóstico Cardiovascular, Concordia E3202, Argentina;
| | | | | | | | - Carmen Roa
- Hospital Metropolitano de Santiago, Santo Domingo 51000, Dominican Republic;
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Watson A, Wilkinson TMA. Respiratory viral infections in the elderly. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2021; 15:1753466621995050. [PMID: 33749408 PMCID: PMC7989115 DOI: 10.1177/1753466621995050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the global over 60-year-old population predicted to more than double over the next 35 years, caring for this aging population has become a major global healthcare challenge. In 2016 there were over 1 million deaths in >70 year olds due to lower respiratory tract infections; 13-31% of these have been reported to be caused by viruses. Since then, there has been a global COVID-19 pandemic, which has caused over 2.3 million deaths so far; increased age has been shown to be the biggest risk factor for morbidity and mortality. Thus, the burden of respiratory viral infections in the elderly is becoming an increasing unmet clinical need. Particular challenges are faced due to the interplay of a variety of factors including complex multimorbidities, decreased physiological reserve and an aging immune system. Moreover, their atypical presentation of symptoms may lead to delayed necessary care, prescription of additional drugs and prolonged hospital stay. This leads to morbidity and mortality and further nosocomial spread. Clinicians currently have limited access to sensitive detection methods. Furthermore, a lack of effective antiviral treatments means there is little incentive to diagnose and record specific non-COVID-19 viral infections. To meet this unmet clinical need, it is first essential to fully understand the burden of respiratory viruses in the elderly. Doing this through prospective screening research studies for all respiratory viruses will help guide preventative policies and clinical trials for emerging therapeutics. The implementation of multiplex point-of-care diagnostics as a mainstay in all healthcare settings will be essential to understand the burden of respiratory viruses, diagnose patients and monitor outbreaks. The further development of novel targeted vaccinations as well as anti-viral therapeutics and new ways to augment the aging immune system is now also essential.The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Watson
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinical & Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- Birmingham Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tom M. A. Wilkinson
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Southampton University, Mailpoint 810, Level F, South Block, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, Hampshire, SO16 6YD, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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Schattner A. Patient, Physician, and Environmental Predictors of Influenza Vaccination During Primary Care Visits. J Gen Intern Med 2020; 35:3381. [PMID: 32378006 PMCID: PMC7661624 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-020-05846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ami Schattner
- The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Fountoulaki K, Tsiodras S, Polyzogopoulou E, Olympios C, Parissis J. Beneficial Effects of Vaccination on Cardiovascular Events: Myocardial Infarction, Stroke, Heart Failure. Cardiology 2018; 141:98-106. [DOI: 10.1159/000493572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Influenza and pneumococcal infections have been suggested to be potential risk factors for causing adverse cardiovascular events, especially in high-risk patients. Vaccination against respiratory infections in patients with established cardiovascular disease (CVD) could serve as a potential cost-effective intervention to improve their clinical outcomes and cardiac societies have encouraged it. Previous studies have shown that influenza vaccination reduce mortality, acute coronary syndromes and hospitalization in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and/or heart failure (HF). However, there is a paucity of randomized prospective clinical trials in the field of the pneumococcal vaccination, and additional higher-quality evidence is needed. Furthermore, questions around the role of vaccination in the primary prevention of CVD, the optimal dose and timing are largely unanswered. The pathophysiologic mechanism in which vaccination provides cardiovascular protection may be related to the modification of the immune-inflammatory model of atherogenesis. The present review summarizes the current evidence and understanding for vaccination against influenza and streptococcus pneumoniae in CHD, HF and stroke and highlights its beneficial effect in the reduction of adverse cardiovascular events.
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Volpe M, Battistoni A, Gallo G, Rubattu S, Tocci G. Executive Summary of the 2018 Joint Consensus Document on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Italy. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2018; 25:327-341. [PMID: 30232768 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-018-0278-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death, disability and hospitalization in Italy. Primary prevention strategies are able to prevent clinically evident CVDs, mostly by early identifying asymptomatic, otherwise healthy individuals at risk of developing CVDs. A more modern approach recommended for effective CVD prevention is based on "4P", that is: Predictive, Preventive, Personalized and Participative. This executive document reflects the key points of a consensus paper on CV prevention in Italy, realized though the contribution of different Italian Scientific Societies and the National Research Council, and coordinated by the Italian Society of Cardiovascular Prevention (SIPREC), published in 2018. The need for such document relies on the difficulty to apply "sic et simpliciter" European guidelines, to which this document is largely inspired, to national, regional and local realities, in this Mediterranean country, namely Italy. Indeed, our Country has specific features in terms of demography, socio-cultural habits, distribution and prevalence of risk factors, organization, policy and access to National Health Service compared to other European countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Volpe
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy. .,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
| | - Allegra Battistoni
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Gallo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Speranza Rubattu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Giuliano Tocci
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, University of Rome Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
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