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Tang H, Li K, Lin L, Wang W, Jian W. Study on the metabolic effects of hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] on rat astrocytes using un-targeted metabolomics. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1372783. [PMID: 39035697 PMCID: PMC11257857 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1372783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] has been identified as a human carcinogen and environmental pollutant capable of affecting multiple systems in the human body. However, the specific mechanisms by which Cr (VI) affects the human nervous system remain unclear. Objective: Following confirmation of Cr (VI)'s toxic effects on rat astrocytes, this study explores the metabolites and associated metabolic pathways of rat astrocytes under different doses of Cr (VI) exposure. Methods: Cell viability was assessed using CCK8 assays, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured using DCFH-DA fluorescent probes, intracellular 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) content was determined by Elisa, mitochondrial membrane potential was observed using JC-1 probes, and key metabolites were identified through untargeted metabolomics analysis. Results: With increasing Cr (VI) doses, significant decreases in cell viability were observed in the 4, 8, and 16 mg/L dose groups (p < 0.05). Elevated levels of ROS and 8-OHdG, increased caspase-3 activity, and significant reductions in mitochondrial membrane potential were observed in the 2 and 4 mg/L dose groups (p < 0.05). Untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed Cr (VI)'s impact on key metabolites such as sphingosine and methionine. Enrichment analysis of KEGG pathways highlighted the critical roles of sphingolipid metabolism and the methionine-cysteine cycle in the effects of Cr (VI) on rat astrocytes. Conclusion: Our study underscores the potential neuro-health risks associated with environmental and occupational exposure to Cr (VI) and provides new perspectives and directions for investigating neurotoxic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongge Tang
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Kunyang Li
- Xiamen Haicang Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Scientific Research Management Department, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, The Second People’s Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenying Wang
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Wenjie Jian
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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2
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Mao L, Wang R, Kang K, Li F, Zhang Z, Che Q, Tang Q. Improved Method of Background Value Determination for Sb and Cd in Freshwater Sediment-Insights from Controlling Factors on Spatial Variability. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4465. [PMID: 36901474 PMCID: PMC10001654 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Variability in the distribution of natural total Sb and Cd in freshwater sediments leads to difficulties in background value (BV) determination. This study aimed to establish a method to determine BV more accurately by investigating the vertical distribution of Sb and Cd in sediment cores collected from a typical river in alluvial plain in China and revealed the factors that control the variation of Sb and Cd BV, which has not been studied in alluvial freshwater sediment. The results suggested that uncontaminated samples for BV calculation should be determined by statistical analysis as human and natural disturbance led to high variation in contamination depth, from <5 cm to >55 cm. The sequential chemical extraction method showed a considerable amount of non-residual fractions of Sb and Cd, which accounted for 48% and 43% of the total, respectively. Acid extractable Cd (16%) was associated to the limestone geology in the area. Fine particles which governed by sedimentary environment contained more natural Sb and Cd, as strong positive correlation was found between clay content and Sb concentration (r = 0.89, p < 0.01), as well as Cd concentration (r = 0.54, p < 0.01). Based on these findings, a method combined with standard deviation and geochemical method was established to calculate the BV of Sb and Cd, and counter maps were made to cover the variation of BV in the Taipu river sediment. The pollution level has been evaluated by the geoaccumulation index more accurately.
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Boum-Nkot SN, Nlend B, Komba D, Ndondo GN, Bello M, Fongoh E, Ntamak-Nida MJ, Etame J. Hydrochemistry and assessment of heavy metal groundwater contamination in an industrialized city of sub-Saharan Africa (Douala, Cameroon). Implication on human health. HYDRORESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hydres.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Joe DJ, Choi MS, Um IK, Choi SH, Park SJ. Mercury contamination of sediments in an open coastal area of the Hupo Basin, East Sea, Korea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 182:113980. [PMID: 35932726 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) contamination in open coastal areas has attracted public concern regarding safe fish consumption and management of the coastal environment, especially in areas of accidental Hg spills on inland coasts. This study investigated the temporal and spatial distribution of Hg in sediments of Youngil Bay and the Hupo Basin, East Sea, Korea; it also discussed the sources and transport of anthropogenic Hg. Hg hot spots were found in the northern Hupo Basin (elevated by 2-3×) and the river mouth area in Youngil Bay (elevated by approximately 70×). The river mouth contamination resulted from the destruction of a dam impounding landfill waste, while the basin contamination was attributed to atmospheric deposition and Hg enrichment associated with increased organic carbon concentrations driven by high biological production in the coastal upwelling area. Spilled Hg was transported to open coastal areas up to 36.6°N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Jin Joe
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Sik Choi
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - In Kwon Um
- Petroleum and Marine Research Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 34132, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Hu Choi
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - So Jung Park
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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5
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A New Scenario-Based Approach for Water Quality and Environmental Impact Assessment Due to Mining Activities. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14132117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Water quality assessment and its monitoring are necessary for areas of mining activities. In Malaysia, the mining industry is the backbone of the manufacturing and construction sectors. This study used spatio-temporal water quality modeling along a reach with mining activities during high and low discharges at Sungai (river) Lebir and Sungai Aring, situated in Gua Musang, Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia. The objective was to assess the spatio-temporal environmental impact of mining activities during the wet and dry seasons. Data were collected at different locations along the reach. Point and non-point sources were near the mining site. Overland flow calculation at the mining site was found with the widely used SCS (Soil Conservation Service) curve number method. Several scenarios were analyzed, such as baseline, worst-case, and with-mitigation. The study revealed that baseline values of all parameters were either in a natural condition or slightly polluted, except for aluminum. All parameters were estimated at a high concentration from the mining site to downstream during the worst case of the wet season. Whereas, during the worst case of the dry season, no significant differences were observed compared to baseline values. In the with-mitigation scenario, parameter concentrations were improved and similar to baseline values. Overall, the scenario selection was helpful in the environmental impact assessment. Furthermore, this study will be significant in pre- and post-mining assessment and environmental clearance.
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Arisekar U, Shakila RJ, Shalini R, Jeyasekaran G. Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in aquatic sediments and freshwater fish caught from Thamirabarani River, the Western Ghats of South Tamil Nadu. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 159:111496. [PMID: 32738642 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Industrialization and advancements in agriculture are increasingly the cause of environmental concerns and need to be addressed. This study was carried out at four sampling sites, viz. Manimuthar (site 1), Tirunelveli (site 2), Srivaikuntam (site 3), and Authoor (site 4), along the Thamirabarani river. The heavy metal concentration in fish and sediments were ranged from 0.001 to 9.505 mg kg-1 and 0.294 to 106.25 mg kg-1. The lifetime cancer risk (LCR) values for children and adults were found to be above the acceptable threshold value (ATV) and children were found to be more susceptible to health risks. For all sites except site 4, the LCR of toxic metals except Cd were within the ATV (10-6-10-4); the value of Cd was above the ATV, and poses a high cancer risk to the downstream inhabitants. This study advises routine heavy metal monitoring on aquatic organisms along these sites to implement regulatory standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulaganathan Arisekar
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Tuticorin 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Robinson Jeya Shakila
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Tuticorin 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajendran Shalini
- Department of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Fisheries University, Tuticorin 628 008, Tamil Nadu, India
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Cr(VI) induces ROS-mediated mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in neuronal cells via the activation of Akt/ERK/AMPK signaling pathway. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104795. [PMID: 32061800 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), a well-known toxic industrial and environmental pollutant, has been shown to cause serious toxic and health effects. However, limited information is available on Cr(VI)-induced neurotoxic potential, with the underlying toxicological mechanisms remain mostly unclear. The present study demonstrated that the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway was involved in Cr(VI)-induced SH-SY5Y cell (the human neuroblastoma cell line) death, which was accompanied by the appearance of cell shrinkage, increased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) depolarization and cytochrome c release, and the activation of caspase cascades and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). Cr(VI) treatment also increased the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Pretreatment of SH-SY5Y cells with antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) effectively attenuated ROS production and reversed these Cr(VI)-induced cytotoxicity and apoptotic responses. Furthermore, exposure to Cr(VI) significantly increased the phosphorylation levels of Akt, extracellular regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)α. NAC and the pharmacological inhibitor of Akt (LY294002), ERK1/2 (PD980590), and AMPKα (Compound C) markedly abrogated the Cr(VI)-induced activation of Akt, ERK1/2, and AMPKα signal, respectively, with the concomitant inhibition of mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase activation. Additionally, all these inhibitors suppressed Cr(VI)-induced phosphorylation of Akt, ERK1/2, and AMPKα and of each other. Collectively, these results suggest that Cr(VI) exerts its cytotoxicity on neuronal cells by inducing mitochondria-dependent apoptosis through the interdependent activation of Akt, ERK1/2, and AMPKα, which are mainly mediated by ROS generation.
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Lee G, Suonan Z, Kim SH, Hwang DW, Lee KS. Heavy metal accumulation and phytoremediation potential by transplants of the seagrass Zostera marina in the polluted bay systems. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 149:110509. [PMID: 31421565 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Although seagrasses can incorporate heavy metals from the marine environment, few studies have been conducted on heavy metal uptake and phytoremediation potential by seagrass transplants in the heavy metal contaminated sediments. Zostera marina shoots were transplanted in two polluted bay systems on Korean coasts to evaluate the heavy metal contaminations in sediments and the possibility of using Z. marina transplants as a bioindicator and phytoremediation agent. The major concentrated metals in sediments were As, Cu, Fe, and Pb in Jaran Bay, and Cd, Co, Zn, and Hg in Onsan Bay. The Co, Zn, Pb, and Hg concentrations in Z. marina tissues reflected the sediment heavy metal concentrations, and thus the tissue heavy metal concentrations may be used as bio-indicators of the metal contaminations. Since Z. marina transplants accumulated a great amount of heavy metals in their tissues, they may have the phytoremediation potential for the heavy metal contaminated sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garam Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhaxi Suonan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyeon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Woon Hwang
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun-Seop Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Cai Y, Yin Y, Wang L, Leng D, Ge C, Abdallah A, Li Y. Effect on Serum Parameters and Immune Responses of Carassius auratus gibelio Exposed to Dietary Lead and Bacillus subtilis. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 190:217-225. [PMID: 30324503 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1544-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb), a heavy metal and an environmental stressor, may affect many physiological processes, including the serum index and the immune response. The aim of this study was to explore the toxic effects of Pb on the serum index and the immune response of Carassius auratus gibelio (C. gibelio) fed 0, 120, or 240 mg/kg Pb, and 109 cfu/g Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis). After 15 and 30 days of dietary exposure, the serum indices and the immune responses of the fish were assessed. Dietary Pb exposure significantly affected various components of the serum index, including calcium, magnesium, glucose, cholesterol, total protein, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). However, sIgA activity in the gut increased significantly following B. subtilis supplementation. Notable changes were also observed in the expression levels of immune-related genes, including HSP70, IgM, HSP90, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. B. subtilis supplementation effectively attenuated the effects of dietary Pb exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Animal Production and Quality Security, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yuwei Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Animal Production and Quality Security, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Longtao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Animal Production and Quality Security, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Dongze Leng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Animal Production and Quality Security, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Chenxia Ge
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Animal Production and Quality Security, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Abedin Abdallah
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Animal Production and Quality Security, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yuehong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Animal Production and Quality Security, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
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10
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Yin Y, Yue X, Zhang D, Zhang P, Abdallah A, Yin Y, Cai Y, Li Y. Study of Bioaccumulation, Hematological Parameters, and Antioxidant Responses of Carassius auratus gibelio Exposed to Dietary Lead and Bacillus subtilis. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 189:233-240. [PMID: 30032402 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is one of the most ubiquitous and toxic elements in the aquatic environment. Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) is a widely used probiotic in aquaculture. The aim of this study was to explore the toxic effects on bioaccumulation, hematological parameters, and antioxidant responses of Carassius auratus gibelio (C. gibelio) exposed to dietary lead at 0, 120, and 240 mg/kg and/or B. subtilis at 109 cfu/g. At 15 and 30 days, the fish were sampled and bioaccumulation, hematological parameters, and antioxidant responses were assessed. The result showed that B. subtilis administration can provide a significant protection against lead toxicity by reducing lead bioaccumulation in tissues, increasing the antioxidant enzymes activity, recovering δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity and optimizing the hematological parameters. Our results suggested that administration of B. subtilis (109 cfu/g) has the potential to combat dietary lead toxicity in C. gibelio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Animal Production and Quality Security, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xinyan Yue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Attached Hospital of Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Dongming Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Animal Production and Quality Security, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Peijun Zhang
- Health Monitoring and Inspection Center of Jilin Province, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Abedin Abdallah
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Animal Production and Quality Security, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yuwei Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Animal Production and Quality Security, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yanan Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Animal Production and Quality Security, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yuehong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Animal Production and Quality Security, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China.
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Park HJ, Hwang IK, Kim KW, Kim JH, Kang JC. Toxic Effects and Depuration on the Antioxidant and Neurotransmitter Responses after Dietary Lead Exposure in Starry Flounder. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2018; 30:245-252. [PMID: 29908042 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Starry Flounder Platichthys stellatus were exposed to dietary lead (Pb) at concentrations of 0, 30, 60, 120, and 240 mg/kg for 4 weeks. Recover period was conducted for 2 weeks after the exposure. Exposure to Pb concentrations over 60 mg/kg induced significant changes in the antioxidant responses in the liver, kidney, and gill and continued even after the depuration period in the liver (over 120 mg/kg for superoxide dismutase [SOD] activity) and kidney (at 240 mg/kg for glutathione [GSH] levels). Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in liver, kidney, and gill were increased by dietary Pb exposure, and recovery was observed in all groups during the recovery period. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was significantly inhibited in the brain and muscle of flounder at Pb exposure over 120 mg/kg, and no restoration was observed after the depuration period. Lysozyme activity in the plasma was significantly increased at Pb exposures greater than 60 mg kg but was restored after the depuration period. The results of this study indicate that dietary Pb exposure induces toxic effects on antioxidant responses, neurotransmitter, and immune responses of Starry Flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Ju Park
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - In-Ki Hwang
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Kyeong-Wook Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jun-Hwan Kim
- West Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Ju-Chan Kang
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
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Kim J, Lim D, Jung D, Kang J, Jung H, Woo H, Jeong K, Xu Z. Sedimentary mercury (Hg) in the marginal seas adjacent to Chinese high-Hg emissions: Source-to-sink, mass inventory, and accumulation history. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 128:428-437. [PMID: 29571393 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We comprehensively investigated sedimentary Hg in Yellow and East China Seas (YECSs), which constitute potentially important depocenters for large anthropogenic Hg emissions from mainland China. A large dataset of Al-TOC-Hg concentrations led to an in-depth understanding of sedimentary Hg in the entire YECSs, including distribution and its determinants, source-to-sink, background levels, inventory in flux and budget, and accumulation history. Especially, the net atmospheric Hg flux to the sediments was estimated to be 1.3 × 10-5 g/m2/yr, which corresponded reasonably well to that calculated using a box model. About 21.2 tons of atmospheric Hg (approximately 4% of the total anthropogenic atmospheric Hg emissions from China) were buried annually in the YECS basin. This result implies that most of atmospheric Hg from China is transferred to the surface of the Pacific (including the East/Japan Sea and South China Sea) by the westerlies and, consequently, can play a critical role in open-sea aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihun Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 305-320, Republic of Korea; South Sea Research Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Dhongil Lim
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon 305-320, Republic of Korea; South Sea Research Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dohyun Jung
- South Sea Research Institute, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Geoje 53201, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongwon Kang
- Department of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, 385 Haeyang-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoisoo Jung
- Department of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, 385 Haeyang-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanjun Woo
- Department of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, 385 Haeyang-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kapsik Jeong
- Department of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, 385 Haeyang-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhaokai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China.
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13
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Kim JH, Oh CW, Kang JC. Antioxidant Responses, Neurotoxicity, and Metallothionein Gene Expression in Juvenile Korean Rockfish Sebastes schlegelii under Dietary Lead Exposure. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2017; 29:112-119. [PMID: 28467192 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2017.1307286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to assess toxic effects of dietary lead (Pb) exposure on Korean Rockfish Sebastes schlegelii. Juvenile rockfish were used to evaluate the oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and metallothionein (MT) gene expression after dietary exposure to lead (as Pb2+; 0, 30, 60, 120 and 240 mg/kg). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, a measure of oxidative stress, was substantially elevated in the livers and gills of fish given dietary Pb greater than 60 mg/kg. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in the liver and gill was significantly increased by dietary Pb > 60 mg/kg. A significant decrease in glutathione (GSH) level was observed in fish liver after exposure to dietary Pb > 30 mg/kg and in the gill after treatment with dietary Pb > 120 mg/kg. Acecyltholinesterase (AChE) was noticeably decreased in the brain by dietary Pb > 120 mg/kg and in the muscle by dietary Pb > 60 mg/kg. Metallothionein gene expression in the liver was stimulated significantly by the Pb exposure. Because dietary Pb exposure had a toxic effect on antioxidant responses, a neurotransmitter, and a specific immune expression in rockfish, the results of this study can be used to determine potential useful markers of Pb toxicity. Received June 11, 2016; accepted March 10, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hwan Kim
- a West Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science , Incheon 22383 , South Korea
| | - Chul Woong Oh
- b Department of Marine Biology , Pukyong National University , Busan 48513 , South Korea
| | - Ju-Chan Kang
- c Department of Aquatic Life Medicine , Pukyong National University , Busan 48513 , South Korea
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Kim JH, Kang JC. Toxic effects on bioaccumulation and hematological parameters of juvenile rockfish Sebastes schlegelii exposed to dietary lead (Pb) and ascorbic acid. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 176:131-140. [PMID: 28260654 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii (mean length 11.3 ± 1.2 cm, and mean weight 32.5 ± 4.1 g) were exposed for four weeks to dietary lead (Pb2+) at 0, 120, and 240 mg/L and ascorbic acid (AsA) at 100, 200, and 400 mg/L. The exposure concentrations and duration of significant Pb-induced accumulations in specific tissues of S. schlegelii were assessed. High levels of ascorbic acid significantly attenuated accumulations following exposure to dietary Pb. Dietary Pb exposure caused a significant increase in blood Pb concentrations, whereas red blood cell (RBC) count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were significantly decreased. Notable changes were also observed in plasma calcium, magnesium, glucose, cholesterol, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), and glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT). The growth performance of S. schlegelii was significantly decreased. High doses AsA supplemention were effective in attenuating the changes brought about by dietary Pb exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hwan Kim
- West Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Incheon 22383, South Korea
| | - Ju-Chan Kang
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea.
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15
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Song Y, Choi MS. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in sediments along the coast of South Korea using Cs-normalized background concentrations. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 117:532-537. [PMID: 28238330 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To assess metal contamination in sediments along the entire coastline of South Korea, we estimated the regional background concentrations of metals and assessed the degree of contamination. Major and heavy metal concentrations, grain sizes, and sedimentation rates were analyzed. Regional background concentrations were established by identifying uncontaminated sediments in the cores, using first-order linear regression of background concentration against Cs concentration. The metal contamination of surface sediments was assessed using Korean sediment quality guidelines and a modified geo-accumulation index (Igeo⁎). In total, 14 sediments exceeded the threshold and probable effects level for Cu, 39 for Zn, and 19 for Pb. Based on Igeo⁎, most sediments were not contaminated with Cr, Co, or Ni, whereas 31% (Zn), 34% (Cu), and 43% (Pb) in total surface sediments were contaminated with other metals; 14% of total sediments were contaminated with Cu, and those above class 2 were concentrated near industrial and shipyard facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunho Song
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 34132, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Sik Choi
- Department of Ocean Environmental Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Kim JH, Kang JC. Effects of sub-chronic exposure to lead (Pb) and ascorbic acid in juvenile rockfish: Antioxidant responses, MT gene expression, and neurotransmitters. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 171:520-527. [PMID: 28038424 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile rockfish Sebastes schlegelii were exposed to varying levels of dietary lead (Pb2+) at 0, 120 and 240 mg/L, and ascorbic acid (AsA) at 100, 200 and 400 mg/L for four weeks. Antioxidant responses such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione (GSH) were analyzed to assess oxidative stress. SOD and GST activity in the liver and gills were considerably elevated by dietary Pb. In contrast, GSH levels in the liver and gills were significantly reduced following Pb exposure. High levels of AsA supplementation attenuated the increase in SOD and GST activity and reduction in GSH levels. The metallothionein gene (MT) in the liver was notably stimulated by Pb exposure, and AsA supplementation attenuated this increase. With respect to neurotoxicity, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was substantially inhibited in the brain and muscle following Pb exposure. AsA supplementation also attenuated AChE inhibition following Pb exposure. The results of this study presented Pb exposure affected rockfish as toxicity, and AsA was effective to alleviate toxic effects of Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hwan Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Chan Kang
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Birch GF. Determination of sediment metal background concentrations and enrichment in marine environments - A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:813-831. [PMID: 27986324 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
'Background' is the concentration of metals in pristine sediment, unaltered by human activity and 'enrichment' is the extent present-day sediment metal concentrations exceed pre-anthropogenic levels (the magnitude of human-induced change). Background and enrichment are becoming more frequently used for management measures to bring sediment and the environment back to near-pristine levels. Of the six empirical methods reviewed for determining background (global values, pristine marine and fluvial sediments, catchment soils and rocks), the use of sedimentary cores has the greatest advantage. Most of the eight statistical methods reviewed are adversely affected by the polymodality and an absence of normality or log-normality, however robust regression procedures are most commonly used. Sorption hypothesis techniques require further development. Indices used to determine enrichment incorporate background levels (enrichment indices) or do not (contamination indices). Of the 20 indices reviewed, the New Nemerow Index and the Mean Enrichment Quotient rate highly in performance, based on 5 beneficial attributes assessed: use of background and normalised data, provision of thresholds, a classification scheme, and inclusion of multiple metals. Variance in background metal concentrations determined in the 43 global projects reviewed is surprisingly moderate, however regional variability may be considerable due to local catchment mineralisation. Chemical analysis of sediment should not include metals bound in the mineral matrix and weak acid extractions are advisable. The use of appropriate and effective indicators of environmental condition are critical to the protection and restoration of marine regions and ensuring that human activities are carried out in a sustainable manner to promote safe, healthy and productive ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Birch
- Environmental Geology Group, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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18
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Han GM, Hong SH, Shim WJ, Ra KT, Kim KT, Ha SY, Jang M, Kim GB. Assessment of Persistent Organic and Heavy Metal Contamination in Busan Coast: Application of Sediment Quality Index. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4217/opr.2016.38.3.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Kim JH, Kang JC. The toxic effects on the stress and immune responses in juvenile rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii exposed to hexavalent chromium. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 43:128-133. [PMID: 26991846 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile Sebastes schlegelii (mean length 13.7±1.7cm, and mean weight 55.6±4.8g) were exposed for 4 weeks with the different levels of dietary chromium (Cr(6+)) concentration (0, 30, 60, 120 and 200mg/L). The plasma cortisol and heat shock protein 70 was evaluated as stress indicators. Plasma cortisol was significantly increased in response to the dietary chromium exposure over 120mg/kg at 2 and 4 weeks. Heat shock protein 70 was also notably increased over 120mg/kg at 2 weeks and over 60mg/kg at 4 weeks. In the immune response, immunoglobulin M was considerably increased in the concentration of 240mg/kg at 2 weeks and over 120mg/kg at 4 weeks. Lysozyme activity was considerably induced by the dietary hexavalent chromium exposure. A significant increase in plasma lysozyme activity was observed at 240mg/kg after 2 weeks and over 60mg/kg after 4 weeks, kidney lysozyme was also increased over 120mg/kg at 2 and 4 weeks. The results demonstrate that dietary Cr exposure can induce a significant stress and immune stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hwan Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Chan Kang
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Kim JH, Kang JC. Oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and metallothionein (MT) gene expression in juvenile rock fish Sebastes schlegelii under the different levels of dietary chromium (Cr(6+)) exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 125:78-84. [PMID: 26680530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile Sebastes schlegelii were exposed for 4 weeks with the different levels of dietary chromium (Cr(6+)) concentration (0, 30, 60, 120 and 200mg/kg). The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity, and glutathione (GSH) level of liver and gill were evaluated after 4 weeks exposure. The SOD and GST activity of liver and gill was significantly increased in the concentration of 240mg/kg after 2 weeks and over 120mg/kg after 4 weeks, whereas a considerable decrease in the concentration of 240mg/kg after 2 weeks and over 120mg/kg after 4 weeks was observed in the GSH levels of liver and gill. In neurotoxicity, AChE activity was significatly inhibited in brain in the concentration of 240mg/kg after 2 weeks and over 60mg/kg after 4 weeks and muscle in the concentration of 240mg/kg after 2 weeks and over 120mg/kg after 4 weeks. Metallothionein (MT) gene in liver was considerably increased over 120mg/kg after 2 weeks and at 30, 120, and 240mg/kg after 4 weeks by dietary chromium exposure. The results indicate that dietary Cr exposure over 120mg/kg can induce substantial alterations in antioxidant responses, AChE activity and MT gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hwan Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Chan Kang
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Hwang DW, Kim SG, Choi M, Lee IS, Kim SS, Choi HG. Monitoring of trace metals in coastal sediments around Korean Peninsula. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 102:230-239. [PMID: 26639653 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Spatial distributions and temporal variations of trace metals in Korean coastal sediments were investigated by determining seven metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn) in sediment collected from 71 stations between 2004 and 2010 (n=491). High metal concentrations were found in the southeastern coast, where there are many cities and industrial complexes, indicating that metal concentrations in Korean coastal sediment are significantly influenced by human activities associated with urbanization and industrialization. However, metal concentrations in sediment did not markedly vary temporally, which was because the coast is managed sustainably and because of the characteristics of the sediment environments. Based on the sediment quality guidelines and geoaccumulation index, Korean coastal sediments are practically unpolluted with Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn but moderately polluted with As. More intensive monitoring is required to determine the potential As sources and to understand the As geochemical cycles in Korean coastal sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Woon Hwang
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong-Gil Kim
- Marine Environment Monitoring Team, Korea Marine Environment Management Corporation, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyu Choi
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Seok Lee
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Soo Kim
- Marine Environment Monitoring Team, Korea Marine Environment Management Corporation, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Gu Choi
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
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22
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Song Y, Choi MS, Lee JY, Jang DJ. Regional background concentrations of heavy metals (Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb) in coastal sediments of the South Sea of Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 482-483:80-91. [PMID: 24636889 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The background concentration (BC) of metals in coastal sediments may be a useful tool for assessing the extent of sediment contamination by human activities. This study presents an approach to establish BCs that are applicable at the regional scale, particularly for coastal areas with relatively tortuous coastlines and complex coastal geology and/or geomorphology like the South Sea of Korea. The approach is based on the sorption hypothesis for metal enrichment of coastal sediments and was verified using 33 core and 187 surface sediments. The concentrations of major and heavy metals, grain size parameters, organic carbon, and sedimentation rates were determined. Cs was selected as the most suitable geochemical normalizer to correct the grain-size effect. Non-contaminated samples from core sediments were selected according to the sedimentation rate, 32 types of profile pattern based on metal concentrations and metal/Cs ratios, and their variability in past sediments. Metal concentrations in the selected non-contaminated samples were well correlated with Cs, with a given Cs amounts in surface sediments corresponding to the lowest metal concentrations. This result supported the use of a procedure based on the sorption hypothesis, which was then used to synthesize all core samples and establish the regional BC of heavy metals in the coastal sediments. Linear regression equations between metal and Cs concentrations provided the following BCs of metals in coastal sediments in the South Sea of Korea: 70 (Cr), 13 (Co), 30 (Ni), 13 (Cu), 87 (Zn), and 23 (Pb)mg/kg at 8mg/kg of Cs (mean concentration of 393 sediments).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunho Song
- Department of Ocean Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Sik Choi
- Department of Ocean Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea; Graduate school of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Youn Lee
- Division of Polar Climate Research, Korea Polar Research Institute, KIOST, Incheon 406-840, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jun Jang
- Department of Ocean Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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