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Kondo M, Sawada K, Matsuda Y, Abe M, Sanechika N, Takanashi Y, Mori Y, Kimura M, Toyoda M. Study of the Effects of Deuterium-Depleted Water on the Expression of GLUT4 and Insulin Resistance in the Muscle Cell Line C2C12. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1771. [PMID: 39200235 PMCID: PMC11351524 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12081771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Deuterium-depleted water (DDW) is used in the treatment of many diseases, including cancer and diabetes. To detect the effect of DDW on gene expression and activation of the insulin-responsive transporter GLUT4 as a mechanism for improving the pathology of diabetes, we investigated the GLUT4 expression and glucose uptake at various concentrations of DDW using the myoblast cell line C2C12 differentiated into myotubes. GLUT4 gene expression significantly increased under deuterium depletion, reaching a maximum value at a deuterium concentration of approximately 50 ppm, which was approximately nine times that of natural water with a deuterium concentration of 150 ppm. GLUT4 protein also showed an increase at similar DDW concentrations. The membrane translocation of GLUT4 by insulin stimulation reached a maximum value at a deuterium concentration of approximately 50-75 ppm, which was approximately 2.2 times that in natural water. Accordingly, glucose uptake also increased by up to 2.2 times at a deuterium concentration of approximately 50 ppm. Drug-induced insulin resistance was attenuated, and the glucose uptake was four times higher in the presence of 10 ng/mL TNF-α and three times higher in the presence of 1 μg/mL resistin at a deuterium concentration of approximately 50 ppm relative to natural water. These results suggest that DDW promotes GLUT4 expression and insulin-stimulated activation in muscle cells and reduces insulin resistance, making it an effective treatment for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumi Kondo
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Tokai University Hachioji Hospital, 1838 Ishikawacho, Hachioji 192-0032, Japan; (M.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Kaichiro Sawada
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (K.S.); (Y.M.); (N.S.); (Y.T.); (Y.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Yosuke Matsuda
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (K.S.); (Y.M.); (N.S.); (Y.T.); (Y.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Makiko Abe
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Tokai University Hachioji Hospital, 1838 Ishikawacho, Hachioji 192-0032, Japan; (M.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Noriyuki Sanechika
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (K.S.); (Y.M.); (N.S.); (Y.T.); (Y.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Yumi Takanashi
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (K.S.); (Y.M.); (N.S.); (Y.T.); (Y.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Yoshitaka Mori
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (K.S.); (Y.M.); (N.S.); (Y.T.); (Y.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Moritsugu Kimura
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (K.S.); (Y.M.); (N.S.); (Y.T.); (Y.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Masao Toyoda
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara 259-1193, Japan; (K.S.); (Y.M.); (N.S.); (Y.T.); (Y.M.); (M.K.)
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2
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Qu J, Xu Y, Zhao S, Xiong L, Jing J, Lui S, Huang J, Shi H. The biological impact of deuterium and therapeutic potential of deuterium-depleted water. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1431204. [PMID: 39104389 PMCID: PMC11298373 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1431204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery by Harold Urey in 1932, deuterium has attracted increased amounts of attention from the scientific community, with many previous works aimed to uncover its biological effects on living organisms. Existing studies indicate that deuterium, as a relatively rare isotope, is indispensable for maintaining normal cellular function, while its enrichment and depletion can affect living systems at multiple levels, including but not limited to molecules, organelles, cells, organs, and organisms. As an important compound of deuterium, deuterium-depleted water (DDW) possess various special effects, including but not limited to altering cellular metabolism and potentially inhibiting the growth of cancer cells, demonstrating anxiolytic-like behavior, enhancing long-term memory in rats, reducing free radical oxidation, regulating lipid metabolism, harmonizing indices related to diabetes and metabolic syndrome, and alleviating toxic effects caused by cadmium, manganese, and other harmful substances, implying its tremendous potential in anticancer, neuroprotective, antiaging, antioxidant, obesity alleviation, diabetes and metabolic syndrome treatment, anti-inflammatory, and detoxification, thereby drawing extensive attention from researchers. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest progress in deuterium acting on living organisms. We start by providing a snapshot of the distribution of deuterium in nature and the tolerance of various organisms to it. Then, we discussed the impact of deuterium excess and deprivation, in the form of deuterium-enriched water (DEW) and deuterium-depleted water (DDW), on living organisms at different levels. Finally, we focused on the potential of DDW as an adjuvant therapeutic agent for various diseases and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Qu
- Institute of Breast Health Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yufei Xu
- Institute of Breast Health Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Xiong
- Institute of Breast Health Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Jing
- Institute of Breast Health Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Su Lui
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hubing Shi
- Institute of Breast Health Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
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3
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Lu Y, Chen H. Deuterium-Depleted Water in Cancer Therapy: A Systematic Review of Clinical and Experimental Trials. Nutrients 2024; 16:1397. [PMID: 38732643 PMCID: PMC11085166 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy exhibits numerous side effects in anti-tumour therapy. The clinical experiments indicated that deuterium-depleted water (DDW) monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy was beneficial in inhibiting cancer development. To further understand the potential mechanism of DDW in cancer therapy, we performed a systematic review. The data from experiments published over the past 15 years were included. PubMed, Cochrane and Web of Science (January 2008 to November 2023) were systemically searched. Fifteen studies qualified for review, including fourteen in vivo and in vitro trials and one interventional trial. The results showed that DDW alone or in combination with chemotherapy effectively inhibited cancer progression in most experiments. The combination treatment enhances the therapeutic effect on cancer compared with chemotherapeutic monotherapy. The inhibitory role of DDW in tumours is through regulating the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related genes in Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap 1) and Nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signalling pathways, further controlling ROS production. An abnormal amount of ROS can inhibit the tumour progression. More extensive randomized controlled trials should be conducted to evaluate the accurate effect of DDW in Keap1-Nrf2 signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Lu
- Queen Mary School, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China;
| | - Hongping Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Bayi Road 461, Nanchang 330006, China
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Zhang X, Meng Z, Beusch CM, Gharibi H, Cheng Q, Lyu H, Di Stefano L, Wang J, Saei AA, Végvári Á, Gaetani M, Zubarev RA. Ultralight Ultrafast Enzymes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316488. [PMID: 38009610 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic materials depleted of heavy stable isotopes are known to deviate strongly in some physicochemical properties from their isotopically natural counterparts. Here we explored for the first time the effect of simultaneous depletion of the heavy carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen isotopes on the bacterium E. coli and the enzymes expressed in it. Bacteria showed faster growth, with most proteins exhibiting higher thermal stability, while for recombinant enzymes expressed in depleted media, faster kinetics was discovered. At room temperature, luciferase, thioredoxin and dihydrofolate reductase and Pfu DNA polymerase showed up to a 250 % increase in activity compared to the native counterparts, with an additional ∼50 % increase at 10 °C. Diminished conformational and vibrational entropy is hypothesized to be the cause of the accelerated kinetics. Ultralight enzymes may find an application where extreme reaction rates are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuepei Zhang
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhaowei Meng
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian M Beusch
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hassan Gharibi
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qing Cheng
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hezheng Lyu
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luciano Di Stefano
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jijing Wang
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amir A Saei
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ákos Végvári
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Massimiliano Gaetani
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- Chemical Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- Chemical Proteomics, Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roman A Zubarev
- Division of Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- >Department of Pharmacological & Technological Chemistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146, Moscow, Russia
- The National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, Moskva, 115478 Moscow, Russia
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Somlyai G, Kovács BZ, Papp A, Somlyai I. A Preliminary Study Indicating Improvement in the Median Survival Time of Glioblastoma Multiforme Patients by the Application of Deuterium Depletion in Combination with Conventional Therapy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1989. [PMID: 37509628 PMCID: PMC10377426 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and malignant gliomas are the most common primary malignant brain tumors. Temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy plus radiation therapy (RT), admi-mistered after debulking surgery, increased the median survival time (MST) from 12.1 months with RT alone merely to 14.6 months, respectively. In this study, the actions of deuterium-depleted water (DDW) on the survival of GBM patients who also received conventional therapies was investigated. Without changing the conventional treatment, the daily fluid intake of the patients was wholly replaced with DDW in 1.5-2 L per day volume to reduce the D concentration in their bodies. The primary endpoint was the MST. The 55 patients involved in this study, who received conventional treatment and consumed DDW, showed a longer MST (30 months) compared to the historical control (12.1-14.6 months). There was a massive difference between the two genders in the calculated MST values; it was 25 months in the male subgroup (n = 33) and 42 months in the female subgroup (n = 22), respectively. The MST was 27 months without TMZ treatment (38 patients) and 42 months in the TMZ-treated group (17 patients), respectively. For the selected 31 patients, who consumed DDW in the correct way in addition to their conventional treatments, their MST was calculated as 30 months. Within this group, the 20 subjects who had relapsed before DDW treatment had 30 months of MST, but in those 10 subjects who were in remission when DDW treatment started, their MST was 47 months. In the subgroup of patients who began their DDW treatment parallel with radiotherapy, their MST was again 47 months, and it was 25 months when their DDW treatment was started at 8 weeks or later after the completion of radiotherapy. Altogether, these survival times were substantially prolonged compared to the prospective clinical data of patients with primary GBM. Consequently, if conventional therapies are supplemented with D depletion, better survival can be achieved in the advanced stage of GBM than with the known targeted or combination therapies. Application of DDW is recommended in all stages of the disease before surgery and in parallel with radiotherapy, and repeated DDW courses are advised when remission has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Somlyai
- HYD LLC for Cancer Research and Drug Development, Villányi út 97, 1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Zsuzsanna Kovács
- HYD LLC for Cancer Research and Drug Development, Villányi út 97, 1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Papp
- Department of Public Health, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Somlyai
- HYD LLC for Cancer Research and Drug Development, Villányi út 97, 1118 Budapest, Hungary
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6
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Paul D, Nedelcu AM. The underexplored links between cancer and the internal body climate: Implications for cancer prevention and treatment. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1040034. [PMID: 36620608 PMCID: PMC9815514 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to effectively manage and cure cancer we should move beyond the general view of cancer as a random process of genetic alterations leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation or simply a predictable evolutionary process involving selection for traits that increase cell fitness. In our view, cancer is a systemic disease that involves multiple interactions not only among cells within tumors or between tumors and surrounding tissues but also with the entire organism and its internal "milieu". We define the internal body climate as an emergent property resulting from spatial and temporal interactions among internal components themselves and with the external environment. The body climate itself can either prevent, promote or support cancer initiation and progression (top-down effect; i.e., body climate-induced effects on cancer), as well as be perturbed by cancer (bottom-up effect; i.e., cancer-induced body climate changes) to further favor cancer progression and spread. This positive feedback loop can move the system towards a "cancerized" organism and ultimately results in its demise. In our view, cancer not only affects the entire system; it is a reflection of an imbalance of the entire system. This model provides an integrated framework to study all aspects of cancer as a systemic disease, and also highlights unexplored links that can be altered to both prevent body climate changes that favor cancer initiation, progression and dissemination as well as manipulate or restore the body internal climate to hinder the success of cancer inception, progression and metastasis or improve therapy outcomes. To do so, we need to (i) identify cancer-relevant factors that affect specific climate components, (ii) develop 'body climate biomarkers', (iii) define 'body climate scores', and (iv) develop strategies to prevent climate changes, stop or slow the changes, or even revert the changes (climate restoration).
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Affiliation(s)
- Doru Paul
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Aurora M. Nedelcu
- Biology Department, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
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Somlyai G, Nagy LI, Puskás LG, Papp A, Kovács BZ, Fórizs I, Czuppon G, Somlyai I. Deuterium Content of the Organic Compounds in Food Has an Impact on Tumor Growth in Mice. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 45:66-77. [PMID: 36661491 PMCID: PMC9856723 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Research with deuterium-depleted water (DDW) in the last two decades proved that the deuterium/hydrogen ratio has a key role in cell cycle regulation and cellular metabolism. The present study aimed to investigate the possible effect of deuterium-depleted yolk (DDyolk) alone and in combination with DDW on cancer growth in two in vivo mouse models. To produce DDyolk, the drinking water of laying hens was replaced with DDW (25 ppm) for 6 weeks, resulting in a 60 ppm D level in dried egg yolk that was used as a deuterium-depleted food additive. In one model, 4T1, a cell line with a high metastatic capacity to the lung was inoculated in the mice's mammary pad. After three weeks of treatment with DDW and/or DDyolk, the tumor volume in the lungs was smaller in all treated groups vs. controls with natural D levels. Tumor growth and survival in mice transplanted with an MCF-7 breast cancer cell line showed that the anticancer effect of DDW was enhanced by food containing the deuterium-depleted yolk. The study confirmed the importance of the D/H ratio in consumed water and in metabolic water produced by the mitochondria while oxidizing nutrient molecules. This is in line with the concept that the initiation of cell growth requires the cells to generate a higher D/H ratio, but DDW, DDyolk, or the naturally low-D lipids in a ketogenic diet, have a significant effect on tumor growth by preventing the cells from raising the D/H ratio to the threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Somlyai
- HYD LLC for Cancer Research and Drug Development, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - András Papp
- Department of Public Health, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Beáta Z. Kovács
- HYD LLC for Cancer Research and Drug Development, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Fórizs
- Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, H-1112 Budapest, Hungary
- Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, MTA Centre of Excellence, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Czuppon
- Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, H-1112 Budapest, Hungary
- Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, MTA Centre of Excellence, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Somlyai
- HYD LLC for Cancer Research and Drug Development, H-1118 Budapest, Hungary
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Kovács BZ, Puskás LG, Nagy LI, Papp A, Gyöngyi Z, Fórizs I, Czuppon G, Somlyai I, Somlyai G. Blocking the Increase of Intracellular Deuterium Concentration Prevents the Expression of Cancer-Related Genes, Tumor Development, and Tumor Recurrence in Cancer Patients. Cancer Control 2022; 29:10732748211068963. [PMID: 35043700 PMCID: PMC8777325 DOI: 10.1177/10732748211068963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The possible role of the naturally occurring deuterium in the regulation of cell
division was first described in the 1990s. To investigate the mechanism of
influence of deuterium (D) on cell growth, expression of 236 cancer-related and
536 kinase genes were tested in deuterium-depleted (40 and 80 ppm) and
deuterium-enriched (300 ppm) media compared to natural D level (150 ppm). Among
genes with expression changes exceeding 30% and copy numbers over 30 (124 and
135 genes, respectively) 97.3% of them was upregulated at 300 ppm
D-concentration. In mice exposed to chemical carcinogen, one-year survival data
showed that deuterium-depleted water (DDW) with 30 ppm D as drinking water
prevented tumor development. One quarter of the treated male mice survived
344 days, the females 334 days, while one quarter of the control mice survived
only 188 and 156 days, respectively. In our human retrospective study 204
previously treated cancer patients with disease in remission, who consumed DDW,
were followed. Cumulative follow-up time was 1024 years, and average follow-up
time per patient, 5 years (median: 3.6 years). One hundred and fifty-six
patients out of 204 (77.9%) did not relapse during their 803 years cumulative
follow-up time. Median survival time (MST) was not calculable due to the
extremely low death rate (11 cancer-related deaths, 5.4% of the study
population). Importantly, 8 out of 11 deaths occurred several years after
stopping DDW consumption, confirming that regular consumption of DDW can prevent
recurrence of cancer. These findings point to the likely mechanism in which
consumption of DDW keeps D-concentration below natural levels, preventing the
D/H ratio from increasing to the threshold required for cell division. This in
turn can serve as a key to reduce the relapse rate of cancer patients and/or to
reduce cancer incidence in healthy populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Zs. Kovács
- HYD LLC for Cancer Research and Drug Development, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - András Papp
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Gyöngyi
- Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - István Fórizs
- Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research (IGGR), Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránt Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Czuppon
- Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research (IGGR), Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Eötvös Loránt Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Somlyai
- HYD LLC for Cancer Research and Drug Development, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Somlyai
- HYD LLC for Cancer Research and Drug Development, Budapest, Hungary
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9
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Molnár M, Horváth K, Dankó T, Somlyai I, Kovács BZ, Somlyai G. Deuterium-depleted water stimulates GLUT4 translocation in the presence of insulin, which leads to decreased blood glucose concentration. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:4507-4516. [PMID: 34510301 PMCID: PMC8528751 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Deuterium (D) is a stable isotope of hydrogen (H) with a mass number of 2. It is present in natural waters in the form of HDO, at a concentration of 16.8 mmol/L, equivalent to 150 ppm. In a phase II clinical study, deuterium depletion reduced fasting glucose concentration and insulin resistance. In this study, we tested the effect of subnormal D-concentration on glucose metabolism in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model. Animals were randomly distributed into nine groups to test the effect of D2O (in a range of 25-150 ppm) on glucose metabolism in diabetic animals with or without insulin treatment. Serum glucose, fructose amine-, HbA1c, insulin and urine glucose levels were monitored, respectively. After the 8-week treatment, membrane-associated GLUT4 fractions from the soleus muscle were estimated by Western blot technique. Our results indicate that, in the presence of insulin, deuterium depletion markedly reduced serum levels of glucose, -fructose amine, and -HbA1c, in a dose-dependent manner. The optimal concentration of deuterium was between 125 and 140 ppm. After a 4-week period of deuterium depletion, the highest membrane-associated GLUT4 content was detected at 125 ppm. These data suggest that deuterium depletion dose-dependently enhances the effect of insulin on GLUT4 translocation and potentiates glucose uptake in diabetic rats, which explains the lower serum glucose, -fructose amine, and -HbA1c concentrations. Based on our experimental data, deuterium-depleted water could be used to treat patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) by increasing insulin sensitivity. These experiments indicate that naturally occurring deuterium has an impact on metabolic regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Molnár
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Horváth
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Dankó
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Somlyai
- HYD LLC for Cancer Research and Drug Development, Villányi út 97, 1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Zs. Kovács
- HYD LLC for Cancer Research and Drug Development, Villányi út 97, 1118 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Somlyai
- HYD LLC for Cancer Research and Drug Development, Villányi út 97, 1118 Budapest, Hungary
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10
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Klenner MA, Pascali G, Fraser BH, Darwish TA. Kinetic isotope effects and synthetic strategies for deuterated carbon-11 and fluorine-18 labelled PET radiopharmaceuticals. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 96-97:112-147. [PMID: 33892374 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The deuterium labelling of pharmaceuticals is a useful strategy for altering pharmacokinetic properties, particularly for improving metabolic resistance. The pharmacological effects of such metabolites are often assumed to be negligible during standard drug discovery and are factored in later at the clinical phases of development, where the risks and benefits of the treatment and side-effects can be wholly assessed. This paradigm does not translate to the discovery of radiopharmaceuticals, however, as the confounding effects of radiometabolites can inevitably show in preliminary positron emission tomography (PET) scans and thus complicate interpretation. Consequently, the formation of radiometabolites is crucial to take into consideration, compared to non-radioactive metabolites, and the application of deuterium labelling is a particularly attractive approach to minimise radiometabolite formation. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the deuterated carbon-11 and fluorine-18 radiopharmaceuticals employed in PET imaging experiments. Specifically, we explore six categories of deuterated radiopharmaceuticals used to investigate the activities of monoamine oxygenase (MAO), choline, translocator protein (TSPO), vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2), neurotransmission and the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease; from which we derive four prominent deuteration strategies giving rise to a kinetic isotope effect (KIE) for reducing the rate of metabolism. Synthetic approaches for over thirty of these deuterated radiopharmaceuticals are discussed from the perspective of deuterium and radioisotope incorporation, alongside an evaluation of the deuterium labelling and radiolabelling efficacies across these independent studies. Clinical and manufacturing implications are also discussed to provide a more comprehensive overview of how deuterated radiopharmaceuticals may be introduced to routine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell A Klenner
- National Deuteration Facility (NDF) & Human Health, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia; Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia.
| | - Giancarlo Pascali
- National Deuteration Facility (NDF) & Human Health, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia; Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Benjamin H Fraser
- National Deuteration Facility (NDF) & Human Health, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Tamim A Darwish
- National Deuteration Facility (NDF) & Human Health, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
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11
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Boros LG, Somlyai I, Kovács BZ, Puskás LG, Nagy LI, Dux L, Farkas G, Somlyai G. Deuterium Depletion Inhibits Cell Proliferation, RNA and Nuclear Membrane Turnover to Enhance Survival in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Control 2021; 28:1073274821999655. [PMID: 33760674 PMCID: PMC8204545 DOI: 10.1177/1073274821999655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of deuterium-depleted water (DDW) containing deuterium (D) at a concentration of 25 parts per million (ppm), 50 ppm, 105 ppm and the control at 150 ppm were monitored in MIA-PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells by the real-time cell impedance detection xCELLigence method. The data revealed that lower deuterium concentrations corresponded to lower MiA PaCa-2 growth rate. Nuclear membrane turnover and nucleic acid synthesis rate at different D-concentrations were determined by targeted [1,2-13C2]-D-glucose fate associations. The data showed severely decreased oxidative pentose cycling, RNA ribose 13C labeling from [1,2-13C2]-D-glucose and nuclear membrane lignoceric (C24:0) acid turnover. Here, we treated advanced pancreatic cancer patients with DDW as an extra-mitochondrial deuterium-depleting strategy and evaluated overall patient survival. Eighty-six (36 male and 50 female) pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients were treated with conventional chemotherapy and natural water (control, 30 patients) or 85 ppm DDW (56 patients), which was gradually decreased to preparations with 65 ppm and 45 ppm deuterium content for each 1 to 3 months treatment period. Patient survival curves were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method and Pearson correlation was taken between medial survival time (MST) and DDW treatment in pancreatic cancer patients. The MST for patients consuming DDW treatment (n = 56) was 19.6 months in comparison with the 6.36 months' MST achieved with chemotherapy alone (n = 30). There was a strong, statistically significant Pearson correlation (r = 0.504, p < 0.001) between survival time and length and frequency of DDW treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- László G. Boros
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance, CA, USA
- SIDMAP, LLC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ildikó Somlyai
- HYD LLC for Cancer Research and Drug Development, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Zs. Kovács
- HYD LLC for Cancer Research and Drug Development, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - László Dux
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical University, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gyula Farkas
- Department of Surgery, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical University, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Somlyai
- HYD LLC for Cancer Research and Drug Development, Budapest, Hungary
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12
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Somlyai G, Somlyai I, Fórizs I, Czuppon G, Papp A, Molnár M. Effect of Systemic Subnormal Deuterium Level on Metabolic Syndrome Related and other Blood Parameters in Humans: A Preliminary Study. Molecules 2020; 25:E1376. [PMID: 32197347 PMCID: PMC7144355 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of deuterium depletion on the human organism have been, except for the antitumor action, seldom investigated by now and the available data are scarce. In oncological patients who also suffered from diabetes and were treated with deuterium-depleted water (DDW), an improvement of glucose metabolism was observed, and rat studies also proved the efficacy of DDW to reduce blood sugar level. In the present work, 30 volunteers with pre- or manifest diabetes were enrolled to a clinical study. The patients received 1.5 L of water with reduced deuterium content (104 ppm instead of 145 ppm, equivalent 12 mmol/L in human) daily for 90 days. The effects on fasting glucose and insulin level, on peripheral glucose disposal, and other metabolic parameters were investigated. Fasting insulin and glucose decreased, and insulin reaction on glucose load improved, in 15 subjects, while in the other 15 the changes were opposite. Peripheral glucose disposal was improved in 11 of the subjects. In the majority of the subjects, substantial increase of serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and significant decrease of serum Na+ concentration were also seen-the latter possibly due to activation of a Na+/H+ antiporter by the decreased intracellular deuterium level. The results support the possible beneficial role of DDW in disorders of glucose metabolism but leave questions open, requiring further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Somlyai
- HYD LLC for Cancer Research and Drug Development, 1118 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Ildikó Somlyai
- HYD LLC for Cancer Research and Drug Development, 1118 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - István Fórizs
- Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, 1112 Budapest, Hungary; (I.F.); (G.C.)
| | - György Czuppon
- Institute for Geological and Geochemical Research, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, 1112 Budapest, Hungary; (I.F.); (G.C.)
| | - András Papp
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Miklós Molnár
- Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, 1089 Budapest, Hungary;
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13
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Zhang X, Gaetani M, Chernobrovkin A, Zubarev RA. Anticancer Effect of Deuterium Depleted Water - Redox Disbalance Leads to Oxidative Stress. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:2373-2387. [PMID: 31519768 PMCID: PMC6885702 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the convincing empirical evidence that deuterium depleted water (DDW, 25-125 ppm deuterium) has anticancer effect, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, redox proteomics investigation of the DDW action in A549 cells revealed an increased level of oxidative stress, whereas expression proteomics in combination with thermal profiling uncovered crucial role of mitochondrial proteins. In the proposed scenario, reversal of the normally positive deuterium gradient across the inner membrane leads to an increased export of protons from the matrix to intermembrane space and an increase in the mitochondrial membrane potential, enhancing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The resulting oxidative stress leads to slower growth and can induce apoptosis. However, further deuterium depletion in ambient water triggers a feedback mechanism, which leads to restoration of the redox equilibrium and resumed growth. The DDW-induced oxidative stress, verified by traditional biochemical assays, may be helpful as an adjuvant to ROS-inducing anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuepei Zhang
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17 165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Massimiliano Gaetani
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17 165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexey Chernobrovkin
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17 165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roman A Zubarev
- Division of Physiological Chemistry I, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17 165 Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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Basov A, Fedulova L, Baryshev M, Dzhimak S. Deuterium-Depleted Water Influence on the Isotope 2H/ 1H Regulation in Body and Individual Adaptation. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1903. [PMID: 31443167 PMCID: PMC6723318 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article presents data about the influence of deuterium-depleted water (DDW) on biological systems. It is known that the isotope abundances of natural and bottled waters are variable worldwide. That is why different drinking rations lead to changes of stable isotopes content in body water fluxes in human and animal organisms. Also, intracellular water isotope ratios in living systems depends on metabolic activity and food consumption. We found the 2H/1H gradient in human fluids (δ2H saliva >> δ2H blood plasma > δ2Hbreast milk), which decreases significantly during DDW intake. Moreover, DDW induces several important biological effects in organism (antioxidant, metabolic detoxification, anticancer, rejuvenation, behavior, etc.). Changing the isotope 2H/1H gradient from "2H blood plasma > δ2H visceral organs" to "δ2H blood plasma << δ2H visceral organs" via DDW drinking increases individual adaptation by isotopic shock. The other possible mechanisms of long-term adaptation is DDW influence on the growth rate of cells, enzyme activity and cellular energetics (e.g., stimulation of the mitochondrion activity). In addition, DDW reduces the number of single-stranded DNA breaks and modifies the miRNA profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Basov
- Kuban State Medical University, 350063 Krasnodar, Russia
- Kuban State University, 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Liliia Fedulova
- The V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences, 109316 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Stepan Dzhimak
- Kuban State University, 350040 Krasnodar, Russia.
- The V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences, 109316 Moscow, Russia.
- Federal Research Center the Southern Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 344006 Rostov-on-Don, Russia.
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15
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Yavari K, Kooshesh L. Deuterium Depleted Water Inhibits the Proliferation of Human MCF7 Breast Cancer Cell Lines by Inducing Cell Cycle Arrest. Nutr Cancer 2019; 71:1019-1029. [PMID: 31045450 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1595048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the depletion of naturally occurring deuterium can result in tumor regression. The aim of the present study was to show the growth inhibitory effects of DDW discretely and in combination with 5-FU on MCF-7 breast cancer cells and to determine possible mechanisms underlying these changes. MCF7 cells were grown in RPMI medium with decreasing deuterium concentrations of DDW individually, 5-FU alone and both for 24, 48, and 72 h. Cell viability was determined with the MTT assay. The cell cycle and antioxidant enzymes status were measured using flow cytometry and quantitative luminescence methods, respectively. Our results showed that treatment with DDW especially in 30-100 ppm concentrations imposed the highest cell growth inhibitory effect. The cell cycle analysis revealed that DDW caused the cell cycle arrest in the G1/S transition, reduced the number of the cells in the S phase and significantly increased the population of cells in the G1 phase in MCF-7 cells. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes also increased in the same low concentrations of DDW. In conclusion, DDW can open new strategic approach in breast cancer therapy. Highlights DDW cause lethality in cancer cells. DDW augmented 5-FU inhibitory effects on breast cancer cell lines. Cell inhibitory results lead to the discovery of synergic effects of DDW-drug combinations Synergistic anti cancer effects of DDW with 5-FU is enhanced by decreasing deuterium content of the DDW. DDW exerts effects on the cell cycle, changes in cell configuration and induces antioxidant enzymes in vitro. DDW can be considered as an adjuvant to conventional anticancer agents in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Yavari
- a Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute , Tehran , Iran
| | - Lida Kooshesh
- b Department of Biology, Tehran North Branch , Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran
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16
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Boros LG, D'Agostino DP, Katz HE, Roth JP, Meuillet EJ, Somlyai G. Submolecular regulation of cell transformation by deuterium depleting water exchange reactions in the tricarboxylic acid substrate cycle. Med Hypotheses 2016; 87:69-74. [PMID: 26826644 PMCID: PMC4733494 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The naturally occurring isotope of hydrogen ((1)H), deuterium ((2)H), could have an important biological role. Deuterium depleted water delays tumor progression in mice, dogs, cats and humans. Hydratase enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle control cell growth and deplete deuterium from redox cofactors, fatty acids and DNA, which undergo hydride ion and hydrogen atom transfer reactions. A model is proposed that emphasizes the terminal complex of mitochondrial electron transport chain reducing molecular oxygen to deuterium depleted water (DDW); this affects gluconeogenesis as well as fatty acid oxidation. In the former, the DDW is thought to diminish the deuteration of sugar-phosphates in the DNA backbone, helping to preserve stability of hydrogen bond networks, possibly protecting against aneuploidy and resisting strand breaks, occurring upon exposure to radiation and certain anticancer chemotherapeutics. DDW is proposed here to link cancer prevention and treatment using natural ketogenic diets, low deuterium drinking water, as well as DDW production as the mitochondrial downstream mechanism of targeted anti-cancer drugs such as Avastin and Glivec. The role of (2)H in biology is a potential missing link to the elusive cancer puzzle seemingly correlated with cancer epidemiology in western populations as a result of excessive (2)H loading from processed carbohydrate intake in place of natural fat consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- László G Boros
- Department of Pediatrics, UCLA School of Medicine Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA; The Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute (LABiOMED), Torrance, CA, USA; SIDMAP, LLC, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Dominic P D'Agostino
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, Hyperbaric Biomedical Research Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Howard E Katz
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Justine P Roth
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emmanuelle J Meuillet
- The University of Arizona Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Gábor Somlyai
- HYD, LLC for Cancer Research & Drug Development, Budapest, Hungary
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17
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Soleyman-Jahi S, Zendehdel K, Akbarzadeh K, Haddadi M, Amanpour S, Muhammadnejad S. in vitro Assessment of Antineoplastic Effects of Deuterium Depleted Water. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:2179-83. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.5.2179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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18
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Avila DS, Somlyai G, Somlyai I, Aschner M. Anti-aging effects of deuterium depletion on Mn-induced toxicity in a C. elegans model. Toxicol Lett 2012; 211:319-24. [PMID: 22561170 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Work with sub-natural levels of deuterium (D) in animals has demonstrated an anti-cancer effect of low D-concentration in water. Our objective was to investigate whether deuterium-depleted water (DDW) can overturn reverse manganese (Mn)-induced reduction in life span, using the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) as a model system. DDW per se had no effect on worm's life span 48 h after treatment; however, it reversed the Mn-induced decrease in C. elegans life span. Mn reduced DAF-16 levels, a transcription factor strongly associated with life-span regulation. Low D-concentration (90 ppm) restored the Mn-induced changes in DAF-16 to levels indistinguishable from controls, suggesting DDW can regulate the DAF-16 pathway. We further show that insulin-like receptor DAF-2 levels were unaltered by Mn exposure, tAKT levels increased, whilst superoxide dismutase (SOD-3) levels were decreased by Mn. DDW (90 ppm) restored the levels of tAKT and superoxide dismutase (SOD) to control values without changing DAF-2 levels. Treatment of Mn exposed worms with DDW (90 ppm) restored life-span, DAF-16 and SOD-3 levels to control levels, strongly suggesting that low D concentrations can protect against Mn toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiana Silva Avila
- Universidade Federal do Pampa, BR 472 Km 585, CEP 97500-970, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
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