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Arora J, Ranjan A, Chauhan A, Rajput VD, Sushkova S, Prazdnova EV, Minkina T, Biswas R, Joshi S, Jindal T, Prasad R. A Novel Study on Anionic Surfactant Degradation Potential of Psychrophillic and Psychrotolerant Pseudomonas spp. Identified from Surfactant-contaminated River Water. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:2612-2629. [PMID: 37466886 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04647-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The Yamuna River, a tributary of the holy Ganga, is heavily polluted in the Delhi-NCR region, India and has been gaining attention due to the excessive foaming of the river over the past few years. This can be directly or indirectly related to the overuse of surfactants and the discharge of untreated domestic and textile wastewater into the river. To determine the surfactant load and investigate potential surfactant-degrading bacteria in the region, 96 water samples from four sites in the Okhla Barrage stretch of the river were collected and analysed. The results showed that the selected sites have surfactant concentrations more than the permissible limit (1.00 mgL-1). Also, at most of the sites, the concentration crossed the desirable limit of BIS (0.2 mgL-1) during the period of analysis. The concentration of anionic surfactant reported in the region was found in the range of 0.29 mgL-1 and 2.83 mgL-1. A total of 38 different bacteria were isolated using selective media from the same water samples, out of which 7 bacterial isolates were screened for sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) tolerance activity. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, 2 species, namely Pseudomonas koreensis YRW-02 and Pseudomonas songnenensis YRW-05 have been identified and their degradation potential was assessed at different SDS concentrations. The results showed that our strains YRW-02 and YRW-05 degraded 78.29 and 69.24% of SDS respectively. Growth optimization was also performed at different substrate concentrations, pH, and temperature to investigate optimum degradation conditions. This study plays a significant role in assessing the surfactant load and also gives a promising background for future use in in-situ bioremediation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayati Arora
- Amity Institute of Environmental Science, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anuj Ranjan
- Amity Institute of Environmental Toxicology Safety and Management, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia.
| | - Abhishek Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Environmental Toxicology Safety and Management, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vishnu D Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
| | - Svetlana Sushkova
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
| | - Evgeniya V Prazdnova
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-On-Don, Russia
| | - Rima Biswas
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanket Joshi
- Oil & Gas Research Centre, Central Analytical and Applied Research Unit, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Tanu Jindal
- Amity Institute of Environmental Toxicology Safety and Management, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ram Prasad
- Department of Botany, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, 845401, Bihar, India.
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Singh RP, Mahajan M, Gandhi K, Gupta PK, Singh A, Singh P, Singh RK, Kidwai MK. A holistic review on trend, occurrence, factors affecting pesticide concentration, and ecological risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:451. [PMID: 36890356 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Demographic outbursts and increased food demands invoke excessive use of pesticides in the agricultural field for increasing productivity which leads to the relentless decline of riverine health and its tributaries. These tributaries are connected to a plethora of point and non-point sources that transport pollutants including pesticides into the Ganga river's mainstream. Simultaneous climate change and lack of rainfall significantly increase pesticide concentration in the soil and water matrix of the river basin. This paper is intended to review the paradigm shift of pesticide pollution in the last few decades in the river Ganga and its tributaries. Along with this, a comprehensive review suggests the ecological risk assessment method which facilitates policy development, sustainable riverine ecosystem management, and decision-making. Before 2011, the total mixture of Hexachlorocyclohexane was found at 0.004-0.026 ng/mL in Hooghly, but now, the concentration has increased up to 0.465-4.132 ng/mL. Aftermath of critical review, we observed maximum residual commodities and pesticide contamination reported in Uttar Pradesh > West Bengal > Bihar > Uttara Khand possibly because of agricultural load, increasing settlement, and incompetency of sewage treatment plant in the reclamation of pesticide contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Pratap Singh
- Waste management, Resource recovery & Ecotoxicology (WRE) Laboratory, Department of Environment and Sustainable Development, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
| | - Monika Mahajan
- Waste management, Resource recovery & Ecotoxicology (WRE) Laboratory, Department of Environment and Sustainable Development, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Kavita Gandhi
- Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Sophisticated Environmental Analytical Facility, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Gupta
- Faculty of Environment, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Anita Singh
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Prafull Singh
- Remote Sensing & Groundwater Modeling Lab, Department of Geology, Central University South Bihar (CUSB), Gaya, 824236, India
| | - Rahul Kumar Singh
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Mohd Kashif Kidwai
- Department of Energy & Environmental Sciences, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa, Haryana, India
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Parween M, Ramanathan AL, Raju NJ. Assessment of toxicity and potential health risk from persistent pesticides and heavy metals along the Delhi stretch of river Yamuna. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 202:111780. [PMID: 34329638 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims at the assessment of environmental quality of the most polluted stretch of river Yamuna along the megacity of Delhi. The study was conducted in order to examine toxicity and health hazards associated with persistent pollutants present in the fluvial ecosystem. Eighty four sediment and 56 vegetable samples from same locations were collected from the Delhi segment of river Yamuna flood plain in order to examine 20 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and 9 heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn). Both the organic and inorganic groups of persistent toxic substances were monitored and analysed for the extent of eco-toxicological as well as dietary health risks posed to the local population. Eco-toxicological assessment was done based on sediment quality guidelines, enrichment factor, geo-accumulation index, degree of contamination and Pollution Load Index. The dietary-risk was assessed with the help of translocation factors (TF) of these pollutants in vegetables. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks from consumption of vegetables were also investigated. The level of concern for heavy metals was greater than that of OCPs as per the sediment quality guidelines. DDT, Cd, Pb and Zn had maximum concentrations corresponding to level 3 of concern, while Cr and Ni reached up to the highest i.e., 4th level of concern. Sediment samples were found to be enriched and contaminated significantly with Cd and moderately with Pb, as represented respectively by enrichment factors and contamination factors (CF). CF for metals lied in order Zn > Cd > CrNi > PbCu. Pollution load index was highest at the location lying on the exit point of Yamuna in Delhi. TF values greater than 1 were observed in majority of samples analysed for Ni, Cr, Cu and Zn. Spinach topped among vegetables in terms of metal contamination. Cd, Ni and Pb accumulated more in the roots, as against Mn, Zn, Cu and Cr which had higher accumulation in the shoots. Translocation factors were substantially high in vegetables for most of the OCPs, clearly indicating bioaccumulation and potential health risk to the consumers. Health risk to humans was assessed for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic potentials from ingestion of vegetables. Hazard Quotient (HQ) > 1 due to radish (roots and leaves) and cauliflower consumption in children indicated non-carcinogenic risk. Hazard Index (HI) beyond 1 for all the vegetables (except onion leaves) confirmed substantial cumulative risk. Lifetime cancer risk (LCR) revealed moderate (spinach, radish, beet root and cauliflower) to low (all the others) levels of carcinogenic risk to humans. Cancer risks from γ-HCH, β- HCH, Hept, Hept Ep, Ald, p,p'-DDT, and Cr exposure through the food chain could be well established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musarrat Parween
- National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science Campus, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India.
| | - A L Ramanathan
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - N Janardhana Raju
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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Abstract
The extensive and random application of major organic pollutants, mainly pesticides, threatens ecosystems and human health. The present study was conducted to isolate and identify microorganisms from some water resources contaminated with pesticides. We investigated the ability of the identified microbes to grow in water spiked with dimethoate and methomyl. We also evaluated the potential effect of the identified microbial isolates on dimethoate and methomyl biodegradation in water. In addition, the total detoxification of dimethoate and methomyl residues in water after treatment with the most effective microbial isolates was confirmed using toxicity tests and analyzing biochemical parameters and histopathological changes in the kidney and liver of treated rats. The microbial isolates were identified as Xanthomonas campestris pv. Translucens and Aspergillus fumigates. Results showed that X. campestris pv. Translucens and A. fumigatus grow in media supplemented with dimethoate and methomyl faster than in other media without both pesticides. About 97.8% and 91.2% of dimethoate and 95% and 87.8% of methomyl (initial concentration of both 5 mg L−1) were biodegraded within 32 days of incubation with X. campestris pv. Translucens and A. fumigatus, respectively. There was no remaining toxicity in rats treated with dimethoate- and methomyl-contaminated water with respect to biochemical parameters and histopathological changes. Collectively, the identified bacterial isolate showed high potential for the complete degradation of dimethoate and methomyl residues in water.
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Abstract
The Ganga basin includes some of the most densely populated areas in the world, in a region characterized by extremely high demographic and economic growth rates. Although anthropogenic pressure in this area is increasing, the pollution status of the Ganga is still poorly studied and understood. In the light of this, we have carried out a systematic literature review of the sources, levels and spatiotemporal distribution of organic pollutants in surface water and sediment of the Ganga basin, including for the first time emerging contaminants (ECs). We have identified 61 publications over the past thirty years, with data on a total of 271 organic compounds, including pesticides, industrial chemicals, and by-products, artificial sweeteners, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products (PPCPs). The most studied organic contaminants are pesticides, whereas knowledge of industrial compounds and PPCPs, among which some of the major ECs, is highly fragmentary. Most studies focus on the main channel of the Ganga, the Yamuna, the Gomti, and the deltaic region, while most of the Ganga's major tributaries, and the entire southern part of the catchment, have not been investigated. Hotspots of contamination coincide with major urban agglomerations, including Delhi, Kolkata, Kanpur, Varanasi, and Patna. Pesticides levels have decreased at most of the sites over recent decades, while potentially harmful concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organotin compounds (OTCs), and some PPCPs have been detected in the last ten years. Considering the limited geographical coverage of sampling and number of analyzed compounds, this review highlights the need for a more careful selection of locations, compounds and environmental matrices, prioritizing PPCPs and catchment-scale, source-to-sink studies.
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Dey P, Malik A, Mishra A, Singh DK, von Bergen M, Jehmlich N. Mechanistic insight to mycoremediation potential of a metal resistant fungal strain for removal of hazardous metals from multimetal pesticide matrix. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114255. [PMID: 32443189 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fungi have an exceptional capability to flourish in presence of heavy metals and pesticide. However, the mechanism of bioremediation of pesticide (lindane) and multimetal [mixture of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn)] by a fungus is little understood. In the present study, Aspergillus fumigatus, a filamentous fungus was found to accumulate heavy metals in the order [Zn(98%)>Pb(95%)>Cd(63%)>Cr(62%)>Ni(46%)>Cu(37%)] from a cocktail of 30 mg L-1 multimetal and lindane (30 mg L-1) in a composite media amended with 1% glucose. Particularly, Pb and Zn uptake was enhanced in presence of lindane. Remarkably, lindane was degraded to 1.92 ± 0.01 mg L-1 in 72 h which is below the permissible limit value (2.0 mg L-1) for the discharge of lindane into the aquatic bodies as prescribed by European Community legislation. The utilization of lindane as a cometabolite from the complex environment was evident by the phenomenal growth of the fungal pellet biomass (5.89 ± 0.03 g L-1) at 72 h with cube root growth constant of fungus (0.0211 g1/3 L-1/3 h-1) compared to the biomasses obtained in case of the biotic control as well as in presence of multimetal complex without lindane. The different analytical techniques revealed the various stress coping strategies adopted by A. fumigatus for multimetal uptake in the simultaneous presence of multimetal and pesticide. From the Transmission electron microscope coupled energy dispersive X-ray analysis (TEM-EDAX) results, uptake of the metals Cd, Cu and Pb in the cytoplasmic membrane and the accumulation of the metals Cr, Ni and Zn in the cytoplasm of the fungus were deduced. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed involvement of carboxyl/amide group of fungal cell wall in metal chelation. Thus A. fumigatus exhibited biosorption and bioaccumulation as the mechanisms involved in detoxification of multimetals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarshini Dey
- Applied Microbiology Lab, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India; Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Department of Molecular Systems Biology, 04318, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anushree Malik
- Applied Microbiology Lab, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - Abhishek Mishra
- Applied Microbiology Lab, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | | | - Martin von Bergen
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Department of Molecular Systems Biology, 04318, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, 04109, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nico Jehmlich
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Department of Molecular Systems Biology, 04318, Permoserstr. 15, Leipzig, Germany
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Photocatalytic Degradation of 2,4-Dicholorophenoxyacetic Acid: A Herbicide by Nanocrystalline semiconductor material under Visible Light Irradiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Isolation, Enrichment and Metagenomic Characterization of Simultaneous DDT and Lindane Degrading Microbial Consortium. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.11.4.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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9
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Olutona GO, Olatunji SO, Obisanya JF. Downstream assessment of chlorinated organic compounds in the bed-sediment of Aiba Stream, Iwo, South-Western, Nigeria. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:67. [PMID: 26839760 PMCID: PMC4723371 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-1664-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated levels and distribution pattern of chlorinated organic compounds (COCs) otherwise known as organochlorine pesticides in sediment samples at downstream of Aiba watercourse in Iwo, South-western Nigeria. Soxhlet extraction method followed by GC-ECD analysis were used to ascertain levels of COCs in the sediment samples collected from four different locations along the stream. Eighteen COCs were detected with trans permethrin and endosulfan sulfate having highest and lowest concentrations of 375.70 ± 689.41 and 0.03 ± 0.05 µg/g, respectively. The varying levels of COCs as obtained in this study were attributed to organochlorine pesticides contamination emanated from different agricultural practices and domestic sewage loads of the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin O. Olutona
- />Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Bowen University, P. M. B. 284, Iwo, Nigeria
| | - Stephen O. Olatunji
- />Department of Chemistry, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Joshua F. Obisanya
- />Institute for Entrepreneurship and Development Studies, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
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Singare PU. Persistent organic pesticide residues in sediments of Vasai Creek near Mumbai: Assessment of sources and potential ecological risk. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 100:464-475. [PMID: 26428625 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen persistent organic pesticides were investigated in the sediments of Vasai Creek near Mumbai to evaluate their pollution levels and potential risks. It was observed that ΣOCPs level was in the range of 597-1538ng/g dw, with an average value of 1115.25ng/g dw. The level of ΣOPPs was in the range of 492-1034ng/g dw, with an average value of 798.15ng/g dw. The values o,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDT ratio gives an indication of use of technical DDT as the prime source of DDT, while the α/γ-BHC ratio indicate that BHCs in study area might have been received from fresh lindane. The results of an ecological risk assessment showed that sediment bound organic pesticides are of more ecotoxicological concern as they might create adverse ecological risk to the marine breeding habitats. These pesticides residues may get remobilize and released to overlying waters creating adverse effects on terrestrial and aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin U Singare
- Department of Chemistry, Bhavan's College, Munshi Nagar, Andheri (West), Mumbai 400058, India.
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Yadav IC, Devi NL, Syed JH, Cheng Z, Li J, Zhang G, Jones KC. Current status of persistent organic pesticides residues in air, water, and soil, and their possible effect on neighboring countries: a comprehensive review of India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 511:123-37. [PMID: 25540847 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Though the use of pesticides has offered significant economic benefits by enhancing the production and yield of food and fibers and the prevention of vector-borne diseases, evidence suggests that their use has adversely affected the health of human populations and the environment. Pesticides have been widely distributed and their traces can be detected in all areas of the environment (air, water and soil). Despite the ban of DDT and HCH in India, they are still in use, both in domestic and agricultural settings. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the production and consumption of persistent organic pesticides, their maximum residual limit (MRL) and the presence of persistent organic pesticides in multicomponent environmental samples (air, water and soil) from India. In order to highlight the global distribution of persistent organic pesticides and their impact on neighboring countries and regions, the role of persistent organic pesticides in Indian region is reviewed. Based on a review of research papers and modeling simulations, it can be concluded that India is one of the major contributors of global persistent organic pesticide distribution. This review also considers the health impacts of persistent organic pesticides, the regulatory measures for persistent organic pesticides, and the status of India's commitment towards the elimination of persistent organic pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | | | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhineng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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Chourasiya S, Khillare PS, Jyethi DS. Health risk assessment of organochlorine pesticide exposure through dietary intake of vegetables grown in the periurban sites of Delhi, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:5793-5806. [PMID: 25384696 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3791-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The study investigated the levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in different types of vegetables grown in periurban area of National Capital Region (NCR), India. Vegetable sampling was carried out in winter and summer season of 2012. A total of 20 different OCPs were determined using gas chromatography (GC) assembled with electron capture detector (ECD). Obtained results showed that average levels of ∑(20)OCP ranged from 83.8 ± 25.5 ng g(-1) in smooth gourd to 222.4 ± 90.0 ng g(-1) in cauliflower. The mean concentrations of different OCPs were observed in order of ∑HCH > ∑CHLs > drins > ∑endosulfan > ∑DDT in all vegetables except in brinjal and smooth gourd. Most of the OCP residues recorded in vegetable samples exceeded the maximum residue levels (MRLs) set by international and national regulatory agencies. Health risk assessment suggests that daily dietary OCP exposure via vegetable consumption was higher for children (mean value 4.25E-05) than adults (mean value 2.19E-05). The hazard quotient (HQ) and lifetime cancer risk (LCR) estimated from dietary exposure of these vegetables were above the acceptable limit and can be considered as a serious concern for Delhi population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Chourasiya
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Kumar Sinha
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Patna University, Patna 800 005, India
- Department of Chemistry and Watershed Studies, Institute Murray State University, 1201 Jesse D. Jones Hall, Murray, Kentucky 42071, U.S.A
| | - Bommanna G. Loganathan
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Patna University, Patna 800 005, India
- Department of Chemistry and Watershed Studies, Institute Murray State University, 1201 Jesse D. Jones Hall, Murray, Kentucky 42071, U.S.A
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Dubey M, Yadav G, Kapuria A, Ghosh A, Muralidharan M, Lal D, Lal R, Dhanaraj PS, Verma M. Exploring bacterial diversity from contaminated soil samples from river Yamuna. Microbiology (Reading) 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261714050099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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15
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Parween M, Ramanathan A, Khillare PS, Raju NJ. Persistence, variance and toxic levels of organochlorine pesticides in fluvial sediments and the role of black carbon in their retention. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:6525-6546. [PMID: 24488553 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2531-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study assesses the persistence and variation of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and their regulation by total organic carbon (TOC) and black carbon (BC) in freshwater sediment. Sediment samples from the Yamuna River, a major tributary of the Ganges (one of the most populated and intensively used rivers in Asia), had high levels of Σ20OCPs (21.41 to 139.95 ng g(-1)). β-Hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) was the most predominant component. ΣHCH and Σdichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) constituted ~86% of Σ20OCPs. Isomer ratios indicated fresh usage of lindane, DDT and technical-grade HCH. Toxicological comparison with freshwater sediment quality guidelines showed γ-HCH and DDT at high levels of concern. β-HCH, α-HCH, endrin, heptachlor epoxide, dichloro-diphenyl-dichloroethane (DDD), dichloro-diphenyl-dichloroethylene and chlordane were above some of the guideline levels. TOC and BC had mean concentrations of 1.37 ± 0.51% and 0.46 ± 0.23 mg g(-1), respectively. BC constituted 1.25 to 10.56% of TOC. We observed low to moderate correlations of BC with isomers of HCH, p,p'-DDT and methoxychlor while of TOC with Σ20OCPs, γ-HCH, endosulfan sulfate and methoxychlor. Principal component analysis enabled correlating and clustering of various OCPs, BC and TOC. OCP distribution was related with pH, electrical conductivity, soil moisture and finer fractions of sediment. OCPs with similarity in properties that determine their interactions with carbonaceous components of sediment clustered together. A number of factors may, thus, be involved in the regulation of interactive forces between BC and OCPs. BC in this study may be more important than TOC in the retention of some OCPs into fluvial sediments, thereby reducing their bioavailability. The finding is probably the first of its kind to report and emphasises the role of BC in the persistence of OCPs in fluvial sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musarrat Parween
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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16
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Sharma BM, Bharat GK, Tayal S, Nizzetto L, Cupr P, Larssen T. Environment and human exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in India: a systematic review of recent and historical data. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 66:48-64. [PMID: 24525153 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been used in a wide range of agricultural and industrial commodities, resulting in vigorous deterioration of environment and human health. A number of studies on the occurrence of POPs confirm their presence in various environmental compartments and human body. In order to deal with this global concern, India has recently prepared the National Implementation Plan (NIP) of the Stockholm Convention. Common beliefs point at India as a hot spot of POP contamination and human exposure; however no systematic analysis was ever performed so far considering all available past data on POP occurrence. This review aims to examine the distribution pattern of POPs in multicompartment environment and human samples, meta-analysis of time trends in exposure levels to environment and humans, and cross country comparison of POP contamination with China. Based on this review, it can be concluded that the Indian environment and human population are highly contaminated by DDTs and HCHs; however scarcity of data on other POPs makes it challenging to assess their nationwide human and environmental exposure. No evidence of a general decline in DDT and HCH residues in the environment and human body come out from the meta-analysis of time trend. While comparing contamination levels between India and China, tendency towards decline in POP contamination is visible in China, unlike India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brij Mohan Sharma
- TERI University, 10 Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070, Delhi, India.
| | - Girija K Bharat
- The Energy and Resources Institute, Darbari Seth Block, India Habitat Center, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110003, Delhi, India
| | - Shresth Tayal
- TERI University, 10 Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070, Delhi, India; The Energy and Resources Institute, Darbari Seth Block, India Habitat Center, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110003, Delhi, India
| | - Luca Nizzetto
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalleen 21, Oslo 0349, Norway; Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Cupr
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Thorjørn Larssen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalleen 21, Oslo 0349, Norway
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Ali U, Syed JH, Malik RN, Katsoyiannis A, Li J, Zhang G, Jones KC. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in South Asian region: a review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 476-477:705-17. [PMID: 24522007 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are semi volatile organic compounds of global concern. During the last decades, their distribution, sources, transformation, toxicity and accumulation in the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems have gained significant attention. Many of these chemicals are characterized by long range atmospheric transport potential, and their occurrence in remote areas is attributed to transport of chemicals from places where OCPs are still in use. The South Asia region is a place where primarily emissions are still taking place and thus it is important to assess the status of OCPs pollution. This document provides the historical overview and country specific environmental legislation of OCPs from the South Asian region in the context of their illegal use and storage for extended periods and still until to date. In addition, the current review discusses the existing knowledge on the levels and distribution of OCPs in different environmental compartments of South Asian region. Data on OCPs also highlights the risk assessment of these organic contaminants in the regional environment and spans the long range atmospheric transport phenomena based on Himalayas and Northern mountainous glaciers. Paradoxically in the scientific literature sources, distribution and transport of these organic pollutants in South Asian region are very limited compared to the rest of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ali
- Ecotoxicology and Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Ecotoxicology and Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Athanasios Katsoyiannis
- NILU - FRAM High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, Hjalmar Johansens gt. 14, NO - 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Centre for Chemical Managements, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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Yehouenou A Pazou E, Azehoun JP, Aléodjrodo PE, van Straalen NM, van Hattum B, van Gestel CAM. Health risks associated with pesticide residues in sediments, fish, and plants from the Ouémé Valley in the Republic of Bénin. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 65:260-265. [PMID: 23535941 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-013-9895-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To determine possible human and environmental health risks, organochlorine pesticide residues were determined in vegetables grown in floodplains along the Ouémé River near Lowé in Bénin. Testing of vegetables found 13 pesticides with ΣDDT, α-endosulfan, Σdrin, and lindane being most important. The same pesticides were also detected in plants eaten by bovine cattle, sheep, and herbivorous fish. Human pesticide intake by vegetable consumption was compared with tolerable daily intake (TDI) values reported by the World Health Organization. Pesticide intake by fish consumption was estimated from residue levels in whole fish collected from the Ouémé River in 2004 and reported earlier. Fish consumption does not pose a risk for human health, but consuming vegetables that contain pesticide residues may lead to exceedance of TDI values. Based on these findings, concerns are warranted, and more work is needed to understand the full exposure profile for the local population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Yehouenou A Pazou
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Biologie Appliquée (LARBA), Département de Génie de l'Environnement, Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, 01 BP 2009, Bénin
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ZHAO Y, SINGLETON P, MEREDITH S, RENNICK G. Current status of pesticides application and their residue in the water environment in Ireland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00207233.2012.752557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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