1
|
Mireisz T, Horváth FB, Kashaija NT, Farkas R, Boldizsár I, Tóth E. Drug-degrading bacteria isolated from the effluent water of a sewage plant. Biol Futur 2024:10.1007/s42977-024-00236-0. [PMID: 39060760 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-024-00236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Endocrine disruptors are potential environmental contaminants that can cause toxicity in aquatic ecosystems, so the Water Framework Directive has established limits for these compounds. During our research, 41 bacterial strains were isolated and identified from sewage effluent and tested for their degradation capacities for bisphenol A, 17β-estradiol, and nonylphenol. All the isolated bacteria belonged to the Gammaproteobacteria class of Pseudomonadota phylum (members of Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Kluyvera, Leclercia, Raoultella, Shigella. Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, and Pseudomonas genera). During the experiments, only strains HF17, HF18 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and HF31 (Citrobacter freundii) were unable to grow on these compounds, all other bacterial strains could grow in the presence of the investigated endocrine disruptors. Based on the genomic analysis of the type strains, a set of genes involving aromatic compound degradation was detected, among the peripheral metabolic pathways, the quinate and benzoate degradation pathways proved to be widespread, among the central aromatic intermediates metabolism, the catechol branch of the beta-ketoadipate pathway was the most dominant. Pseudomonas fulva HF16 strain could utilize the investigated endocrine disruptors: bisphenol A by 34%, 17β-estradiol by 52%, and nonylphenol by 54%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Mireisz
- Department of Microbiology, Doctoral School of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Stny. 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
- Department of Microbiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Stny. 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
| | - F B Horváth
- Department of Microbiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Stny. 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Department of Microbiology, Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Stny. 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - N T Kashaija
- Department of Microbiology, Doctoral School of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Stny. 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Department of Microbiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Stny. 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - R Farkas
- Department of Microbiology, Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Stny. 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - I Boldizsár
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői Út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - E Tóth
- Department of Microbiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Stny. 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
- Health Promotion and Education Research Team, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cangola J, Abagale FK, Cobbina SJ. A systematic review of pharmaceutical and personal care products as emerging contaminants in waters: The panorama of West Africa. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 911:168633. [PMID: 37981152 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) are widely used to prevent or treat human and animal diseases, thereby improving the quality of daily life. Poor management of post-consumer products is recognized worldwide, as they negatively affect the ecosystems where they are discharged. The first action to prevent negative impacts is the state of knowledge regarding their occurrence. This paper critically reports the panorama of West Africa in terms of PPCPs occurrence in different water sources. To achieve this objective, a systematic review was conducted on PPCPs in West Africa following the PRISMA guidelines. Databases, including African Journals Online, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Dimensions, were used for this search. Thirty-five articles, representing 58 % of West African countries, were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of these articles, one included data from multiple West African countries, while the remaining 34 exclusively focused on Benin, Cameroon, Ghana, and Nigeria. The results revealed a variety of PPCPs investigated, about 27 groups and 112 compounds, with greater emphasis on antibiotics, analgesics and PSHXEs. HPLC was the predominant analytical method used, resulting in total concentrations of PPCPs in the range of 200,000 to 3,200,000 ng/L in drinking water, 12 to 700,000 ng/L in groundwater, 0.42 to 107,800,000 ng/L in surface water, 8.5 to 121,310,000 ng/L in wastewater, and 440 to 421,700 ng/L in tap water. Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon reported the highest number of PPCPs investigated and consequently the highest concentration of cases. These compounds present a high potential ecological risk, with >50 % exceeding the risk quotient limit. Therefore, West Africa as a community needs integrated approaches and strategies to monitor water, especially transboundary resources. This review is timely and provides pertinent information to policymakers and researchers on PPCPs in water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenita Cangola
- West African Centre for Water, Irrigation and Sustainable Agriculture (WACWISA), University for Development Studies, P. O. Box TL 1882, Tamale, Ghana; Department of Environment and Sustainability Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana.
| | - Felix K Abagale
- West African Centre for Water, Irrigation and Sustainable Agriculture (WACWISA), University for Development Studies, P. O. Box TL 1882, Tamale, Ghana; Department of Agricultural Engineering, University for Development Studies, P. O. Box TL 1882, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Samuel J Cobbina
- West African Centre for Water, Irrigation and Sustainable Agriculture (WACWISA), University for Development Studies, P. O. Box TL 1882, Tamale, Ghana; Department of Environment and Sustainability Sciences, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Idowu GA, David TL, Idowu AM. Polycarbonate plastic monomer (bisphenol-A) as emerging contaminant in Nigeria: Levels in selected rivers, sediments, well waters and dumpsites. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 176:113444. [PMID: 35193006 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of research into the environmental fate and levels of the endocrine-disrupting polycarbonate Plastic monomer, bisphenol-A (BPA), data remain scarce from many developing countries. Here, occurrence and levels of BPA were investigated in water and sediments of three rivers, selected dumpsites and well waters in Ondo State, Southwestern Nigeria. The study also investigated the influence of matrix physicochemical characteristics on their BPA retention. BPA values ranged from 0.41-5.19 μg/L in river waters, 0.64-10.6 μg/kg in river sediments, 0.63-0.68 μg/L in well waters and 0.72-1.09 μg/kg in waste dumpsites. BPA concentrations in the river waters showed a strong association with chemical oxygen demand (COD) values. High BPA concentrations were also found associated with high chloride contents of drinking well waters. Detection in river and well waters revealed exposure routes of humans, cattle and aquatic species to BPA in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Aina Idowu
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology Akure, P.M.B. 704 Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
| | - Toluwanimi Lydia David
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Technology Akure, P.M.B. 704 Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Adejoke Mary Idowu
- Department of Public Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.M.B 13 Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Uwah EI, Nwoke IB, Inam EJ, Udosen IE, Udosen ED. Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in New Calabar River. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 105:317-324. [PMID: 32601980 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-02921-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Concentration and human health risks of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, As, Ni) in water, sediment, crab (Tympanotonus fuscatus) and periwinkle (Callinectes amnicola) were assayed in New Calabar River, Nigeria. Results revealed that concentration (mg/L) of the metals in water in the two seasons studied, ranged from 1.1E-2 ± 1.0E-3…for Cd to 2.90 ± 0.03…for Cu. In sediment, the concentration (mg/kg) ranged from 1.1E-2 ± 1.0E-3…for As to 5.17 ± 0.04… for Ni. In biota, the concentration (mg/kg) ranged from 0.01…for As in crab to 19.22…for Cu also in crab. Estimated human health risk from the metals contamination due to consumption of biota gave each of HQ and HI as < 1, indicating no risk except at Agip's sample location where HI was > 1. Estimated human health risk due to dermal absorption through swimming, indicated no risk as each of HQ and HI was < 1. These make the river unpolluted except at Agip's sample location.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel I Uwah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria.
- International Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability Research (ICEESR), University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria.
| | - Ima B Nwoke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
| | - Edu J Inam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
- International Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability Research (ICEESR), University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
| | - Iboroakam E Udosen
- Department of Zoology, Akwa Ibom State University, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
| | - Essien D Udosen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
- International Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability Research (ICEESR), University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Impact of gas and oil-fired power plants on proximal water and soil environments: case study of Egbin power plant, Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-3150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
|
6
|
Enuneku AA, Abhulimen PI, Isibor PO, Asemota CO, Okpara B, Imoobe TO, Ezemonye LI. Interactions of trace metals with bacteria and fungi in selected agricultural soils of Egbema Kingdom, Warri North, Delta state, Nigeria. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04477. [PMID: 32728642 PMCID: PMC7381696 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at investigating the relationship of trace metals with prevalence of bacteria and fungi in polluted farmland of Egbema Kingdom, Delta state. This may contribute to the knowledge on the influence of the microorganism to the arability of agricultural soil from an ecotoxicological viewpoint. Soil samples were analyzed for physico-chemical parameters and trace metals using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Buck Scientific, 210VGP). The samples were also screened for fungi and bacteria isolates. Trace metals (Fe, Zn, Cd, Ni and Cu) determined in the agricultural soils of Egbema kingdom were below WHO limits. The fungi species with the highest number of occurrence was Aspergillus niger, while the species with the lowest occurrence were Fusarium oxsporium, Penicillium dirty white, and Penicillium sp. The order of abundance of fungi across the stations was Station 2> Station 4> Station 3> Station 1> Station 7> Station 5> Station 6> Station 9> Station 8. The bacteria species with the highest number of occurrence was Proteus sp I, while the species with the lowest occurrence was Alcaligenes sp. which occurred only once at Station 5. The order of abundance of bacteria in the soil samples across the stations was Station 4> Station 3> Stations 5 and 9> Station 2> Station 8> Station 7> Station 6. All trace metals in the agricultural soils of Egbema kingdom were below WHO limits. Fe, Zn, Cd and Ni showed no relationship with the microbial contents of the soil. Various strains of fungi and bacteria (gram positive and gram negative) were observed in the soil samples. An antagonistic relationship was observed between bacteria and fungi. Significant positive correlation occurred between the concentration of copper and bacteria counts indicating that the concentration of copper in the soil might have enhanced the abundance of bacteria in the soil, vice versa. The bacteria might be a promising tool in regulation of soil copper concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex A Enuneku
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Peter I Abhulimen
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria
| | | | - Charming Osaro Asemota
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Benjamin Okpara
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Tunde O Imoobe
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Lawrence I Ezemonye
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Olaniyan LWB, Okoh OO, Mkwetshana NT, Okoh AI. Environmental Water Pollution, Endocrine Interference and Ecotoxicity of 4-tert-Octylphenol: A Review. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 248:81-109. [PMID: 30460491 DOI: 10.1007/398_2018_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
4-tert-Octylphenol is a degradation product of non-ionic surfactants alkylphenol polyethoxylates as well as raw material for a number of industrial applications. It is a multimedia compound having been detected in all environmental compartments such as indoor air and surface waters. The pollutant is biodegradable, but certain degradation products are more toxic than the parent compound. Newer removal techniques from environmental waters have been presented, but they still require development for large-scale applications. Wastewater treatment by plant enzymes such as peroxidases offers promise in total removal of 4-tert-octylphenol leaving less toxic degradation products. The pollutant's endocrine interference has been well reported but more in oestrogens than in any other signalling pathways through which it is believed to exert toxicity on human and wildlife. In this paper we carried out a review of the activities of this pollutant in environmental waters, endocrine interference and relevance to its toxicities and concluded that inadequate knowledge of its endocrine activities impedes understanding of its toxicity which may frustrate current efforts at ridding the compound from the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lamidi W B Olaniyan
- South Africa Medical Research Council, Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.
| | - Omobola O Okoh
- South Africa Medical Research Council, Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Noxolo T Mkwetshana
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- South Africa Medical Research Council, Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Adeyi AA, Babalola BA. Bisphenol-A (BPA) in Foods commonly consumed in Southwest Nigeria and its Human Health Risk. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17458. [PMID: 31767906 PMCID: PMC6877615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53790-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a synthetic chemical ubiquitous in the environment and listed as an endocrine disruptor. It has the tendency of migrating into food stored in materials containing it. This study, therefore, determines the concentrations of BPA in foods commonly consumed in Southwest Nigeria by the adult population and also estimates the risk associated with human exposure. Eight different food categories were selected for this study. Standard QuEChERS protocol was used for sample extraction and analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Vegetable oil had the highest BPA concentration (28.4 ng/g). This was followed by aquatic canned fish (26.3 ng/g), canned beef (21.3 ng/g) and crayfish (17.5 ng/g). These concentrations were below the 600 ng/g limit of the European Commission for BPA in foods. Bisphenol-A was not detected in raw beef, chicken, cheese, apple, tomatoes, beans and rice; and chicken eggs. The adult population had an average dietary intake of 30.4 ng/kg bw/day. There is no likely occurrence of harmful health effects of BPA in the selected foods with respect to the current concentrations found therein. However, routine monitoring is recommended to prevent human exposure to BPA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adebola A Adeyi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. .,Basel Convention Coordinating Centre for Training and Technology Transfer for Africa Region, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Babafemi A Babalola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.,Basel Convention Coordinating Centre for Training and Technology Transfer for Africa Region, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Inam EJ, Nwoke IB, Udosen ED, Offiong NAO. Ecological risks of phenolic endocrine disrupting compounds in an urban tropical river. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:21589-21597. [PMID: 31127511 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05458-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of emerging organic contaminants in drinking water sources in Africa is a subject with very scanty data and information. In order to fill knowledge gaps, we report here the distribution and potential ecological risks of three phenolic compounds (bisphenol A (BPA), 4-nonylphenol (NP), and 4-tert-octylphenol (OP)), which have been previously identified to have the potential of endocrine disrupting activity, in surface water and sediment of the New Calabar River. The compounds were quantified using GC-MS. At all sampling sites, a similar concentration pattern of BPA > NP > OP was recorded, with the exception of Choba sampling station in which the levels of these endocrine disrupting compounds were low or undetectable. The levels of BPA in surface water ranged from 1.20 to 63.64 μg/L, whereas those of NP and OP ranged from < 0.20 to 2.15 μg/L and from < 0.10 to 0.68 μg/L, respectively. For sediments, measured levels were from 1.20 to 66.57 μg/kg for BPA, from < 0.35 to 3.37 μg/kg for NP, and from < 0.13 to 0.90 μg/kg for OP. Risk quotients (RQs) assessed for some sensitive organisms (algae, Daphnia magna, and fish) were above 1 for BPA and NP, whereas RQs for OP were below 1. This implies that BPA and NP at the levels detected could have potential risks to the sensitive organisms considered, but low risk for OP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edu J Inam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria.
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability Research (CEESR), University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria.
| | - Ima B Nwoke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
| | | | - Nnanake-Abasi O Offiong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
- Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability Research (CEESR), University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Preliminary Review of Sources, Fate, Analytical Challenges and Regulatory Status of Emerging Organic Contaminants in Aquatic Environments in Selected African Countries. CHEMISTRY AFRICA-A JOURNAL OF THE TUNISIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-019-00079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
11
|
Abdel-Wareth MTA, Sayed SSM. Reprotoxicity of 4-nonylphenol to Biomphalaria alexandrina snails at certain temperatures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:18533-18540. [PMID: 31044380 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05142-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the most common compounds in pesticide formulations, plastics, and papers is 4-nonylphenol (4-NP). It is contained in agricultural, industrial, and wastewater effluents, which when discharged into surface waters affect aquatic fauna. Therefore, the present study aimed to use Biomphalaria alexandrina snails to evaluate the chronic toxicity of 4-NP. Its concentrations in collected water samples from Giza Governorate ranged from 400 to 1600 μg/l. Based on these environmentally relevant concentrations, laboratory experiments were carried out using standard 4-NP to investigate the effect of three concentrations; namely 400, 750, and 1600 μg/l. Survival rate of the exposed snails to 4-NP concentrations was affected after 4 weeks. Reproduction of the exposed snails to 4-NP concentrations was lower than that of the control at 30 °C, while the exposed snails to 400 μg/l of 4-NP showed maximum reproduction at 15 °C. The lowest hatchability percentage was recorded with egg masses laid by the exposed snails to 400 and 1600 μg/l of 4-NP at 15 and 30 °C, respectively. Furthermore, the results showed fluctuated levels of progesterone, estradiol, and testosterone depending upon the concentration and the temperature, which played a key role in determining the degree of 4-NP toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwa T A Abdel-Wareth
- Environmental Research and Medical Malacology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, 11635, Egypt.
| | - Sara S M Sayed
- Environmental Research and Medical Malacology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, 11635, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lu GH, Piao HT, Gai N, Shao PW, Zheng Y, Jiao XC, Rao Z, Yang YL. Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in Surface Waters from the Inner City of Beijing, China: Influence of Hospitals and Reclaimed Water Irrigation. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 76:255-264. [PMID: 30390119 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-018-0578-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface waters from five districts in the inner city of Beijing were collected for analysis of 43 target compounds of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) to understand the spatial distribution patterns of different groups of PPCPs in the central urban area of a metropolitan city characterized by many hospitals and public parks. The total concentrations of PPCPs showed large spatial variability, ranging from 71.1 to 2400 ng/L. The x-ray contrast medium iopromide was the compound with the highest concentrations. Pharmaceuticals showed similar spatial distributional patterns with large hospitals. Positive correlations between iopromide and pharmaceuticals were observed. In contrast, in general there is no correlation between iopromide and personal care products. The concentrations of PPCPs in the landscape waters were not high but were characterized by high proportions of acidic, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with low or even negative removal efficiencies in the WWTP in Beijing, suggesting that the reclaimed water irrigation can be another source of PPCPs in surface waters in the inner city of Beijing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Hui Lu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Geochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources of China, National Research Center for Geo-analysis (NRCGA), Beijing, 100037, China.
| | - Hai-Tao Piao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Geochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources of China, National Research Center for Geo-analysis (NRCGA), Beijing, 100037, China
- China Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring (CIGEM), Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Nan Gai
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Geochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources of China, National Research Center for Geo-analysis (NRCGA), Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Peng-Wei Shao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xing-Chun Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Geochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources of China, National Research Center for Geo-analysis (NRCGA), Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Zhu Rao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Geochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources of China, National Research Center for Geo-analysis (NRCGA), Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Yong-Liang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Geochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources of China, National Research Center for Geo-analysis (NRCGA), Beijing, 100037, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
ARAUJO FREDERICOGDE, BAUERFELDT GLAUCOF, CID YARAPELUSO. Nonylphenol: Properties, legislation, toxicity and determination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 90:1903-1918. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201720170023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
14
|
Chormey DS, Bodur S, Baskın D, Fırat M, Bakırdere S. Accurate and sensitive determination of selected hormones, endocrine disruptors, and pesticides by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after the multivariate optimization of switchable solvent liquid-phase microextraction. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:2895-2902. [PMID: 29774656 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Switchable solvent liquid-phase microextraction was combined with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to improve the sensitivity and accuracy for the determination of selected endocrine disruptors, pesticides, and hormones. The extraction method was used to complement gas chromatography with mass spectrometry by preconcentrating analytes for trace determinations. A Box-Behnken experimental design was used to evaluate the main variables and their interaction effects, and optimum parameters were selected based on the model of experimented results. Application of optimum extraction conditions to mixed standard solutions yielded limits of detection and quantitation values between 0.20-13 and 0.90-46 ng/mL, respectively. The accuracy and the applicability of the developed method was checked in tap water and two different wastewater samples by spiked recovery tests. The percent recoveries recorded for the analytes were between 91 and 110%, and percent relative standard deviation values were all below 10%. The results indicate that the method can be used for the accurate and sensitive determination of these analytes in the presented matrixes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dotse Selali Chormey
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Chemistry Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Bodur
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Chemistry Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilgeş Baskın
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Chemistry Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Fırat
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Chemistry Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Bakırdere
- Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Art and Science, Chemistry Department, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Determination of 4-nonylphenol and 4- tert -octylphenol compounds in various types of wastewater and their removal rates in different treatment processes in nine wastewater treatment plants of Iran. Chin J Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
16
|
Koumaki E, Mamais D, Noutsopoulos C. Environmental fate of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in river water/sediment systems. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 323:233-241. [PMID: 27021262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory tests were conducted with four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (naproxen, ibuprofen, diclofenac and ketoprofen) under different redox conditions (aerobic, anoxic, anaerobic and sulfate-reducing conditions) in order to assess abiotic and biotic degradation in a river water/sediment system. The river water was sampled from Sperchios River and the sediment was collected from the banks of a rural stream where the discharge point of a wastewater treatment plant is located. To quantitatively describe degradation kinetics of the selected compounds, pseudo first-order kinetics were adopted. According to the results, it can be stated that the concentration of the substances remained constant or decreased only marginally (p≥0.05) in the sterile experiments and this excludes abiotic processes such as hydrolysis or sorption as major removal mechanisms of the target compounds from the water phase and assign their removal to microbial action. Results showed that the removal rate of the compounds decreases as dissolved oxygen concentration in the river water/sediment system decreases. All compounds were found to be biodegradable under aerobic conditions at dissipation half-lives between 1.6 and 20.1days, while dissipation half-lives for naproxen and ketoprofen increase by a factor of 2 under all tested conditions in the absence of oxygen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Koumaki
- Sanitary Engineering Laboratory, Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou, Zografou 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Daniel Mamais
- Sanitary Engineering Laboratory, Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou, Zografou 15780, Athens, Greece.
| | - Constantinos Noutsopoulos
- Sanitary Engineering Laboratory, Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou, Zografou 15780, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lapworth DJ, Nkhuwa DCW, Okotto-Okotto J, Pedley S, Stuart ME, Tijani MN, Wright J. Urban groundwater quality in sub-Saharan Africa: current status and implications for water security and public health. HYDROGEOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 25:1093-1116. [PMID: 32055234 PMCID: PMC6991975 DOI: 10.1007/s10040-016-1516-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater resources are important sources of drinking water in Africa, and they are hugely important in sustaining urban livelihoods and supporting a diverse range of commercial and agricultural activities. Groundwater has an important role in improving health in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). An estimated 250 million people (40% of the total) live in urban centres across SSA. SSA has experienced a rapid expansion in urban populations since the 1950s, with increased population densities as well as expanding geographical coverage. Estimates suggest that the urban population in SSA will double between 2000 and 2030. The quality status of shallow urban groundwater resources is often very poor due to inadequate waste management and source protection, and poses a significant health risk to users, while deeper borehole sources often provide an important source of good quality drinking water. Given the growth in future demand from this finite resource, as well as potential changes in future climate in this region, a detailed understanding of both water quantity and quality is required to use this resource sustainably. This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of the water quality status, both microbial and chemical, of urban groundwater in SSA across a range of hydrogeological terrains and different groundwater point types. Lower storage basement terrains, which underlie a significant proportion of urban centres in SSA, are particularly vulnerable to contamination. The relationship between mean nitrate concentration and intrinsic aquifer pollution risk is assessed for urban centres across SSA. Current knowledge gaps are identified and future research needs highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. J. Lapworth
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford, OX10 8BB UK
| | - D. C. W. Nkhuwa
- University of Zambia, Great East Road Campus, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - J. Okotto-Okotto
- Victoria Institute for Research on Environment and Development (VIRED) International, Rabuour Environment and Development Centre, Kisumu-Nairobi Road, P.O. Box 6423-40103, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - S. Pedley
- Robens Centre for Public and Environmental Health, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH UK
| | - M. E. Stuart
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford, OX10 8BB UK
| | - M. N. Tijani
- Department of Geology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria
| | - J. Wright
- Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu YH, Zhang SH, Ji GX, Wu SM, Guo RX, Cheng J, Yan ZY, Chen JQ. Occurrence, distribution and risk assessment of suspected endocrine-disrupting chemicals in surface water and suspended particulate matter of Yangtze River (Nanjing section). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 135:90-97. [PMID: 27721125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and distribution of eight selected endocrine-disrupting chemicals were investigated in samples of surface water and suspended particulate matter (SPM) in Nanjing section of Yangtze River over a year (the flow period, the wet period and the dry period). All target compounds were detected at least once in surface water with 4-tert-butylphenol (4-TBP), nonyphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA) as the dominant compounds, with concentrations in the range of 225-1121ng/L, 1.4-858ng/L and 1.7-563ng/L, respectively. Except for December, all selected compounds for the other sampling times were not found in all sampling points. NP (mean concentration 69.8µg/g) and BPA (mean concentration 51.8µg/g) were also the dominant estrogens in SPM. In addition, the highest total compounds concentrations were found in December in both phases, which could be due to the low flow conditions and temperature during this season. Meanwhile, a significant positive correlation was found between the total compounds concentrations in the water phase and those in SPM phase. Risk assessment based on the calculated risk quotients (RQ) showed that low and moderate risk for the aquatic environment from presence of the target compounds at all sampling points with exception of 4-TBP and NP which might pose a high risk to aquatic organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hua Liu
- Key laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education) & School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Sheng-Hu Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Gui-Xiang Ji
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Sheng-Min Wu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Rui-Xin Guo
- Key laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education) & School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Zheng-Yu Yan
- Key laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education) & School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Jian-Qiu Chen
- Key laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (Ministry of Education) & School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chokwe TB, Okonkwo OJ, Sibali LL, Mporetji SM. Occurrence and Distribution Pattern of Alkylphenol Ethoxylates and Brominated Flame Retardants in Sediment Samples from Vaal River, South Africa. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 97:353-358. [PMID: 27443342 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1886-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
High environmental concentrations for alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been observed near cities than in rural environment. This is due, in part, to sewage systems receiving effluents from many industrial processes along with domestic wastewater. While these classes of compounds are being phased out in most developed countries, there is still widespread use in low to middle income countries. To better understand the extent of APEs and BFRs contamination in the environment, this study reports on the concentration and distribution of APEs and BFRs in sediments samples collected from Vaal River, South Africa. Measurable concentrations of these contaminants were obtained using GC-MS after heptafluorobutyric derivatization. The concentrations range (ng g(-1)) for these pollutants were as follows: nd-46, 20-127, 24-38, 3-5, 14-28, 16-54 for octylphenol penta ethoxylates, nonylphenol ethoxylates (mono- di), nonylphenol penta ethoxylates, PBB101, PBDEs, and HBCD; respectively. The distribution observed in this study indicated higher levels of sediment contamination by APEs relative to BFRs. These results underline the need to further investigate the burden and risks associated with chemical contamination in developing countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T B Chokwe
- Scientific Services, Rand Water, 2 Barrage Road, Vereeniging, 1930, South Africa.
| | - O J Okonkwo
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, 175 Mandela Drive, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - L L Sibali
- Academic Development and Research, Da Vinci Institute, 16 Park Avenue, Modderfontein, 1608, South Africa
| | - S M Mporetji
- Scientific Services, Rand Water, 2 Barrage Road, Vereeniging, 1930, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Inam E, Offiong NA, Kang S, Yang P, Essien J. Assessment of the Occurrence and Risks of Emerging Organic Pollutants (EOPs) in Ikpa River Basin Freshwater Ecosystem, Niger Delta-Nigeria. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 95:624-631. [PMID: 26341253 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-015-1639-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The levels of some emerging organic pollutants (EOPs) including endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceuticals and personal care products were quantified in surface water of a freshwater ecosystem, the Ikpa River Basin, Nigeria using liquid chromatography/high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In addition, leachates and storm water samples collected from nearby dumpsites were also analysed to assess the effect on water quality. Seventeen compounds were detected at the nanogramme-per-litre levels and the ecological risks of selected compounds assessed based on predicted no-effect concentrations derived from comparison of toxicity data recorded for green algae, fish and invertebrate with the maximum measured environmental concentrations, to obtain risk quotients. Some of the compounds showed some level of widespread occurrence or persistence. Also, bisphenol A, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, triclocarban and triclosan were the most important EOPs detected in the study area that may pose detrimental effects to the aquatic organisms based on the outcome of the risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edu Inam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria.
| | | | - Suil Kang
- International Environmental Analysis and Education Center (IEAEC), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Paul Yang
- Applied Chromatography Section, Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of Environment, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joseph Essien
- Department of Microbiology, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chokwe TB, Okonkwo JO, Sibali LL, Ncube EJ. Alkylphenol ethoxylates and brominated flame retardants in water, fish (carp) and sediment samples from the Vaal River, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:11922-11929. [PMID: 25869432 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4430-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are known to be bio-accumulative, persistent, and endocrine disruptors and can cause adverse health effects in animals and humans. In this study, environmental samples were collected from sites along the Vaal River, South Africa in order to determine the concentrations of APEs and BFRs in water, sediment, and fish samples. The highest concentrations of these pollutants were observed from discharge of the Rietspruit WWTW. Measurable levels of both APEs and BFRs were observed with APEs exhibiting higher concentrations than BFRs in all the matrices. The concentrations observed for APEs and BFRs were as follows: 1.00-3.85 μg/L APEs, 0.09-0.26 μg/L PBDEs, ND- 0.14 PBBs and 0.51-1.77 μg/L HBCD for water samples; 47-63 ng/g lipid APEs, 3.24-12.4 ng/g lipid PBB, 4.63-33 ng/g lipid PBDEs and 10-13 ng/g lipid HBCD for fish; and 40-184 ng/g (wet weight (ww)) APEs, 2.93-5.9 ng/g (ww) PBB, 10-24 ng/g (ww) PBDEs, and 15-52 ng/g (ww) HBCD for sediment samples. The concentrations of APEs and BFRs in water samples were found to be in the range with the results reported in the literature while the concentration in fish and sediment were lower than the concentrations reported in other studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T B Chokwe
- Scientific Services, Rand Water, Vereeniging, 1930, South Africa
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The removal of Bisphenol A in river water can be accomplished with the application of ozone. Ozone is widely used to disinfect drinking water due to its strong oxidizing properties. This study was conducted to investigate the removal of Bisphenol A in different areas of Skudai River. Batch experiments were conducted at initial Bisphenol A concentration of 0.5 mg L-1. The concentrations of Bisphenol A and dissolved ozone were measured using Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) and UV-Visible spectrophotometer respectively. Based on the results obtained the stability of ozone in the water were very fast. Ozonewas quickly decomposed in water samples. The results indicated that the depletion of ozone varied from different dissolved organic carbon (DOC) value of water samples. Concentration of dissolved ozone was reducing rapidly after spiked into high DOC value (9.17 mg L-1) of river water. The results of the study have shown that ozonation could be used to effectively remove the Bisphenol A from water. The ozone depletions in river water at 120 seconds were about 87%-99%.
Collapse
|
23
|
Rocha MJ, Cruzeiro C, Peixoto C, Rocha E. Annual fluctuations of endocrine-disrupting compounds at the lower end of the Lima River, Portugal, and in adjacent coastal waters. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 67:389-401. [PMID: 25015732 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Lima River is a Spanish–Portuguese water body. Notwithstanding the fact that the river incorporates protected natural areas, levels of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) within its waters have never been measured; such EDCs include the following: natural and pharmaceutical oestrogens (17β-estradiol, E1, and 17α-ethynylestradiol), industrial and household pollutants (4-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol, and their monoethoxylates and diethoxylates, and bisphenol A), phytoestrogens (formononetin, biochanin A, daidzein, genistein), and phytosterols (namely, sitosterol). To obtain an understanding of levels of EDCs, water samples were taken from eight sampling sites along the river every 2 months during a 1-year period (2011). The water samples were preconcentrated (Oasis HLB cartridges), cleaned (silica cartridges), and analysed using gas chromatography. Results showed that levels of oestrogens and industrial and household pollutants were higher in summer than in other seasons. Although oestrogens were more abundant (approximately 40 ng/L) on the southern margin of the river, levels of other pollutants were higher (approximately 124 ng/L) in the north. Phytoestrogens and sitosterol showed clear seasonal fluctuations with higher amounts of formononetin (approximately 389 ng/L), biochanin A (approximately 160 ng/L), and sitosterol (≥5 µg/L) measured in summer. The overall oestrogenic load, expressed in ethynylestradiol equivalents, was 18 ng/L for oestrogens, 0.5 ng/L for industrial and household pollutants, and 13 ng/L for phytoestrogens. Water physicochemical parameters indicate anthropogenic pollution because Σnitrites,nitrates (>1 mg/L) and phosphates (approximately 0.4 mg/L) were high. The study showed that the waters of the Lima River are subject to impacts and that levels of EDCs pose risks to the river’s biota.
Collapse
|