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Diaz AD. Assessment of Suicide Risk and Cultural Considerations in Forcibly Displaced Migrant Youth. Acad Pediatr 2024; 24:25-31. [PMID: 38991798 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2023.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Migrant youth who face forced displacement from their home countries have an emergent mental health burden, placing them at increased suicide risk. As such, it is crucial for pediatric providers to include suicide screening and assessment in their care for this population. Migrant families seek safety but, in many cases, encounter adverse events and psychosocial inequities in the migration journey and in the host community. Factors such as trauma, acculturative stress, and intersectionality influence suicide risk in migrants. Summative traumatic events contribute to the mental health load and worsen suicidal outcomes in migrant youth. Acculturative stress can lead to social marginalization in the host country, further adding to the existing mental health burden. Finally, intersectionality encompasses complex sociocultural influences, which shape the development of cultural identity in migrant youth and influence suicide risk. By examining these factors, the author advances cultural considerations in screening and assessment for suicide risk in migrant youth through evidence-based tools in pediatric clinical practice. Barriers to access to mental health services, stigma, and distrust of the health care system within the host community are also addressed. The author establishes recommendations for early suicide screening and prevention within this population through trauma-informed care, active advocacy, and cultural sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailyn D Diaz
- Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine (AD Diaz), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health
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2
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Lee CS, Sirin SR, Choi E, Sin EJ. Meta-Analysis of Acculturation and Suicide-Related Outcomes: A Test of the Immigrant Paradox. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024; 11:913-927. [PMID: 36943654 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01572-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis aimed to systematically test the relation between acculturation and suicide-related outcomes among immigrants, with attention to key methodological (i.e., measure of suicide-related outcome, measure of acculturation) and demographic (i.e., race, gender, age, geographic region, publication year) moderators. METHOD We conducted a meta-analysis of 72 independent samples from 50 studies (38 peer-reviewed articles, 12 dissertations) representing more than 1.4 million immigrants. Participants' age ranged from 11.20 to 74.70 years (M = 29.96, SD = 15.07). Random effects models were used for both main and moderation analyses. RESULTS We found significant positive associations between acculturation and suicidal ideation, but not suicide attempts and deaths. We also found a significant and positive effect of acculturation on suicide-related outcomes when acculturation was measured by psychological scales, but not by generation status, length of residence in the host country, and proficiency in the host country's language. More acculturated Latinx immigrants were at higher risk for suicide-related outcomes, whereas a reverse pattern was found among Asian immigrants. Meta-regressions revealed that the moderating effects of participants' age and publication year were also significant. CONCLUSION Our results show partial support for the immigrant paradox but suggest that the relation between acculturation and suicide-related outcomes is complex and multifaceted. We discuss the implications of our findings and recommendations for research and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Seowoo Lee
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, 246 Greene St, New York, NY, 10004, USA.
| | - Selcuk R Sirin
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, 246 Greene St, New York, NY, 10004, USA
| | - Elysia Choi
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, 246 Greene St, New York, NY, 10004, USA
| | - Esther J Sin
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, 246 Greene St, New York, NY, 10004, USA
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Son H, Ahn E, Kim J. Children's bullying victimization and maternal suicidal ideation among multicultural families in South Korea: Heterogeneity by family socioeconomic status. Soc Sci Med 2024; 341:116545. [PMID: 38160609 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Children from multicultural families in Korea are vulnerable to bullying victimization. Despite growing evidence on the mental health consequences of bullying victimization for victims, little is known about the spillover effects on their immigrant mothers. OBJECTIVE This study examined the association between children's bullying victimization and their immigrant mothers' suicidal ideation. The potential moderating role of family socioeconomic status was also investigated. METHODS Using nine waves of the Multicultural Adolescents Panel Study spanning from 2011 to 2019 (N = 1466), this study estimated individual fixed effects models to control for unobserved individual-level heterogeneity. Interaction models were used to investigate potential heterogeneity by family socioeconomic status, including maternal education, household income, and maternal occupational status. RESULTS Fixed effects estimates revealed that children's bullying victimization is associated with an increased likelihood of suicidal ideation among marriage migrant mothers (b = 0.012, p < 0.05), even after controlling for unobserved time-invariant confounders as well as a set of time-varying covariates. Family socioeconomic status moderated this association. The association between children's bullying victimization and immigrant mothers' suicidal ideation was stronger for those with low levels of education and household income. No such moderating effects were observed for maternal occupation. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that efforts to address the mental health consequences of bullying victimization among multicultural family children should extend beyond the victim to their immigrant mothers. When developing interventions to reduce suicidal ideation among immigrant mothers whose children have been victimized, policymakers may wish to consider the moderating role of family socioeconomic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyewon Son
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Ahn
- George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jinho Kim
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Maheen H, King T. Suicide in first-generation Australian migrants, 2006-2019: a retrospective mortality study. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2023; 39:100845. [PMID: 37497268 PMCID: PMC10367014 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Background This study addressed the limited understanding of suicide risk and patterns among migrants in Australia. It examined national-level suicide rates and trends in the Australian population to identify migrant groups which are disproportionately affected by suicide. Methods The National Coronial Information System was used to identify suicide cases from 2006 to 2019. Incident rate ratios (IRR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) evaluated suicide risk for migrant groups compared to Australian-born and migrants from English-speaking countries. Age-standardised suicide rates (ASR) per 100,000 and average annual percentage change (AAPC) were calculated to compare suicide rates and trends. Findings Compared to the Australian-born population, all migrant males and females had significantly lower suicide risk, except females from Oceania countries. Females from European (IRR 1.28, 95% CI 1.13, 1.14) and Oceanian countries (IRR 1.25; 95% CI 0.95, 1.66) had an elevated suicide risk compared to female migrants from English-speaking countries. Male migrants from Oceania (ASR 20.4, AAPC 1.0 (-3.6, 5.8)) and Africa (ASR 18.0, AAPC -0.4 (-5.5, 4.9)) have high ASR with no significant changes in trend over the study duration. Female African migrants had an ASR of 5.3 per 100,000, which increased by 8% (95% CI 1.4, 15.0) between 2006 and 2019. Interpretation Migrants from Oceania and African countries are disproportionately affected by suicide mortality compared to other migrant groups in Australia. Further research is needed to identify the risk factors and develop suicide prevention strategies for these groups. Funding Suicide Prevention Australia, Australian Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humaira Maheen
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Bouverie St, Carlton 3010, Australia
| | - Tania King
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Bouverie St, Carlton 3010, Australia
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Yi Nam S, Yik Chun W, Tak Hing Michael W, Kit Wa Sherry C, Lai Ming Christy H, Ho Ming Edwin L, Yu Hai Eric C. Double stigma in mental health service use: Experience from ethnic minorities in Hong Kong. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2023; 69:1345-1353. [PMID: 36938981 DOI: 10.1177/00207640231161301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethnic minorities (EMs) typically underutilise mental health services (EMs) with issues that are not shared by the local population. Understanding the underlying perceived factors could help reduce their mental health disparities. AIMS This is a qualitative study aiming to examine the barriers that prevent EMs from seeking mental health services in Hong Kong. METHODS Six semistructured focus groups with 31 EMs who resided in Hong Kong were conducted from May 31 to June 26, 2021. The outcome measures were the themes and subthemes of perspectives on mental health service use. RESULTS Among 31 adults (20 [64.5%] women, 11 [35.5%] men; 17 [54.8%] aged 25-39 years) who participated, most participants self-identified as Indian (13 [41.95]) or Pakistani (10 [32.3]). There were 16 individuals (51.6%) who reported severe or higher levels of anxiety or depressive symptoms, while 12 individuals (38.7%) reported moderate levels. Three emerging themes identified for the barriers to help-seeking for psychiatric intervention were (1) preexisting problems, (2) psychaitric service lacks cultural sensitivity and (3) personal or family limitation, while that for the recommendations to improve help-seeking had six themes: (1) improve cultural sensitivity, (2) make EM mental health practitioners available, (3) improve professional conduct, (4) improve on-site support, (5) improve financial support and (6) improve mental health promotion in schools. CONCLUSION This study found that EMs in Hong Kong experience double stigma, which keeps them away from seeking professional mental health care. There were also disparities in the use of mental health services by ethnicity. The study also made recommendations for promoting EM help-seeking at the individual, governmental and community levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suen Yi Nam
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wong Yik Chun
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Chan Kit Wa Sherry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Lee Ho Ming Edwin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chen Yu Hai Eric
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Aran N, Card KG, Lee K, Hogg RS. Patterns of Suicide and Suicidal Ideation in Relation to Social Isolation and Loneliness in Newcomer Populations: A Review. J Immigr Minor Health 2023; 25:415-426. [PMID: 36348251 PMCID: PMC9643969 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-022-01422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this systematic review was to locate and synthesise existing peer-reviewed quantitative and qualitative evidence regarding the relationship between social connection and suicide among newcomers, immigrants, and asylum seekers. Systematic searches were conducted according to PRISMA guidelines using Web of Science and Pubmed. Search terms included those related to (1) social isolation and loneliness, (2) suicide and suicidal ideation, and (3) newcomer, immigrant, and asylum-seeking populations. Inclusion was limited to studies that were published in English and conducted between January 2001 and July 2021 in core anglosphere countries (Canada, United States, Australia, United Kingdom, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland). All potentially eligible articles were screened at two stages: First, we reviewed title and abstracts to omit obviously irrelevant studies and second, we reviewed the full text of each candidate article. Our initial search yielded 136 results. A total of 108 unique results were included for screening; 12 of which were eligible for inclusion in this review. Studies were categorized into 2 themes based on the methodologies of the articles found: qualitative perspectives of immigrants and newcomers; quantitative assessment of the risk of suicide burden and impact of social support and engagement on health and wellbeing of newcomers. Both types of studies highlight a social (dis)connection as an important determinant of mental health and suicide risk among immigrant populations in core anglo-sphere countries, highlighting the continued importance of community programs and funding to support inclusion and community-development among newcomer, immigrant, and asylum-seeking populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Aran
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Blusson Hall 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Kiffer G Card
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Blusson Hall 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Kelley Lee
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Blusson Hall 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Robert S Hogg
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Blusson Hall 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
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Nam B, Kim J, Kim JY, Lee Y. Depression, Alcohol Misuse, and Suicide Attempt Among North Korean Refugee Women Exposed to Gender-Based Violence. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023:8862605231161290. [PMID: 36942848 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231161290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
North Korean (NK) refugee women report a disproportionately high rate of suicide compared to the general South Korean (SK) population. NK refugee women's exposure to gender-based violence (GBV) is a risk factor for adverse mental health symptoms. However, the association between GBV exposure and mental health has received less scholarly attention. This study examined NK refugee women's exposure to GBV (i.e., sexual violence, human trafficking, and forced sex work) and explored whether it is associated with an increased risk of depression, alcohol misuse, and suicide attempts. A three-way interaction between depression, alcohol misuse, and suicide attempts among GBV-exposed NK refugee women was examined. Data from a snowball sample of 180NK refugee women were analyzed for this study. Findings show that 47.8% experienced GBV in either NK or intermediary countries. Multivariate analyses revealed that depression (OR = 1.13, p < .05) and alcohol misuse (OR = 3.01, p < .01) was significantly associated with suicide attempts in GBV-exposed groups. Results from the three-way interaction (GBV victimization × Depression × Alcohol misuse) suggest that GBV exposure and higher levels of depression were significantly associated with suicide attempts among NK refugee women with greater severity of alcohol misuse (OR = 1.75, p < .05). The findings indicate that NK refugee women with GBV exposure, depression, and alcohol misuse are at increased risk for suicide attempts. Study limitations included the use of snowball sampling and cross-sectional data. This study discusses implications for future research and targeted, trauma-informed treatments focused on GBV and mental health symptoms among NK refugee women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyoung Nam
- School of Social Welfare, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonbeom Kim
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Social Welfare Policy, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yop Kim
- School of Social Welfare, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Lee
- School of Social Welfare, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Brandt MK, Sandahl H, Carlsson J. The Impact of Religion and Spirituality on Suicide Risk in Veterans and Refugees With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 2023; 211:65-73. [PMID: 36596288 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT It has been suggested that religion and spirituality have a protective impact on suicide risk in populations living with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This review sought to examine the association between suicide risk among veterans and refugees with PTSD and religion or spirituality as a modifying factor. Two databases, PubMed and Embase, were searched and 10 publications were identified and included. Seven publications found that religion or spirituality was associated with lower suicide risk. The findings in this study suggest that religion and spirituality contain social as well as psychological domains, which should be considered in future interventions and in strategies of prevention of suicide in populations with PTSD. Further high-quality research with well-defined terms of religion and spirituality that investigates the connection to suicide risk of veterans and refugees with PTSD is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde K Brandt
- Competence Centre for Transcultural Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Ballerup, Mental Health Services of the Capital Region, Ballerup, and Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Suicidal Behaviour, including Ideation and Self-Harm, in Young Migrants: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148329. [PMID: 35886183 PMCID: PMC9318121 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Young people experience high rates of suicidal ideation, self-harm, suicide attempt and death due to suicide. As a result of increasing globalisation, young people are increasingly mobile and can migrate from one country to another seeking educational and employment opportunities. With a growing number of young migrants, it is important to understand the prevalence of suicidal behaviour among this population group. We systematically searched Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO from inception until 31 March 2022. Eligible studies were those providing data on suicidal ideation, self-harm, suicide attempt, and death due to suicide. Seventeen studies were included in the review, some of which provided data on multiple outcomes of interest. Twelve studies provided data on suicidal ideation, five provided data on self-harm, eight provided data on suicide attempt, and one study had data on suicide death among young migrants. The quality of the included studies was varied and limited. The studies included in this review commonly reported that young migrants experience higher rates of self-harm and suicide attempt, but no major differences in suicidal ideation and suicide death compared to non-migrant young people. However, the limited number of studies focused on suicidal behaviour among young migrants highlights the need for further high-quality studies to capture accurate information. This will enable the development of policies and interventions that reduce the risk of suicidal behaviour among young migrants.
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Haase E, Schönfelder A, Nesterko Y, Glaesmer H. Prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among refugees: a meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:635. [PMID: 35365108 PMCID: PMC8976302 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicidal ideation and attempts are one of the most serious mental health problems affecting refugees. Risk factors such as mental disorders, low socio-economic status, and stressful life events all contribute to making refugees a high-risk group. For this reason, this meta-analysis aims to investigate the prevalence of suicidal ideation and attempts among refugees in non-clinical populations. METHOD We searched PubMed, Web of Science, PubPsych, and PsycInfo for articles reporting (period) prevalence rates of suicidal ideation and attempts. Inclusion criteria were the population of refugees or asylum seekers (aged 16 years and older), assessment of the prevalence of suicidal ideation and attempts in empirical studies in cross-sectional or longitudinal settings, written in English, and published by August 2020. Exclusion criteria were defined as a population of immigrants who have lived in the host country for a long time, studies that examined children and adolescents younger than 16 years, and research in clinical samples. Overall prevalence rates were calculated using Rstudio. RESULTS Of 294 matches, 11 publications met the inclusion criteria. The overall period prevalence of suicidal ideation was 20.5% (CI: 0.11-0.32, I2 = 98%, n = 8), 22.3% (CI: 0.10-0.38, I2 = 97%, n = 5) for women, and 27.7% for men (CI: 0.14-0.45, I2 = 93%, n = 3). Suicide attempts had an overall prevalence of 0.57% (CI: 0.00-0.02, I2 = 81%, n = 4). CONCLUSION There is a great lack of epidemiological studies on suicidal ideation and attempts among refugees. The high prevalence of suicidal ideation indicates the existence of heavy psychological burden among this population. The prevalence of suicide attempts is similar to that in non-refugee populations. Because of the large heterogeneity between studies, the pooled prevalence estimates must be interpreted with caution. The results underline the need for systematic and standardized assessment and treatment of suicidal ideation and attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Haase
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Neumarkt 9-19, 03081, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Antje Schönfelder
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yuriy Nesterko
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heide Glaesmer
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 55, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Paraschakis A, Efstathiou V, Karageorgiou V, Boyokas I, Michopoulos I. An age-period-cohort study of completed suicides in Greece: Patterns and implications for suicide prevention. Psychiatry Res 2021; 306:114260. [PMID: 34785425 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Suicide is a dynamic phenomenon. Psychiatric medication intake, illicit drug and alcohol use or the preference for particular suicide methods shift continuously over time. To capture such variations -and their potential implications for suicide prevention-, we researched the forensic records of suicide cases for the period 1992-2016 at a large department of forensic medicine and conducted age-period-cohort (APC) analyses of our sample (1162 suicides, 77.45% males, 22.25% females). We primarily investigated socio-demographic and toxicological parameters. Benzodiazepine, alcohol and illicit drug use increased considerably towards the younger cohorts. The segment of individuals of foreign nationality raised significantly too; likewise, the proportion of prison suicides. Hanging appears increasingly preferred by the younger APCs (the opposite is true for jumping). Hanging seems more popular among males, prisoners, and those under the influence of illicit drugs; jumping by females and those less likely to have consumed alcohol or illicit drugs. Given that the method of a prior attempt, if a highly lethal one, usually gets repeated in the completed suicide, a history of an attempt by hanging should never be underestimated. The mental health needs of immigrants and prisoners look inadequately addressed. Young-middle aged immigrant prisoners appear a group at high suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vasiliki Efstathiou
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Attikon" General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasilios Karageorgiou
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Attikon" General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias Boyokas
- Piraeus Department of Forensic Medicine, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Ioannis Michopoulos
- 2nd Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Attikon" General Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Nam B, Kim JY, DeVylder J, Kim J. Suicidal Ideation and Attempt among North Korean Refugee Women in South Korea: Factors that Distinguish Suicide Attempt from Suicidal Ideation. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2021; 51:564-571. [PMID: 33890688 DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND North Korean Refugee Women (NKRW) are at a high risk for suicide. However, few studies have examined risk factors for suicide among NKRW in South Korea. This study aimed to examine factors increasing risk for suicidal ideation and to identify factors differentiating suicide attempt from ideation among NKRW in South Korea. METHODS A sample of 140 NKRW was analyzed; multinomial logistic regression was conducted to identify factors distinguishing respondents with (1) no suicidal ideation, (2) isolated suicidal ideation (without attempts), and (3) ideation with attempts. RESULTS About 46% of the sample reported suicidal ideation, and about 18% attempted suicide during the past year. NKRW without any suicidal risk had significantly lower levels of social isolation (OR = 0.86, p = 0.02) and less exposure to traumatic events (OR = 0.89, p = 0.02) than those with suicidal ideation. NKRW who attempted suicide were more likely to have higher levels of stress than those with only suicidal ideation (OR = 1.40, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION This study provides insights into suicide prevention among refugees and emphasized that post-migration life stress significantly differentiates suicidal ideation from attempt among NKRW. Intervening to address current life stress, traumatic experiences, and social isolation may help prevent refugee suicidal ideation and further attempt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyoung Nam
- Department of Social Welfare, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Yop Kim
- Department of Social Welfare, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jordan DeVylder
- Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University, New York, NY, USA
| | - JoonBeom Kim
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Social Welfare Policy, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Aghajafari F, Pianorosa E, Premji Z, Souri S, Dewey D. Academic Achievement and Psychosocial Adjustment in Child Refugees: A Systematic Review. J Trauma Stress 2020; 33:908-916. [PMID: 32803884 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Child refugees are at high risk for problems with academic achievement and psychosocial well-being. We aimed to review the literature concerning these outcomes in primary school-aged child refugees. This study was a systematic review and included studies that reported on outcomes of interest in child refugees between 5 and 12 years of age. Our search generated 3,172 articles; we selected 313 for review and included 45. Child refugees are diverse in their educational performance, and early deficits often resolve with time spent in the host country. These children are at an increased risk of emotional and behavioral difficulties, and multiple factors are associated with these outcomes. Although educational difficulties of primary school-aged child refugees in high-income countries tend to resolve, the risks for psychosocial problems persist. This review provides a deepened understanding of the diverse educational and psychosocial experiences of these children and highlights the need for developing health and educational programs to support this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Aghajafari
- Department of Family Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Zahra Premji
- Libraries and Cultural Resources, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Soheil Souri
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Deborah Dewey
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Owerko Centre, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Mude W, Mwanri L. Negotiating Identity and Belonging in a New Space: Opportunities and Experiences of African Youths in South Australia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17155484. [PMID: 32751346 PMCID: PMC7432209 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper was part of a large study that aimed to explore determinants of increased suicides among African youths in South Australia. As part of this larger study, narratives from participants indicated that identity crisis could be a potential determinant of suicide. This paper reports on how African youths negotiate and form identity in Australia. A qualitative inquiry was undertaken with 31 African youths using a focus group and individual interviews. Data analysis was guided by a framework for qualitative research. These youths negotiated multiple identities, including those of race, gender, ethnicity and their origin. ‘Freedom and opportunity’, ‘family relationships’, ‘neither belonging here nor there’ and ‘the ability to cope against the paradox of resourcefulness in Australia’ appeared to be important themes in negotiating individual identities. An opportunity was used to acknowledge privileges available in Australia relative to Africa. However, the extent to which individuals acted on these opportunities varied, affecting a person’s sense of purpose, identity formation and belonging in Australia. The loss of social networks following migration, and cultural differences between African and Australian societies, shaped the experience of belonging and identity formation. These findings are crucial as they indicate the need for policies and practices that consider experiences of youths as they form their identity in Australia. Further studies with large numbers of participants are needed to explore these issues further among African youths in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Mude
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Lillian Mwanri
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia;
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15
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Puzo Q, Mehlum L, Qin P. Rates and characteristics of suicide by immigration background in Norway. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205035. [PMID: 30265720 PMCID: PMC6161913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Suicide mortality among immigrant groups is an important health issue, particularly in countries with growing segments of immigrant populations such as Norway. Through linkage of Norwegian national registers we wanted to estimate suicide rates (per 100,000 population) in immigrant groups and to profile characteristics of suicide by immigration background with respect to sex, age, method and seasonality of suicide as well as time since immigrating to Norway. Among all 11,409 suicides during 1992-2012, 1,139 (10%) were individuals with an immigration background. Suicide rate was lower in first-generation immigrants (foreign-born persons to two foreign-born parents) than native Norwegians (9.53 vs 12.22, P < 0.01), with a significant difference confined to male rates only. Foreign-born persons with at least one Norwegian-born parent had significantly higher suicide rates than natives in both sexes (22.42 vs 18.03 in males, 11.67 vs 6.54 in females, P < 0.01). The most frequently used suicide method in all the population groups was hanging; this method accounted for 44.0% of all suicides of first-generation immigrants, 45.2% of all suicides of foreign-born persons with at least one Norwegian-born parent, and 35.4% of all suicides of natives. Suicide by firearms accounted for a much smaller proportion of cases of first-generation immigrants (6.7%) and foreign-born persons with at least one Norwegian-born parent (6.8%) than cases of native Norwegians (20.7%). In terms of monthly distribution, suicides of first-generation immigrants displayed two peaks, in May and in November (P = 0.01). More than 25% of all first-generation immigrant suicides occurred in the first five years after immigration; but differences in time since immigration were observed by sex and country group of origin, in particular among those aged 35 years or less when moving to Norway. In conclusion, there are notable differences in characteristics of suicides by immigration background. Knowledge of immigrant mortality according to suicide method, seasonality of suicide, and time since immigration may be useful when planning suicide preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quirino Puzo
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Mehlum
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ping Qin
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Deriu V, Benoit L, Moro MR, Lachal J. [Suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts in adolescence among migrants]. Soins Psychiatr 2018; 39:22-26. [PMID: 29753434 DOI: 10.1016/j.spsy.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Migration is an experience with a creative and dynamic potential, but it can also serve to further isolate people. Migrant adolescents and ethnic minorities with a migrant background are particularly vulnerable to suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviour. International studies show a significant prevalence of suicide attempts among migrants and their children. Intergenerational conflicts and the family environment, for example poor communication and lack of parental support, are risk factors for suicidal behaviour in migrant adolescents. The valorisation of the culture of origin could contribute to the feeling of 'cultural continuity' which is a protective factor of the suicidal risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Deriu
- Université Lorraine, Faculté de médecine de Nancy, 9, avenue de la Forêt-de-Haye, 54505 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Laelia Benoit
- Maison de Solenn-MDA, hôpital Cochin, 97, boulevard Port-Royal, 75014 Paris, France; CESP, faculté de médecine, université Paris-Sud, faculté de médecine-UVSQ, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, 16, avenue Paul-Vaillant-Couturier, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Marie Rose Moro
- Université Paris Descartes, faculté de médecine, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 15, rue de l'École-de-médecine, 75006 Paris, France; Maison de Solenn-MDA, hôpital Cochin, 97, boulevard Port-Royal, 75014 Paris, France; CESP, faculté de médecine, université Paris-Sud, faculté de médecine-UVSQ, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, 16, avenue Paul-Vaillant-Couturier, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Jonathan Lachal
- Université Paris Descartes, faculté de médecine, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 15, rue de l'École-de-médecine, 75006 Paris, France; Maison de Solenn-MDA, hôpital Cochin, 97, boulevard Port-Royal, 75014 Paris, France; CESP, faculté de médecine, université Paris-Sud, faculté de médecine-UVSQ, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, 16, avenue Paul-Vaillant-Couturier, 94805 Villejuif, France.
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Abstract
Abstract.Background: Asylum seekers have increased risk of suicide and
suicidal behavior, with differences related to origin, gender, and age. There
are barriers to communication in clinical encounters between asylum seekers and
clinicians. There is insufficient knowledge about how communication in the
clinical encounter affects the suicide risk in female asylum seekers.
Aims: To explore the documented communication between
female asylum-seeking suicide attempters and clinicians and how it affects
treatment. Method: The medical records of 18 asylum-seeking
women who had attempted suicide were analyzed with content analysis.
Results: Communication between patients and clinicians was
affected by: the unbearable realities of the women; difficulties for clinicians
in decoding languages of distress, and understanding trauma and subjective
meanings of suicide; challenges of combining patients' and clinicians'
perspectives; and a sense of shared powerlessness. Limitations:
The medical records did not give direct access to the patient's experience,
only to the patient as documented by the clinician. Conclusion:
The results suggest that clinicians working with asylum seekers who have
attempted suicide need to develop an understanding of social and cultural
factors and of trauma issues. A question for further study is how an enhanced
integration of context and subjectivity in psychiatric practice would equip
clinicians for the specific challenges encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sundvall
- 1 Transcultural Center, Stockholm County Council, Sweden.,2 Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Titelman
- 3 National Center for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sofie Bäärnhielm
- 1 Transcultural Center, Stockholm County Council, Sweden.,4 Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Greater numbers of children are on the move than ever before. In 2015, the number of forcibly displaced people across the globe reached 65.3 million. Of the more than 1 million migrants, asylum seekers, and refugees who arrived in Europe in 2015, nearly one third were children, and 90,000 of these children were unaccompanied. Child migrants are among the most vulnerable, even after arriving at their destination. The health of migrant children is related to their health status before their journey, the conditions during their journey and at their destination, and the physical and mental health of their caregivers. These children may have experienced numerous forms of trauma including war, violence, separation from family, and exploitation. They may suffer from malnutrition and communicable diseases including vaccine-preventable diseases. Pregnant women, newborns, and unaccompanied minors are particularly vulnerable groups. Social isolation is a major risk factor for all migrant children that compound other health risks even after settlement in their new home. Lack of health information, language, and cultural differences serve as major barriers to adequate, timely, and appropriate healthcare. In spite the challenges they face, migrant children demonstrate remarkable resilience that can be nurtured to promote good mental and physical health. Migrant children, irrespective of their legal status, are entitled to healthcare of the same standard provided to children in the resident population, as stated in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. It is imperative that the health sector includes informed health workers who are able to identify the health risks and needs of these children and provide culturally competent care. In order to achieve this and promote the rights of migrant children to optimal health and well-being, ISSOP recommends that Programmes and activities designed to promote and protect migrant child health and well-being must be designed in collaboration with all sectors involved, including the education and social sectors, and should always include the voices of migrant children and their families. Health services should be readily available and easily accessible for preventive, maintenance, and curative care regardless of the child's legal status. Care should be of the same standard as care provided to the local population. Health information should be provided that is culturally sensitive and readily available in a language that migrant children and families can understand. Medical interpreters and cultural mediators should be available during healthcare encounters, and personnel working with migrants should receive training in cultural competence. Health professionals should not participate in age determination until methods with acceptable scientific and ethical standards have been developed. Professionals working with migrant children and families should have access to emotional support services. Evidence-based best practices in the care of migrant children should be identified and made widely available to health workers. An observatory should be established to study the factors leading to poor psychosocial and mental health in migrant children and youth. Paediatricians and paediatric societies should work to improve the sensitivity of their respective populations towards migrants, asylum seekers, and refugees.
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Affiliation(s)
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- International Society for Social Pediatrics and Child Health, Geneva, Switzerland
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Colucci E, Too LS, Minas H. A suicide research agenda for people from immigrant and refugee backgrounds. DEATH STUDIES 2017; 41:502-511. [PMID: 28532343 DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2017.1332912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish mental health and suicide research priorities for people from immigrant and refugee background in Australia. This article focuses on the data relevant to the development of the suicide research agenda. This study was conducted using Delphi consensus method with two rounds of online questionnaires. A total of 138 and 86 participants, respectively, completed the first and second rounds of survey. Participants were policy makers, service providers, academics, service users, and carer advocates in Australia with expertise in mental health and/or suicide among people from immigrant and refugee backgrounds. Of the total 268 research questions included in the questionnaires, 70 questions about suicide were ranked as essential by over 50% respondents (i.e., the set level of consensus). In particular, research questions regarded as the greatest priority related to access and engagement with suicide prevention services, suicide protective and risk factors compared to populations not from immigrant and refugee backgrounds, and culturally appropriate assessment of suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erminia Colucci
- a Global and Cultural Mental Health Unit, Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health , The University of Melbourne , Carlton , Australia
- b Department of Psychology , Middlesex University London , London , UK
| | - Lay San Too
- c Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health , The University of Melbourne , Carlton , Austraila
| | - Harry Minas
- a Global and Cultural Mental Health Unit, Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health , The University of Melbourne , Carlton , Australia
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20
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Puzo Q, Mehlum L, Qin P. Suicide among immigrant population in Norway: a national register-based study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2017; 135:584-592. [PMID: 28387419 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate differences in suicide risk among immigrant population in Norway compared with native Norwegians, with respect to associated country group of origin. METHODS Based on the entire national population, a nested case-control design was adopted using Norwegian national longitudinal registers to obtain 23 073 suicide cases having occurred in 1969-2012 and 373 178 controls. Odds ratios (ORs) for suicide were estimated using conditional logistic regression analysis adjusting for socio-economic factors. RESULTS Compared with native Norwegians, suicide risk was significantly lower in first- and second-generation immigrants but higher in Norwegian-born with one foreign-born parent and foreign-born individuals with at least one Norwegian-born parent. When stratifying data by country group of origin, first-generation immigrants had lower ORs in most of the strata. Subjects born in Asia and in Central and South America with at least one Norwegian-born parent had a significantly higher risk of suicide. The observed results remained mostly unchanged in the analyses controlled for socio-economic status. CONCLUSIONS Suicide risk is lower in first- and second-generation immigrants but higher in subjects born in Norway with one foreign-born parent and those born abroad with at least one Norwegian-born parent, with notable differences by country group of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Puzo
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - L Mehlum
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - P Qin
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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21
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Hettige NC, Bani-Fatemi A, Kennedy JL, De Luca V. Assessing the risk for suicide in schizophrenia according to migration, ethnicity and geographical ancestry. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:63. [PMID: 28183281 PMCID: PMC5301397 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-1180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicide is a leading cause of mortality among those afflicted by schizophrenia. Previous studies demonstrated that the stressors associated with immigration may lead to an onset of schizophrenia and suicide separately in susceptible individuals. However, no studies have shown whether immigration may lead to suicidal behaviour for individuals with schizophrenia. Our study proposes that an individual's geographical ancestry, ethnicity or migration status may be predictive of suicide risk in schizophrenia. METHODS In a sample of 276 participants with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, we conducted cross-sectional assessments to collect clinical information. Self-identified ethnicity and suicide history were collected through self-report questionnaires and interview-based scales. Ancestry was identified using 292 genetic markers from HapMap. Migrants were classified as those who immigrated to Canada during their lifetime. Using a regression analysis, we tested whether a history of migration, ethnicity or geographical ancestry were predictive of a history of suicide attempts. RESULTS Our analysis failed to demonstrate a significant relationship between suicide history and migration, ethnicity or ancestry. However, ethnicity appears to be significantly associated with the number of psychiatric hospitalizations in our sample. CONCLUSION Ethnicity and migration history are not predictive of previous suicide attempts. Ethnicity may be an important demographic factor affecting access to mental health resources and frequency of hospitalizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuwan C. Hettige
- grid.17063.33Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8 Canada ,0000 0000 8793 5925grid.155956.bCentre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, M5T 1R8 Toronto, Canada
| | - Ali Bani-Fatemi
- grid.17063.33Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8 Canada ,0000 0000 8793 5925grid.155956.bCentre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, M5T 1R8 Toronto, Canada
| | - James L. Kennedy
- grid.17063.33Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8 Canada ,0000 0000 8793 5925grid.155956.bCentre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, M5T 1R8 Toronto, Canada ,grid.17063.33Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada, 250 College Street, Toronto, M5T 1R8 Canada
| | - Vincenzo De Luca
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, M5T 1R8, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada, 250 College Street, Toronto, M5T 1R8, Canada.
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22
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Chau K, Kabuth B, Chau N. Association between Suicide Ideation and Attempts and Being an Immigrant among Adolescents, and the Role of Socioeconomic Factors and School, Behavior, and Health-Related Difficulties. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13111070. [PMID: 27809296 PMCID: PMC5129280 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13111070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The risk of suicide behaviors in immigrant adolescents varies across countries and remains partly understood. We conducted a study in France to examine immigrant adolescents' likelihood of experiencing suicide ideation in the last 12 months (SI) and lifetime suicide attempts (SA) compared with their native counterparts, and the contribution of socioeconomic factors and school, behavior, and health-related difficulties. Questionnaires were completed by 1559 middle-school adolescents from north-eastern France including various risk factors, SI, SA, and their first occurrence over adolescent's life course (except SI). Data were analyzed using logistic regression models for SI and Cox regression models for SA (retaining only school, behavior, and health-related difficulties that started before SA). Immigrant adolescents had a two-time higher risk of SI and SA than their native counterparts. Using nested models, the excess SI risk was highly explained by socioeconomic factors (27%) and additional school, behavior, and health-related difficulties (24%) but remained significant. The excess SA risk was more highly explained by these issues (40% and 85%, respectively) and became non-significant. These findings demonstrate the risk patterns of SI and SA and the prominent confounding roles of socioeconomic factors and school, behavior, and health-related difficulties. They may be provided to policy makers, schools, carers, and various organizations interested in immigrant, adolescent, and suicide-behavior problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kénora Chau
- Département de Médecine Générale, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, CS50184, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy F-54505, France.
- INSERM Centre d'Investigations Cliniques Plurithématique 1433, UMR 1116, CHU de Nancy, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy F-54511, France.
| | - Bernard Kabuth
- Service de Pédopsychiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Lorraine, Hôpital d'Enfants de Nancy-Brabois, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France.
| | - Nearkasen Chau
- INSERM, U1178, Paris F-75014, France.
- Univ Paris-Sud, UMR-S1178, Paris F-75014, France.
- Univ Paris Descartes, UMR-S1178, Paris F-75014, France.
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Spallek J, Reeske A, Norredam M, Nielsen SS, Lehnhardt J, Razum O. Suicide among immigrants in Europe--a systematic literature review. Eur J Public Health 2014; 25:63-71. [PMID: 25096258 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cku121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concerns about increased suicide risk among immigrants to European countries have been raised. We review the scientific literature on differences in suicide among immigrants compared with the majority populations in Europe's major immigration countries. METHODS We searched the databases PubMed and PsycINFO for peer-reviewed epidemiological studies published in 1990-2011, which compared suicide risks of adult immigrant groups with the risks of the majority population in European countries. Hits were screened by two researchers. RESULTS We included 24 studies in the review. No generalizable pattern of suicide among immigrants was found. Immigrants from countries in which suicide risks are particularly high, i.e. countries in Northern and Eastern Europe, experienced higher suicide rates relative to groups without migration background. Gender and age differences were observed. Young female immigrants from Turkey, East Africa and South Asia are a risk group. CONCLUSION Immigrants 'bring along' their suicide risk, at least for the initial period they spend in the immigration country. Health-care planners and providers need to be aware of this 'imported risks'. However, most immigrant groups do not have an increased suicide risk relative to the local-born population; some may even experience substantially lower risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Spallek
- 1 Department of Epidemiology and International Public Health, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Anna Reeske
- 1 Department of Epidemiology and International Public Health, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Marie Norredam
- 2 Department of Public Health, Danish Research Centre for Migration, Ethnicity and Health, Section for Health Services Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe Smith Nielsen
- 2 Department of Public Health, Danish Research Centre for Migration, Ethnicity and Health, Section for Health Services Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jessica Lehnhardt
- 1 Department of Epidemiology and International Public Health, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Oliver Razum
- 1 Department of Epidemiology and International Public Health, School of Public Health, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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