1
|
Xie X, Pei M, Liu S, Wang X, Gong S, Chen J, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Lu G, Li Y. Comprehensive Analysis of Autophagy-Related Genes in Rice Immunity against Magnaporthe oryzae. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:927. [PMID: 38611457 PMCID: PMC11013097 DOI: 10.3390/plants13070927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Rice blast disease, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, is a significant threat to rice production. Resistant cultivars can effectively resist the invasion of M. oryzae. Thus, the identification of disease-resistant genes is of utmost importance for improving rice production. Autophagy, a cellular process that recycles damaged components, plays a vital role in plant growth, development, senescence, stress response, and immunity. To understand the involvement of autophagy-related genes (ATGs) in rice immune response against M. oryzae, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of 37 OsATGs, including bioinformatic analysis, transcriptome analysis, disease resistance analysis, and protein interaction analysis. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the promoter regions of 33 OsATGs contained cis-acting elements responsive to salicylic acid (SA) or jasmonic acid (JA), two key hormones involved in plant defense responses. Transcriptome data showed that 21 OsATGs were upregulated during M. oryzae infection. Loss-of-function experiments demonstrated that OsATG6c, OsATG8a, OsATG9b, and OsATG13a contribute to rice blast resistance. Additionally, through protein interaction analysis, we identified five proteins that may interact with OsATG13a and potentially contribute to plant immunity. Our study highlights the important role of autophagy in rice immunity and suggests that OsATGs may enhance resistance to rice blast fungus through the involvement of SA, JA, or immune-related proteins. These findings provide valuable insights for future efforts in improving rice production through the identification and utilization of autophagy-related genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuze Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.X.); (M.P.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (S.G.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Mengtian Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.X.); (M.P.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (S.G.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.X.); (M.P.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (S.G.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xinxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.X.); (M.P.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (S.G.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shanshan Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.X.); (M.P.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (S.G.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.X.); (M.P.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (S.G.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.X.); (M.P.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (S.G.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
- Fujian Provincial Quality Safety Inspection and Test Center for Agricultural Products, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.X.); (M.P.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (S.G.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Biodiversity, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Guodong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.X.); (M.P.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (S.G.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ya Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.X.); (M.P.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (S.G.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.)
- Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests, Fuzhou 350013, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xiang W, Guo Z, Han J, Gao Y, Ma F, Gong X. The apple autophagy-related gene MdATG10 improves drought tolerance and water use efficiency in transgenic apple plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108214. [PMID: 38016369 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The Loess Plateau is the main apple production area in China; low precipitation is one of the most important factors limiting apple production here. Autophagy is a conserved process in eukaryotes that recycles cell contents or damaged macromolecules. Previously, we identified an autophagy-related gene MdATG10 from apple plants, which was involved in the responses to stressed conditions. In this study, we found that MdATG10 improved the drought tolerance and water use efficiency (WUE) of transgenic apple plants. MdATG10-overexpressing (OE) apple plants were more tolerant of short-term drought stress, as evidenced by their fewer drought-related injuries, compared with wild-type (WT) apple plants. In addition, the WUE of OE plants was higher than that of WT plants under long-term moderate water deficit conditions. The growth rate, biomass accumulation, photosynthetic efficiency, and stomatal aperture were higher in OE plants than in WT plants under long-term moderate drought conditions. During the process of adapting to drought, the expressions of genes involved in the abscisic acid (ABA) pathway were reduced in OE plants to decrease the synthesis of ABA, which helped maintain the stomatal opening for gas exchange. Furthermore, autophagic activity was higher in OE plants than in WT plants, as evidenced by the higher expressions of ATG genes and the greater number of autophagy bodies. In sum, our results suggested that overexpression of MdATG10 improved drought tolerance and WUE in apple plants, possibly by regulating stomatal movement and enhancing autophagic activity, which then enhanced the photosynthetic efficiency and reduced damage, as well as the reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in apple plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jifa Han
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yiran Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xia J, Wang Z, Liu S, Fang X, Hakeem A, Fang J, Shangguan L. VvATG6 contributes to copper stress tolerance by enhancing the antioxidant ability in transgenic grape calli. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:137-152. [PMID: 38435851 PMCID: PMC10902227 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01415-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy, a conserved degradation and reuse process, plays a crucial role in plant cellular homeostasis during abiotic stress. Although numerous autophagy-related genes (ATGs) that regulate abiotic stress have been identified, few functional studies have shown how they confer tolerance to copper (Cu) stress. Here, we cloned a novel Vitis vinifera ATG6 gene (VvATG6) which was induced by 0.5 and 10 mM Cu stress based on transcriptomic data, and transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), and grape calli were successfully obtained through Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. The overexpression of VvATG6 enhanced the tolerance of transgenic lines to Cu. After Cu treatment, the lines that overexpressed VvATG6 grew better and increased their production of biomass compared with the wild-type. These changes were accompanied by higher activities of antioxidant enzymes and a lower accumulation of deleterious malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide in the transgenic plants. The activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase were enhanced owing to the elevation of corresponding antioxidant gene expression in the VvATG6 overexpression plants under Cu stress, thereby promoting the clearance of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Simultaneously, there was a decrease in the levels of expression of RbohB and RbohC that are involved in ROS synthesis in transgenic plants under Cu stress. Thus, the accelerated removal of ROS and the inhibition of its synthesis led to a balanced ROS homeostasis environment, which alleviated the damage from Cu. This could benefit from the upregulation of other ATGs that are necessary for the production of autophagosomes under Cu stress. To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate the protective role of VvATG6 in the Cu tolerance of plants. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-024-01415-y.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Xia
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 China
- Fruit Crop Genetic Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 China
| | - Zicheng Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 China
- Fruit Crop Genetic Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 China
- Pingxiang Agricultural Science Research Center, Pingxiang, Jiangxi 337099 China
| | - Siyu Liu
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 China
- Fruit Crop Genetic Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 China
| | - Xiang Fang
- Fruit Crop Genetic Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 China
- School of Agronomy and Horticulture, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, Jiangsu 212499 China
| | - Abdul Hakeem
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 China
- Fruit Crop Genetic Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 China
| | - Jinggui Fang
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 China
- Fruit Crop Genetic Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 China
| | - Lingfei Shangguan
- Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 China
- Fruit Crop Genetic Improvement and Seedling Propagation Engineering Center of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Autophagy in the Lifetime of Plants: From Seed to Seed. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911410. [PMID: 36232711 PMCID: PMC9570326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved self-degradation mechanism in eukaryotes. Excess or harmful intracellular content can be encapsulated by double-membrane autophagic vacuoles and transferred to vacuoles for degradation in plants. Current research shows three types of autophagy in plants, with macroautophagy being the most important autophagic degradation pathway. Until now, more than 40 autophagy-related (ATG) proteins have been identified in plants that are involved in macroautophagy, and these proteins play an important role in plant growth regulation and stress responses. In this review, we mainly introduce the research progress of autophagy in plant vegetative growth (roots and leaves), reproductive growth (pollen), and resistance to biotic (viruses, bacteria, and fungi) and abiotic stresses (nutrients, drought, salt, cold, and heat stress), and we discuss the application direction of plant autophagy in the future.
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang M, Wang L, Chen C, Guo X, Lin C, Huang W, Chen L. Genome-wide analysis of autophagy-related genes in Medicago truncatula highlights their roles in seed development and response to drought stress. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22933. [PMID: 34824334 PMCID: PMC8616919 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved process of degradation of cytoplasmic constituents in eukaryotes. It is involved in the growth and development of plants, as well as in biotic and abiotic stress response. Although autophagy-related (ATG) genes have been identified and characterized in many plant species, little is known about this process in Medicago truncatula. In this study, 39 ATGs were identified, and their gene structures and conserved domains were systematically characterized in M. truncatula. Many cis-elements, related to hormone and stress responsiveness, were identified in the promoters of MtATGs. Phylogenetic and interaction network analyses suggested that the function of MtATGs is evolutionarily conserved in Arabidopsis and M. truncatula. The expression of MtATGs, at varied levels, was detected in all examined tissues. In addition, most of the MtATGs were highly induced during seed development and drought stress, which indicates that autophagy plays an important role in seed development and responses to drought stress in M. truncatula. In conclusion, this study gives a comprehensive overview of MtATGs and provides important clues for further functional analysis of autophagy in M. truncatula.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingkang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Liping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chumin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xu Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Chuanglie Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang S, Hama Y, Mizushima N. The evolution of autophagy proteins - diversification in eukaryotes and potential ancestors in prokaryotes. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:270774. [PMID: 34228793 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.233742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a degradative pathway for cytoplasmic constituents, and is conserved across eukaryotes. Autophagy-related (ATG) genes have undergone extensive multiplications and losses in different eukaryotic lineages, resulting in functional diversification and specialization. Notably, even though bacteria and archaea do not possess an autophagy pathway, they do harbor some remote homologs of Atg proteins, suggesting that preexisting proteins were recruited when the autophagy pathway developed during eukaryogenesis. In this Review, we summarize our current knowledge on the distribution of Atg proteins within eukaryotes and outline the major multiplication and loss events within the eukaryotic tree. We also discuss the potential prokaryotic homologs of Atg proteins identified to date, emphasizing the evolutionary relationships and functional differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sidi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yutaro Hama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Noboru Mizushima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Autophagy in Plant Abiotic Stress Management. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084075. [PMID: 33920817 PMCID: PMC8071135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants can be considered an open system. Throughout their life cycle, plants need to exchange material, energy and information with the outside world. To improve their survival and complete their life cycle, plants have developed sophisticated mechanisms to maintain cellular homeostasis during development and in response to environmental changes. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved self-degradative process that occurs ubiquitously in all eukaryotic cells and plays many physiological roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have shown that autophagy can be induced not only by starvation but also as a cellular response to various abiotic stresses, including oxidative, salt, drought, cold and heat stresses. This review focuses mainly on the role of autophagy in plant abiotic stress management.
Collapse
|
8
|
Li S, Yan H, Mei WM, Tse YC, Wang H. Boosting autophagy in sexual reproduction: a plant perspective. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:679-689. [PMID: 31917864 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The key process of sexual reproduction is the successful fusion of the sperm and egg cell. Distinct from dynamic and flagellated animal sperm cells, higher flowering plant sperm cells are immotile. Therefore, plants have evolved a novel reproductive system to achieve fertilization and generate progenies. Plant sexual reproduction consists of multiple steps, mainly including gametophyte development, pollen-pistil recognition, pollen germination, double fertilization and postfertilization. During reproduction, active production, consumption and recycling of cellular components and energy are critically required to achieve fertilization. However, the underlying machinery of cellular degradation and turnover remains largely unexplored. Autophagy, the major catabolic pathway in eukaryotic cells, participates in regulating multiple aspects of plant activities, including abiotic and biotic stress resistance, pathogen response, senescence, nutrient remobilization and plant development. Nevertheless, a key unanswered question is how autophagy regulates plant fertilization and reproduction. Here, we focus on comparing and contrasting autophagy in several key reproductive processes of plant and animal systems to feature important distinctions and highlight future research directions of autophagy in angiosperm reproduction. We further discuss the potential crosstalk between autophagy and programmed cell death, which are often considered as two disconnected events in plant sexual reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - He Yan
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wei-Ming Mei
- Outpatient Department of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yu Chung Tse
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518005, China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Comparative Studies on the Role of Organic Biostimulant in Resistant and Susceptible Cultivars of Rice Grown under Saline Stress - Organic Biostimulant Alleviate Saline Stress in Tolerant and Susceptible Cultivars of Rice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12892-018-0089-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
10
|
Tang J, Bassham DC. Autophagy in crop plants: what's new beyond Arabidopsis? Open Biol 2018; 8:180162. [PMID: 30518637 PMCID: PMC6303781 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a major degradation and recycling pathway in plants. It functions to maintain cellular homeostasis and is induced by environmental cues and developmental stimuli. Over the past decade, the study of autophagy has expanded from model plants to crop species. Many features of the core machinery and physiological functions of autophagy are conserved among diverse organisms. However, several novel functions and regulators of autophagy have been characterized in individual plant species. In light of its critical role in development and stress responses, a better understanding of autophagy in crop plants may eventually lead to beneficial agricultural applications. Here, we review recent progress on understanding autophagy in crops and discuss potential future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Diane C Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wei Y, Liu W, Hu W, Liu G, Wu C, Liu W, Zeng H, He C, Shi H. Genome-wide analysis of autophagy-related genes in banana highlights MaATG8s in cell death and autophagy in immune response to Fusarium wilt. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:1237-1250. [PMID: 28451821 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2149-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE MaATG8s play important roles in hypersensitive-like cell death and immune response, and autophagy is essential for disease resistance against Foc in banana. Autophagy is responsible for the degradation of damaged cytoplasmic constituents in the lysosomes or vacuoles. Although the effects of autophagy have been extensively revealed in model plants, the possible roles of autophagy-related gene in banana remain unknown. In this study, 32 MaATGs were identified in the draft genome, and the profiles of several MaATGs in response to fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) were also revealled. We found that seven MaATG8s were commonly regulated by Foc. Through transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, we highlight the novel roles of MaATG8s in conferring hypersensitive-like cell death, and MaATG8s-mediated hypersensitive response-like cell death is dependent on autophagy. Notablly, autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) treatment resulted in decreased disease resistance in response to Foc4, and the effect of 3-MA treatment could be rescued by exogenous salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene, indicating the involvement of autophagy-mediated plant hormones in banana resistance to Fusarium wilt. Taken together, this study may extend our understanding the putative role of MaATG8s in hypersensitive-like cell death and the essential role of autophagy in immune response against Foc in banana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunxie Wei
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources and College of Biology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Biotechnology Research Center, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China
| | - Guoyin Liu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources and College of Biology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Chunjie Wu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources and College of Biology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources and College of Biology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Hongqiu Zeng
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources and College of Biology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Chaozu He
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources and College of Biology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Haitao Shi
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources and College of Biology, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zeng X, Zeng Z, Liu C, Yuan W, Hou N, Bian H, Zhu M, Han N. A barley homolog of yeast ATG6 is involved in multiple abiotic stress responses and stress resistance regulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 115:97-106. [PMID: 28343064 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved degradation pathway among eukaryote cells, which can recycle damaged or unwanted cell materials upon encountering stress conditions. As a key component of the Class III PI3K kinase complex, ATG6/Beclin-1 is essential for autophagosome formation. In this study, we isolated a putative HvATG6 gene in barley genome. The protein encoded by HvATG6 shares high sequence identity to ATG6 orthologs in rice and wheat, and has a typical autophagy-specific domain containing segments of repeated β-sheet-α-helix. The expression of HvATG6 protein restored the appearance of autophagosomes in yeast atg6 mutant, indicating that HvATG6 complements the deficiency of yeast ATG6 protein in autophagy. Punctate florescence signals, considered as the PAS for autophagosome initiation, were observed in the cytoplasm of cells when HvATG6-GFP fusion construct was transformed into barley protoplast. Furthermore, the expression of HvATG6 was upregulated by various abiotic stresses including dark, H2O2 treatment, nitrogen deficiency, high salinity, drought, low temperature and toxic aluminum. Knockdown of HvATG6 in barley leaves through barley strip mosaic virus (BSMV)-induced gene silencing led to accelerated yellowing under dark and H2O2 treatments. Based on the above findings, we propose that barley ATG6 plays the similar role as other plant ATG6 orthologs, and might be involved in stress-induced autophagy process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhanghui Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cuicui Liu
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiyi Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ning Hou
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongwu Bian
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Muyuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ning Han
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bao Y, Mugume Y, Bassham DC. Biochemical Methods to Monitor Autophagic Responses in Plants. Methods Enzymol 2016; 588:497-513. [PMID: 28237117 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The study of autophagy in plants is rapidly increasing, due to its pivotal and fundamental roles in responding to stressful stimuli, recycling nutrients during senescence, and maintaining growth under normal conditions. Assays for detecting autophagy in plants have generally been based on microscopic observations, providing qualitative information on autophagy activity. Here, we discuss biochemical assays for detecting autophagy, which have the potential for providing more quantitative information, with a focus on immunoblotting with antibodies against ATG8, NBR1, or epitope tags fused to ATG proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Bao
- Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Y Mugume
- Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - D C Bassham
- Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li H, Wang Y, Wang Z, Guo X, Wang F, Xia XJ, Zhou J, Shi K, Yu JQ, Zhou YH. Microarray and genetic analysis reveals that csa-miR159b plays a critical role in abscisic acid-mediated heat tolerance in grafted cucumber plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1790-804. [PMID: 27037862 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Root-shoot communication plays a vital role in plant growth, development and adaptation to environmental stimuli. Grafting-induced stress tolerance is associated with the induction of plentiful stress-related genes and proteins; the mechanism involved, however, remains obscure. Here, we show that the enhanced tolerance against heat stress in cucumber plants with luffa as rootstock was accompanied with an increased accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA), down-regulation of a subset of microRNAs (miRNAs) but up-regulation of their target genes and CsHSP70 accumulation in the shoots. Significantly, luffa rootstock and foliar application of ABA both down-regulated csa-miR159b and up-regulated its target mRNAs CsGAMYB1 and CsMYB29-like and CsHSP70 accumulation in cucumber, while ectopic expression of csa-miR159b led to decreased heat tolerance, AtMYB33 transcript and AtHSP70 accumulation in Arabidopsis plants. Taken together, our results suggest that root-originated signals such as ABA could alter miRNAs in the shoots, which have a major role in the post-transcriptional regulation of the stress-responsive genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ze Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xie Guo
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Xia
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jing-Quan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yan-Hong Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rana RM, Khan MA, Shah MK, Ali Z, Zhang H. Insights into the Mechanism of Heat Shock Mitigation Through Protein Repair, Recycling and Degradation. HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS AND PLANTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46340-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
16
|
Kang Y, Sakiroglu M, Krom N, Stanton-Geddes J, Wang M, Lee YC, Young ND, Udvardi M. Genome-wide association of drought-related and biomass traits with HapMap SNPs in Medicago truncatula. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:1997-2011. [PMID: 25707512 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Improving drought tolerance of crop plants is a major goal of plant breeders. In this study, we characterized biomass and drought-related traits of 220 Medicago truncatula HapMap accessions. Characterized traits included shoot biomass, maximum leaf size, specific leaf weight, stomatal density, trichome density and shoot carbon-13 isotope discrimination (δ(13) C) of well-watered M. truncatula plants, and leaf performance in vitro under dehydration stress. Genome-wide association analyses were carried out using the general linear model (GLM), the standard mixed linear model (MLM) and compressed MLM (CMLM) in TASSEL, which revealed significant overestimation of P-values by CMLM. For each trait, candidate genes and chromosome regions containing SNP markers were found that are in significant association with the trait. For plant biomass, a 0.5 Mbp region on chromosome 2 harbouring a plasma membrane intrinsic protein, PIP2, was discovered that could potentially be targeted to increase dry matter yield. A protein disulfide isomerase-like protein was found to be tightly associated with both shoot biomass and leaf size. A glutamate-cysteine ligase and an aldehyde dehydrogenase family protein with Arabidopsis homologs strongly expressed in the guard cells were two of the top genes identified by stomata density genome-wide association studies analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Kang
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | | | - Nicholas Krom
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | | | - Mingyi Wang
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Yi-Ching Lee
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Nevin D Young
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Michael Udvardi
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yue J, Sun H, Zhang W, Pei D, He Y, Wang H. Wheat homologs of yeast ATG6 function in autophagy and are implicated in powdery mildew immunity. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:95. [PMID: 25888209 PMCID: PMC4393579 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0472-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy-related ATG6 proteins are pleiotropic proteins functioning in autophagy and the phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate-signaling pathways. Arabidopsis ATG6 regulates normal plant growth, pollen development and germination, and plant responses to biotic/abiotic stresses. However, the ATG6 functions in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), an important food crop, are lacking. RESULTS We identified three members, TaATG6a-6c, of the ATG6 family from common wheat. TaATG6a, 6b and 6c were localized on homeologous chromosomes 3DL, 3BL and 3AL, respectively, of the allo-hexaploid wheat genome, and evidence was provided for their essential role in autophagy. The TaATG6a-GFP fusion protein was found in punctate pre-autophagosomal structures. The expression of each TaATG6 gene restored the accumulation of autophagic bodies in atg6-mutant yeast. Additionally, TaATG6 knockdown plants showed impaired constitutive and pathogen-induced autophagy and growth abnormalities under normal conditions. We also examined the expression patterns of wheat ATG6s for clues to their physiological roles, and found that their expression was induced by the fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), the causal agent of powdery mildew, and by abiotic stress factors. A role for TaATG6s in wheat immunity to powdery mildew was further implied when knockdowns of TaATG6s weakly compromised the broad-spectrum powdery mildew resistance gene Pm21-triggered resistance response and, conversely and significantly, enhanced the basal resistance of susceptible plants. In addition, leaf cell death was sometimes induced by growth-retarded small Bgt mycelia on susceptible TaATG6 knockdown plants after a long period of interaction. Thus, we provide an important extension of the previous characterization of plant ATG6 genes in wheat, and observed a role for autophagy genes in wheat immune responses to fungal pathogens. CONCLUSIONS Three wheat ATG6s were identified and shown to be essential for autophagy biogenesis. Wheat ATG6s are implicated in immunity to powdery mildew, playing a weak, positive role in the Pm21-triggered resistance response and a negative role in the basal resistance of susceptible plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Yue
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
| | - Hong Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
| | - Dan Pei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
| | - Yang He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
| | - Huazhong Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, School of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Smita S, Katiyar A, Chinnusamy V, Pandey DM, Bansal KC. Transcriptional Regulatory Network Analysis of MYB Transcription Factor Family Genes in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1157. [PMID: 26734052 PMCID: PMC4689866 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
MYB transcription factor (TF) is one of the largest TF families and regulates defense responses to various stresses, hormone signaling as well as many metabolic and developmental processes in plants. Understanding these regulatory hierarchies of gene expression networks in response to developmental and environmental cues is a major challenge due to the complex interactions between the genetic elements. Correlation analyses are useful to unravel co-regulated gene pairs governing biological process as well as identification of new candidate hub genes in response to these complex processes. High throughput expression profiling data are highly useful for construction of co-expression networks. In the present study, we utilized transcriptome data for comprehensive regulatory network studies of MYB TFs by "top-down" and "guide-gene" approaches. More than 50% of OsMYBs were strongly correlated under 50 experimental conditions with 51 hub genes via "top-down" approach. Further, clusters were identified using Markov Clustering (MCL). To maximize the clustering performance, parameter evaluation of the MCL inflation score (I) was performed in terms of enriched GO categories by measuring F-score. Comparison of co-expressed cluster and clads analyzed from phylogenetic analysis signifies their evolutionarily conserved co-regulatory role. We utilized compendium of known interaction and biological role with Gene Ontology enrichment analysis to hypothesize function of coexpressed OsMYBs. In the other part, the transcriptional regulatory network analysis by "guide-gene" approach revealed 40 putative targets of 26 OsMYB TF hubs with high correlation value utilizing 815 microarray data. The putative targets with MYB-binding cis-elements enrichment in their promoter region, functional co-occurrence as well as nuclear localization supports our finding. Specially, enrichment of MYB binding regions involved in drought-inducibility implying their regulatory role in drought response in rice. Thus, the co-regulatory network analysis facilitated the identification of complex OsMYB regulatory networks, and candidate target regulon genes of selected guide MYB genes. The results contribute to the candidate gene screening, and experimentally testable hypotheses for potential regulatory MYB TFs, and their targets under stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuchi Smita
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Birla Institute of TechnologyMesra, Ranchi, India
| | - Amit Katiyar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Birla Institute of TechnologyMesra, Ranchi, India
| | - Viswanathan Chinnusamy
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
| | - Dev M. Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Birla Institute of TechnologyMesra, Ranchi, India
| | - Kailash C. Bansal
- ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Indian Agricultural Research InstituteNew Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Kailash C. Bansal
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bassham DC. Methods for analysis of autophagy in plants. Methods 2014; 75:181-8. [PMID: 25239736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant vacuole is a major site for the breakdown and recycling of cellular macromolecules. Cytoplasmic components destined for degradation are delivered to the vacuole in vesicles termed autophagosomes, and the breakdown products are transported back into the cytosol for reuse, with the overall process termed autophagy. In plants, autophagy is required for nutrient remobilization and recycling during senescence and nutrient deficiency, for clearance of protein aggregates and damaged organelles during environmental stress, for pathogen defense, and for general cellular maintenance under normal growth conditions. There is growing interest in autophagy in plants due to the wide range of processes in which it functions. While much of the work thus far has used the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, autophagy is now under investigation in a number of other plants, particularly in economically important crop species. Here, I discuss methods for assessing autophagy activity in plant cells. Microscopic and biochemical assays are described, along with ways to distinguish the steady-state number of autophagosomes from flux through the autophagic pathway. Some deficiencies still exist in plant autophagy analysis, and there is a particular need for more accurate methods of quantifying autophagic flux in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane C Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Plant Sciences Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lv X, Pu X, Qin G, Zhu T, Lin H. The roles of autophagy in development and stress responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Apoptosis 2014; 19:905-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-014-0981-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|