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Uzair M, Ali M, Fiaz S, Attia K, Khan N, Al-Doss AA, Ramzan Khan M, Ali Z. The Characterization of Wheat Genotypes for Salinity Tolerance Using Morpho-Physiological Indices under Hydroponic Conditions. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:103299. [PMID: 35574282 PMCID: PMC9092983 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity affects plant growth, development, yield, and is a big challenge for wheat growth across the globe. Possible feasible solution is creation of salt-tolerant material, genetic variation is a criterion to developing genetically superior individuals. To assess the genetic variation for salt tolerance, nationally and internationally-derived 81 wheat genotypes were selected and evaluated in 0- and 150-mM salt in nutritional culture at seedling stage. Results indicate that salinity levels reveal significant (p ≤ 0.01) differences for fresh root weight (RW), shoot length (SL), fresh shoot weight (SW), total plant length (TL), total fresh weight (TW), root/shoot weight ratio (RSWR), root/shoot length ratio (RSLR), and relative growth rate for weight (RGR-Wt). While, there was no difference for root length (RL). Hierarchical Clustering and Pairwise correlation analysis showed TW, RGR-Wt, SL, SW, and RW were positively correlated among themselves, whereas RL had poor correlations with all the traits except TL and RSLR. Hence, selection of SL can improve the performance of other parameters. Based on PCA analysis, SW and RGR-Wt were the major discriminative components for wheat genotypes. Present study explained that shoot related parameters could be used as a selection criterion to categorize salt-tolerant genotypes. Outperforming genotypes 1104 and 1106 in saline conditions could be used as parents in creation of salt-tolerant wheat genotypes, and parameters such as SL, SW, TW, and RGR-Wt for early screening will be important for creating salt-tolerant and high yielding wheat genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Uzair
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
- Corresponding authors at: National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China (M. Uzair). Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan (Z. Ali).
| | - Mohsin Ali
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China
| | - Sajid Fiaz
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Kotb Attia
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naeem Khan
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Abdullah A. Al-Doss
- Biotechnology Lab, Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 2455-11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Ramzan Khan
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology (NIGAB), National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan 60000, Pakistan
- Corresponding authors at: National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100081, China (M. Uzair). Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan (Z. Ali).
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Effective Categorization of Tolerance to Salt Stress through Clustering Prunus Rootstocks According to Their Physiological Performances. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7120542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of climate change on traditional stone fruit producing areas, together with the generation of new varieties with lower chilling requirements that allow the cultivation of previously unexplored areas, are setting up a challenging scenario for the establishment of productive orchards that must be more efficient in their capacity to adapt to new edaphoclimatic conditions. In this context, the rootstock breeding programs are a key piece in the agronomic strategy to achieve this adaptation through the development of rootstocks compatible with the new varieties and capable of transferring their tolerance to stress. An effective categorization of phenotypes within the germplasm involved in a plant breeding program is of utmost importance. Through the measurement of physiological parameters in both roots and leaves, tolerance to saline stress (120 mM NaCl) was evaluated in seven Prunus rootstocks whose genetic background included representatives of the subgenera Prunus, Cerasus, and Amygdalus. To group the genotypes according to their physiological performance under salt stress, an agglomerative hierarchical clustering was applied. The genotypes were grouped into three clusters containing rootstocks very sensitive (‘Mazzard F12/1’), moderately tolerant (‘Maxma 60’, ‘Cab6P’ and ‘AGAF 0204-09’), and tolerant (‘Mariana 2624’, ‘Garnem’ and ‘Colt’) to salt stress. ‘Mariana 2624’, a plum-based rootstock, was identified as the most tolerant Prunus rootstock. The information reported is valuable both in the productive context, for the selection of the most appropriate rootstocks to establish an orchard, and in the context of plant breeding programs, when choosing parents with outstanding traits to obtain progenies tolerant to salt stress.
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Aycan M, Baslam M, Asiloglu R, Mitsui T, Yildiz M. Development of new high-salt tolerant bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes and insight into the tolerance mechanisms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:314-327. [PMID: 34147724 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The loss of cropland soils, climate change, and population growth are directly affecting the food supply. Given the higher incidence of salinity and extreme events, the cereal performance and yield are substantially hampered. Wheat is forecast to decline over the coming years due to the salinization widespread as one of the oldest and most environmental severe constraints facing global cereal production. To increase salinity tolerance of wheat, in this study, we developed two new salt-tolerant bread wheats, named 'Maycan' and 'Yıldız'. The salinity tolerance of these lines, their parents, and a salt-sensitive cultivar has been tested from measurements of physiological, biochemical, and genes associated with osmotic adjustment/plant tolerance in cultures containing 0 and 150 mM NaCl at the seedling stage. Differential growth reductions to increased salinity were observed in the salt-sensitive cultivar, with those newly developed exhibiting significantly greater root length, growth of shoot and water content as salinity tolerances overall than their parents. 'Maycan' and 'Yıldız' had higher osmoregulator proline content and antioxidants enzyme activities under salinity than the other bread wheat tested. Notably, an important upregulation in the expression of genes related to cellular ion balance, osmolytes accumulation, and abscisic acid was observed in both new wheat germplasms, which may improve salt tolerance. These finding revealed that 'Maycan' and 'Yıldız' exhibit high-salt tolerance at the seedling stage and differing in their tolerance mechanisms to the other tested cultivars, thereby providing an opportunity for their exploitation as modern bread wheats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Aycan
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Marouane Baslam
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Rasit Asiloglu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Mitsui
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Mustafa Yildiz
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Identification and development of novel salt-responsive candidate gene based SSRs (cg-SSRs) and MIR gene based SSRs (mir-SSRs) in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). Sci Rep 2021; 11:2210. [PMID: 33500485 PMCID: PMC7838269 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81698-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt stress adversely affects the global wheat production and productivity. To improve salinity tolerance of crops, identification of robust molecular markers is highly imperative for development of salt-tolerant cultivars to mimic yield losses under saline conditions. In this study, we mined 171 salt-responsive genes (including 10 miRNAs) from bread wheat genome using the sequence information of functionally validated salt-responsive rice genes. Salt-stress, tissue and developmental stage-specific expression analysis of RNA-seq datasets revealed the constitutive as well as the inductive response of salt-responsive genes in different tissues of wheat. Fifty-four genotypes were phenotyped for salt stress tolerance. The stress tolerance index of the genotypes ranged from 0.30 to 3.18. In order to understand the genetic diversity, candidate gene based SSRs (cg-SSRs) and MIR gene based SSRs (miR-SSRs) were mined from 171 members of salt-responsive genes of wheat and validated among the contrasting panels of 54 tolerant as well as susceptible wheat genotypes. Among 53 SSR markers screened, 10 cg-SSRs and 8 miR-SSRs were found to be polymorphic. Polymorphic information content between the wheat genotypes ranged from 0.07 to 0.67, indicating the extant of wide genetic variation among the salt tolerant and susceptible genotypes at the DNA level. The genetic diversity analysis based on the allelic data grouped the wheat genotypes into three separate clusters of which single group encompassing most of the salt susceptible genotypes and two of them containing salt tolerance and moderately salt tolerance wheat genotypes were in congruence with penotypic data. Our study showed that both salt-responsive genes and miRNAs based SSRs were more diverse and can be effectively used for diversity analysis. This study reports the first extensive survey on genome-wide analysis, identification, development and validation of salt-responsive cg-SSRs and miR-SSRs in wheat. The information generated in the present study on genetic divergence among genotypes having a differential response to salt will help in the selection of suitable lines as parents for developing salt tolerant cultivars in wheat.
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Nakamura C, Takenaka S, Nitta M, Yamamoto M, Kawazoe T, Ono S, Takenaka M, Inoue K, Takenaka S, Kawai S. High sensitivity of roots to salt stress as revealed by novel tip bioassay in wheat seedlings. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1852890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Nakamura
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Shotaro Takenaka
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Miyuki Nitta
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mikio Yamamoto
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kawazoe
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ono
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Motoki Takenaka
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Kazuma Inoue
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Shotaro Takenaka
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
| | - Shingo Kawai
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Japan
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Mwando E, Han Y, Angessa TT, Zhou G, Hill CB, Zhang XQ, Li C. Genome-Wide Association Study of Salinity Tolerance During Germination in Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:118. [PMID: 32153619 PMCID: PMC7047234 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Barley seeds need to be able to germinate and establish seedlings in saline soils in Mediterranean-type climates. Despite being a major cereal crop, barley has few reported quantitative trait loci (QTL) and candidate genes underlying salt tolerance at the germination stage. Breeding programs targeting salinity tolerance at germination require an understanding of genetic loci and alleles in the current germplasm. In this study, we investigated seed-germination-related traits under control and salt stress conditions in 350 diverse barley accessions. A genome-wide association study, using ~24,000 genetic markers, was undertaken to detect marker-trait associations (MTA) and the underlying candidate genes for salinity tolerance during germination. We detected 19 loci containing 52 significant salt-tolerance-associated markers across all chromosomes, and 4 genes belonging to 4 family functions underlying the predicted MTAs. Our results provide new genetic resources and information to improve salt tolerance at germination in future barley varieties via genomic and marker-assisted selection and to open up avenues for further functional characterization of the identified candidate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Mwando
- Western Barley Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Yong Han
- Western Barley Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tefera Tolera Angessa
- Western Barley Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Gaofeng Zhou
- Western Barley Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Camilla Beate Hill
- Western Barley Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Xiao-Qi Zhang
- Western Barley Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Chengdao Li
- Western Barley Genetics Alliance, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Western Australian State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Ilyas N, Amjid MW, Saleem MA, Khan W, Wattoo FM, Rana RM, Maqsood RH, Zahid A, Shah GA, Anwar A, Ahmad MQ, Shaheen M, Riaz H, Ansari MJ. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping for physiological and biochemical attributes in a Pasban90/Frontana recombinant inbred lines (RILs) population of wheat ( Triticum aestivum) under salt stress condition. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:341-351. [PMID: 31889856 PMCID: PMC6933172 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt stress causes nutritional imbalance and ion toxicity which affects wheat growth and production. A population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were developed by crossing Pasban90 (salt tolerant) and Frontana (salt suceptible) for identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for physiological traits including relative water content, membrane stability index, water potential, osmotic potential, total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and biochemical traits including proline contents, superoxide dismutase, sodium content, potassium content, chloride content and sodium/potassium ratio by tagging 202 polymorphic simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. Linkage map of RILs comprised of 21 linkage group covering A, B and D genome for tagging and maped a total of 60 QTLs with major and minor effect. B genome contributed to the highest number of QTLs under salt stress condition. Xgwm70 and Xbarc361 mapped on chromosome 6B was linked with Total chlorophyll, water potential and sodium content. The increasing allele for all these QTLs were advanced from parent Pasban90. Current study showed that Genome B and D had more potentially active genes conferring plant tolerance against salinity stress which may be exploited for marker assisted selection to breed salinity tolerant high yielding wheat varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noshin Ilyas
- Department of Botany, Pir Mehr Ali Shah (PMAS) Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqas Amjid
- Department of Agriculture, Bacha Khan University, Charsada. P.O. Box 20, Khyber Pakhtun Khwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Saleem
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Bahaudin Zakaria University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Wajiha Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus (22060), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Masoud Wattoo
- Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Pir Mehr Ali Shah (PMAS) Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Rashid Mehmood Rana
- Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Pir Mehr Ali Shah (PMAS) Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Rana Haroon Maqsood
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Sub-Campus Burewala-Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Anam Zahid
- School of Landscape Architecture and Ornamental Horticulture, Beijing Forestry University, PR China
| | - Ghulam Abbas Shah
- Department of Agronomy, Pir Mehr Ali Shah (PMAS) Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Anwar
- Department of Agronomy, Pir Mehr Ali Shah (PMAS) Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qadir Ahmad
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Bahaudin Zakaria University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Musarrat Shaheen
- Cotton Research Station, Rahim Yar Khan, Government of Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Hasan Riaz
- Institute of Plant Protection, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef (MNS) University of Agriculture, Multan 60000, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Bee Research Chair, Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Chang J, Cheong BE, Natera S, Roessner U. Morphological and metabolic responses to salt stress of rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars which differ in salinity tolerance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 144:427-435. [PMID: 31639558 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Salinization is one of the most important abiotic stressors for crop growth and productivity. Rice (Oryza sativa L.), as the major food source around the world, is very sensitive to salt, especially at seedling stage. In order to examine how salt stress influences the metabolism of rice, we compared the levels of a range of sugars and organic acids in three rice cultivars with different tolerance under salt stress over time. According to the morphological result, the shoot length and root fresh weight were only affected by salinity in the salt sensitive cultivar (Nipponbare). The responses of metabolites to salinity were time-, tissue- and cultivar-dependent. Shikimate and quinate, involved in the shikimate pathway, were dramatically decreased in the leaves of all three cultivars, which was regarded as a response to salinity. Many sugars in the leaves of the salt tolerant cultivar (Dendang and Fatmawati) showed earlier increases to salt stress compared to Nipponbare leaves. Moreover, only in the leaves of tolerant cultivars (Dendang and Fatimawati), malate was significantly decreased while sucrose was significantly increased. In Dendang roots, mannitol levels were significantly higher than in Nipponbare roots after 14 days of salt treatment, which may be attributed to its higher salt tolerance. It is proposed that these responses in the more tolerant cultivars are involved in their resistance to high salt stress which may lay the foundation for breeding tolerant rice cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Bo Eng Cheong
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Siria Natera
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Ute Roessner
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia; Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Boussora F, Allam M, Guasmi F, Ferchichi A, Rutten T, Hansson M, Youssef HM, Börner A. Spike developmental stages and ABA role in spikelet primordia abortion contribute to the final yield in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). BOTANICAL STUDIES 2019; 60:13. [PMID: 31292768 PMCID: PMC6620232 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-019-0261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salinity is a significant environmental stress factor limiting crops productivity. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) has a natural tolerance to salinity stress, making it an interesting study object in stress biology research. In the present study, for the first time the effect of salinity stress on barley inflorescence developmental stages was investigated. Five spring barley genotypes irrigated with saline water (12.5 ds/m NaCl) were compared to controls treated with normal tap water. We measured abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations in the apical, central and basal sections of the immature inflorescence at green anther (GA) stage. The role of ABA in spikelet primordia development, atrophy and abortion and final yield was evaluated. RESULTS A time course experiment starting from double ridge until green anther (GA) stages revealed that salinity reduced the length of spike developmental stages in all genotypes causing shortened of the plant life cycle. The shortened plant life cycle negatively affected plant height and number of tillers/plant. Salinity also affected spikelet primordia development. In both control and salinity treated plants apical spikelet abortion started in late awn primordium (AP) stage. However, under salinity treatment, significantly more spikelets were aborted, thus directly affecting plant yield potential. ABA, which plays a role in the spikelet/floret abortion process, was markedly elevated in the base and apex of salt treated spikes correlating with an increased spikelet abortion in these regions. CONCLUSIONS Overall, salinity treatment reduced all plant and yield-related parameters investigated and turned some of the correlations among them from positive to negative or vice versa. Investigations of ABA role in floral development and phase duration of barley spike showed that, ABA regulates the spikelet/floret abortion process affecting the yield potential under salinity and control conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Boussora
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
- Institute of Arid Lands of Medenine, Route du Djorf Km 22.5, Médénine, Tunisia
- Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte (FSB), 7021 Zarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Allam
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
- Institute of Agriculture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Akademija, Lithuania
| | - Ferdaous Guasmi
- Institute of Arid Lands of Medenine, Route du Djorf Km 22.5, Médénine, Tunisia
| | - Ali Ferchichi
- Institut National Agronomique de Tunis, 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Twan Rutten
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Mats Hansson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362, Lund, Sweden
| | - Helmy M Youssef
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany.
- Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Andreas Börner
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstraße 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany.
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Ghaderi N, Hatami MR, Mozafari A, Siosehmardeh A. Change in antioxidant enzymes activity and some morpho-physiological characteristics of strawberry under long-term salt stress. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 24:833-843. [PMID: 30150858 PMCID: PMC6103947 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-018-0535-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The effects of long term salinity on some morpho-physiological characteristics were studied in strawberry Kurdistan and Queen elisa cultivars. Vegetative and biochemical traits were measured in strawberry cultivars subjected to three levels of salinity including 0, 40 and 80 mM at 20, 40 and 60th days after NaCl addition. Results showed that in both cultivars the dry weight of plant organs decreased in response to NaCl, except of crown weight in cv. Kurdistan. Root to shoot ratio increased due to a greater reduction in above ground biomass under salinity. Strawberry cultivars tended to decrease their stomatal conductance, RWC, proline, soluble carbohydrates and proteins during the different evaluation periods. Compared to the 20th day, peroxidase activity decreased at 80 mM during 40 and 60 days in cv. Queen elisa. On the contrary, ascorbate peroxidase activity elevated until the 40th day and decreased afterwards, in addition application of 40 and 80 mM NaCl increased the ascorbate peroxidase activity of both studied cultivars. Catalase activity increased from 20th until 60th days in cv. Queen elisa, while showed increase in cv. Kurdistan until day 40 and then decreased again at day 60. Application of 40 and 80 mM NaCl resulted in an increase in peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and catalase activities of both cultivars. The Queen elisa cv. showed lower tolerance index (45.88%) compared with cv. Kurdistan (67.97%). Finally, higher salinity resistance of cv. Kurdistan is probably associated with its ability to maintain higher RWC and higher activity of antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Ghaderi
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Agricultural Faculty, University of Kurdistan, P. O. Box 416, Sanandej, 66177-15175 Iran
- Research Center for Strawberry Breeding and Improvement, University of Kurdistan, P. O. Box 416, Sanandaj, 66177-15175 Iran
| | - Mohamad reza Hatami
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Agricultural Faculty, University of Kurdistan, P. O. Box 416, Sanandej, 66177-15175 Iran
| | - Aliakbar Mozafari
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Agricultural Faculty, University of Kurdistan, P. O. Box 416, Sanandej, 66177-15175 Iran
- Research Center for Strawberry Breeding and Improvement, University of Kurdistan, P. O. Box 416, Sanandaj, 66177-15175 Iran
| | - Adel Siosehmardeh
- Department of Agronomy, Agricultural Faculty, University of Kurdistan, P. O. Box 416, Sanandej, 66177-15175 Iran
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11
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Hu G, Liu Y, Duo T, Zhao B, Cui G, Ji J, Kuang X, Ervin EH, Zhang X. Antioxidant metabolism variation associated with alkali-salt tolerance in thirty switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) lines. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199681. [PMID: 29940015 PMCID: PMC6016911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil salinization is a major factor limiting crop growth and development in many areas. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is an important warm-season grass species used for biofuel production. The objective of this study was to investigate antioxidant metabolism, proline,and protein variation associated with alkali-salt tolerance among 30 switchgrass lines and identify metabolic markers for evaluating alkali-salt tolerance of switchgrass lines. The grass lines were transplanted into plastic pots containing fine sand. When the plants reached E5 developmental stage, they were subjected to either alkali-salt stress treatment (150 mM Na+ and pH of 9.5) or control (no alkali-salt stress) for 20 d. The 30 switchgrass lines differed in alkali-salt tolerance as determined by the level of leaf malondialdehyde (MDA), antioxidant enzyme activity [(superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX)], proline and protein. Alkali-salt stress increased MDA, proline, SOD, reduced CAT activity, but its effect on protein and APX varied depending on lines. Wide variations in the five parameters existed among the 30 lines. In general, the lines with higher CAT activity and lower proline content under alkali-salt stress had less MDA, exhibiting better alkali-salt tolerance. Among the five parameters, CAT can be considered as valuable metabolic markers for assessment of switchgrass tolerance to alkali-salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofu Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.,Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America.,Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS) / Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hainan Danzhou, P.R. China
| | - Tianqi Duo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Bingyu Zhao
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Guowen Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jing Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiao Kuang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Erik H Ervin
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States of America
| | - Xunzhong Zhang
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
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Jaiswal S, Sheoran S, Arora V, Angadi UB, Iquebal MA, Raghav N, Aneja B, Kumar D, Singh R, Sharma P, Singh GP, Rai A, Tiwari R, Kumar D. Putative Microsatellite DNA Marker-Based Wheat Genomic Resource for Varietal Improvement and Management. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2009. [PMID: 29234333 PMCID: PMC5712362 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Wheat fulfills 20% of global caloric requirement. World needs 60% more wheat for 9 billion population by 2050 but climate change with increasing temperature is projected to affect wheat productivity adversely. Trait improvement and management of wheat germplasm requires genomic resource. Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) being highly polymorphic and ubiquitously distributed in the genome, can be a marker of choice but there is no structured marker database with options to generate primer pairs for genotyping on desired chromosome/physical location. Previously associated markers with different wheat trait are also not available in any database. Limitations of in vitro SSR discovery can be overcome by genome-wide in silico mining of SSR. Triticum aestivum SSR database (TaSSRDb) is an integrated online database with three-tier architecture, developed using PHP and MySQL and accessible at http://webtom.cabgrid.res.in/wheatssr/. For genotyping, Primer3 standalone code computes primers on user request. Chromosome-wise SSR calling for all the three sub genomes along with choice of motif types is provided in addition to the primer generation for desired marker. We report here a database of highest number of SSRs (476,169) from complex, hexaploid wheat genome (~17 GB) along with previously reported 268 SSR markers associated with 11 traits. Highest (116.93 SSRs/Mb) and lowest (74.57 SSRs/Mb) SSR densities were found on 2D and 3A chromosome, respectively. To obtain homozygous locus, e-PCR was done. Such 30 loci were randomly selected for PCR validation in panel of 18 wheat Advance Varietal Trial (AVT) lines. TaSSRDb can be a valuable genomic resource tool for linkage mapping, gene/QTL (Quantitative trait locus) discovery, diversity analysis, traceability and variety identification. Varietal specific profiling and differentiation can supplement DUS (Distinctiveness, Uniformity, and Stability) testing, EDV (Essentially Derived Variety)/IV (Initial Variety) disputes, seed purity and hybrid wheat testing. All these are required in germplasm management as well as also in the endeavor of wheat productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Jaiswal
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonia Sheoran
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, India
| | - Vasu Arora
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ulavappa B. Angadi
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Mir A. Iquebal
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Nishu Raghav
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, India
| | - Bharti Aneja
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, India
| | - Deepender Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, India
| | - Rajender Singh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, India
| | - Pradeep Sharma
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, India
| | - G. P. Singh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, India
| | - Anil Rai
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ratan Tiwari
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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13
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Singh D, Singh CK, Kumari S, Singh Tomar RS, Karwa S, Singh R, Singh RB, Sarkar SK, Pal M. Discerning morpho-anatomical, physiological and molecular multiformity in cultivated and wild genotypes of lentil with reconciliation to salinity stress. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177465. [PMID: 28542267 PMCID: PMC5444645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
One hundred and sixty two genotypes of different Lens species were screened for salinity tolerance in hydroponics at 40, 80 and 120 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) for 30 d. The germination, seedling growth, biomass accumulation, seedling survivability, salinity scores, root and shoot anatomy, sodium ion (Na+), chloride ion (Cl-) and potassium ion (K+) concentrations, proline and antioxidant activities were measured to evaluate the performance of all the genotypes. The results were compared in respect of physiological (Na+, K+ and Cl-) and seed yield components obtained from field trials for salinity stress conducted during two years. Expression of salt tolerance in hydroponics was found to be reliable indicator for similarity in salt tolerance between genotypes and was evident in saline soil based comparisons. Impressive genotypic variation for salinity tolerance was observed among the genotypes screened under hydroponic and saline field conditions. Plant concentrations of Na+ and Cl- at 120 mM NaCl were found significantly correlated with germination, root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight of roots and shoots, seedling survivability, salinity scores and K+ under controlled conditions and ranked the genotypes along with their seed yield in the field. Root and shoot anatomy of tolerant line (PDL-1) and wild accession (ILWL-137) showed restricted uptake of Na+ and Cl- due to thick layer of their epidermis and endodermis as compared to sensitive cultigen (L-4076). All the genotypes were scanned using SSR markers for genetic diversity, which generated high polymorphism. On the basis of cluster analysis and population structure the contrasting genotypes were grouped into different classes. These markers may further be tested to explore their potential in marker-assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Singh
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (DS); (RS); (MP)
| | - Chandan Kumar Singh
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Shanti Kumari
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sourabh Karwa
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (DS); (RS); (MP)
| | - Raja Bahadur Singh
- ICAR-All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Salt affected Soil and Saline Use in Irrigation Water in Agriculture, Raja Balwant Singh College, Bichpuri, Agra, India
| | | | - Madan Pal
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (DS); (RS); (MP)
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14
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Development of a SCAR marker associated with salt tolerance in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) from a semi-arid region. Genes Genomics 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-016-0438-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Robin AHK, Matthew C, Uddin MJ, Bayazid KN. Salinity-induced reduction in root surface area and changes in major root and shoot traits at the phytomer level in wheat. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3719-29. [PMID: 26951370 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of salinity stress on root growth at the phytomer level in wheat to provide novel site-specific understanding of salinity damage in roots. Seedlings of 13 wheat varieties were grown hydroponically. Plants were exposed to three concentrations of NaCl, 0 (control), 50 and 100mM, from 47 days after sowing. In a destructive harvest 12 days later we determined the number of live leaves, adventitious roots, seminal roots and newly formed roots at the youngest phytomer; length and diameter of main axes; and length and diameter of root hairs and their number per millimetre of root axis. Elongation rate of main axes and root hair density were then derived. Root surface area at each root-bearing phytomer (Pr) was mechanistically modelled. New root formation was increased by salt exposure, while number of live leaves per plant decreased. The greatest salinity effect on root axis elongation was observed at the youngest roots at Pr1 and Pr2. Both the 50mM and the 100mM levels of salinity reduced root hair length by approximately 25% and root hair density by 40% compared with the control whereas root hairs alone contributed around 93% of the estimated total root surface area of an individual tiller. Decrease in main axis length of new roots, root hair density and root hair length combined to reduce estimated root surface area by 36-66% at the higher NaCl concentration. The varietal response towards the three salinity levels was found to be trait-specific. The data highlight reduction in root surface area as a major but previously largely unrecognized component of salinity damage. Salinity resistance is trait-specific. Selection for retention of root surface area at a specific phytomer position following salt exposure might be useful in development of salinity-tolerant crop varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Hasan Khan Robin
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-02202, Bangladesh
| | - Cory Matthew
- Institute of Agriculture and Environment PN433, Massey University, Private Bag11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Md Jasim Uddin
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-02202, Bangladesh
| | - Khandaker Nafiz Bayazid
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-02202, Bangladesh
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16
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Sakina A, Ahmed I, Shahzad A, Iqbal M, Asif M. Genetic Variation for Salinity Tolerance in Pakistani Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) Germplasm. JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE 2016; 202:25-36. [DOI: 10.1111/jac.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
AbstractSoil salinity is one of the major production constraints. Development and planting of salt‐tolerant varieties can reduce yield losses due to salinity. We screened 185 rice genotypes at germination stage in petri dishes under control, 50, 100 and 150 mm salt stress, and at seedling stage in Yoshida's hydroponic nutrient solution under control, 50 and 100 mm salt stress. At germination stage, 15 genotypes including Nona Bokra, Sonahri Kangni, 7421, 7423 and 7467, whereas at seedling stage, 28 genotypes including Nona Bokra, Jajai‐77, KSK‐133, KSK‐282, Fakhr‐e‐Malakand, Pakhal, IR‐6, Khushboo‐95, Shahkar and Shua‐92 were found salt tolerant. Basmati‐370, Mushkan, Homo‐46 and accessions 7436, 7437 and 7720 were sensitive to salinity at both germination and seedling stage. We further screened a subset of 33 salt‐tolerant and salt‐sensitive genotypes with SSR markers. Four SSR markers (RM19, RM171, RM172 and RM189) showed significant association with two or more of the studied traits under 50, 100 and 150 mm salt stress. These markers may be further tested for their potential in marker‐assisted selection. The salt‐tolerant genotypes identified in this study may prove useful in the development of salt‐tolerant rice varieties in adapted genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Sakina
- Department of Plant Genomics and Biotechnology PARC Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture National Agricultural Research Centre Islamabad Pakistan
| | - I. Ahmed
- Department of Plant Genomics and Biotechnology PARC Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture National Agricultural Research Centre Islamabad Pakistan
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology National Agricultural Research Centre Islamabad Pakistan
| | - A. Shahzad
- Department of Plant Genomics and Biotechnology PARC Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture National Agricultural Research Centre Islamabad Pakistan
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology National Agricultural Research Centre Islamabad Pakistan
| | - M. Iqbal
- Department of Plant Genomics and Biotechnology PARC Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture National Agricultural Research Centre Islamabad Pakistan
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology National Agricultural Research Centre Islamabad Pakistan
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - M. Asif
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
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Hu G, Liu Y, Zhang X, Yao F, Huang Y, Ervin EH, Zhao B. Physiological Evaluation of Alkali-Salt Tolerance of Thirty Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) Lines. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125305. [PMID: 26146987 PMCID: PMC4492678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil salt-alkalization is a major limiting factor for crop production in many regions. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a warm-season C4 perennial rhizomatous bunchgrass and a target lignocellulosic biofuel species. The objective of this study was to evaluate relative alkali-salt tolerance among 30 switchgrass lines. Tillers of each switchgrass line were transplanted into pots filled with fine sand. Two months after transplanting, plants at E5 developmental stage were grown in either half strength Hoagland’s nutrient solution with 0 mM Na+ (control) or half strength Hoagland’s nutrient solution with 150 mM Na+ and pH of 9.5 (alkali-salt stress treatment) for 20 d. Alkali-salt stress damaged cell membranes [higher electrolyte leakage (EL) ], reduced leaf relative water content (RWC), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration rate (Tr). An alkali-salt stress tolerance trait index (ASTTI) for each parameter was calculated based on the ratio of the value under alkali-salt stress and the value under non-stress conditions for each parameter of each line. Relative alkali-salt tolerance was determined based on principal components analysis and cluster analysis of the physiological parameters and their ASTTI values. Significant differences in alkali-salt stress tolerance were found among the 30 lines. Lowland lines TEM-SEC, Alamo, TEM-SLC and Kanlow were classified as alkali-salt tolerant. In contrast, three lowland lines (AM-314/MS-155, BN-13645-64) and two upland lines (Caddo and Blackwell-1) were classified as alkali-salt sensitive. The results suggest wide variations exist in alkali-salt stress tolerance among the 30 switchgrass lines. The approach of using a combination of principal components and cluster analysis of the physiological parameters and related ASTTI is feasible for evaluating alkali-salt tolerance in switchgrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofu Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P.R. China
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Xunzhong Zhang
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XZ); (BZ)
| | - Fengjiao Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, P.R. China
| | - Erik H. Ervin
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Bingyu Zhao
- Department of Horticulture, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XZ); (BZ)
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