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Baptistella JLC, Assoni G, da Silva MS, Mazzafera P. Variation in Soluble Sugars in Arabica Coffee Cherry Fruits. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1853. [PMID: 38999694 PMCID: PMC11243843 DOI: 10.3390/plants13131853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
The maturation of Arabica coffee fruits is influenced by both endogenous and external factors. The stage of fruit maturation affects the chemical composition of the beans, which in turn impacts the quality of the coffee beverage. During maturation, the fruit peel changes colour from green to red (cherry), signalling the optimal harvest time and suggesting high fruit quality. However, the degree of redness can vary, indicating different levels of maturity. This study aimed to explore the variation in soluble sugar accumulation in relation to the redness of coffee fruit tissues. We classified ripe fruits into six ripeness categories based on the intensity of the red colour of the epicarp, measured using a colourimeter. We analysed total soluble sugar, sucrose, and starch in three parts: coat (exocarp + mesocarp), coat juice (obtained by squeezing the coat), and beans. Our findings reveal that the variation in sugar in the endosperm does not correspond to changes in the coat, suggesting separate regulation of sugar accumulation, particularly sucrose, which is crucial for coffee quality. Our data indicate that there is no transfer of sucrose and reducing sugars from the red coat to the bean.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Leonardo Corte Baptistella
- Department of Crop Science, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, Esalq-Usp, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil; (J.L.C.B.); (G.A.); (M.S.d.S.)
| | - Giovane Assoni
- Department of Crop Science, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, Esalq-Usp, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil; (J.L.C.B.); (G.A.); (M.S.d.S.)
| | - Marcio Souza da Silva
- Department of Crop Science, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, Esalq-Usp, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil; (J.L.C.B.); (G.A.); (M.S.d.S.)
| | - Paulo Mazzafera
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, Campinas State University, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil
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Guo S, Wang M, Song X, Zhou G, Kong Y. The evolving views of the simplest pectic polysaccharides: homogalacturonan. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:2111-2123. [PMID: 35986766 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02909-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is an important component of cell wall polysaccharides and is important for normal plant growth and development. As a major component of pectin in the primary cell wall, homogalacturonan (HG) is a long-chain macromolecular polysaccharide composed of repeated α-1,4-D-GalA sugar units. At the same time, HG is synthesized in the Golgi apparatus in the form of methyl esterification and acetylation. It is then secreted into the plasmodesmata, where it is usually demethylated by pectin methyl esterase (PME) and deacetylated by pectin acetylase (PAE). The synthesis and modification of HG are involved in polysaccharide metabolism in the cell wall, which affects the structure and function of the cell wall and plays an important role in plant growth and development. This paper mainly summarizes the recent research on the biosynthesis, modification and the roles of HG in plant cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiqiang Guo
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Song
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Gongke Zhou
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China
- Academy of Dongying Efficient Agricultural Technology and Industry On Saline and Alkaline Land in Collaboration With Qingdao Agricultural University, Dongying, 257092, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingzhen Kong
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, People's Republic of China.
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Dos Santos CP, Batista MC, da Cruz Saraiva KD, Roque ALM, de Souza Miranda R, Alexandre E Silva LM, Moura CFH, Alves Filho EG, Canuto KM, Costa JH. Transcriptome analysis of acerola fruit ripening: insights into ascorbate, ethylene, respiration, and softening metabolisms. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 101:269-296. [PMID: 31338671 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00903-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The first transcriptome coupled to metabolite analyses reveals major trends during acerola fruit ripening and shed lights on ascorbate, ethylene signalling, cellular respiration, sugar accumulation, and softening key regulatory genes. Acerola is a fast growing and ripening fruit that exhibits high amounts of ascorbate. During ripening, the fruit experience high respiratory rates leading to ascorbate depletion and a quickly fragile and perishable state. Despite its growing economic importance, understanding of its developmental metabolism remains obscure due to the absence of genomic and transcriptomic data. We performed an acerola transcriptome sequencing that generated over 600 million reads, 40,830 contigs, and provided the annotation of 25,298 unique transcripts. Overall, this study revealed the main metabolic changes that occur in the acerola ripening. This transcriptional profile linked to metabolite measurements, allowed us to focus on ascorbate, ethylene, respiration, sugar, and firmness, the major metabolism indicators for acerola quality. Our results suggest a cooperative role of several genes involved in AsA biosynthesis (PMM, GMP1 and 3, GME1 and 2, GGP1 and 2), translocation (NAT3, 4, 6 and 6-like) and recycling (MDHAR2 and DHAR1) pathways for AsA accumulation in unripe fruits. Moreover, the association of metabolites with transcript profiles provided a comprehensive understanding of ethylene signalling, respiration, sugar accumulation and softening of acerola, shedding light on promising key regulatory genes. Overall, this study provides a foundation for further examination of the functional significance of these genes to improve fruit quality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clesivan Pereira Dos Santos
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Mathias Coelho Batista
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Kátia Daniella da Cruz Saraiva
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Paraíba, Campus Princesa Isabel, Princesa Isabel, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Maia Roque
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - José Hélio Costa
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil.
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Verma C, Kumar Mani A, Mishra S. Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of Cell Wall Degrading Enzyme, Pectin Methylesterase Versus Banana Ripening: An Overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3923/ajbkr.2017.1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Onelli E, Ghiani A, Gentili R, Serra S, Musacchi S, Citterio S. Specific Changes of Exocarp and Mesocarp Occurring during Softening Differently Affect Firmness in Melting (MF) and Non Melting Flesh (NMF) Fruits. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145341. [PMID: 26709823 PMCID: PMC4692397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Melting (MF) and non melting flesh (NMF) peaches differ in their final texture and firmness. Their specific characteristics are achieved by softening process and directly dictate fruit shelf life and quality. Softening is influenced by various mechanisms including cell wall reorganization and water loss. In this work, the biomechanical properties of MF Spring Crest's and NMF Oro A's exocarp and mesocarp along with the amount and localization of hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids were investigated during fruit ripening and post-harvest. The objective was to better understand the role played by water loss and cell wall reorganization in peach softening. Results showed that in ripe Spring Crest, where both cell turgor loss and cell wall dismantling occurred, mesocarp had a little role in the fruit reaction to compression and probe penetration response was almost exclusively ascribed to the epidermis which functioned as a mechanical support to the pulp. In ripe Oro A's fruit, where cell wall disassembly did not occur and the loss of cell turgor was observed only in mesocarp, the contribution of exocarp to fruit firmness was consistent but relatively lower than that of mesocarp, suggesting that in addition to cell turgor, the integrity of cell wall played a key role in maintaining NMF fruit firmness. The analysis of phenols suggested that permeability and firmness of epidermis were associated with the presence of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Onelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - A. Ghiani
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza n. 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - R. Gentili
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza n. 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - S. Serra
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, TFREC, Wenatchee, 98801, WA, United States of America
| | - S. Musacchi
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, TFREC, Wenatchee, 98801, WA, United States of America
| | - S. Citterio
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza n. 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
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Sénéchal F, Wattier C, Rustérucci C, Pelloux J. Homogalacturonan-modifying enzymes: structure, expression, and roles in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5125-60. [PMID: 25056773 PMCID: PMC4400535 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the changes affecting the plant cell wall is a key element in addressing its functional role in plant growth and in the response to stress. Pectins, which are the main constituents of the primary cell wall in dicot species, play a central role in the control of cellular adhesion and thereby of the rheological properties of the wall. This is likely to be a major determinant of plant growth. How the discrete changes in pectin structure are mediated is thus a key issue in our understanding of plant development and plant responses to changes in the environment. In particular, understanding the remodelling of homogalacturonan (HG), the most abundant pectic polymer, by specific enzymes is a current challenge in addressing its fundamental role. HG, a polymer that can be methylesterified or acetylated, can be modified by HGMEs (HG-modifying enzymes) which all belong to large multigenic families in all species sequenced to date. In particular, both the degrees of substitution (methylesterification and/or acetylation) and polymerization can be controlled by specific enzymes such as pectin methylesterases (PMEs), pectin acetylesterases (PAEs), polygalacturonases (PGs), or pectate lyases-like (PLLs). Major advances in the biochemical and functional characterization of these enzymes have been made over the last 10 years. This review aims to provide a comprehensive, up to date summary of the recent data concerning the structure, regulation, and function of these fascinating enzymes in plant development and in response to biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Sénéchal
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Christopher Wattier
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Christine Rustérucci
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- EA3900 BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, F-80039 Amiens, France
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