1
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Ogunleye A, Piyawajanusorn C, Ghislat G, Ballester PJ. Large-Scale Machine Learning Analysis Reveals DNA Methylation and Gene Expression Response Signatures for Gemcitabine-Treated Pancreatic Cancer. HEALTH DATA SCIENCE 2024; 4:0108. [PMID: 38486621 PMCID: PMC10904073 DOI: 10.34133/hds.0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Background: Gemcitabine is a first-line chemotherapy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD), but many PAAD patients do not respond to gemcitabine-containing treatments. Being able to predict such nonresponders would hence permit the undelayed administration of more promising treatments while sparing gemcitabine life-threatening side effects for those patients. Unfortunately, the few predictors of PAAD patient response to this drug are weak, none of them exploiting yet the power of machine learning (ML). Methods: Here, we applied ML to predict the response of PAAD patients to gemcitabine from the molecular profiles of their tumors. More concretely, we collected diverse molecular profiles of PAAD patient tumors along with the corresponding clinical data (gemcitabine responses and clinical features) from the Genomic Data Commons resource. From systematically combining 8 tumor profiles with 16 classification algorithms, each of the resulting 128 ML models was evaluated by multiple 10-fold cross-validations. Results: Only 7 of these 128 models were predictive, which underlines the importance of carrying out such a large-scale analysis to avoid missing the most predictive models. These were here random forest using 4 selected mRNAs [0.44 Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC), 0.785 receiver operating characteristic-area under the curve (ROC-AUC)] and XGBoost combining 12 DNA methylation probes (0.32 MCC, 0.697 ROC-AUC). By contrast, the hENT1 marker obtained much worse random-level performance (practically 0 MCC, 0.5 ROC-AUC). Despite not being trained to predict prognosis (overall and progression-free survival), these ML models were also able to anticipate this patient outcome. Conclusions: We release these promising ML models so that they can be evaluated prospectively on other gemcitabine-treated PAAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeolu Ogunleye
- Department of Organismal Biology,
Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Ghita Ghislat
- Department of Life Sciences,
Imperial College London, London, UK
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2
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Ingle K, LaComb JF, Graves LM, Baines AT, Bialkowska AB. AUM302, a novel triple kinase PIM/PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, is a potent in vitro pancreatic cancer growth inhibitor. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294065. [PMID: 37943821 PMCID: PMC10635512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths, with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) being the most common subtype. Advanced stage diagnosis of PDAC is common, causing limited treatment opportunities. Gemcitabine is a frequently used chemotherapeutic agent which can be used as a monotherapy or in combination. However, tumors often develop resistance to gemcitabine. Previous studies show that the proto-oncogene PIM kinases (PIM1 and PIM3) are upregulated in PDAC compared to matched normal tissue and are related to chemoresistance and PDAC cell growth. The PIM kinases are also involved in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway to promote cell survival. In this study, we evaluate the effect of the novel multikinase PIM/PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, AUM302, and commercially available PIM inhibitor, TP-3654. Using five human PDAC cell lines, we found AUM302 to be a potent inhibitor of cell proliferation, cell viability, cell cycle progression, and phosphoprotein expression, while TP-3654 was less effective. Significantly, AUM302 had a strong impact on the viability of gemcitabine-resistant PDAC cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that AUM302 exhibits antitumor activity in human PDAC cells and thus has the potential to be an effective drug for PDAC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komala Ingle
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph F. LaComb
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Lee M. Graves
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Antonio T. Baines
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, College of Health & Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Agnieszka B. Bialkowska
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
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3
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Wang M, Qu K, Zhao P, Yin X, Meng Y, Herdewijn P, Liu C, Zhang L, Xia X. Synthesis and anticancer evaluation of acetylated-lysine conjugated gemcitabine prodrugs. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1572-1580. [PMID: 37593582 PMCID: PMC10429768 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00190c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine is an antimetabolite drug approved for the treatment of various cancers. However, its use is limited due to several issues such as stability, toxicity and drug resistance. Herein, we present the design and synthesis of a series of gemcitabine prodrugs with modifications on the 4-N-amino group by employing an acetylated l- or d-lysine moiety masked by different substitutions. Prodrugs 1-3 and 6-8 showed up to 2.4 times greater anticancer activity than gemcitabine in A549 lung cells, while they exhibited potent activity against BxPC-3 pancreatic cells with IC50 values in the range of 7-40 nM. Moreover, prodrugs 2-3 and 7-8 were found to be less potent against CTSL low expression Caco-2 cells and at least 69-fold less toxic towards human normal HEK-293T cells compared to gemcitabine, leading to improved selectivity and safety profiles. Further stability studies showed that representative prodrugs 2 and 7 exhibited enhanced metabolic stability in human plasma, human liver microsomes and cytidine deaminase. Prodrug 1 can be cleaved by tumor cell-enriched CTSL to release parent drug gemcitabine. Overall, these results demonstrated that acetylated lysine conjugated gemcitabine prodrugs could serve as promising leads for further evaluation as new anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250103 China
| | - Kunyu Qu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250103 China
| | - Peipei Zhao
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250103 China
| | - Xin Yin
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250103 China
| | - Yiwei Meng
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250103 China
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University Jinan 250012 China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250103 China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, and School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST) Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Xuekui Xia
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Jinan 250103 China
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4
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Qin L, Dong Z, Huang C, Liu H, Beebe J, Subramaniyan B, Hao Y, Liu Y, He Z, Liu JY, Zhang JT. Reversible promoter demethylation of PDGFD confers gemcitabine resistance through STAT3 activation and RRM1 upregulation. Cancer Lett 2023:216266. [PMID: 37321532 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance is a major problem in cancer treatment with traditional or targeted therapeutics. Gemcitabine is approved for several human cancers and the first line treatment for locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, gemcitabine resistance frequently occurs and is a major problem in successful treatments of these cancers and the mechanism of gemcitabine resistance remains largely unknown. In this study, we identified 65 genes that had reversible methylation changes in their promoters in gemcitabine resistant PDAC cells using whole genome Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing analyses. One of these genes, PDGFD, was further studied in detail for its reversible epigenetic regulation in expression and shown to contribute to gemcitabine resistance in vitro and in vivo via stimulating STAT3 signaling in both autocrine and paracrine manners to upregulate RRM1 expression. Analyses of TCGA datasets showed that PDGFD positively associates with poor outcome of PDAC patients. Together, we conclude that the reversible epigenetic upregulation plays an important role in gemcitabine resistance development and targeting PDGFD signaling alleviates gemcitabine resistance for PDAC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Zizheng Dong
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Caoqinglong Huang
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Hao Liu
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China
| | - Jenny Beebe
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Boopathi Subramaniyan
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Yangyang Hao
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Zhimin He
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing-Yuan Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Jian-Ting Zhang
- Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA.
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5
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Markowski A, Jaromin A, Migdał P, Olczak E, Zygmunt A, Zaremba-Czogalla M, Pawlik K, Gubernator J. Design and Development of a New Type of Hybrid PLGA/Lipid Nanoparticle as an Ursolic Acid Delivery System against Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5536. [PMID: 35628352 PMCID: PMC9143619 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite many attempts, trials, and treatment procedures, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) still ranks among the most deadly and treatment-resistant types of cancer. Hence, there is still an urgent need to develop new molecules, drugs, and therapeutic methods against PDAC. Naturally derived compounds, such as pentacyclic terpenoids, have gained attention because of their high cytotoxic activity toward pancreatic cancer cells. Ursolic acid (UA), as an example, possesses a wide anticancer activity spectrum and can potentially be a good candidate for anti-PDAC therapy. However, due to its minimal water solubility, it is necessary to prepare an optimal nano-sized vehicle to overcome the low bioavailability issue. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) polymeric nanocarriers seem to be an essential tool for ursolic acid delivery and can overcome the lack of biological activity observed after being incorporated within liposomes. PLGA modification, with the addition of PEGylated phospholipids forming the lipid shell around the polymeric core, can provide additional beneficial properties to the designed nanocarrier. We prepared UA-loaded hybrid PLGA/lipid nanoparticles using a nanoprecipitation method and subsequently performed an MTT cytotoxicity assay for AsPC-1 and BxPC-3 cells and determined the hemolytic effect on human erythrocytes with transmission electron microscopic (TEM) visualization of the nanoparticles and their cellular uptake. Hybrid UA-loaded lipid nanoparticles were also examined in terms of their stability, coating dynamics, and ursolic acid loading. We established innovative and repeatable preparation procedures for novel hybrid nanoparticles and obtained biologically active nanocarriers for ursolic acid with an IC50 below 20 µM, with an appropriate size for intravenous dosage (around 150 nm), high homogeneity of the sample (below 0.2), satisfactory encapsulation efficiency (up to 70%) and excellent stability. The new type of hybrid UA-PLGA nanoparticles represents a further step in the development of potentially effective PDAC therapies based on novel, biologically active, and promising triterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Markowski
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (A.J.); (E.O.); (A.Z.); (M.Z.-C.)
| | - Anna Jaromin
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (A.J.); (E.O.); (A.Z.); (M.Z.-C.)
| | - Paweł Migdał
- Polish Academy of Science Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland; (P.M.); (K.P.)
- Department of Environment Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Bee Division, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmońskiego 38C, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Olczak
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (A.J.); (E.O.); (A.Z.); (M.Z.-C.)
| | - Adrianna Zygmunt
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (A.J.); (E.O.); (A.Z.); (M.Z.-C.)
| | - Magdalena Zaremba-Czogalla
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (A.J.); (E.O.); (A.Z.); (M.Z.-C.)
| | - Krzysztof Pawlik
- Polish Academy of Science Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland; (P.M.); (K.P.)
| | - Jerzy Gubernator
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (A.J.); (E.O.); (A.Z.); (M.Z.-C.)
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6
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Biomarkers of Trifluridine-Tipiracil Efficacy. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10235568. [PMID: 34884270 PMCID: PMC8658167 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10235568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Trifluridine/tipiracil (TAS-102) is a newer generation chemotherapy that has been approved for the later-line treatment of metastatic colorectal and gastric/gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas. The oral drug provides a modest benefit of prolongation of survival over placebo in pretreated patients with these cancers with acceptable toxicity. Studies have shown rare objective responses (2-4%), and the disease control rates were 44% in both colorectal and gastric cancer randomized trials. Thus, the majority of patients progress through treatment and are burdened by toxicities. To better characterize the sub-group of patients with a higher probability of benefit from trifluridine/tipiracil, predictive biomarkers have been sought using data from randomized trials as well as from non-randomized trials and real-world series. Biomarkers examined include clinical characteristics of the patients, laboratory tests, and tumor derived biomarkers. These studies show that early neutropenia on treatment, and ratios of leukocyte subsets, are potential biomarkers able to predict trifluridine/tipiracil benefit. Combinations of laboratory values and clinical characteristics and proteins involved in trifluridine transport and activation have been examined with initial positive results.
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7
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RRM1 Expression as a Prognostic Biomarker for Unresectable or Recurrent Biliary Tract Cancer Treated with Gemcitabine plus Cisplatin. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10204652. [PMID: 34682775 PMCID: PMC8538709 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10204652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GP) is regarded as a first-line treatment for patients with unresectable or recurrent biliary tract cancer (BTC). Several proteins including human equilibrative nucleoside transporter-1 (hENT1), deoxycytidine kinase (DCK), cytidine deaminase (CDA), and ribonucleotide reductase subunit 1 (RRM1) are known to be involved in gemcitabine uptake and metabolism. This study was aimed to identify the predictive and prognostic values of these biomarkers in patients who treated with GP for advanced BTC. Tumor samples were obtained from 34 patients with unresectable or recurrent BTC who were treated with GP between August 2015 and February 2018. Intratumoral expression of hENT1, DCK, CDA and RRM1 was determined by immunohistochemistry and analyzed for association with chemotherapy response, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Median OS was significantly longer in the RRM1-negative group than in the RRM1-positive (9.9 months vs. 5.9 months, p = 0.037). Multivariate adjustment analyses also demonstrated RRM1 expression as an independent prognostic factor for OS in patients treated with GP chemotherapy. Increased intratumoral expression of RRM1 on immunohistochemical staining may be a biomarker predicting poor survival in patients with GP chemotherapy for advanced BTC. Large-scale well-predefined prospective research is needed to validate the utility of biomarkers in clinical practice.
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Hasanali SL, Morera DS, Racine RR, Hennig M, Ghosh S, Lopez LE, Hupe MC, Escudero DO, Wang J, Zhu H, Sarcan S, Azih I, Zhou M, Jordan AR, Terris MK, Kuczyk MA, Merseburger AS, Lokeshwar VB. HYAL4-V1/Chondroitinase (Chase) Drives Gemcitabine Resistance and Predicts Chemotherapy Failure in Patients with Bladder Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:4410-4421. [PMID: 34031055 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-0422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gemcitabine-based chemotherapy regimens are first-line for several advanced cancers. Because of better tolerability, gemcitabine + cisplatin is a preferred neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and/or palliative chemotherapy regimen for advanced bladder cancer. Nevertheless, predicting treatment failure and overcoming resistance remain unmet clinical needs. We discovered that splice variant (V1) of HYAL-4 is a first-in-class eukaryotic chondroitinase (Chase), and CD44 is its major substrate. V1 is upregulated in bladder cancer and drives a malignant phenotype. In this study, we investigated whether V1 drives chemotherapy resistance. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN V1 expression was measured in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) specimens by qRT-PCR and IHC. HYAL-4 wild-type (Wt) and V1 were stably expressed or silenced in normal urothelial and three bladder cancer cell lines. Transfectants were analyzed for chemoresistance and associated mechanism in preclinical models. RESULTS V1 levels in MIBC specimens of patients who developed metastasis, predicted response to gemcitabine + cisplatin adjuvant/salvage treatment and disease-specific mortality. V1-expressing bladder cells were resistant to gemcitabine but not to cisplatin. V1 expression neither affected gemcitabine influx nor the drug-efflux transporters. Instead, V1 increased gemcitabine metabolism and subsequent efflux of difluorodeoxyuridine, by upregulating cytidine deaminase (CDA) expression through increased CD44-JAK2/STAT3 signaling. CDA inhibitor tetrahydrouridine resensitized V1-expressing cells to gemcitabine. While gemcitabine (25-50 mg/kg) inhibited bladder cancer xenograft growth, V1-expressing tumors were resistant. Low-dose combination of gemcitabine and tetrahydrouridine abrogated the growth of V1 tumors with minimal toxicity. CONCLUSIONS V1/Chase drives gemcitabine resistance and potentially predicts gemcitabine + cisplatin failure. CDA inhibition resensitizes V1-expressing tumors to gemcitabine. Because several chemotherapy regimens include gemcitabine, our study could have broad significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarrah L Hasanali
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Daley S Morera
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Ronny R Racine
- Department of Urology, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Martin Hennig
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Santu Ghosh
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Luis E Lopez
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Marie C Hupe
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Diogo O Escudero
- Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Miami-Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Jiaojiao Wang
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Huabin Zhu
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Semih Sarcan
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ijeoma Azih
- Clinical Trials Office, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Michael Zhou
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Andre R Jordan
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Martha K Terris
- Surgery, Division of Urology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Markus A Kuczyk
- Department of Urology and Urologic Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel S Merseburger
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Vinata B Lokeshwar
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia.
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Abstract
Nucleosides play central roles in all facets of life, from metabolism to cellular signaling. Because of their physiochemical properties, nucleosides are lipid bilayer impermeable and thus rely on dedicated transport systems to cross biological membranes. In humans, two unrelated protein families mediate nucleoside membrane transport: the concentrative and equilibrative nucleoside transporter families. The objective of this review is to provide a broad outlook on the current status of nucleoside transport research. We will discuss the role played by nucleoside transporters in human health and disease, with emphasis placed on recent structural advancements that have revealed detailed molecular principles of these important cellular transport systems and exploitable pharmacological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Seok-Yong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, 303 Research Drive, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
- Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to: S.-Y. Lee., , tel: 919-684-1005, fax: 919-684-8885
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Karelia DN, Kim S, K. Pandey M, Plano D, Amin S, Lu J, Sharma AK. Novel Seleno-Aspirinyl Compound AS-10 Induces Apoptosis, G1 Arrest of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cells, Inhibits Their NF-κB Signaling, and Synergizes with Gemcitabine Cytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4966. [PMID: 34067020 PMCID: PMC8124556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current available therapies for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) provide minimal overall survival benefits and cause severe adverse effects. We have identified a novel molecule AS-10, a selenazolidine-bis-aspirinyl derivative, that was two to three orders of magnitude more potent than aspirin and at least one to two orders of magnitude more potent than gemcitabine in inhibiting PDAC cancer cell growth/viability against three PDAC cell lines while sparing mouse embryonic fibroblasts in the same exposure range. In Panc-1 cells, AS-10 induced apoptosis without necrosis, principally through caspase-3/7 cascade and reactive oxygen species, in addition to an induction of G1 cell cycle block. Transcriptomic profiling with RNA-seq indicated the top responses to AS-10 exposure as CDKN1A (P21Cip1), CCND1, and nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-κB) complex and the top functions as cell cycle, cell death, and survival without inducing the DNA damage gene signature. AS-10 pretreatment (6 h) decreased cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-stimulated NF-κB nuclear translocation, DNA binding activity, and degradation of cytosolic inhibitor of κB (IκB) protein. As NF-κB activation in PDAC cells confers resistance to gemcitabine, the AS-10 combination with gemcitabine increased the in vitro cytotoxicity more than the additivity of both compounds. Overall, our results suggest AS-10 may be a promising drug lead for PDAC, both as a single agent and in combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepkamal N. Karelia
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.N.K.); (S.K.); (M.K.P.); (D.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Sangyub Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.N.K.); (S.K.); (M.K.P.); (D.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Manoj K. Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.N.K.); (S.K.); (M.K.P.); (D.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Daniel Plano
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.N.K.); (S.K.); (M.K.P.); (D.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Shantu Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.N.K.); (S.K.); (M.K.P.); (D.P.); (S.A.)
- Penn State Cancer Institute, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Junxuan Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.N.K.); (S.K.); (M.K.P.); (D.P.); (S.A.)
- Penn State Cancer Institute, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Arun K. Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; (D.N.K.); (S.K.); (M.K.P.); (D.P.); (S.A.)
- Penn State Cancer Institute, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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11
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Cui J, Guo Y, Wu H, Xiong J, Peng T. Everolimus regulates the activity of gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cells by targeting the Warburg effect via PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. Mol Med 2021; 27:38. [PMID: 33849427 PMCID: PMC8045370 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00300-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gemcitabine (GEM) resistance remains a significant clinical challenge in pancreatic cancer treatment. Here, we investigated the therapeutic utility of everolimus (Evr), an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), in targeting the Warburg effect to overcome GEM resistance in pancreatic cancer. METHODS The effect of Evr and/or mTOR overexpression or GEM on cell viability, migration, apoptosis, and glucose metabolism (Warburg effect) was evaluated in GEM-sensitive (GEMsen) and GEM-resistant (GEMres) pancreatic cancer cells. RESULTS We demonstrated that the upregulation of mTOR enhanced cell viability and favored the Warburg effect in pancreatic cancer cells via the regulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. However, this effect was counteracted by Evr, which inhibited aerobic glycolysis by reducing the levels of glucose, lactic acid, and adenosine triphosphate and suppressing the expression of glucose transporter 1, lactate dehydrogenase-B, hexokinase 2, and pyruvate kinase M2 in GEMsen and GEMres cells. Evr also promoted apoptosis by upregulating the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and cytochrome-c and downregulating the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. GEM was minimally effective in suppressing GEMres cell activity, but the therapeutic effectiveness of Evr against pancreatic cancer growth was greater in GEMres cells than that in GEMsen cells. In vivo studies confirmed that while GEM failed to inhibit the progression of GEMres tumors, Evr significantly decreased the volume of GEMres tumors while suppressing tumor cell proliferation and enhancing tumor apoptosis in the presence of GEM. CONCLUSIONS Evr treatment may be a promising strategy to target the growth and activity of GEM-resistant pancreatic cancer cells by regulating glucose metabolism via inactivation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cui
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Guo
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Heshui Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiongxin Xiong
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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12
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Materon EM, Nascimento GF, Shimizu FM, Câmara AS, Sandrino B, Faria RC, Oliveira ON. Role of sphingomyelin on the interaction of the anticancer drug gemcitabine hydrochloride with cell membrane models. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 196:111357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Blaauboer A, Booy S, van Koetsveld PM, Karels B, Dogan F, van Zwienen S, van Eijck CHJ, Hofland LJ. Interferon-beta enhances sensitivity to gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:913. [PMID: 32967656 PMCID: PMC7513525 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adjuvant gemcitabine for pancreatic cancer has limited efficacy in the clinical setting. Impaired drug metabolism is associated with treatment resistance. We aimed to evaluate the chemosensitising effect of interferon-beta (IFN-β). Methods BxPC-3, CFPAC-1, and Panc-1 cells were pre-treated with IFN-β followed by gemcitabine monotherapy. The effect on cell growth, colony formation, and cell cycle was determined. RT-qPCR was used to measure gene expression. BxPC-3 cells were used in a heterotopic subcutaneous mouse model. Results IFN-β increased sensitivity to gemcitabine (4-, 7.7-, and 1.7-fold EC50 decrease in BxPC-3, CFPAC-1, and Panc-1, respectively; all P < 0.001). Findings were confirmed when assessing colony formation. The percentage of cells in the S-phase was significantly increased after IFN-β treatment only in BxPC-3 and CFPAC-1 by 12 and 7%, respectively (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). Thereby, IFN-β upregulated expression of the drug transporters SLC28A1 in BxPC-3 (252%) and SLC28A3 in BxPC-3 (127%) and CFPAC-1 (223%) (all p < 0.001). In vivo, combination therapy reduced tumor volume with 45% (P = 0.01). Both ex vivo and in vivo data demonstrate a significant reduction in the number of proliferating cells, whereas apoptosis was increased. Conclusions For the first time, we validated the chemosensitising effects of IFN-β when combined with gemcitabine in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. This was driven by cell cycle modulation and associated with an upregulation of genes involving intracellular uptake of gemcitabine. The use of IFN-β in combination with gemcitabine seems promising in patients with pancreatic cancer and needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Blaauboer
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Room Ee-514, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Stephanie Booy
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Room Ee-514, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van Koetsveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Karels
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fadime Dogan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne van Zwienen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Casper H J van Eijck
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Room Ee-514, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Zhan T, Chen X, Tian X, Han Z, Liu M, Zou Y, Huang S, Chen A, Cheng X, Deng J, Tan J, Huang X. MiR-331-3p Links to Drug Resistance of Pancreatic Cancer Cells by Activating WNT/β-Catenin Signal via ST7L. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 19:1533033820945801. [PMID: 32924881 PMCID: PMC7493267 DOI: 10.1177/1533033820945801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive type of cancer with poor prognosis, short survival rate, and high mortality. Drug resistance is a major cause of treatment failure in the disease. MiR-331-3p has been reported to play an important role in several cancers. We previously showed that miR-331-3p is upregulated in pancreatic cancer and promotes pancreatic cancer cell proliferation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition–mediated metastasis by targeting ST7L. However, it is uncertain whether miR-331-3p is involved in drug resistance. Methods: We investigated the relationship between miR-331-3p and pancreatic cancer drug resistance. As part of this, microRNA mimics or inhibitors were transfected into pancreatic cancer cells. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect miR-331-3p expression, and flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis. The Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to measure the IC50 values of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer cells. The expression of multidrug resistance protein 1, multidrug resistance-related protein 1, breast cancer resistance protein, β-Catenin, c-Myc, Cyclin D1, Bcl-2, and Caspase-3 was evaluated by Western blotting. Results: We confirmed that miR-331-3p is upregulated in gemcitabine-treated pancreatic cancer cells and plasma from chemotherapy patients. We also confirmed that miR-331-3p inhibition decreased drug resistance by regulating cell apoptosis and multidrug resistance protein 1, multidrug resistance-related protein 1, and breast cancer resistance protein expression in pancreatic cancer cells, whereas miR-331-3p overexpression had the opposite effect. We further demonstrated that miR-331-3p effects in drug resistance were partially reversed by ST7L overexpression. In addition, overexpression of miR-331-3p activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in pancreatic cancer cells, and ST7L overexpression restored activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Conclusions: Taken together, our data demonstrate that miR-331-3p contributes to drug resistance by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling via ST7L in pancreatic cancer cells. These data provide a theoretical basis for new targeted therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan Third Hospital, 89674Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan Third Hospital, 89674Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan Third Hospital, 89674Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan Third Hospital, 89674Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan Third Hospital, 89674Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanli Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan Third Hospital, 89674Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shasha Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan Third Hospital, 89674Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Aifang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan Third Hospital, 89674Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueting Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, 89674Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junsheng Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, 89674Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Tan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan Third Hospital, 89674Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan Third Hospital, 89674Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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15
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Li H, Jiang W, Liu XN, Yuan LY, Li TJ, Li S, Xu SS, Zhang WH, Gao HL, Han X, Wang WQ, Wu CT, Yu XJ, Xu HX, Liu L. TET1 downregulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition and chemoresistance in PDAC by demethylating CHL1 to inhibit the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Oncogene 2020; 39:5825-5838. [PMID: 32753651 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01407-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemoresistance is a major obstacle to prolonging pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patient survival. TET1 is identified as the most important epigenetic modification enzyme that facilitates chemoresistance in cancers. However, the chemoresistance mechanism of TET1 in PDAC is unknown. This study aimed to determine the role of TET1 in the chemoresistance of PDAC. TET1-associated chemoresistance in PDAC was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The clinical significance of TET1 was analyzed in 228 PDAC patients by tissue microarray profiling. We identified that TET1 downregulation is caused by its promoter hypermethylation and correlates with poor survival in PDAC patients. In vitro and in vivo functional studies performed by silencing or overexpressing TET1 suggested that TET1 is able to suppress epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and sensitize PDAC cells to 5FU and gemcitabine. Then RNA-seq, whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) and ChIP-seq were used to explore the TET1-associated pathway, and showed that TET1 promotes the transcription of CHL1 by binding and demethylating the CHL1 promoter, which consequently inhibits the Hedgehog pathway. Additionally, inhibiting Hedgehog signaling by CHL1 overexpression or the Hedgehog pathway inhibitor, GDC-0449, reversed the chemoresistance induced by TET1 silencing. Regarding clinical significance, we found that high TET1 and high CHL1 expression predicted a better prognosis in resectable PDAC patients. In summary, we demonstrated that TET1 reverses chemoresistance in PDAC by downregulating the CHL1-associated Hedgehog signaling pathway. PDAC patients with a high expression levels of TET1 and CHL1 have a better prognosis.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/mortality
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- CpG Islands
- DNA Methylation
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition/genetics
- Fluorouracil/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Silencing
- Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Mixed Function Oxygenases/genetics
- Models, Biological
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/mortality
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Prognosis
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Pancreatic Neoplasms
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wang Jiang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Ni Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Yun Yuan
- Bio-Med Big Data Center, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Jiao Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai-Shuai Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wu-Hu Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - He-Li Gao
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Han
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Quan Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Tao Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-Jun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hua-Xiang Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Centre, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Schperberg AV, Boichard A, Tsigelny IF, Richard SB, Kurzrock R. Machine learning model to predict oncologic outcomes for drugs in randomized clinical trials. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:2537-2549. [PMID: 32745254 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Predicting oncologic outcome is challenging due to the diversity of cancer histologies and the complex network of underlying biological factors. In this study, we determine whether machine learning (ML) can extract meaningful associations between oncologic outcome and clinical trial, drug-related biomarker and molecular profile information. We analyzed therapeutic clinical trials corresponding to 1102 oncologic outcomes from 104 758 cancer patients with advanced colorectal adenocarcinoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, melanoma and nonsmall-cell lung cancer. For each intervention arm, a dataset with the following attributes was curated: line of treatment, the number of cytotoxic chemotherapies, small-molecule inhibitors, or monoclonal antibody agents, drug class, molecular alteration status of the clinical arm's population, cancer type, probability of drug sensitivity (PDS) (integrating the status of genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic biomarkers in the population of interest) and outcome. A total of 467 progression-free survival (PFS) and 369 overall survival (OS) data points were used as training sets to build our ML (random forest) model. Cross-validation sets were used for PFS and OS, obtaining correlation coefficients (r) of 0.82 and 0.70, respectively (outcome vs model's parameters). A total of 156 PFS and 110 OS data points were used as test sets. The Spearman correlation (rs ) between predicted and actual outcomes was statistically significant (PFS: rs = 0.879, OS: rs = 0.878, P < .0001). The better outcome arm was predicted in 81% (PFS: N = 59/73, z = 5.24, P < .0001) and 71% (OS: N = 37/52, z = 2.91, P = .004) of randomized trials. The success of our algorithm to predict clinical outcome may be exploitable as a model to optimize clinical trial design with pharmaceutical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Schperberg
- CureMatch, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Amélie Boichard
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Igor F Tsigelny
- CureMatch, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.,San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Stéphane B Richard
- CureMatch, Inc., San Diego, California, USA.,Oncodesign, Inc., New York, New York, USA
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California, USA
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17
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Rizeq B, Gupta I, Ilesanmi J, AlSafran M, Rahman MDM, Ouhtit A. The Power of Phytochemicals Combination in Cancer Chemoprevention. J Cancer 2020; 11:4521-4533. [PMID: 32489469 PMCID: PMC7255361 DOI: 10.7150/jca.34374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional therapies for cancer treatment have posed many challenges, including toxicity, multidrug resistance and economic expenses. In contrast, complementary alternative medicine (CAM), employing phytochemicals have recently received increased attention owing to their capability to modulate a myriad of molecular mechanisms with a less toxic effect. Increasing evidence from preclinical and clinical studies suggest that phytochemicals can favorably modulate several signaling pathways involved in cancer development and progression. Combinations of phytochemicals promote cell death, inhibit cell proliferation and invasion, sensitize cancerous cells, and boost the immune system, thus making them striking alternatives in cancer therapy. We previously investigated the effect of six phytochemicals (Indol-3-Carbinol, Resveratrol, C-phycocyanin, Isoflavone, Curcumin and Quercetin), at their bioavailable levels on breast cancer cell lines and were compared to primary cell lines over a period of 6 days. This study showed the compounds had a synergestic effect in inhibiting cell proliferation, reducing cellular migration and invasion, inducing both cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Despite the vast number of basic science and preclinical cancer studies involving phytochemicals, the number of CAM clinical trials in cancer treatment still remains nascent. In this review, we summarize findings from preclinical and clinical studies, including our work involving use of phytochemicals, individually as well as in combination and further discuss the potential of these phytochemicals to pave way to integrate CAM in primary health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balsam Rizeq
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ishita Gupta
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Josephine Ilesanmi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammed AlSafran
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - MD Mizanur Rahman
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Allal Ouhtit
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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18
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Veschi S, Ronci M, Lanuti P, De Lellis L, Florio R, Bologna G, Scotti L, Carletti E, Brugnoli F, Di Bella MC, Bertagnolo V, Marchisio M, Cama A. Integrative proteomic and functional analyses provide novel insights into the action of the repurposed drug candidate nitroxoline in AsPC-1 cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2574. [PMID: 32054977 PMCID: PMC7018951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59492-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently identified nitroxoline as a repurposed drug candidate in pancreatic cancer (PC) showing a dose-dependent antiproliferative activity in different PC cell lines. This antibiotic is effective in several in vitro and animal cancer models. To date, the mechanisms of nitroxoline anticancer action are largely unknown. Using shotgun proteomics we identified 363 proteins affected by nitroxoline treatment in AsPC-1 pancreatic cancer cells, including 81 consistently deregulated at both 24- and 48-hour treatment. These proteins previously unknown to be affected by nitroxoline were mostly downregulated and interconnected in a single highly-enriched network of protein-protein interactions. Integrative proteomic and functional analyses revealed nitroxoline-induced downregulation of Na/K-ATPase pump and β-catenin, which associated with drastic impairment in cell growth, migration, invasion, increased ROS production and induction of DNA damage response. Remarkably, nitroxoline induced a previously unknown deregulation of molecules with a critical role in cell bioenergetics, which resulted in mitochondrial depolarization. Our study also suggests that deregulation of cytosolic iron homeostasis and of co-translational targeting to membrane contribute to nitroxoline anticancer action. This study broadens our understanding of the mechanisms of nitroxoline action, showing that the drug modulates multiple proteins crucial in cancer biology and previously unknown to be affected by nitroxoline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Veschi
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ronci
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I-Me.T), G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Paola Lanuti
- Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I-Me.T), G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Laura De Lellis
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Rosalba Florio
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Bologna
- Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I-Me.T), G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Luca Scotti
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Erminia Carletti
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I-Me.T), G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Federica Brugnoli
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Bertagnolo
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Marchisio
- Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I-Me.T), G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cama
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy. .,Centre on Aging Sciences and Translational Medicine (Ce.S.I-Me.T), G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
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19
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Suksawat M, Klanrit P, Phetcharaburanin J, Namwat N, Khuntikeo N, Titapun A, Jarearnrat A, Sa-ngiamwibool P, Techasen A, Loilome W. In vitro and molecular chemosensitivity in human cholangiocarcinoma tissues. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222140. [PMID: 31504065 PMCID: PMC6736243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvant chemotherapy is required for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) patients after surgical treatment. Gemcitabine and gemcitabine plus cisplatin are considered the appropriate regimen; however, the response spectrum to chemotherapy differs between patients. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the response pattern of individual CCA patients by using an in vitro method, histoculture drug response assay (HDRA), to predict the chemosensitivity of individual patients in a prospective study. Moreover, we also investigate the expression of gemcitabine and cisplatin sensitivity factors in CCA tissues in the same cases. Based on the dose response curve, 1000 and 1500 μg/ml of gemcitabine were used as the testing concentrations. For cisplatin, concentrations of 20 and 25 μg/ml were selected for testing and for the combination regimen, 1000 μg/ml of gemcitabine and 20 μg/ml of cisplatin were chosen. The median %IR of each drug was measured as the cut-off to categorize the response pattern into response and non-response groups. In addition, we compared the effectiveness of the chemotherapy regimens between gemcitabine alone and gemcitabine plus cisplatin. The %IR of the combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin was significantly higher than gemcitabine alone. The relationship between the expression level of gemcitabine and cisplatin sensitive factors and the individual response pattern as well as clinicopathological data of CCA patients were analyzed. The results indicated that a low expression of the gemcitabine sensitive factor hENT-1 was significantly associated with the non-response group in vitro (p = 0.002). Moreover, the low expression of hENT-1 was also significantly associated with advanced stages CCA in the patients (p = 0.025). A low expression of MT and ERCC1 was significantly correlated with the response group in the in vitro experiments (p = 0.015 and p = 0.037 for MT and ERCC1, respectively). Therefore, HDRA may serve as an aid to selecting chemotherapy, and the expression of hNET-1, MT and ERCC1 may serve as biomarkers for predicting chemotherapy success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manida Suksawat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Poramate Klanrit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Jutarop Phetcharaburanin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Nisana Namwat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Narong Khuntikeo
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Attapol Titapun
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Apiwat Jarearnrat
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Prakasit Sa-ngiamwibool
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Techasen
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Watcharin Loilome
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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20
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Structures of human ENT1 in complex with adenosine reuptake inhibitors. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2019; 26:599-606. [PMID: 31235912 PMCID: PMC6705415 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-019-0245-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1 (hENT1), a member of the SLC29 family, plays crucial roles in adenosine signaling, cellular uptake of nucleoside for DNA and RNA synthesis, and nucleoside-derived anticancer and antiviral drug transport in human. Because of its central role in adenosine signaling, it is the target of adenosine reuptake inhibitors (AdoRI), several of which are clinically used. Despite its importance in human physiology and pharmacology, the molecular basis of hENT1-mediated adenosine transport and its inhibition by AdoRIs are limited due to the absence of structural information on hENT1. Here we present crystal structures of hENT1 in complex with two chemically distinct AdoRIs: dilazep and S-(4-Nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (NBMPR). Combined with mutagenesis study, our structural analyses elucidate two distinct inhibitory mechanisms exhibited on hENT1, while giving insight into adenosine recognition and transport. Our studies provide the platform for improved pharmacological intervention of adenosine and nucleoside analog drug transport by hENT1.
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21
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Muller SP, Silva VAO, Silvestrini AVP, de Macedo LH, Caetano GF, Reis RM, Mazzi MV. Crotoxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom: In vitro cytotoxic activity of a heterodimeric phospholipase A2 on human cancer-derived cell lines. Toxicon 2018; 156:13-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.10.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Zhu X, Shen X, Qu J, Straubinger RM, Jusko WJ. Multi-Scale Network Model Supported by Proteomics for Analysis of Combined Gemcitabine and Birinapant Effects in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 7:549-561. [PMID: 30084546 PMCID: PMC6157671 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine combined with birinapant, an inhibitor of apoptosis protein antagonist, acts synergistically to reduce pancreatic cancer cell proliferation. A large‐scale proteomics dataset provided rich time‐series data on proteome‐level changes that reflect the underlying biological system and mechanisms of action of these drugs. A multiscale network model was developed to link the signaling pathways of cell cycle regulation, DNA damage response, DNA repair, apoptosis, nuclear factor‐kappa β (NF‐κβ), and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK)‐p38 to cell cycle progression, proliferation, and death. After validating the network model under different conditions, the Sobol Sensitivity Analysis was applied to identify promising targets to enhance gemcitabine efficacy. The effects of p53 silencing and combining curcumin with gemcitabine were also tested with the developed model. Merging proteomics analysis with systems modeling facilitates the characterization of quantitative relations among relevant signaling pathways in drug action and resistance, and such multiscale network models could be applied for prediction of combination efficacy and target selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Xiaomeng Shen
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Jun Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Robert M Straubinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - William J Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
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23
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Silva VAO, Rosa MN, Tansini A, Oliveira RJS, Martinho O, Lima JP, Pianowski LF, Reis RM. In vitro screening of cytotoxic activity of euphol from Euphorbia tirucalli on a large panel of human cancer-derived cell lines. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:557-566. [PMID: 30112023 PMCID: PMC6090420 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of classic antineoplastic agents are derived from plants. Euphorbia tirucalli L. (Euphorbiaceae) is a subtropical and tropical plant, used in Brazilian folk medicine against many diseases, including cancer, yet little is known about its true anticancer properties. The present study evaluated the antitumor effect of the tetracyclic triterpene alcohol, euphol, the main constituent of E. tirucalli in a panel of 73 human cancer lines from 15 tumor types. The biological effect of euphol in pancreatic cells was also assessed. The combination index was further used to explore euphol interactions with standard drugs. Euphol showed a cytotoxicity effect against several cancer cell lines (IC50 range, 1.41–38.89 µM), particularly in esophageal squamous cell (11.08 µM) and pancreatic carcinoma cells (6.84 µM), followed by prostate, melanoma, and colon cancer. Cytotoxicity effects were seen in all cancer cell lines, with more than half deemed highly sensitive. Euphol inhibited proliferation, motility and colony formation in pancreatic cancer cells. Importantly, euphol exhibited synergistic interactions with gemcitabine and paclitaxel in pancreatic and esophageal cell lines, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this study constitutes the largest in vitro screening of euphol efficacy on cancer cell lines and revealed its in vitro anti-cancer properties, particularly in pancreatic and esophageal cell lines, suggesting that euphol, either as a single agent or in combination with conventional chemotherapy, is a potential anti-cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcela Nunes Rosa
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, SP 14784 400, Brazil
| | - Aline Tansini
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, SP 14784 400, Brazil
| | - Renato J S Oliveira
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, SP 14784 400, Brazil
| | - Olga Martinho
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, SP 14784 400, Brazil.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães 4806-909, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Lima
- Medical Oncology Department, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP 01509-010, Brazil
| | - Luiz F Pianowski
- Kyolab Laboratório de Pesquisa Farmacêutica Ltda, Valinhos, SP 13273-105, Brazil
| | - Rui M Reis
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, SP 14784 400, Brazil.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães 4806-909, Portugal
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24
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Zhu X, Shen X, Qu J, Straubinger RM, Jusko WJ. Proteomic Analysis of Combined Gemcitabine and Birinapant in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Front Pharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29520231 PMCID: PMC5827530 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is characterized by mutated signaling pathways and a high incidence of drug resistance. Comprehensive, large-scale proteomic analysis can provide a system-wide view of signaling networks, assist in understanding drug mechanisms of action and interactions, and serve as a useful tool for pancreatic cancer research. In this study, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis was applied to characterize the combination of gemcitabine and birinapant in pancreatic cancer cells, which was shown previously to be synergistic. A total of 4069 drug-responsive proteins were identified and quantified in a time-series proteome analysis. This rich dataset provides broad views and accurate quantification of signaling pathways. Pathways relating to DNA damage response regulations, DNA repair, anti-apoptosis, pro-migration/invasion were implicated as underlying mechanisms for gemcitabine resistance and for the beneficial effects of the drug combination. Promising drug targets were identified for future investigation. This study also provides a database for systems mathematical modeling to relate drug effects and interactions in various signaling pathways in pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Xiaomeng Shen
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jun Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Robert M Straubinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - William J Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
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25
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Chen C, Xiao W, Huang L, Yu G, Ni J, Yang L, Wan R, Hu G. Shikonin induces apoptosis and necroptosis in pancreatic cancer via regulating the expression of RIP1/RIP3 and synergizes the activity of gemcitabine. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:5507-5517. [PMID: 29312502 PMCID: PMC5752900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a lethal solid malignancy with poor prognosis. The optimal therapy for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer remains challenged. Thus, development of novel chemotherapy regimens is extremely urgent. Shikonin (SK) is a naphthoquinone derived from the roots of the Chinese medicinal herb Lithospermum erythrorhizon. It has been considered as effective anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer activity agents in various diseases. In the present study, we found that SK inhibited the growth of human pancreatic cancer and enhanced the anti-tumor effect of gemcitabine in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, SK induced apoptosis and necroptosis in different pancreatic cancer cells by regulating RIP1 and RIP3 expression. The expression of RIP3 correlated with their necrotic response. These results suggest that the combination of SK and gemcitabine may be a promising chemotherapy regimen for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congying Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine100 Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai 200080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenqin Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine301 Yanchang Road, Jingan District, Shanghai 200072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine100 Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai 200080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ge Yu
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine100 Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai 200080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianbo Ni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine100 Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai 200080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine100 Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai 200080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine100 Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai 200080, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoyong Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine100 Haining Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai 200080, People’s Republic of China
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26
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Zhan T, Huang X, Tian X, Chen X, Ding Y, Luo H, Zhang Y. Downregulation of MicroRNA-455-3p Links to Proliferation and Drug Resistance of Pancreatic Cancer Cells via Targeting TAZ. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 10:215-226. [PMID: 29499934 PMCID: PMC5862130 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance is a major cause of treatment failure in pancreatic cancer. The limited evidence indicates the involvement of miR-455-3p in chemotherapy resistance of cancer. Here we observed by qPCR that miR-455-3p was significantly decreased in pancreatic cancer tissues and cell lines. We then confirmed that the inhibition of miR-455-3p increased cell proliferation and gemcitabine resistance of pancreatic cancer, whereas forced overexpression of miR-455-3p had the opposite effect. Furthermore, we demonstrated that TAZ, which is associated with drug resistance of pancreatic cancer, is a new direct downstream target of miR-455-3p. Our present study suggests that miR-455-3p contributes to cell proliferation and drug resistance in pancreatic cancer cells via targeting TAZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan Third Hospital, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis of Hubei Province, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan Third Hospital, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Xia Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan Third Hospital, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan Third Hospital, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis of Hubei Province, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Hesheng Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yadong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis of Hubei Province, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430014, China.
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27
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Metabolomic prediction of treatment outcome in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients receiving gemcitabine. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2017; 81:277-289. [PMID: 29196965 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-017-3475-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Resistance to gemcitabine remains a key challenge in the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), necessitating the constant search for effective strategies for a priori prediction of clinical outcome. While the existing studies focused on aberration of drug disposition genes and proteins as molecular predictors of gemcitabine treatment outcomes, the metabolic aberration associated with chemoresistance in clinical PDAC has been neglected. This exploratory study investigated the potential role of tissue metabolomics in characterizing the clinical treatment outcome of gemcitabine therapy. METHODS Surgically resected tumors from PDAC patients who underwent gemcitabine-based adjuvant chemotherapy (n = 25) were subjected to metabotyping using gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC/TOFMS). RESULTS A partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model clearly distinguished patients who had favorable survival [overall survival (OS) > 24 months] from those who exhibited poorer survival (OS < 16 months) (Q 2 = 0.302). Receiver-operating characteristic analysis demonstrated the robustness of the PLS-DA model with an area under the curve of 1. PLS-DA revealed 19 marker metabolites (e.g., lactic acid, proline, and pyroglutamate) that shed insights into the chemoresistance of gemcitabine in PDAC. Particularly, tissue levels of lactic acid complemented transcript expression levels of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 in distinguishing patients according to their overall survival. CONCLUSION This work established proof-of-principle for GC/TOFMS-based global metabotyping of PDAC and laid the foundation for future discovery of metabolic biomarkers predictive of gemcitabine resistance in PDAC chemotherapy.
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28
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Liu S, Ge Y, Wang T, Edwards H, Ren Q, Jiang Y, Quan C, Wang G. Inhibition of ATR potentiates the cytotoxic effect of gemcitabine on pancreatic cancer cells through enhancement of DNA damage and abrogation of ribonucleotide reductase induction by gemcitabine. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:3377-3386. [PMID: 28440428 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly malignant disease with a dismal prognosis. Gemcitabine (GEM)-based chemotherapy is the first-line treatment for patients with advanced disease, although its efficacy is very limited, mainly due to drug resistance. Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) plays a critical role in the DNA damage response (DDR) which has been implicated in GEM resistance. Thus, targeting ATR represents a promising approach to enhance GEM antitumor activity. In the present study, we tested the antitumor activity of AZ20, a novel ATR-selective inhibitor, alone or combined with GEM in 5 pancreatic cancer cell lines. AZ20 treatment of the pancreatic cancer cell lines resulted in growth inhibition, with IC50 values ranging from 0.84 to 2.4 µM, but limited cell death. As expected, treatment of pancreatic cancer cell lines with AZ20 caused decreased phosphorylation of CHK1 (S-345). However, this was accompanied by DNA damage and S and G2/M cell cycle arrest, independent of TP53 gene mutational status. Importantly, combination of AZ20 with GEM resulted in synergistic inhibition of cell growth and cooperative induction of cell death in the pancreatic cancer cell lines. AZ20 significantly increased GEM-induced DNA damage and almost completely abrogated GEM-induced expression of the M2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase. These findings suggest that inhibition of ATR is a promising strategy to enhance the antitumor activity of GEM for treating pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Yubin Ge
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Tingting Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Holly Edwards
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Qihang Ren
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Yiqun Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Chengshi Quan
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Guan Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
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29
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Bugde P, Biswas R, Merien F, Lu J, Liu DX, Chen M, Zhou S, Li Y. The therapeutic potential of targeting ABC transporters to combat multi-drug resistance. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:511-530. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1310841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Bugde
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Riya Biswas
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fabrice Merien
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Science, AUT Roche Diagnostic Laboratory, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jun Lu
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Interprofessional Health Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dong-Xu Liu
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mingwei Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shufeng Zhou
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Interprofessional Health Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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30
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Jung KH, Choi IK, Lee HS, Yan HH, Son MK, Ahn HM, Hong J, Yun CO, Hong SS. Oncolytic adenovirus expressing relaxin (YDC002) enhances therapeutic efficacy of gemcitabine against pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2017; 396:155-166. [PMID: 28315430 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal disease for which limited therapeutic options are available. Pancreatic cancer exhibits a pronounced collagen-rich stromal reaction, which induces chemoresistance by inhibiting drug diffusion into the tumor. Complementary treatment with oncolytic virus such as an oncolytic adenovirus expressing relaxin (YDC002) is an innovative treatment option for combating chemoresistant pancreatic cancer. Here, we examined the ability of combined treatment with gemcitabine and YDC002, which degrades extracellular matrix (ECM), to efficiently treat chemoresistant and desmoplastic pancreatic cancer. Gemcitabine alone exhibited similarly low cytotoxicity toward pancreatic cancer cells throughout the concentration range (1-50 μM) used, whereas the combination of YDC002 and a subtherapeutic dose of gemcitabine (0.01-0.05 μM) resulted in potent anticancer effects through effective induction of apoptosis. Importantly, YDC002 combined with gemcitabine significantly attenuated the expression of major ECM components including collagens, fibronectin, and elastin in tumor spheroids and xenograft tumors compared with gemcitabine alone, resulting in potent induction of apoptosis, gemcitabine-mediated cytotoxicity, and an oncolytic effect through degradation of tumor ECM. Our results demonstrate that YDC002 can selectively degrade aberrant ECM and attenuate the ECM-induced chemoresistance observed in desmoplastic pancreatic tumor, resulting in a potent antitumor effect through effective induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hee Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, 3-ga, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon, 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Kyu Choi
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, 133-791, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hee-Seung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, 3-ga, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon, 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Hua Yan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, 3-ga, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon, 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kwon Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, 3-ga, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon, 400-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Min Ahn
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, 133-791, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - JinWoo Hong
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, 133-791, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, 133-791, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soon-Sun Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Inha University, 3-ga, Sinheung-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon, 400-712, Republic of Korea.
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Qin L, Dong Z, Zhang JT. 14-3-3σ regulation of and interaction with YAP1 in acquired gemcitabine resistance via promoting ribonucleotide reductase expression. Oncotarget 2017; 7:17726-36. [PMID: 26894857 PMCID: PMC4951245 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine is an important anticancer therapeutics approved for treatment of several human cancers including locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Its clinical effectiveness, however, is hindered by existence of intrinsic and development of acquired resistances. Previously, it was found that 14-3-3σ expression associates with poor clinical outcome of PDAC patients. It was also found that 14-3-3σ expression is up-regulated in gemcitabine resistant PDAC cells and contributes to the acquired gemcitabine resistance. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of 14-3-3σ function in gemcitabine resistance and found that 14-3-3σ up-regulates YAP1 expression and then binds to YAP1 to inhibit gemcitabine-induced caspase 8 activation and apoptosis. 14-3-3σ association with YAP1 up-regulates the expression of ribonucleotide reductase M1 and M2, which may mediate 14-3-3σ/YAP1 function in the acquired gemcitabine resistance. These findings suggest a possible role of YAP1 signaling in gemcitabine resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Zizheng Dong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jian-Ting Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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32
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Rajabpour A, Rajaei F, Teimoori-Toolabi L. Molecular alterations contributing to pancreatic cancer chemoresistance. Pancreatology 2016; 17:310-320. [PMID: 28065383 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death all over the world. This disease is difficult to treat and patients have an overall 5-year survival rate of less than 5%. Although two drugs, gemcitabine (GEM) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) have been shown to improve the survival rate of patients systematically, they do not increase general survival to a clinically acceptable degree. Lack of ideal clinical response of pancreatic cancer patients to chemotherapy is likely to be due to intrinsic and acquired chemoresistance of tumor cells. Various mechanisms of drug resistance have been investigated in pancreatic cancer, including genetic and epigenetic changes in particular genes or signaling pathways. In addition, evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) play significant roles as key regulators of gene expression in many cellular processes, including drug resistance. Understanding underlying genes and mechanisms of drug resistance in pancreatic cancer is critical to develop new effective treatments for this deadly disease. This review illustrates the genes and miRNAs involved in resistance to gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Rajabpour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Department of Molecular Medicine, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Rajaei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran; Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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33
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Human pancreatic cancer progression: an anarchy among CCN-siblings. J Cell Commun Signal 2016; 10:207-216. [PMID: 27541366 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-016-0343-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Decades of basic and translational studies have identified the mechanisms by which pancreatic cancer cells use molecular pathways to hijack the normal homeostasis of the pancreas, promoting pancreatic cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis, as well as drug resistance. These molecular pathways were explored to develop targeted therapies to prevent or cure this fatal disease. Regrettably, the studies found that majority of the molecular events that dictate carcinogenic growth in the pancreas are non-actionable (potential non-responder groups of targeted therapy). In this review we discuss exciting discoveries on CCN-siblings that reveal how CCN-family members contribute to the different aspects of the development of pancreatic cancer with special emphasis on therapy.
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Sancho P, Alcala S, Usachov V, Hermann PC, Sainz B. The ever-changing landscape of pancreatic cancer stem cells. Pancreatology 2016; 16:489-96. [PMID: 27161173 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the cancer stem cell (CSC) concept in solid tumors has gained enormous momentum as an attractive model to explain tumor heterogeneity. The model proposes that tumors contain a subpopulation of rare cancer cells with stem-like properties that maintain the hierarchy of the tumor and drive tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance. The identification and subsequent isolation of CSCs in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in 2007 provided enormous insight into this extremely metastatic and chemoresistant tumor and renewed hope for developing more specific therapies against this disease. Unfortunately, we have made only marginal advances in applying the knowledge learned to the development of new and more effective treatments for pancreatic cancer. The latter has been partly due to the lack of adequate in vitro and in vivo systems compounded by the use of markers that do not reproducibly nor exclusively select for an enriched CSC population. Thus, attempts to define a pancreatic CSC-specific genetic, epigenetic or proteomic signature has been challenging. Fortunately recent advances in the CSC field have overcome many of these challenges and have opened up new opportunities for developing therapies that target the CSC population. In this review, we discuss these current advances, specifically new methods for the identification and isolation of pancreatic CSCs, new insights into the metabolic profile of CSCs at the level of mitochondrial respiration, and the utility of genetically engineered mouse models as surrogate systems to both study CSC biology and evaluate CSC-specific targeted therapies in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Sancho
- Stem Cells in Cancer & Ageing, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Sonia Alcala
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; Enfermedades Crónicas y Cáncer Area, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Bruno Sainz
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; Enfermedades Crónicas y Cáncer Area, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
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TAp73 loss favors Smad-independent TGF-β signaling that drives EMT in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1358-70. [PMID: 26943320 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances made in pancreatic cancer therapy have been far from sufficient and have allowed only a slight improvement in global survival of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA). Recent progresses in chemotherapy have offered some hope for an otherwise gloomy outlook, however, only a limited number of patients are eligible because of important cytotoxicity. In this context, enhancing our knowledge on PDA initiation and evolution is crucial to highlight certain weaknesses on which to specifically target therapy. We found that loss of transcriptionally active p73 (TAp73), a p53 family member, impacted PDA development. In two relevant and specific engineered pancreatic cancer mouse models, we observed that TAp73 deficiency reduced survival and enhanced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Through proteomic analysis of conditioned media from TAp73 wild-type (WT) and deficient pancreatic tumor cells, we identified a secreted protein, biglycan (BGN), which is necessary and sufficient to mediate this pro-EMT effect. Interestingly, BGN is modulated by and modulates the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway, a key regulator of the EMT process. We further examined this link and revealed that TAp73 impacts the TGF-β pathway by direct regulation of BGN expression and Sma and Mad-related proteins (SMADs) expression/activity. Absence of TAp73 leads to activation of TGF-β signaling through a SMAD-independent pathway, favoring oncogenic TGF-β effects and EMT. Altogether, our data highlight the implication of TAp73 in the aggressiveness of pancreatic carcinogenesis through modulation of the TGF-β signaling. By suggesting TAp73 as a predictive marker for response to TGF-β inhibitors, our study could improve the classification of PDA patients with a view to offering combined therapy involving TGF-β inhibitors.
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36
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Zhu X, Straubinger RM, Jusko WJ. Mechanism-based mathematical modeling of combined gemcitabine and birinapant in pancreatic cancer cells. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2015; 42:477-96. [PMID: 26252969 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-015-9429-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Combination chemotherapy is standard treatment for pancreatic cancer. However, current drugs lack efficacy for most patients, and selection and evaluation of new combination regimens is empirical and time-consuming. The efficacy of gemcitabine, a standard-of-care agent, combined with birinapant, a pro-apoptotic antagonist of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins (IAPs), was investigated in pancreatic cancer cells. PANC-1 cells were treated with vehicle, gemcitabine (6, 10, 20 nM), birinapant (50, 200, 500 nM), and combinations of the two drugs. Temporal changes in cell numbers, cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis were measured. A basic pharmacodynamic (PD) model based on cell numbers, and a mechanism-based PD model integrating all measurements, were developed. The basic PD model indicated that synergistic effects occurred in both cell proliferation and death processes. The mechanism-based model captured key features of drug action: temporary cell cycle arrest in S phase induced by gemcitabine alone, apoptosis induced by birinapant alone, and prolonged cell cycle arrest and enhanced apoptosis induced by the combination. A drug interaction term Ψ was employed in the models to signify interactions of the combination when data were limited. When more experimental information was utilized, Ψ values approaching 1 indicated that specific mechanisms of interactions were captured better. PD modeling identified the potential benefit of combining gemcitabine and birinapant, and characterized the key interaction pathways. An optimal treatment schedule of pretreatment with gemcitabine for 24-48 h was suggested based on model predictions and was verified experimentally. This approach provides a generalizable modeling platform for exploring combinations of cytostatic and cytotoxic agents in cancer cell culture studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Robert M Straubinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - William J Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
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Wattanawongdon W, Hahnvajanawong C, Namwat N, Kanchanawat S, Boonmars T, Jearanaikoon P, Leelayuwat C, Techasen A, Seubwai W. Establishment and characterization of gemcitabine-resistant human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines with multidrug resistance and enhanced invasiveness. Int J Oncol 2015; 47:398-410. [PMID: 25998688 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To establish and characterize the gemcitabine-resistant cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cell lines, CCA KKU‑M139 and KKU‑M214 cell lines were exposed stepwisely to increasing gemcitabine (GEM). The resultant drug-resistant cell lines, KKU‑M139/GEM and KKU‑M214/GEM, retained the resistant phenotype in drug-free medium at least for 2 months. Sulforhodamine B assay demonstrated that KKU‑M139/GEM and KKU‑M214/GEM were 25.88- and 62.31-fold more resistant to gemcitabine than their parental cells. Both gemcitabine-resistant cell lines were cross-resistant to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), doxorubicin and paclitaxel indicating their multidrug-resistant nature. Using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real-time PCR and western blot analyses, gemcitabine-resistant cells showed upregulation of RRM1 and downregulation of hENT1 and dCK. In relation to multidrug resistance, these cell lines showed upregulation of multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) leading to an increase of drug efflux. Using cell adhesion and Boyden chamber transwell assays, these cell lines also showed higher cell adhesion, migration and invasion capabilities via the activations of protein kinase C (PKC), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Higher activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) was also observed by a gelatin zymography assay and a casein-plasminogen zymography assay. Flow cytometry analysis indicated the G2/M arrest regulated by downregulation of cyclin B1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) resulted in an extended population doubling time. Using Annexin V/propidium iodide staining, evasion of apoptosis via an intrinsic pathway was observed in both cell lines in association with upregulation of Bcl-2 and downregulation of Bax. Interestingly, Fas was additionally downregulated in KKU‑M214/GEM supporting the view of its higher GEM resistant characteristics. These findings indicate that long-term exposure of CCA cell lines to gemcitabine induce not only multidrug resistance but also enhance their invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wareeporn Wattanawongdon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chariya Hahnvajanawong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Nisana Namwat
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sirimas Kanchanawat
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Thidarut Boonmars
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Patcharee Jearanaikoon
- Center for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chanwit Leelayuwat
- Center for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Techasen
- Center for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Wunchana Seubwai
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Liu ZM, Tseng HY, Cheng YL, Yeh BW, Wu WJ, Huang HS. TG-interacting factor transcriptionally induced by AKT/FOXO3A is a negative regulator that antagonizes arsenic trioxide-induced cancer cell apoptosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 285:41-50. [PMID: 25791921 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is a multi-target drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration as the first-line chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. In addition, several clinical trials are being conducted with arsenic-based drugs for the treatment of other hematological malignancies and solid tumors. However, ATO's modest clinical efficacy on some cancers, and potential toxic effects on humans have been reported. Determining how best to reduce these adverse effects while increasing its therapeutic efficacy is obviously a critical issue. Previously, we demonstrated that the JNK-induced complex formation of phosphorylated c-Jun and TG-interacting factor (TGIF) antagonizes ERK-induced cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CDKN1A (p21(WAF1/CIP1)) expression and resultant apoptosis in response to ATO in A431 cells. Surprisingly, at low-concentrations (0.1-0.2 μM), ATO increased cellular proliferation, migration and invasion, involving TGIF expression, however, at high-concentrations (5-20 μM), ATO induced cell apoptosis. Using a promoter analysis, TGIF was transcriptionally regulated by ATO at the FOXO3A binding site (-1486 to -1479bp) via the c-Src/EGFR/AKT pathway. Stable overexpression of TGIF promoted advancing the cell cycle into the S phase, and attenuated 20 μM ATO-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, blockage of the AKT pathway enhanced ATO-induced CDKN1A expression and resultant apoptosis in cancer cells, but overexpression of AKT1 inhibited CDKN1A expression. Therefore, we suggest that TGIF is transcriptionally regulated by the c-Src/EGFR/AKT pathway, which plays a role as a negative regulator in antagonizing ATO-induced CDKN1A expression and resultant apoptosis. Suppression of these antagonistic effects might be a promising therapeutic strategy toward improving clinical efficacy of ATO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Miao Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Yu Tseng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Cheng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Bi-Wen Yeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jeng Wu
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Sheng Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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39
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Lai IL, Chou CC, Lai PT, Fang CS, Shirley LA, Yan R, Mo X, Bloomston M, Kulp SK, Bekaii-Saab T, Chen CS. Targeting the Warburg effect with a novel glucose transporter inhibitor to overcome gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2203-13. [PMID: 24879635 PMCID: PMC4178465 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine resistance remains a significant clinical challenge. Here, we used a novel glucose transporter (Glut) inhibitor, CG-5, as a proof-of-concept compound to investigate the therapeutic utility of targeting the Warburg effect to overcome gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer. The effects of gemcitabine and/or CG-5 on viability, survival, glucose uptake and DNA damage were evaluated in gemcitabine-sensitive and gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cell lines. Mechanistic studies were conducted to determine the molecular basis of gemcitabine resistance and the mechanism of CG-5-induced sensitization to gemcitabine. The effects of CG-5 on gemcitabine sensitivity were investigated in a xenograft tumor model of gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer. In contrast to gemcitabine-sensitive pancreatic cancer cells, the resistant Panc-1 and Panc-1(GemR) cells responded to gemcitabine by increasing the expression of ribonucleotide reductase M2 catalytic subunit (RRM2) through E2F1-mediated transcriptional activation. Acting as a pan-Glut inhibitor, CG-5 abrogated this gemcitabine-induced upregulation of RRM2 through decreased E2F1 expression, thereby enhancing gemcitabine-induced DNA damage and inhibition of cell survival. This CG-5-induced inhibition of E2F1 expression was mediated by the induction of a previously unreported E2F1-targeted microRNA, miR-520f. The addition of oral CG-5 to gemcitabine therapy caused greater suppression of Panc-1(GemR) xenograft tumor growth in vivo than either drug alone. Glut inhibition may be an effective strategy to enhance gemcitabine activity for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Lu Lai
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy
| | | | - Po-Ting Lai
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy
| | | | | | - Ribai Yan
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy
| | | | | | | | - Tanios Bekaii-Saab
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA and
| | - Ching-Shih Chen
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
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40
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Qin L, Dong Z, Zhang JT. Reversible epigenetic regulation of 14-3-3σ expression in acquired gemcitabine resistance by uhrf1 and DNA methyltransferase 1. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 86:561-9. [PMID: 25189999 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.092544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although gemcitabine is the most commonly used drug for treating pancreatic cancers, acquired gemcitabine resistance in a substantial number of patients appears to hinder its effectiveness in successful treatment of this dreadful disease. To understand acquired gemcitabine resistance, we generated a gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cell line using stepwise selection and found that, in addition to the known mechanisms of upregulated expression of ribonucleotide reductase, 14-3-3σ expression is dramatically upregulated, and that 14-3-3σ overexpression contributes to the acquired resistance to gemcitabine and cross-resistance to cytarabine. We also found that the increased 14-3-3σ expression in the gemcitabine-resistant cells is due to demethylation of the 14-3-3σ gene during gemcitabine selection, which could be partially reversed with removal of the gemcitabine selection pressure. Most importantly, the reversible methylation/demethylation of the 14-3-3σ gene appears to be carried out by DNA methyltransferase 1 under regulation by Uhrf1. These findings suggest that the epigenetic regulation of gene expression may play an important role in gemcitabine resistance, and that epigenetic modification is reversible in response to gemcitabine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Zizheng Dong
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jian-Ting Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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41
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Qanungo S, Uys JD, Manevich Y, Distler AM, Shaner B, Hill EG, Mieyal JJ, Lemasters JJ, Townsend DM, Nieminen AL. N-acetyl-L-cysteine sensitizes pancreatic cancers to gemcitabine by targeting the NFκB pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2014; 68:855-64. [PMID: 25257100 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
First-line therapy for pancreatic cancer is gemcitabine. Although tumors may initially respond to the gemcitabine treatment, soon tumor resistance develops leading to treatment failure. Previously, we demonstrated in human MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells that N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), a glutathione (GSH) precursor, prevents NFκB activation via S-glutathionylation of p65-NFκB, thereby blunting expression of survival genes. In this study, we documented the molecular sites of S-glutathionylation of p65, and we investigated whether NAC can suppress NFκB signaling and augment a therapeutic response to gemcitabine in vivo. Mass spectrometric analysis of S-glutathionylated p65-NFκB protein in vitro showed post-translational modifications of cysteines 38, 105, 120, 160 and 216 following oxidative and nitrosative stress. Circular dichroism revealed that S-glutathionylation of p65-NFκB did not change secondary structure of the protein, but increased tryptophan fluorescence revealed altered tertiary structure. Gemcitabine and NAC individually were not effective in decreasing MIA PaCa-2 tumor growth in vivo. However, combination treatment with NAC and gemcitabine decreased tumor growth by approximately 50%. NAC treatment also markedly enhanced tumor apoptosis in gemcitabine-treated mice. Compared to untreated tumors, gemcitabine treatment alone increased p65-NFκB nuclear translocation (3.7-fold) and DNA binding (2.5-fold), and these effects were blunted by NAC. In addition, NAC plus gemcitabine treatment decreased anti-apoptotic XIAP protein expression compared to gemcitabine alone. None of the treatments, however, affected extent of tumor hypoxia, as assessed by EF5 staining. Together, these results indicate that adjunct therapy with NAC prevents NFκB activation and improves gemcitabine chemotherapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suparna Qanungo
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, SC, USA; Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, DD505 Drug Discovery Building, 70, President Street, Charleston 29425, SC, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, SC, USA
| | - Joachim D Uys
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, SC, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, SC, USA
| | - Yefim Manevich
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, SC, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, SC, USA
| | - Anne M Distler
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44106, OH, USA; Louis Stokes Veterans Affairs Medical Research Center, Cleveland 44106, OH, USA
| | - Brooke Shaner
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, DD505 Drug Discovery Building, 70, President Street, Charleston 29425, SC, USA
| | - Elizabeth G Hill
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, SC, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, SC, USA
| | - John J Mieyal
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44106, OH, USA; Louis Stokes Veterans Affairs Medical Research Center, Cleveland 44106, OH, USA
| | - John J Lemasters
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, SC, USA; Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, DD505 Drug Discovery Building, 70, President Street, Charleston 29425, SC, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, SC, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, SC, USA
| | - Danyelle M Townsend
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, DD505 Drug Discovery Building, 70, President Street, Charleston 29425, SC, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, SC, USA
| | - Anna-Liisa Nieminen
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, SC, USA; Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, DD505 Drug Discovery Building, 70, President Street, Charleston 29425, SC, USA; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, SC, USA.
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The chemosensitivity of testicular germ cell tumors. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2014; 37:79-94. [PMID: 24692098 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-014-0168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although rare cancers overall, testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are the most common type of cancer in young males below 40 years of age. Both subtypes of TGCTs, i.e., seminomas and non-seminomas, are highly curable and the majority of even metastatic patients may expect to be cured. These high cure rates are not due to the indolent nature of these cancers, but rather to their sensitivity to chemotherapy (and for seminomas to radiotherapy). The delineation of the cause of chemosensitivity at the molecular level is of paramount importance, because it may provide insights into the minority of TGCTs that are chemo-resistant and, thereby, provide opportunities for specific therapeutic interventions aimed at reverting them to chemosensitivity. In addition, delineation of the molecular basis of TGCT chemo-sensitivity may be informative for the cause of chemo-resistance of other more common types of cancer and, thus, may create new therapeutic leads. p53, a frequently mutated tumor suppressor in cancers in general, is not mutated in TGCTs, a fact that has implications for their chemo-sensitivity. Oct4, an embryonic transcription factor, is uniformly expressed in the seminoma and embryonic carcinoma components of non-seminomas, and its interplay with p53 may be important in the chemotherapy response of these tumors. This interplay, together with other features of TGCTs such as the gain of genetic material from the short arm of chromosome 12 and the association with disorders of testicular development, will be discussed in this paper and integrated in a unifying hypothesis that may explain their chemo-sensitivity.
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Jordheim LP, Dumontet C. Do hENT1 and RRM1 predict the clinical benefit of gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer? Biomark Med 2014; 7:663-71. [PMID: 23905902 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.13.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analog that is indicated in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. In order to provide a better use of this drug, the search for immunohistological markers is a hot topic in the field of pancreatic cancer. In particular, the use of nucleoside transporter hENT1 and the intracellular target of gemcitabine RRM1 are current subjects for discussion. We have analyzed the majority of studies of hENT1 and RRM1 on pancreatic cancer, and will discuss the further directions that might be followed in order to integrate these proteins in routine clinical practice. The data that is currently available would benefit from the completion of well-designed randomized trials in order to confirm the clinical value of hENT1 and RRM1 as biomarkers in pancreatic cancer patients.
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Zhu Y, Qi M, Lao L, Wang W, Hua L, Bai G. Human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 predicts survival in patients with pancreatic cancer treated with gemcitabine: a meta-analysis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2014; 18:306-12. [PMID: 24625353 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2013.0419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Increasing scientific evidence suggests that human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) may be a powerful predictor of survival in patients with pancreatic cancer treated with adjuvant gemcitabine-based chemotherapy after operative resection, but many existing studies have yielded inconclusive results. OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis aims to assess the prognostic role of hENT1 in predicting survival in patients with pancreatic cancer treated with gemcitabine. METHODS An extensive literature search for relevant studies was conducted on PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and CBM databases from their inception through May 1, 2013. This meta-analysis was performed using the STATA 12.0 software. The crude hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated. RESULTS Eleven clinical studies were included in this meta-analysis with a total of 851 pancreatic cancer patients, including 478 patients in the high hENT1 expression group and 373 patients in the low hENT1 expression group. Our meta-analysis revealed that high hENT1 expression was associated with improved overall survival (OS) of pancreatic cancer patients (HR=2.61, 95% CI=2.02-3.34). Pancreatic cancer patients with high hENT1 expression also had a longer disease-free survival (DFS) than those with low hENT1 expression (HR=2.62, 95% CI=1.94-3.54). Further, high hENT1 mRNA showed significant association with improved OS and DFS of pancreatic cancer patients (HR=2.65, 95% CI=1.75-4.00; HR=3.29, 95% CI=1.85-5.84; respectively). CONCLUSION In conclusion, our meta-analysis suggests that high hENT1 expression may be associated with improved OS and DFS of pancreatic cancer patients treated with gemcitabine. Detection of hENT1 expression may be a promising biomarker for gemcitabine response and prognosis in pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhu
- 1 Department of Minimally Invasive Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University , Jinzhou, People's Republic of China
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Pulido J, Sobczak AJ, Balzarini J, Wnuk SF. Synthesis and cytostatic evaluation of 4-N-alkanoyl and 4-N-alkyl gemcitabine analogues. J Med Chem 2013; 57:191-203. [PMID: 24341356 DOI: 10.1021/jm401586a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The coupling of gemcitabine with functionalized carboxylic acids (C9-C13) or reactions of 4-N-tosylgemcitabine with the corresponding alkyl amines afforded 4-N-alkanoyl and 4-N-alkyl gemcitabine derivatives. The analogues with a terminal hydroxyl group on the alkyl chain were efficiently fluorinated under conditions that are compatible with protocols for (18)F labeling. The 4-N-alkanoylgemcitabines showed potent cytostatic activities in the low nanomolar range against a panel of tumor cell lines, whereas cytotoxicity of the 4-N-alkylgemcitabines were in the low micromolar range. The cytotoxicity for the 4-N-alkanoylgemcitabine analogues was reduced approximately by 2 orders of magnitude in the 2'-deoxycytidine kinase (dCK)-deficient CEM/dCK(-) cell line, whereas cytotoxicity of the 4-N-alkylgemcitabines was only 2-5 times lower. None of the compounds acted as efficient substrates for cytosolic dCK; therefore, the 4-N-alkanoyl analogues need to be converted first to gemcitabine to display a significant cytostatic potential, whereas 4-N-alkyl derivatives attain modest activity without measurable conversion to gemcitabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Pulido
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Florida International University , Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to summarize all clinical studies evaluating the prognostic role of gemcitabine (GEM) metabolic genes in pancreaticobiliary (PB) cancer patients receiving GEM therapy in the neoadjuvant, adjuvant, or palliative settings. METHODS Meta-analyses were performed to calculate the pooled hazard ratios for each gene by each clinical outcome (overall survival [OS], disease-free survival [DFS], and progression-free survival) using a random-effects approach. RESULTS The search strategy identified 16 eligible studies, composed of 632 PB patients total, with moderate quality. Compared with low expression, pooled hazard ratios for OS of hENT1, dCK, RRM1, RRM2, and DPD were 0.37 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.28-0.47), 0.40 (95% CI, 0.20-0.80), 2.21 (95% CI, 1.12-4.36), 2.13 (95% CI, 1.00-4.52), and 1.91 (95% CI, 1.16-3.17), respectively. A similar trend was observed for each of these biomarkers in DFS and progression-free survival prognostication. Subgroup analyses for hENT1 showed a comparable survival correlation in the adjuvant and palliative settings. CONCLUSIONS High expression of hENT1 in PB cancer patients receiving GEM-based adjuvant therapy is associated with improved OS and DFS and may be the best examined prognostic marker to date. Evidence for other biomarkers is limited by a small number of publications investigating these markers.
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Braas D, Ahler E, Tam B, Nathanson D, Riedinger M, Benz MR, Smith KB, Eilber FC, Witte ON, Tap WD, Wu H, Christofk HR. Metabolomics strategy reveals subpopulation of liposarcomas sensitive to gemcitabine treatment. Cancer Discov 2013; 2:1109-17. [PMID: 23230188 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-12-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Unlike many cancers that exhibit glycolytic metabolism, high-grade liposarcomas often exhibit low 2[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake by positron emission tomography (PET), despite rapid tumor growth. Here, we used liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to identify carbon sources taken up by liposarcoma cell lines derived from xenograft tumors in patients. Interestingly, we found that liposarcoma cell lines consume nucleosides from culture media, suggesting nucleoside salvage pathway activity. The nucleoside salvage pathway is dependent on deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) and can be imaged in vivo by PET with 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-[18F]fluoroarabinofuranosyl) cytosine (FAC). We found that liposarcoma cell lines and xenograft tumors exhibit dCK activity and dCK-dependent FAC uptake in vitro and in vivo. In addition, liposarcoma cell lines and xenograft tumors are sensitive to treatment with the nucleoside analogue prodrug gemcitabine, and gemcitabine sensitivity is dependent on dCK expression. Elevated dCK activity is evident in 7 of 68 clinical liposarcoma samples analyzed. These data suggest that a subpopulation of liposarcoma patients have tumors with nucleoside salvage pathway activity that can be identified noninvasively using [18F]-FAC-PET and targeted using gemcitabine. SIGNIFICANCE Patients with high-grade liposarcoma have poor prognoses and often fail to respond to chemotherapy. This report identifies elevated nucleoside salvage activity in a subset of liposarcomas that are identifiable using noninvasive PET imaging with FAC and that are sensitive to gemcitabine. Thus, we suggest a new treatment paradigm for liposarcoma patients that uses [18F]-FAC-PET in the clinic to delineate gemcitabine responders from nonresponders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Braas
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Arora S, Bhardwaj A, Singh S, Srivastava SK, McClellan S, Nirodi CS, Piazza GA, Grizzle WE, Owen LB, Singh AP. An undesired effect of chemotherapy: gemcitabine promotes pancreatic cancer cell invasiveness through reactive oxygen species-dependent, nuclear factor κB- and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α-mediated up-regulation of CXCR4. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:21197-21207. [PMID: 23740244 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.484576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have shown that CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling plays an important role in gemcitabine resistance of pancreatic cancer (PC) cells. Here, we explored the effect of gemcitabine on this resistance mechanism. Our data demonstrate that gemcitabine induces CXCR4 expression in two PC cell lines (MiaPaCa and Colo357) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Gemcitabine-induced CXCR4 expression is dependent on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation because it is abrogated by pretreatment of PC cells with the free radical scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine. CXCR4 up-regulation by gemcitabine correlates with time-dependent accumulation of NF-κB and HIF-1α in the nucleus. Enhanced binding of NF-κB and HIF-1α to the CXCR4 promoter is observed in gemcitabine-treated PC cells, whereas their silencing by RNA interference causes suppression of gemcitabine-induced CXCR4 expression. ROS induction upon gemcitabine treatment precedes the nuclear accumulation of NF-κB and HIF-1α, and suppression of ROS diminishes these effects. The effect of ROS on NF-κB and HIF-1α is mediated through activation of ERK1/2 and Akt, and their pharmacological inhibition also suppresses gemcitabine-induced CXCR4 up-regulation. Interestingly, our data demonstrate that nuclear accumulation of NF-κB results from phosphorylation-induced degradation of IκBα, whereas HIF-1α up-regulation is NF-κB-dependent. Lastly, our data demonstrate that gemcitabine-treated PC cells are more motile and exhibit significantly greater invasiveness against a CXCL12 gradient. Together, these findings reinforce the role of CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling in gemcitabine resistance and point toward an unintended and undesired effect of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Arora
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604
| | - Arun Bhardwaj
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604
| | - Seema Singh
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604
| | - Sanjeev K Srivastava
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604
| | - Steven McClellan
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604
| | - Chaitanya S Nirodi
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604
| | - Gary A Piazza
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604
| | - William E Grizzle
- the Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, and
| | - Laurie B Owen
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604
| | - Ajay P Singh
- From the Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604,; the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688.
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Lecca P. An integrative network inference approach to predict mechanisms of cancer chemoresistance. Integr Biol (Camb) 2013; 5:458-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ib20205k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Kahramanoğullari O, Fantaccini G, Lecca P, Morpurgo D, Priami C. Algorithmic modeling quantifies the complementary contribution of metabolic inhibitions to gemcitabine efficacy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50176. [PMID: 23239976 PMCID: PMC3519828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gemcitabine (2,2-difluorodeoxycytidine, dFdC) is a prodrug widely used for treating various carcinomas. Gemcitabine exerts its clinical effect by depleting the deoxyribonucleotide pools, and incorporating its triphosphate metabolite (dFdC-TP) into DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis. This process blocks the cell cycle in the early S phase, eventually resulting in apoptosis. The incorporation of gemcitabine into DNA takes place in competition with the natural nucleoside dCTP. The mechanisms of indirect competition between these cascades for common resources are given with the race for DNA incorporation; in clinical studies dedicated to singling out mechanisms of resistance, ribonucleotide reductase (RR) and deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) and human equilibrative nucleoside transporter1 (hENT1) have been associated to efficacy of gemcitabine with respect to their roles in the synthesis cascades of dFdC-TP and dCTP. However, the direct competition, which manifests itself in terms of inhibitions between these cascades, remains to be quantified. We propose an algorithmic model of gemcitabine mechanism of action, verified with respect to independent experimental data. We performed in silico experiments in different virtual conditions, otherwise difficult in vivo, to evaluate the contribution of the inhibitory mechanisms to gemcitabine efficacy. In agreement with the experimental data, our model indicates that the inhibitions due to the association of dCTP with dCK and the association of gemcitabine diphosphate metabolite (dFdC-DP) with RR play a key role in adjusting the efficacy. While the former tunes the catalysis of the rate-limiting first phosphorylation of dFdC, the latter is responsible for depletion of dCTP pools, thereby contributing to gemcitabine efficacy with a dependency on nucleoside transport efficiency. Our simulations predict the existence of a continuum of non-efficacy to high-efficacy regimes, where the levels of dFdC-TP and dCTP are coupled in a complementary manner, which can explain the resistance to this drug in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozan Kahramanoğullari
- The Microsoft Research-University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology, Rovereto (Trento), Italy.
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