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Gala KS, Vatsalya V. Emerging Noninvasive Biomarkers, and Medical Management Strategies for Alcoholic Hepatitis: Present Understanding and Scope. Cells 2020; 9:E524. [PMID: 32106390 PMCID: PMC7140524 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder is associated with a wide array of hepatic pathologies ranging from steatosis to alcoholic-related cirrhosis (AC), alcoholic hepatitis (AH), or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Biomarkers are categorized into two main categories: biomarkers associated with alcohol consumption and biomarkers of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). No ideal biomarker has been identified to quantify the degree of hepatocyte death or severity of AH, even though numerous biomarkers have been associated with AH. This review provides information of some of the novel and latest biomarkers that are being investigated and have shown a substantial association with the degree and severity of liver injury and inflammation. Importantly, they can be measured noninvasively. In this manuscript, we consolidate the present understanding and prospects of these biomarkers; and their application in assessing the severity and progression of the alcoholic liver disease (ALD). We also review current and upcoming management options for AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo S. Gala
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202; USA
| | - Vatsalya Vatsalya
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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Bennett K, Enki DG, Thursz M, Cramp ME, Dhanda AD. Systematic review with meta-analysis: high mortality in patients with non-severe alcoholic hepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019; 50:249-257. [PMID: 31231848 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcoholic hepatitis is a serious complication of alcohol misuse. Severe alcoholic hepatitis with its high mortality, has been investigated in detail but 'nonsevere alcoholic hepatitis' is poorly characterised. Survival of this group of patients is unknown. AIM To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine 28-day, 90-day and 1-year mortality of patients with nonsevere alcoholic hepatitis. METHODS The protocol was registered on the PROSPERO database (CRD42018107451). Embase, Medline and Cochrane Central databases were searched until July 2018. All study designs reporting mortality rates in patients with nonsevere alcoholic hepatitis were eligible. Mortality data were extracted and meta-analysis performed using a random effects model. Risk of bias was assessed by Cochrane risk of bias or National Institutes of Health quality assessment tool for case series studies. RESULTS Twenty-five studies (n = 1372 patients; 12 prospective) met criteria. Nonsevere was variably defined based on bilirubin, prothrombin time, and creatinine. Twenty-eight day mortality (17 studies; n = 993) was 6% (95% CI 3%-9%; I2 = 67.3%; P < 0.001), 90-day mortality (15 studies; n = 755) was 7% (4%-11%, I2 = 64.2%; P < 0.001) and 1-year mortality (five studies; n = 234) was 13% (4%-24%; I2 = 72%; P = 0.006). Subgroup analyses by method of diagnosis (histological vs clinical) or study design (prospective vs retrospective) did not reveal differences in mortality. CONCLUSION Nonsevere alcoholic hepatitis is not benign with 6% and 13% 28-day and 1-year mortality, respectively. This systematic review demonstrates the paucity of high quality studies in patients with nonsevere alcoholic hepatitis. Our analysis suggests that patients who do not meet criteria for severe alcoholic hepatitis are an important and hitherto overlooked clinical group. Full characterisation of clinical outcome and development of treatment strategies to reduce mortality in this group is a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Bennett
- Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, UK
- South West Liver Unit, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK
| | - Doyo G Enki
- Medical Statistics Group, University of Plymouth, UK
| | - Mark Thursz
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew E Cramp
- Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, UK
- South West Liver Unit, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK
| | - Ashwin D Dhanda
- Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, UK
- South West Liver Unit, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Plymouth, UK
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Morales BP, Planas R, Bartoli R, Morillas RM, Sala M, Cabré E, Casas I, Masnou H. Early hospital readmission in decompensated cirrhosis: Incidence, impact on mortality, and predictive factors. Dig Liver Dis 2017; 49:903-909. [PMID: 28410915 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The early hospital readmission of patients with decompensated cirrhosis is a current problem. A study is presented on the incidence, the impact on mortality, and the predictive factors of early hospital readmission. PATIENTS AND METHODS On the study included 112 cirrhotic patients, discharged after some decompensation between January 2013 and May 2014. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify predictors of early readmission and mortality. RESULTS The early readmission rate was 29.5%. The predictive factors were male gender (OR: 2.81; 95% CI: 1.07-7.35), Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-sodium score ≥15 (OR: 3.79; 95% CI 1.48-9.64), and Charlson index ≥7 (OR: 4.34, 95% CI 1.65-11.4). This model enabled patients to be classified into low or high risk of early readmissions (13.6% vs. 52.2%). The mortality rate was significantly higher among patients with early readmission (73% vs. 35%) (p<.0001). After adjusting for the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-sodium score, Charlson index, dependence in activities of daily living, educational status, and number of medications on discharge, the early readmission was independently associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS Early hospital readmission is common, and is independently associated with mortality. Male gender, MELD-Na ≥15, and Charlson index ≥7 are predictors of early readmission. These results could be used to develop future strategies to reduce early readmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty P Morales
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Liver Unit, Gastroenterology, Departament of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ramon Planas
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Liver Unit, Gastroenterology, Departament of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, CIBERHED, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Bartoli
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, CIBERHED, Barcelona, Spain; Fundació Germans Trias i Pujol, Gastroenterology, Badalona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Morillas
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Liver Unit, Gastroenterology, Departament of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, CIBERHED, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarita Sala
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Liver Unit, Gastroenterology, Departament of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, CIBERHED, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Cabré
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Liver Unit, Gastroenterology, Departament of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, CIBERHED, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irma Casas
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology Department, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helena Masnou
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Liver Unit, Gastroenterology, Departament of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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