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Kalmouni J, Will JB, Townsend J, Paaijmans KP. TIME OF HOST-SEEKING OF MOSQUITO VECTOR SPECIES ON THE TEMPE CAMPUS OF ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2024:502950. [PMID: 39237114 DOI: 10.2987/24-7179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
The Arizona State University (ASU) Tempe campus is inhabited by some 55,000 enrolled students as well as several mosquito species that can transmit West Nile virus, dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever. The time of host-seeking of these vectors has not been quantified on the ASU Tempe campus, but this information is important to inform ground and/or truck-mount fogging operations targeting mosquitoes to prevent or control disease outbreaks. We quantified the time of host-seeking of the predominant mosquito vector species at the ASU Tempe campus during the post-monsoon season in 2021, using collection bottle rotators with encephalitis vector survey traps that were baited with CO2, at 3 h intervals during a full day. Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, and Culex tarsalis were the most abundant species captured. Pre-midnight host-seeking (18:00-00:00) accounted for 52% of all captures, whereas post-midnight host-seeking (00:00-06:00) accounted for 35% of all captures. Peak activity times were between 21:00 and 00:00 for Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. tarsalis, and between 15:00 and 18:00 for Ae. aegypti. Data can be used to inform local mosquito surveillance and control programs.
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Jobe NB, Franz NM, Johnston MA, Malone AB, Ruberto I, Townsend J, Will JB, Yule KM, Paaijmans KP. The Mosquito Fauna of Arizona: Species Composition and Public Health Implications. INSECTS 2024; 15:432. [PMID: 38921147 PMCID: PMC11203593 DOI: 10.3390/insects15060432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Arizona is home to many mosquito species, some of which are known vectors of infectious diseases that harm both humans and animals. Here, we provide an overview of the 56 mosquito species that have been identified in the State to date, but also discuss their known feeding preference and the diseases they can (potentially) transmit to humans and animals. This list is unlikely to be complete for several reasons: (i) Arizona's mosquitoes are not systematically surveyed in many areas, (ii) surveillance efforts often target specific species of interest, and (iii) doubts have been raised by one or more scientists about the accuracy of some collection records, which has been noted in this article. There needs to be an integrated and multifaceted surveillance approach that involves entomologists and epidemiologists, but also social scientists, wildlife ecologists, ornithologists, representatives from the agricultural department, and irrigation and drainage districts. This will allow public health officials to (i) monitor changes in current mosquito species diversity and abundance, (ii) monitor the introduction of new or invasive species, (iii) identify locations or specific populations that are more at risk for mosquito-borne diseases, and (iv) effectively guide vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ndey Bassin Jobe
- The Center for Evolution & Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (N.B.J.); (A.B.M.)
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA;
| | - Nico M. Franz
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA;
| | - Murray A. Johnston
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Adele B. Malone
- The Center for Evolution & Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (N.B.J.); (A.B.M.)
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA;
- Vector Control Division, Maricopa County Environmental Services Department, Phoenix, AZ 85009, USA; (J.T.); (J.B.W.)
| | - Irene Ruberto
- Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, AZ 85007, USA;
| | - John Townsend
- Vector Control Division, Maricopa County Environmental Services Department, Phoenix, AZ 85009, USA; (J.T.); (J.B.W.)
| | - James B. Will
- Vector Control Division, Maricopa County Environmental Services Department, Phoenix, AZ 85009, USA; (J.T.); (J.B.W.)
| | - Kelsey M. Yule
- Biodiversity Knowledge Integration Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA;
| | - Krijn P. Paaijmans
- The Center for Evolution & Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA; (N.B.J.); (A.B.M.)
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA;
- Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
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Schwarz ER, Long MT. Comparison of West Nile Virus Disease in Humans and Horses: Exploiting Similarities for Enhancing Syndromic Surveillance. Viruses 2023; 15:1230. [PMID: 37376530 DOI: 10.3390/v15061230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) neuroinvasive disease threatens the health and well-being of horses and humans worldwide. Disease in horses and humans is remarkably similar. The occurrence of WNV disease in these mammalian hosts has geographic overlap with shared macroscale and microscale drivers of risk. Importantly, intrahost virus dynamics, the evolution of the antibody response, and clinicopathology are similar. The goal of this review is to provide a comparison of WNV infection in humans and horses and to identify similarities that can be exploited to enhance surveillance methods for the early detection of WNV neuroinvasive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika R Schwarz
- Montana Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, MT Department of Livestock, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA
| | - Maureen T Long
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, & Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Abstract
Usutu virus (USUV, Flaviviridae) is an emerging mosquito-borne virus that has been implicated in neuroinvasive disease in humans and epizootic deaths in wild birds. USUV is maintained in an enzootic cycle between ornithophilic mosquitoes, primarily Culex spp., and wild birds, predominantly passerine species. However, limited experimental data exist on the species competent for USUV transmission. Here, we demonstrate that house sparrows are susceptible to multiple USUV strains. Our study also revealed that Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes are susceptible to USUV, with a significantly higher infection rate for the Netherlands 2016 USUV strain compared to the Uganda 2012 USUV strain at 50% and 19%, respectively. To assess transmission between avian host and mosquito vector, we allowed mosquitoes to feed on either juvenile chickens or house sparrows inoculated with USUV. Both bird models transmitted USUV to C. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Linear regression analyses indicated that C. quinquefasciatus infection rates were positively correlated with avian viremia levels, with 3 to 4 log10 PFU/mL representing the minimum avian viremia threshold for transmission to mosquitoes. Based on the viremia required for transmission, house sparrows were estimated to more readily transmit the Netherlands 2016 strain compared to the Uganda 2012 strain. These studies provide insights on a competent reservoir host of USUV. IMPORTANCE Usutu virus (USUV) is a zoonotic mosquito-borne virus that can cause neuroinvasive disease, including meningitis and encephalitis, in humans and has resulted in hundreds of thousands of deaths in wild birds. The perpetuation of USUV in nature is dependent on transmission between Culex spp. mosquitoes and various avian species. To date, few experimental data exist for determining which bird species are important for the maintenance of USUV. Our studies showed that house sparrows can transmit infectious Usutu virus, indicating their role as a competent host species. By identifying reservoir species of USUV, we can predict areas of USUV emergence and mitigate its impacts on global human and wildlife health.
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Pacheco MA, Ferreira FC, Logan CJ, McCune KB, MacPherson MP, Albino Miranda S, Santiago-Alarcon D, Escalante AA. Great-tailed Grackles (Quiscalus mexicanus) as a tolerant host of avian malaria parasites. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268161. [PMID: 35998118 PMCID: PMC9397854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Great-tailed Grackles (Quiscalus mexicanus) are a social, polygamous bird species whose populations have rapidly expanded their geographic range across North America over the past century. Before 1865, Great-tailed Grackles were only documented in Central America, Mexico, and southern Texas in the USA. Given the rapid northern expansion of this species, it is relevant to study its role in the dynamics of avian blood parasites. Here, 87 Great-tailed grackles in Arizona (a population in the new center of the range) were screened for haemosporidian parasites using microscopy and PCR targeting the parasite mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Individuals were caught in the wild from January 2018 until February 2020. Haemosporidian parasite prevalence was 62.1% (54/87). A high Plasmodium prevalence was found (60.9%, 53/87), and one grackle was infected with Haemoproteus (Parahaemoproteus) sp. (lineage SIAMEX01). Twenty-one grackles were infected with P. cathemerium, sixteen with P. homopolare, four with P. relictum (strain GRW04), and eleven with three different genetic lineages of Plasmodium spp. that have not been characterized to species level (MOLATE01, PHPAT01, and ZEMAC01). Gametocytes were observed in birds infected with three different Plasmodium lineages, revealing that grackles are competent hosts for some parasite species. This study also suggests that grackles are highly susceptible and develop chronic infections consistent with parasite tolerance, making them competent to transmit some generalist haemosporidian lineages. It can be hypothesized that, as the Great-tailed Grackle expands its geographic range, it may affect local bird communities by increasing the transmission of local parasites but not introducing new species into the parasite species pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Andreína Pacheco
- Biology Department/Institute of Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine (iGEM), Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CJL); (MAP); (AAE)
| | - Francisco C. Ferreira
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Corina J. Logan
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail: (CJL); (MAP); (AAE)
| | - Kelsey B. McCune
- University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Maggie P. MacPherson
- University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Sergio Albino Miranda
- Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Diego Santiago-Alarcon
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ananias A. Escalante
- Biology Department/Institute of Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine (iGEM), Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CJL); (MAP); (AAE)
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Löwen Levy Chalhoub F, Maia de Queiroz-Júnior E, Holanda Duarte B, Eielson Pinheiro de Sá M, Cerqueira Lima P, Carneiro de Oliveira A, Medeiros Neves Casseb L, Leal das Chagas L, Antônio de Oliveira Monteiro H, Sebastião Alberto Santos Neves M, Facundo Chaves C, Jean da Silva Moura P, Machado Rapello do Nascimento A, Giesbrecht Pinheiro R, Roberio Soares Vieira A, Bergson Pinheiro Moura F, Osvaldo Rodrigues da Silva L, Nogueira Farias da Escóssia K, Caranha de Sousa L, Leticia Cavalcante Ramalho I, Williams Lopes da Silva A, Maria Simōes Mello L, Felix de Souza F, das Chagas Almeida F, dos Santos Rodrigues R, do Vale Chagas D, Ferreira-de-Brito A, Ribeiro Leite Jardim Cavalcante K, Angélica Monteiro de Mello Mares-Guia M, Martins Guerra Campos V, Rodrigues da Costa Faria N, Adriano da Cunha e Silva Vieira M, Cesar Lima de Mendonça M, Camila Amorim de Alvarenga Pivisan N, de Oliveira Moreno J, Aldessandra Diniz Vieira M, Gonçalves de Aguiar Gomes R, Montenegro de Carvalho Araújo F, Henrique de Oliveira Passos P, Garkauskas Ramos D, Pecego Martins Romano A, Carício Martins L, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Maria Bispo de Filippis A, Pauvolid-Corrêa A. West Nile Virus in the State of Ceará, Northeast Brazil. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1699. [PMID: 34442778 PMCID: PMC8401605 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In June 2019, a horse with neurological disorder was diagnosed with West Nile virus (WNV) in Boa Viagem, a municipality in the state of Ceará, northeast Brazil. A multi-institutional task force coordinated by the Brazilian Ministry of Health was deployed to the area for case investigation. A total of 513 biological samples from 78 humans, 157 domestic animals and 278 free-ranging wild birds, as well as 853 adult mosquitoes of 22 species were tested for WNV by highly specific serological and/or molecular tests. No active circulation of WNV was detected in vertebrates or mosquitoes by molecular methods. Previous exposure to WNV was confirmed by seroconversion in domestic birds and by the detection of specific neutralizing antibodies in 44% (11/25) of equids, 20.9% (14/67) of domestic birds, 4.7% (13/278) of free-ranging wild birds, 2.6% (2/78) of humans, and 1.5% (1/65) of small ruminants. Results indicate that not only equines but also humans and different species of domestic animals and wild birds were locally exposed to WNV. The detection of neutralizing antibodies for WNV in free-ranging individuals of abundant passerine species suggests that birds commonly found in the region may have been involved as amplifying hosts in local transmission cycles of WNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Löwen Levy Chalhoub
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Ministério da Saúde (MS), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil; (F.L.L.C.); (M.A.M.d.M.M.-G.); (V.M.G.C.); (N.R.d.C.F.); (M.C.L.d.M.); (A.M.B.d.F.)
| | - Eudson Maia de Queiroz-Júnior
- Agência de Defesa Agropecuária do Estado do Ceará (ADAGRI), Fortaleza, CE 60811-520, Brazil; (E.M.d.Q.-J.); (A.W.L.d.S.); (J.d.O.M.)
| | - Bruna Holanda Duarte
- Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Estado do Ceará (SES-CE), Fortaleza, CE 60060-440, Brazil; (B.H.D.); (A.R.S.V.); (F.B.P.M.); (L.O.R.d.S.); (K.N.F.d.E.); (L.C.d.S.); (N.C.A.d.A.P.); (R.G.d.A.G.)
| | - Marcos Eielson Pinheiro de Sá
- Departamento de Serviços Técnicos, Secretaria de Defesa Agropecuária, Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), Brasília, DF 70043-900, Brazil;
| | | | - Ailton Carneiro de Oliveira
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa para Conservação das Aves Silvestres (CEMAVE), Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio), Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA), Cabedelo, PB 58108-012, Brazil;
| | - Lívia Medeiros Neves Casseb
- Seção de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas (IEC), MS, Ananindeua, PA 67030-000, Brazil; (L.M.N.C.); (L.L.d.C.); (H.A.d.O.M.); (L.C.M.)
| | - Liliane Leal das Chagas
- Seção de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas (IEC), MS, Ananindeua, PA 67030-000, Brazil; (L.M.N.C.); (L.L.d.C.); (H.A.d.O.M.); (L.C.M.)
| | - Hamilton Antônio de Oliveira Monteiro
- Seção de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas (IEC), MS, Ananindeua, PA 67030-000, Brazil; (L.M.N.C.); (L.L.d.C.); (H.A.d.O.M.); (L.C.M.)
| | - Maycon Sebastião Alberto Santos Neves
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Fiocruz, MS, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil; (M.S.A.S.N.); (A.F.-d.-B.); (R.L.-d.-O.)
| | | | - Paulo Jean da Silva Moura
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Boa Viagem (SMS-Boa Viagem), Boa Viagem, CE 63870-000, Brazil; (P.J.d.S.M.); (F.F.d.S.); (F.d.C.A.); (R.d.S.R.); (D.d.V.C.); (M.A.D.V.)
| | - Aline Machado Rapello do Nascimento
- Coordenação-Geral de Vigilância das Arboviroses (CGARB), Departamento de Imunização e Doenças Transmissíveis (DEIDT), Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde (SVS), MS, Brasília, DF 70058-900, Brazil; (A.M.R.d.N.); (R.G.P.); (M.A.d.C.e.S.V.); (P.H.d.O.P.); (D.G.R.); (A.P.M.R.)
| | - Rodrigo Giesbrecht Pinheiro
- Coordenação-Geral de Vigilância das Arboviroses (CGARB), Departamento de Imunização e Doenças Transmissíveis (DEIDT), Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde (SVS), MS, Brasília, DF 70058-900, Brazil; (A.M.R.d.N.); (R.G.P.); (M.A.d.C.e.S.V.); (P.H.d.O.P.); (D.G.R.); (A.P.M.R.)
| | - Antonio Roberio Soares Vieira
- Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Estado do Ceará (SES-CE), Fortaleza, CE 60060-440, Brazil; (B.H.D.); (A.R.S.V.); (F.B.P.M.); (L.O.R.d.S.); (K.N.F.d.E.); (L.C.d.S.); (N.C.A.d.A.P.); (R.G.d.A.G.)
| | - Francisco Bergson Pinheiro Moura
- Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Estado do Ceará (SES-CE), Fortaleza, CE 60060-440, Brazil; (B.H.D.); (A.R.S.V.); (F.B.P.M.); (L.O.R.d.S.); (K.N.F.d.E.); (L.C.d.S.); (N.C.A.d.A.P.); (R.G.d.A.G.)
| | - Luiz Osvaldo Rodrigues da Silva
- Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Estado do Ceará (SES-CE), Fortaleza, CE 60060-440, Brazil; (B.H.D.); (A.R.S.V.); (F.B.P.M.); (L.O.R.d.S.); (K.N.F.d.E.); (L.C.d.S.); (N.C.A.d.A.P.); (R.G.d.A.G.)
| | - Kiliana Nogueira Farias da Escóssia
- Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Estado do Ceará (SES-CE), Fortaleza, CE 60060-440, Brazil; (B.H.D.); (A.R.S.V.); (F.B.P.M.); (L.O.R.d.S.); (K.N.F.d.E.); (L.C.d.S.); (N.C.A.d.A.P.); (R.G.d.A.G.)
| | - Lindenberg Caranha de Sousa
- Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Estado do Ceará (SES-CE), Fortaleza, CE 60060-440, Brazil; (B.H.D.); (A.R.S.V.); (F.B.P.M.); (L.O.R.d.S.); (K.N.F.d.E.); (L.C.d.S.); (N.C.A.d.A.P.); (R.G.d.A.G.)
| | | | - Antônio Williams Lopes da Silva
- Agência de Defesa Agropecuária do Estado do Ceará (ADAGRI), Fortaleza, CE 60811-520, Brazil; (E.M.d.Q.-J.); (A.W.L.d.S.); (J.d.O.M.)
| | - Leda Maria Simōes Mello
- Laboratório Central do Estado do Ceará (LACEN-CE), Fortaleza, CE 60120-002, Brazil; (I.L.C.R.); (L.M.S.M.); (F.M.d.C.A.)
| | - Fábio Felix de Souza
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Boa Viagem (SMS-Boa Viagem), Boa Viagem, CE 63870-000, Brazil; (P.J.d.S.M.); (F.F.d.S.); (F.d.C.A.); (R.d.S.R.); (D.d.V.C.); (M.A.D.V.)
| | - Francisco das Chagas Almeida
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Boa Viagem (SMS-Boa Viagem), Boa Viagem, CE 63870-000, Brazil; (P.J.d.S.M.); (F.F.d.S.); (F.d.C.A.); (R.d.S.R.); (D.d.V.C.); (M.A.D.V.)
| | - Raí dos Santos Rodrigues
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Boa Viagem (SMS-Boa Viagem), Boa Viagem, CE 63870-000, Brazil; (P.J.d.S.M.); (F.F.d.S.); (F.d.C.A.); (R.d.S.R.); (D.d.V.C.); (M.A.D.V.)
| | - Diego do Vale Chagas
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Boa Viagem (SMS-Boa Viagem), Boa Viagem, CE 63870-000, Brazil; (P.J.d.S.M.); (F.F.d.S.); (F.d.C.A.); (R.d.S.R.); (D.d.V.C.); (M.A.D.V.)
| | - Anielly Ferreira-de-Brito
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Fiocruz, MS, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil; (M.S.A.S.N.); (A.F.-d.-B.); (R.L.-d.-O.)
| | | | - Maria Angélica Monteiro de Mello Mares-Guia
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Ministério da Saúde (MS), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil; (F.L.L.C.); (M.A.M.d.M.M.-G.); (V.M.G.C.); (N.R.d.C.F.); (M.C.L.d.M.); (A.M.B.d.F.)
| | - Vinícius Martins Guerra Campos
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Ministério da Saúde (MS), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil; (F.L.L.C.); (M.A.M.d.M.M.-G.); (V.M.G.C.); (N.R.d.C.F.); (M.C.L.d.M.); (A.M.B.d.F.)
| | - Nieli Rodrigues da Costa Faria
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Ministério da Saúde (MS), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil; (F.L.L.C.); (M.A.M.d.M.M.-G.); (V.M.G.C.); (N.R.d.C.F.); (M.C.L.d.M.); (A.M.B.d.F.)
| | - Marcelo Adriano da Cunha e Silva Vieira
- Coordenação-Geral de Vigilância das Arboviroses (CGARB), Departamento de Imunização e Doenças Transmissíveis (DEIDT), Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde (SVS), MS, Brasília, DF 70058-900, Brazil; (A.M.R.d.N.); (R.G.P.); (M.A.d.C.e.S.V.); (P.H.d.O.P.); (D.G.R.); (A.P.M.R.)
- Coordenação de Epidemiologia, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Piauí, Teresina, PI 64018-000, Brazil
| | - Marcos Cesar Lima de Mendonça
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Ministério da Saúde (MS), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil; (F.L.L.C.); (M.A.M.d.M.M.-G.); (V.M.G.C.); (N.R.d.C.F.); (M.C.L.d.M.); (A.M.B.d.F.)
| | - Nayara Camila Amorim de Alvarenga Pivisan
- Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Estado do Ceará (SES-CE), Fortaleza, CE 60060-440, Brazil; (B.H.D.); (A.R.S.V.); (F.B.P.M.); (L.O.R.d.S.); (K.N.F.d.E.); (L.C.d.S.); (N.C.A.d.A.P.); (R.G.d.A.G.)
| | - Jarier de Oliveira Moreno
- Agência de Defesa Agropecuária do Estado do Ceará (ADAGRI), Fortaleza, CE 60811-520, Brazil; (E.M.d.Q.-J.); (A.W.L.d.S.); (J.d.O.M.)
| | - Maria Aldessandra Diniz Vieira
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Boa Viagem (SMS-Boa Viagem), Boa Viagem, CE 63870-000, Brazil; (P.J.d.S.M.); (F.F.d.S.); (F.d.C.A.); (R.d.S.R.); (D.d.V.C.); (M.A.D.V.)
| | - Ricristhi Gonçalves de Aguiar Gomes
- Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Estado do Ceará (SES-CE), Fortaleza, CE 60060-440, Brazil; (B.H.D.); (A.R.S.V.); (F.B.P.M.); (L.O.R.d.S.); (K.N.F.d.E.); (L.C.d.S.); (N.C.A.d.A.P.); (R.G.d.A.G.)
| | | | - Pedro Henrique de Oliveira Passos
- Coordenação-Geral de Vigilância das Arboviroses (CGARB), Departamento de Imunização e Doenças Transmissíveis (DEIDT), Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde (SVS), MS, Brasília, DF 70058-900, Brazil; (A.M.R.d.N.); (R.G.P.); (M.A.d.C.e.S.V.); (P.H.d.O.P.); (D.G.R.); (A.P.M.R.)
| | - Daniel Garkauskas Ramos
- Coordenação-Geral de Vigilância das Arboviroses (CGARB), Departamento de Imunização e Doenças Transmissíveis (DEIDT), Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde (SVS), MS, Brasília, DF 70058-900, Brazil; (A.M.R.d.N.); (R.G.P.); (M.A.d.C.e.S.V.); (P.H.d.O.P.); (D.G.R.); (A.P.M.R.)
| | - Alessandro Pecego Martins Romano
- Coordenação-Geral de Vigilância das Arboviroses (CGARB), Departamento de Imunização e Doenças Transmissíveis (DEIDT), Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde (SVS), MS, Brasília, DF 70058-900, Brazil; (A.M.R.d.N.); (R.G.P.); (M.A.d.C.e.S.V.); (P.H.d.O.P.); (D.G.R.); (A.P.M.R.)
| | - Lívia Carício Martins
- Seção de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas (IEC), MS, Ananindeua, PA 67030-000, Brazil; (L.M.N.C.); (L.L.d.C.); (H.A.d.O.M.); (L.C.M.)
| | - Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Fiocruz, MS, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil; (M.S.A.S.N.); (A.F.-d.-B.); (R.L.-d.-O.)
| | - Ana Maria Bispo de Filippis
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Ministério da Saúde (MS), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil; (F.L.L.C.); (M.A.M.d.M.M.-G.); (V.M.G.C.); (N.R.d.C.F.); (M.C.L.d.M.); (A.M.B.d.F.)
| | - Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa
- Laboratório de Flavivírus, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Ministério da Saúde (MS), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil; (F.L.L.C.); (M.A.M.d.M.M.-G.); (V.M.G.C.); (N.R.d.C.F.); (M.C.L.d.M.); (A.M.B.d.F.)
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
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7
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Taieb L, Ludwig A, Ogden NH, Lindsay RL, Iranpour M, Gagnon CA, Bicout DJ. Bird Species Involved in West Nile Virus Epidemiological Cycle in Southern Québec. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17124517. [PMID: 32585999 PMCID: PMC7344584 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Despite many studies on West Nile Virus (WNV) in the US, including the reservoir role of bird species and the summer shifts of the Culex mosquito, feeding from birds to mammals, there have been few equivalent studies in the neighboring regions of Canada where WNV is endemic. Here, a priority list of bird species likely involved in WNV transmission in the greater Montréal area is constructed by combining three sources of data: (i) from WNV surveillance in wild birds (2002–2015); (ii) blood meal analysis of Culex pipiens–restuans (CPR), the primary enzootic vectors of WNV in the region, collected from surveillance in 2008 and 2014; (iii) literature review on the sero-prevalence/host competence of resident birds. Each of these data sources yielded 18, 23 and 53 species, and overall, 67 different bird species were identified as potential WNV amplifiers/reservoirs. Of those identified from CPR blood meals, Common starlings, American robins, Song sparrows and House sparrows ranked the highest and blood meal analysis demonstrated a seasonal shift in feed preference from birds to mammals by CPR. Our study indicates that there are broad similarities in the ecology of WNV between our region and the northeastern US, although the relative importance of bird species varies somewhat between regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Taieb
- Research Group on Epidemiology of Zoonoses and Public Health (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (L.T.); (N.H.O.)
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
| | - Antoinette Ludwig
- Research Group on Epidemiology of Zoonoses and Public Health (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (L.T.); (N.H.O.)
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (D.J.B.); Tel.: +33-673-267-496 (D.J.B.)
| | - Nick H. Ogden
- Research Group on Epidemiology of Zoonoses and Public Health (GREZOSP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada; (L.T.); (N.H.O.)
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Robbin L. Lindsay
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (R.L.L.); (M.I.)
| | - Mahmood Iranpour
- Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada; (R.L.L.); (M.I.)
| | - Carl A. Gagnon
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Dominique J. Bicout
- Biomathématiques et Épidémiologie, EPSP-TIMC, UMR CNRS 5525, Université Grenoble-Alpes, VetAgro Sup, 38700 La Tronche, France
- Laue-Langevin Institute, Theory Group, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (D.J.B.); Tel.: +33-673-267-496 (D.J.B.)
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8
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Duggal NK, Langwig KE, Ebel GD, Brault AC. On the Fly: Interactions Between Birds, Mosquitoes, and Environment That Have Molded West Nile Virus Genomic Structure Over Two Decades. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:1467-1474. [PMID: 31549720 PMCID: PMC7182917 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) was first identified in North America almost 20 yr ago. In that time, WNV has crossed the continent and established enzootic transmission cycles, resulting in intermittent outbreaks of human disease that have largely been linked with climatic variables and waning avian seroprevalence. During the transcontinental dissemination of WNV, the original genotype has been displaced by two principal extant genotypes which contain an envelope mutation that has been associated with enhanced vector competence by Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) and Culex tarsalis Coquillett vectors. Analyses of retrospective avian host competence data generated using the founding NY99 genotype strain have demonstrated a steady reduction in viremias of house sparrows over time. Reciprocally, the current genotype strains WN02 and SW03 have demonstrated an inverse correlation between house sparrow viremia magnitude and the time since isolation. These data collectively indicate that WNV has evolved for increased avian viremia while house sparrows have evolved resistance to the virus such that the relative host competence has remained constant. Intrahost analyses of WNV evolution demonstrate that selection pressures are avian species-specific and purifying selection is greater in individual birds compared with individual mosquitoes, suggesting that the avian adaptive and/or innate immune response may impose a selection pressure on WNV. Phylogenomic, experimental evolutionary systems, and models that link viral evolution with climate, host, and vector competence studies will be needed to identify the relative effect of different selective and stochastic mechanisms on viral phenotypes and the capacity of newly evolved WNV genotypes for transmission in continuously changing landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha K Duggal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Kate E Langwig
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Gregory D Ebel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Aaron C Brault
- Division of Vector-borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
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9
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Hannon ER, Jackson KC, Biggerstaff BJ, Raman V, Komar N. Bloodmeal Host Selection of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:603-608. [PMID: 30668743 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) and West Nile virus (WNV) have recently emerged in the southwestern United States. Surveillance for arboviruses in Las Vegas, NV, detected a surge of SLEV activity in the southern house mosquito (Culex quinquefasciatus Say) during 2016. To identify candidate avian amplifiers, we assessed the identification, viral infection, and immune status of vertebrate hosts for 195 blood-engorged Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes collected in August and September 2016. Bloodmeals were identified from 164 engorged abdomens, representing 19 species of birds and three species of mammals. No SLEV or WNV viremia was detected, but one mosquito tested positive for Culex flavivirus. House finch (Haemorhous mexicanus) (Muller) was the most common bloodmeal, followed by domestic chicken (Gallus gallus) (Linnaeus), American robin (Turdus migratorius) L., house sparrow (Passer domesticus) (L.), great-tailed grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus) (Gmelin), northern mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) (L.) and mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) (L.). SLEV-reactive antibodies were detected in six identified bloodmeals and WNV-reactive antibodies were detected in 33. House sparrow and house finch were the most likely hosts to show previous exposure to SLEV and WNV, respectively. Over-utilization by Cx. quinquefasciatus for bloodmeal hosts was observed primarily among robin, finch and sparrow, all species that roost communally. House finch stands out as a candidate important amplifier for both SLEV and WNV because of its preference by mosquito vectors, and high competence for closely related virus strains. While implicated in previous outbreaks as an important mosquito vector, Cx. quinquefasciatus feeds infrequently on mammals in Las Vegas, indicating a low risk for bridge transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Hannon
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Katelin C Jackson
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Brad J Biggerstaff
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Vivek Raman
- Southern Nevada Health District, Las Vegas, NV
| | - Nicholas Komar
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO
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10
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Nguyen C, Gray M, Burton TA, Foy SL, Foster JR, Gendernalik AL, Rückert C, Alout H, Young MC, Boze B, Ebel GD, Clapsaddle B, Foy BD. Evaluation of a novel West Nile virus transmission control strategy that targets Culex tarsalis with endectocide-containing blood meals. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007210. [PMID: 30845250 PMCID: PMC6424467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of arbovirus transmission remains focused on vector control through application of insecticides directly to the environment. However, these insecticide applications are often reactive interventions that can be poorly-targeted, inadequate for localized control during outbreaks, and opposed due to environmental and toxicity concerns. In this study, we developed endectocide-treated feed as a systemic endectocide for birds to target blood feeding Culex tarsalis, the primary West Nile virus (WNV) bridge vector in the western United States, and conducted preliminary tests on the effects of deploying this feed in the field. In lab tests, ivermectin (IVM) was the most effective endectocide tested against Cx. tarsalis and WNV-infection did not influence mosquito mortality from IVM. Chickens and wild Eurasian collared doves exhibited no signs of toxicity when fed solely on bird feed treated with concentrations up to 200 mg IVM/kg of diet, and significantly more Cx. tarsalis that blood fed on these birds died (greater than 80% mortality) compared to controls (less than 25% mortality). Mosquito mortality following blood feeding correlated with IVM serum concentrations at the time of blood feeding, which dropped rapidly after the withdrawal of treated feed. Preliminary field testing over one WNV season in Fort Collins, Colorado demonstrated that nearly all birds captured around treated bird feeders had detectable levels of IVM in their blood. However, entomological data showed that WNV transmission was non-significantly reduced around treated bird feeders. With further development, deployment of ivermectin-treated bird feed might be an effective, localized WNV transmission control tool. West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne virus that causes significant disease and death every year in humans, domesticated animals, and wildlife. Control of WNV transmission is focused on controlling the mosquito vector through applications of insecticides directly to the environment. In this study, we evaluate a novel control strategy for WNV transmission by targeting the main mosquito bridge vector in the Great Plains region, Culex tarsalis, through its blood feeding behavior. Because Culex tarsalis favor taking blood meals from particular bird species, our strategy aims to target these bird species with endectocide-treated bird feed that will result in lethal blood meals for Cx. tarsalis. In this study, we developed a safe and effective formulation of ivermectin-treated diet that resulted in increased mortality for Cx. tarsalis blood fed on birds consuming this treated diet as compared to mosquitoes feeding on control birds. We also conducted a pilot field trial in Fort Collins, Colorado to test this strategy in a natural transmission cycle, which demonstrated promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chilinh Nguyen
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Meg Gray
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Timothy A. Burton
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Soleil L. Foy
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - John R. Foster
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Alex Lazr Gendernalik
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Claudia Rückert
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | | | - Michael C. Young
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Broox Boze
- Vector Disease Control International, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
| | - Gregory D. Ebel
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
| | | | - Brian D. Foy
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America
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11
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Komar N, Panella NA, Burkhalter KL. Focal amplification and suppression of West Nile virus transmission associated with communal bird roosts in northern Colorado. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2018; 43:220-234. [PMID: 30408295 PMCID: PMC7083205 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To explain the patchy distribution of West Nile virus (WNV), we propose that avian immunity encountered by Culex vectors regulates WNV transmission, particularly at communal bird roosts. To test this hypothesis, we selected two test sites with communally roosting American robins (Turdus migratorius) and two control sites that lacked communal roosts. The density of vector-vertebrate contacts, represented by engorged Culex pipiens, was 23-fold greater at test sites compared to control sites, and the density of blood-engorged Cx. pipiens measured in resting mosquito traps correlated positively with the presence of robins and negatively with the presence of other birds, confirming an attraction to robins for blood feeding. WNV transmission was alternately up-regulated (amplification) and down-regulated (suppression) at both test sites. At one test site, infection in resting Cx. pipiens surged from zero to 37.2 per thousand within four weeks, and robin immunity rose from 8.4% to 64% before reducing to 33%. At this site, ten potentially infectious contacts between vector and vertebrates (including nine robins and a mourning dove [Zenaida macroura]) were documented. Infectious vector-vertebrate contacts were absent from control sites. The use of infectious vector-vertebrate contacts, rather than infected mosquitoes, to evaluate a transmission focus is novel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Komar
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Fort Collins, CO 80521, U.S.A
| | - Nicholas A Panella
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Fort Collins, CO 80521, U.S.A
| | - Kristen L Burkhalter
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Fort Collins, CO 80521, U.S.A
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12
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Hepp CM, Cocking JH, Valentine M, Young SJ, Damian D, Samuels-Crow KE, Sheridan K, Fofanov VY, Furstenau TN, Busch JD, Erickson DE, Lancione RC, Smith K, Will J, Townsend J, Keim PS, Engelthaler DM. Phylogenetic analysis of West Nile Virus in Maricopa County, Arizona: Evidence for dynamic behavior of strains in two major lineages in the American Southwest. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205801. [PMID: 30475820 PMCID: PMC6261030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile Virus (WNV) has been detected annually in Maricopa County, Arizona, since 2003. With this in mind, we sought to determine if contemporary strains are endemic to the county or are annually imported. As part of this effort, we developed a new protocol for tiled amplicon sequencing of WNV to efficiently attain greater than 99% coverage of 14 WNV genomes collected directly from positive mosquito pools distributed throughout Maricopa County between 2014 and 2017. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses revealed that contemporary genomes fall within two major lineages; NA/WN02 and SW/WN03. We found that all of the Arizona strains possessed an amino acid substitution known to be under positive selection, which has arisen independently at least four times in Arizona. The SW/WN03 strains exhibited transient behavior, with at least 10 separate introductions into Arizona when considering both historical and contemporary strains. However, NA/WN02 strains are geographically differentiated and appear to be endemic in Arizona, with two clades that have been circulating for four and seven years. This establishment in Maricopa County provides the first evidence of local overwintering by a WNV strain over the course of several years in Arizona. Within a national context, the placement of eleven contemporary Arizona strains in the NA/WN02 lineage indicates while WNV first entered the northeastern United States in 1999, the most ancestral extant strains of WNV are now circulating in the American southwest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal M. Hepp
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United Sates of America
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jill Hager Cocking
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United Sates of America
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Michael Valentine
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Steven J. Young
- Maricopa County Environmental Services Department Vector Control Division, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Dan Damian
- Maricopa County Environmental Services Department Office of Enterprise Technology, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kimberly E. Samuels-Crow
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United Sates of America
| | - Krystal Sheridan
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Viacheslav Y. Fofanov
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United Sates of America
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Tara N. Furstenau
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United Sates of America
| | - Joseph D. Busch
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Daryn E. Erickson
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United Sates of America
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Ryan C. Lancione
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United Sates of America
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kirk Smith
- Maricopa County Environmental Services Department Vector Control Division, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - James Will
- Maricopa County Environmental Services Department Vector Control Division, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - John Townsend
- Maricopa County Environmental Services Department Vector Control Division, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Paul S. Keim
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
| | - David M. Engelthaler
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States of America
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Komar N, Panella NA, Golnar AJ, Hamer GL. Forage Ratio Analysis of the Southern House Mosquito in College Station, Texas. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:485-490. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Komar
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Nicholas A. Panella
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Andrew J. Golnar
- Department of Entomology, TAMU 2475, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Gabriel L. Hamer
- Department of Entomology, TAMU 2475, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
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14
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Komar N, Colborn JM, Horiuchi K, Delorey M, Biggerstaff B, Damian D, Smith K, Townsend J. Reduced West Nile Virus Transmission Around Communal Roosts of Great-Tailed Grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus). ECOHEALTH 2015; 12:144-51. [PMID: 25480320 PMCID: PMC4786297 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-014-0993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus has caused several outbreaks among humans in the Phoenix metropolitan area (Arizona, southwest USA) within the last decade. Recent ecologic studies have implicated Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex tarsalis as the mosquito vectors and identified three abundant passerine birds-great-tailed grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus), house sparrow (Passer domesticus), and house finch (Haemorhous mexicanus)-as key amplifiers among vertebrates. Nocturnal congregations of certain species have been suggested as critical for late summer West Nile virus amplification. We evaluated the hypothesis that house sparrow (P. domesticus) and/or great-tailed grackle (Q. mexicanus) communal roost sites (n = 22 and n = 5, respectively) in a primarily suburban environment were spatially associated with West Nile virus transmission indices during the 2010 outbreak of human neurological disease in metropolitan Phoenix. Spatial associations between human case residences and communal roosts were non-significant for house sparrows, and were negative for great-tailed grackle. Several theories that explain these observations are discussed, including the possibility that grackle communal roosts are protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Komar
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO, 80521, USA,
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15
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Komar N, Panella NA, Young GR, Basile AJ. Methods for detection of West Nile virus antibodies in mosquito blood meals. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2015; 31:1-6. [PMID: 25843170 PMCID: PMC4785996 DOI: 10.2987/14-6468r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe and compare 2 qualitative serologic techniques for detecting West Nile virus (WNV)-specific antibodies in mosquito blood meals. The techniques are the biotin microsphere immunoassay (b-MIA) and the inhibition platform of the VectorTest™ WNV antigen assay (VecTest-inhibition). To demonstrate the ability of these tests to detect WNV-neutralizing antibodies, we experimentally exposed feeding mosquitoes to blood containing 5 concentrations of 6B6C-1, a flavivirus-neutralizing monoclonal antibody. Antibody concentrations were quantified using the 90% plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT90). After 24 h of blood-meal digestion at 22.5°C, the threshold PRNT90 titer of detection was ≤18 for b-MIA and ≤50 for VecTest-inhibition. Both tests reliably detected antibodies in 3 of 3 blood meals that had been digested for up to 30 h, or were about 25% digested. The b-MIA was also applied to mosquitoes that had engorged on avian blood in Arizona following a WNV epidemic in 2010. There was no significant difference in the WNV antibody prevalence determined by b-MIA (52% of 71 avian blood meals) compared to the WNV-neutralizing antibody prevalence in birds determined by direct sampling (49% of 234 birds). VecTest-inhibition requires fewer resources and may be used in the field without a laboratory, but consumes the entire blood meal and relies on subjective interpretation of results. The b-MIA requires a laboratory and sophisticated equipment and reagents. Results for b-MIA are analyzed objectively and can be applied to mosquito blood meals with greater confidence than the VecTest-inhibition method and thus can contribute substantially to research and surveillance programs that would benefit from the detection of specific WNV antibodies in mosquito blood meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Komar
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521
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Duggal NK, Bosco-Lauth A, Bowen RA, Wheeler SS, Reisen WK, Felix TA, Mann BR, Romo H, Swetnam DM, Barrett ADT, Brault AC. Evidence for co-evolution of West Nile Virus and house sparrows in North America. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3262. [PMID: 25357248 PMCID: PMC4214623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) has been maintained in North America in enzootic cycles between mosquitoes and birds since it was first described in North America in 1999. House sparrows (HOSPs; Passer domesticus) are a highly competent host for WNV that have contributed to the rapid spread of WNV across the U.S.; however, their competence has been evaluated primarily using an early WNV strain (NY99) that is no longer circulating. Herein, we report that the competence of wild HOSPs for the NY99 strain has decreased significantly over time, suggesting that HOSPs may have developed resistance to this early WNV strain. Moreover, recently isolated WNV strains generate higher peak viremias and mortality in contemporary HOSPs compared to NY99. These data indicate that opposing selective pressures in both the virus and avian host have resulted in a net increase in the level of host competence of North American HOSPs for currently circulating WNV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha K. Duggal
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Angela Bosco-Lauth
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sarah S. Wheeler
- Center for Vectorborne Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - William K. Reisen
- Center for Vectorborne Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Todd A. Felix
- United States Department of Agriculture, Lakewood, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brian R. Mann
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hannah Romo
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Daniele M. Swetnam
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alan D. T. Barrett
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Aaron C. Brault
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: .
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Gaensbauer JT, Lindsey NP, Messacar K, Staples JE, Fischer M. Neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the United States: 2003 to 2012. Pediatrics 2014; 134:e642-50. [PMID: 25113294 PMCID: PMC5662468 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2014-0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the epidemiologic and clinical syndromes associated with pediatric neuroinvasive arboviral infections among children in the United States from 2003 through 2012. METHODS We reviewed data reported by state health departments to ArboNET, the national arboviral surveillance system, for 2003 through 2012. Children (<18 years) with neuroinvasive arboviral infections (eg, meningitis, encephalitis, or acute flaccid paralysis) were included. Demographic, clinical syndrome, outcome, geographic, and temporal data were analyzed for all cases. RESULTS During the study period, 1217 cases and 22 deaths due to pediatric neuroinvasive arboviral infection were reported from the 48 contiguous states. La Crosse virus (665 cases; 55%) and West Nile virus (505 cases; 41%) were the most common etiologies identified. Although less common, Eastern equine encephalitis virus (30 cases; 2%) resulted in 10 pediatric deaths. La Crosse virus primarily affected younger children, whereas West Nile virus was more common in older children and adolescents. West Nile virus disease cases occurred throughout the country, whereas La Crosse and the other arboviruses were more focally distributed. CONCLUSIONS Neuroinvasive arboviral infections were an important cause of pediatric disease from 2003 through 2012. Differences in the epidemiology and clinical disease result from complex interactions among virus, vector, host, and the environment. Decreasing the morbidity and mortality from these agents depends on vector control, personal protection to reduce mosquito and tick bites, and blood donor screening. Effective surveillance is critical to inform clinicians and public health officials about the epidemiologic features of these diseases and to direct prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T. Gaensbauer
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Nicole P. Lindsey
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Kevin Messacar
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - J. Erin Staples
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Marc Fischer
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Abstract
Arboviruses continue to be a major cause of encephalitis in North America, and West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease is now the dominant cause of encephalitis. Transmission to humans of North American arboviruses occurs by infected mosquitoes or ticks. Most infections are asymptomatic or produce a flulike illness. Rapid serum or cerebrospinal fluid IgM antibody capture ELISA assays are available to diagnosis the acute infection for all North American arboviruses. Unfortunately, no antiviral drugs are approved for the treatment of arbovirus infection and current therapy is supportive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry E Davis
- New Mexico Veterans Affairs Health Care System, 1500 San Pedro Drive SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA.
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