1
|
Collier TC, Lee Y, Mathias DK, López Del Amo V. CRISPR-Cas9 and Cas12a target site richness reflects genomic diversity in natural populations of Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:700. [PMID: 39020310 PMCID: PMC11253549 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to limitations in conventional disease vector control strategies including the rise of insecticide resistance in natural populations of mosquitoes, genetic control strategies using CRISPR gene drive systems have been under serious consideration. The identification of CRISPR target sites in mosquito populations is a key aspect for developing efficient genetic vector control strategies. While genome-wide Cas9 target sites have been explored in mosquitoes, a precise evaluation of target sites focused on coding sequence (CDS) is lacking. Additionally, target site polymorphisms have not been characterized for other nucleases such as Cas12a, which require a different DNA recognition site (PAM) and would expand the accessibility of mosquito genomes for genetic engineering. We undertook a comprehensive analysis of potential target sites for both Cas9 and Cas12a nucleases within the genomes of natural populations of Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti from multiple continents. We demonstrate that using two nucleases increases the number of targets per gene. Also, we identified differences in nucleotide diversity between North American and African Aedes populations, impacting the abundance of good target sites with a minimal degree of polymorphisms that can affect the binding of gRNA. Lastly, we screened for gRNAs targeting sex-determination genes that could be widely applicable for developing field genetic control strategies. Overall, this work highlights the utility of employing both Cas9 and Cas12a nucleases and underscores the importance of designing universal genetic strategies adaptable to diverse mosquito populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoosook Lee
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32962, USA
| | - Derrick K Mathias
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Nematology, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32962, USA
| | - Víctor López Del Amo
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Andrade AO, Santos NAC, Bastos AS, Pontual JDC, Araújo CS, Lima AS, Martinez LN, Ferreira AS, Aguiar ACC, Teles CBG, Guido RVC, Santana RA, Lopes SCP, Medeiros JF, Rizopoulos Z, Vinetz JM, Campo B, Lacerda MVG, Araújo MS. Optimization of Plasmodium vivax infection of colonized Amazonian Anopheles darlingi. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18207. [PMID: 37875508 PMCID: PMC10598059 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44556-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Obtaining Plasmodium vivax sporozoites is essential for in vitro culture of liver stage parasites, not only to understand fundamental aspects of parasite biology, but also for drug and vaccine development. A major impediment to establish high-throughput in vitro P. vivax liver stage assays for drug development is obtaining sufficient numbers of sporozoites. To do so, female anopheline mosquitoes have to be fed on blood from P. vivax-infected patients through an artificial membrane-feeding system, which in turns requires a well-established Anopheles colony. In this study we established conditions to provide a robust supply of P. vivax sporozoites. Adding a combination of serum replacement and antibiotics to the membrane-feeding protocol was found to best improve sporozoite production. A simple centrifugation method appears to be a possible tool for rapidly obtaining purified sporozoites with a minimal loss of yield. However, this method needs to be better defined since sporozoite viability and hepatocyte infection were not evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice O Andrade
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM)/Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Publica, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Najara Akira C Santos
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM)/Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Alessandra S Bastos
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM)/Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - José Daniel C Pontual
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM)/Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Cristiane S Araújo
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM)/Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação e uso de Recursos Naturais - PPGReN, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Analice S Lima
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM)/Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Faculdades Integradas Aparício Carvalho (FIMCA), Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Leandro N Martinez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Publica, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Plataforma de Bioensaios de Malária e Leishmaniose da Fiocruz (PBML), Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Amália S Ferreira
- Plataforma de Bioensaios de Malária e Leishmaniose da Fiocruz (PBML), Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Anna Caroline C Aguiar
- Departamento de Biociência, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina B G Teles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Plataforma de Bioensaios de Malária e Leishmaniose da Fiocruz (PBML), Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Rede de Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia da Amazônia Legal - BIONORTE, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Rafael V C Guido
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosa A Santana
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Stefanie C P Lopes
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Jansen F Medeiros
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM)/Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | | | - Joseph M Vinetz
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Alexander von Humboldt Institute of Tropical Medicine and Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Brice Campo
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Vinicius G Lacerda
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Carlos Borborema, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Instituto Leônidas & Maria Deane, FIOCRUZ, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Maisa S Araújo
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM)/Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação e uso de Recursos Naturais - PPGReN, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ayele T, Wondale B, Tamiru G, Eligo N, Lindtjørn B, Massebo F. Infectivity of symptomatic Plasmodium vivax cases to different generations of wild-caught and laboratory-adapted Anopheles arabiensis using a membrane feeding assay, Ethiopia. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2023; 4:100137. [PMID: 37637351 PMCID: PMC10457422 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2023.100137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
When measuring human to mosquito transmission of Plasmodium spp., laboratory-adapted (colony) mosquitoes can be utilized. To connect transmission studies to the local epidemiology, it can be important to comprehend the relationship between infectivity in laboratory-adapted (colony) and wild-caught (wild) mosquitoes of the same species. Microscopically confirmed Plasmodium vivax cases were recruited from health facilities in Arba Minch town, and a nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) was used for subsequent confirmation. We performed paired membrane-feeding assays using colony An. arabiensis and three generations of wild origin An. arabiensis. Anopheles arabiensis aged 3-6 days were fed after being starved for 8-14 h. Microscopically, the oocyst development was evaluated at day 7 after feeding. Circumsporozoite proteins (CSPs) assay was carried out by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In 19 paired feeding experiments, the feeding efficiency was more than doubled in colony (median: 62.5%; interquartile range, IQR: 35-78%) than in wild mosquitoes (median: 28.5%; IQR: 17.5-40%; P < 0.001). Among the 19 P. vivax gametocyte-positive blood samples, 63.2% (n = 12) were infective to wild An. arabiensis and 73.7% (n = 14) were infective to colony An. arabiensis. The median infection rate was twice as high (26%) in the colony than in the wild (13%) An. arabiensis, although the difference was marginally insignificant (P = 0.06). Although the observed difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.19), the median number of oocysts per midgut was more than twice as high (17.8/midgut) in colony than in wild (7.2/midgut) An. arabiensis. The median feeding efficiency was 26.5% (IQR: 18-37%) in F1, 29.3% (IQR: 28-40%) in F2 and 31.2% (IQR: 30-37%) in F3 generations of wild An. arabiensis. Also, no significant difference was observed in oocyst infection rate and load between generations of wild An. arabiensis. CSP rate of P. vivax was 3.1% (3/97; 95% CI: 0.6-8.8%) in wild and 3.6% (3/84; 95% CI: 0.7-10.1%) in colony An. arabiensis. The results of the present study revealed that oocyst infection and load/midgut, and CSP rate were roughly comparable, indicating that colony mosquitoes can be employed for infectivity studies, while larger sample sizes may be necessary in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tenaye Ayele
- Department of Biology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
- Department of Biology, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Biniam Wondale
- Department of Biology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Girum Tamiru
- Department of Biology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Nigatu Eligo
- Department of Biology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Bernt Lindtjørn
- Department of Biology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Fekadu Massebo
- Department of Biology, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Baltar JMC, Pavan MG, Corrêa-Antônio J, Couto-Lima D, Maciel-de-Freitas R, David MR. Gut Bacterial Diversity of Field and Laboratory-Reared Aedes albopictus Populations of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Viruses 2023; 15:1309. [PMID: 37376609 DOI: 10.3390/v15061309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mosquito microbiota impacts different parameters in host biology, such as development, metabolism, immune response and vector competence to pathogens. As the environment is an important source of acquisition of host associate microbes, we described the microbiota and the vector competence to Zika virus (ZIKV) of Aedes albopictus from three areas with distinct landscapes. METHODS Adult females were collected during two different seasons, while eggs were used to rear F1 colonies. Midgut bacterial communities were described in field and F1 mosquitoes as well as in insects from a laboratory colony (>30 generations, LAB) using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. F1 mosquitoes were infected with ZIKV to determine virus infection rates (IRs) and dissemination rates (DRs). Collection season significantly affected the bacterial microbiota diversity and composition, e.g., diversity levels decreased from the wet to the dry season. Field-collected and LAB mosquitoes' microbiota had similar diversity levels, which were higher compared to F1 mosquitoes. However, the gut microbiota composition of field mosquitoes was distinct from that of laboratory-reared mosquitoes (LAB and F1), regardless of the collection season and location. A possible negative correlation was detected between Acetobacteraceae and Wolbachia, with the former dominating the gut microbiota of F1 Ae. albopictus, while the latter was absent/undetectable. Furthermore, we detected significant differences in infection and dissemination rates (but not in the viral load) between the mosquito populations, but it does not seem to be related to gut microbiota composition, as it was similar between F1 mosquitoes regardless of their population. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the environment and the collection season play a significant role in shaping mosquitoes' bacterial microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João M C Baltar
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Márcio G Pavan
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jessica Corrêa-Antônio
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Dinair Couto-Lima
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafael Maciel-de-Freitas
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Arbovirology, Bernhard Nocht Institute of Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mariana R David
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ghosh C, Kumar N, Kushwah RBS, M. S, Joshi SG, Ramanjini CK, Alalamath T, Srinivasan S, Subramani S, Kumar S, Swain S. Enrichment of phenotype among biological forms of Anopheles stephensi Liston through establishment of isofemale lines. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:79. [PMID: 36855157 PMCID: PMC9976541 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05696-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vector management programs rely on knowledge of the biology and genetic make-up of mosquitoes. Anopheles stephensi is a major invasive urban malaria vector, distributed throughout the Indian subcontinent and Middle East, and has recently been expanding its range in Africa. With the existence of three biological forms, distinctly identifiable based on the number of ridges on eggs and varying vectorial competence, An. stephensi is a perfect species for developing isofemale lines, which can be tested for insecticide susceptibility and vectorial competence of various biological forms. METHODS We describe key steps involved in establishment and validation of isofemale lines. Isofemale colonies were further used for the characterization of insecticide susceptibility and differential vector competence. The results were statistically evaluated through descriptive and inferential statistics using Vassar Stat and Prism GraphPad software packages. RESULTS Through a meticulous selection process, we overcame an initial inbreeding depression and found no significant morphometric differences in wings and egg size between the parental and respective isofemale lines in later generations. IndCh and IndInt strains showed variations in resistance to different insecticides belonging to all four major classes. We observed a significant change in vectorial competence between the respective isofemale and parental lines. CONCLUSIONS Isofemale lines can be a valuable resource for characterizing and enhancing several genotypic and phenotypic traits. This is the first detailed report of the establishment of two isofemale lines of type and intermediate biological forms in Anopheles stephensi. The work encompasses characterization of fitness traits among two lines through a transgenerational study. Furthermore, isofemale colonies were established and used to characterize insecticide susceptibility and vector competence. The study provides valuable insights into differential susceptibility status of the parental and isofemale lines to different insecticides belonging to the same class. Corroborating an earlier hypothesis, we demonstrate the high vector competence of the type form relative to the intermediate form using homozygous lines. Using these lines, it is now possible to study host-parasite interactions and identify factors that might be responsible for altered susceptibility and increased vector competence in An. stephensi biological forms that would also pave the way for developing better vector management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaitali Ghosh
- grid.508203.c0000 0004 9410 4854Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Centre at inStem-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065 India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- grid.508203.c0000 0004 9410 4854Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Centre at inStem-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065 India
| | - Raja Babu Singh Kushwah
- grid.508203.c0000 0004 9410 4854Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Centre at inStem-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065 India ,grid.264756.40000 0004 4687 2082Present Address: Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 7845 USA
| | - Soumya M.
- grid.508203.c0000 0004 9410 4854Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Centre at inStem-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065 India
| | - Soumya Gopal Joshi
- grid.508203.c0000 0004 9410 4854Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Centre at inStem-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065 India
| | - Chethan Kumar Ramanjini
- grid.508203.c0000 0004 9410 4854Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Centre at inStem-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065 India
| | - Tejashwini Alalamath
- grid.418831.70000 0004 0500 991XInstitute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City, Phase I, Bangalore, 560100 India
| | - Subhashini Srinivasan
- grid.418831.70000 0004 0500 991XInstitute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Biotech Park, Electronic City, Phase I, Bangalore, 560100 India
| | - Suresh Subramani
- grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Sampath Kumar
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Centre at inStem-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India.
| | - Sunita Swain
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Centre at inStem-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Santos NAC, Andrade AO, Santos TC, Martinez LN, Ferreira AS, Bastos AS, Martins MM, Pontual JDC, Teles CBG, Medeiros JF, Araújo MS. Evaluation of sustainable susceptibility to Plasmodium vivax infection among colonized Anopheles darlingi and Anopheles deaneorum. Malar J 2022; 21:163. [PMID: 35658964 PMCID: PMC9164182 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04204-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The colonization of mosquitoes susceptible to Plasmodium vivax via direct membrane feeding assay (DMFA) has the potential to significantly advance our knowledge of P. vivax biology, vector-parasite interaction and transmission-blocking vaccine research. Anopheles darlingi and Anopheles deaneorum are important vectors of malaria in the Western Brazilian Amazon. Since 2018, well-established colonies of these species have been maintained in order to mass produce mosquitoes destined for P. vivax infection. Plasmodium susceptibility was confirmed when the colonies were established, but susceptibility needs to be maintained for these colonies to remain good models for pathogen transmission. Thus, the susceptibility was assessed of colonized mosquitoes to P. vivax isolates circulating in the Western Amazon. METHODS Laboratory-reared mosquitoes from F10-F25 generations were fed on P. vivax blood isolates via DMFA. Susceptibility was determined by prevalence and intensity of infection as represented by oocyst load seven days after blood feeding, and sporozoite load 14 days after blood feeding. The effect of infection on mosquito survival was evaluated from initial blood feeding until sporogonic development and survival rates were compared between mosquitoes fed on infected and uninfected blood. Correlation was calculated between gametocytaemia and prevalence/intensity of infection, and between oocyst and sporozoite load. RESULTS Significant differences were found in prevalence and intensity of infection between species. Anopheles darlingi showed a higher proportion of infected mosquitoes and higher oocyst and sporozoite intensity than An. deaneorum. Survival analysis showed that An. deaneorum survival decreased drastically until 14 days post infection (dpi). Plasmodium vivax infection decreased survival in both species relative to uninfected mosquitoes. No correlation was observed between gametocytaemia and prevalence/intensity of infection, but oocyst and sporozoite load had a moderate to strong correlation. CONCLUSIONS Colonized An. darlingi make excellent subjects for modelling pathogen transmission. On the other hand, An. deaneorum could serve as a model for immunity studies due the low susceptibility under current colonized conditions. In the application of DMFA, gametocyte density is not a reliable parameter for predicting mosquito infection by P. vivax, but oocyst intensity should be used to schedule sporozoite experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Najara A C Santos
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM), Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Alice O Andrade
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM), Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Thais C Santos
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM), Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Leandro N Martinez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Plataforma de Bioensaios de Malária e Leishmaniose da Fiocruz (PBML), Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, INCT-EpiAmO, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Amália S Ferreira
- Plataforma de Bioensaios de Malária e Leishmaniose da Fiocruz (PBML), Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, INCT-EpiAmO, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Alessandra S Bastos
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM), Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Mirilene M Martins
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM), Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - José D C Pontual
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM), Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Carolina B G Teles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Plataforma de Bioensaios de Malária e Leishmaniose da Fiocruz (PBML), Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, INCT-EpiAmO, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Jansen F Medeiros
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM), Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, FIOCRUZ Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia na Amazônia Ocidental, INCT-EpiAmO, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Maisa S Araújo
- Plataforma de Produção e Infecção de Vetores da Malária (PIVEM), Laboratório de Entomologia, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
DeRaedt S, Bierman A, van Heusden P, Richards C, Christoffels A. microRNA profile of Hermetia illucens (black soldier fly) and its implications on mass rearing. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265492. [PMID: 35298540 PMCID: PMC8929568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing demands on protein producers and the dwindling available resources have made Hermetia illucens (the black soldier fly, BSF) an economically important species. Insights into the genome of this insect will better allow for robust breeding protocols, and more efficient production to be used as a replacement of animal feed protein. The use of microRNA as a method to understand how gene regulation allows insect species to adapt to changes in their environment, has been established in multiple species. The baseline and life stage expression levels established in this study, allow for insight into the development and sex-linked microRNA regulation in BSF. To accomplish this, microRNA was extracted and sequenced from 15 different libraries with each life stage in triplicate. Of the total 192 microRNAs found, 168 were orthologous to known arthropod microRNAs and 24 microRNAs were unique to BSF. Twenty-six of the 168 microRNAs conserved across arthropods had a statistically significant (p < 0.05) differential expression between Egg to Larval stages. The development from larva to pupa was characterized by 16 statistically significant differentially expressed microRNA. Seven and 9 microRNA were detected as statistically significant between pupa to adult female and pupa to adult male, respectively. All life stages had a nearly equal split between up and down regulated microRNAs. Ten of the unique 24 miRNA were detected exclusively in one life stage. The egg life stage expressed five microRNA (hil-miR-m, hil-miR-p, hil-miR-r, hil-miR-s, and hil-miR-u) not seen in any other life stages. The female adult and pupa life stages expressed one miRNA each hil-miR-h and hil-miR-ac respectively. Both male and female adult life stages expressed hil-miR-a, hil-miR-b, and hil-miR-y. There were no unique microRNAs found only in the larva stage. Twenty-two microRNAs with 56 experimentally validated target genes in the closely related Drosophila melanogaster were identified. Thus, the microRNA found display the unique evolution of BSF, along with the life stages and potential genes to target for robust mass rearing. Understanding of the microRNA expression in BSF will further their use in the crucial search for alternative and sustainable protein sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah DeRaedt
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute, South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, The University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Anandi Bierman
- AgriProtein Technologies (Pty) Limited, Philippi, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Peter van Heusden
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute, South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, The University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Cameron Richards
- AgriProtein Technologies (Pty) Limited, Philippi, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Alan Christoffels
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute, South African Medical Research Council Bioinformatics Unit, The University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Western Cape, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Van den Eynde C, Sohier C, Matthijs S, De Regge N. Japanese Encephalitis Virus Interaction with Mosquitoes: A Review of Vector Competence, Vector Capacity and Mosquito Immunity. Pathogens 2022; 11:317. [PMID: 35335641 PMCID: PMC8953304 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic flavivirus and a major cause of human viral encephalitis in Asia. We provide an overview of the knowledge on vector competence, vector capacity, and immunity of mosquitoes in relation to JEV. JEV has so far been detected in more than 30 mosquito species. This does not necessarily mean that these species contribute to JEV transmission under field conditions. Therefore, vector capacity, which considers vector competence, as well as environmental, behavioral, cellular, and biochemical variables, needs to be taken into account. Currently, 17 species can be considered as confirmed vectors for JEV and 10 other species as potential vectors. Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex annulirostris are considered primary JEV vectors in endemic regions. Culex pipiens and Aedes japonicus could be considered as potentially important vectors in the case of JEV introduction in new regions. Vector competence is determined by various factors, including vector immunity. The available knowledge on physical and physiological barriers, molecular pathways, antimicrobial peptides, and microbiome is discussed in detail. This review highlights that much remains to be studied about vector immunity against JEV in order to identify novel strategies to reduce JEV transmission by mosquitoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Van den Eynde
- Exotic Viruses and Particular Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (C.S.); (N.D.R.)
| | - Charlotte Sohier
- Exotic Viruses and Particular Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (C.S.); (N.D.R.)
| | - Severine Matthijs
- Enzootic, Vector-Borne and Bee Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Nick De Regge
- Exotic Viruses and Particular Diseases, Sciensano, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussels, Belgium; (C.S.); (N.D.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Amoa-Bosompem M, Kobayashi D, Itokawa K, Murota K, Faizah AN, Azerigyik FA, Hayashi T, Ohashi M, Bonney JHK, Dadzie S, Tran CC, Tran PV, Fujita R, Maekawa Y, Kasai S, Yamaoka S, Ohta N, Sawabe K, Iwanaga S, Isawa H. Determining vector competence of Aedes aegypti from Ghana in transmitting dengue virus serotypes 1 and 2. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:228. [PMID: 33926510 PMCID: PMC8082837 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04728-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue virus (DENV) is a mosquito-borne arbovirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, but is not endemic in all areas where this vector is found. For example, the relatively sparse distribution of cases in West Africa is generally attributed to the refractory nature of West African Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) to DENV infection, and particularly the forest-dwelling Ae. aegypti formosus. However, recent studies have shown these mosquitoes to be competent vectors within some West African countries that have suffered outbreaks in the past, such as Senegal. There is however little information on the vector competence of the Ae. aegypti in West African countries such as Ghana with no reported outbreaks. Methods This study examined the vector competence of 4 Ae. aegypti colonies from urban, semi-urban, and two rural locations in Ghana in transmitting DENV serotypes 1 and 2, using a single colony from Vietnam as control. Midgut infection and virus dissemination were determined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), while the presence and concentration of DENV in the saliva of infectious mosquitoes was determined by the focus forming assay. Results There were significant differences in the colonies’ susceptibility to virus infection, dissemination, and transmission. All examined Ghanaian mosquitoes were refractory to infection by DENV serotype 2, while some colonies exhibited potential to transmit DENV serotype 1. None of the tested colonies were as competent as the control group colony. Conclusions These findings give insight into the possible risk of outbreaks, particularly in the urban areas in the south of Ghana, and highlight the need for continuous surveillance to determine the transmission status and outbreak risk. This study also highlights the need to prevent importation of different DENV strains and potential invasion of new highly vector-competent Ae. aegypti strains, particularly around the ports of entry. Graphic Abstract ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Amoa-Bosompem
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, College of Health Sciences, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Laboratory of Sanitary Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Itokawa
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsunori Murota
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Kyushu Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Chuzan, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Astri Nur Faizah
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Faustus Akankperiwen Azerigyik
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, College of Health Sciences, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Takaya Hayashi
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, College of Health Sciences, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Ohashi
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, College of Health Sciences, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joseph H Kofi Bonney
- Department of Virology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, College of Health Sciences, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Samuel Dadzie
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, College of Health Sciences, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Cuong Chi Tran
- Medical Entomology and Zoology Department, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phong Vu Tran
- Medical Entomology and Zoology Department, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ryosuke Fujita
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory of Sanitary Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Maekawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Kasai
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Yamaoka
- Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuo Ohta
- Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Kyoko Sawabe
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiroh Iwanaga
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Molecular Protozoology, Research Center for Infectious Disease Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Isawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Montoya JP, Pantoja-Sánchez H, Gomez S, Avila FW, Alfonso-Parra C. Flight tone characterisation of the South American malaria vector Anopheles darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2021; 116:e200497. [PMID: 33729397 PMCID: PMC7968435 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flight tones play important roles in mosquito reproduction. Several mosquito species utilise flight tones for mate localisation and attraction. Typically, the female wingbeat frequency (WBF) is lower than males, and stereotypic acoustic behaviors are instrumental for successful copulation. Mosquito WBFs are usually an important species characteristic, with female flight tones used as male attractants in surveillance traps for species identification. Anopheles darlingi is an important Latin American malaria vector, but we know little about its mating behaviors. OBJECTIVES We characterised An. darlingi WBFs and examined male acoustic responses to immobilised females. METHODS Tethered and free flying male and female An. darlingi were recorded individually to determine their WBF distributions. Male-female acoustic interactions were analysed using tethered females and free flying males. FINDINGS Contrary to most mosquito species, An. darlingi females are smaller than males. However, the male's WBF is ~1.5 times higher than the females, a common ratio in species with larger females. When in proximity to a female, males displayed rapid frequency modulations that decreased upon genitalia engagement. Tethered females also modulated their frequency upon male approach, being distinct if the interaction ended in copulation or only contact. MAIN CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of An. darlingi flight acoustics, showing that its precopulatory acoustics are similar to other mosquitoes despite the uncommon male:female size ratio, suggesting that WBF ratios are common communication strategies rather than a physical constraint imposed by size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Pablo Montoya
- Universidad CES, Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Sabaneta, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Hoover Pantoja-Sánchez
- Universidad de Antioquia, Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
- Universidad de Antioquia, Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Sebastian Gomez
- Universidad CES, Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Sabaneta, Antioquia, Colombia
- Universidad de Antioquia, Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Frank William Avila
- Universidad de Antioquia, Max Planck Tandem Group in Mosquito Reproductive Biology, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Catalina Alfonso-Parra
- Universidad CES, Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical, Sabaneta, Antioquia, Colombia
- Universidad de Antioquia, Max Planck Tandem Group in Mosquito Reproductive Biology, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bates TA, Chuong C, Rai P, Marano J, Waldman A, Klinger A, Reinhold JM, Lahondère C, Weger-Lucarelli J. American Aedes japonicus japonicus, Culex pipiens pipiens, and Culex restuans mosquitoes have limited transmission capacity for a recent isolate of Usutu virus. Virology 2021; 555:64-70. [PMID: 33454558 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Usutu virus (USUV; Flavivirus) has caused massive die-offs in birds across Europe since the 1950s. Although rare, severe neurologic disease in humans has been reported. USUV is genetically related to West Nile virus (WNV) and shares an ecological niche, suggesting it could spread from Europe to the Americas. USUV's risk of transmission within the United States is currently unknown. To this end, we exposed field-caught Aedes japonicus, Culex pipiens pipiens, and Culex restuans-competent vectors for WNV-to a recent European isolate of USUV. While infection rates for each species varied from 7%-21%, no dissemination or transmission was observed. These results differed from a 2018 report by Cook and colleagues, who found high dissemination rates and evidence of transmission potential using a different USUV strain, U.S. mosquito populations, temperature, and extrinsic incubation period. Future studies should evaluate the impact of these experimental conditions on USUV transmission by North American mosquitoes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A Bates
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Christina Chuong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Pallavi Rai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Marano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Aaron Waldman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Amy Klinger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Joanna M Reinhold
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Chloé Lahondère
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; The Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; The Global Change Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - James Weger-Lucarelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA; The Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; The Global Change Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Faizah AN, Kobayashi D, Amoa-Bosompem M, Higa Y, Tsuda Y, Itokawa K, Miura K, Hirayama K, Sawabe K, Isawa H. Evaluating the competence of the primary vector, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, and the invasive mosquito species, Aedes japonicus japonicus, in transmitting three Japanese encephalitis virus genotypes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008986. [PMID: 33370301 PMCID: PMC7793266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is maintained in an enzootic cycle between swine, water birds, and mosquitoes. JEV has circulated indigenously in Asia, with Culex tritaeniorhynchus as the primary vector. In some areas where the primary vector is scarce or absent, sporadic cases of Japanese encephalitis have been reported, with Aedes japonicus japonicus presumed to have the potential as a secondary vector. As one of the world's most invasive culicid species, Ae. j. japonicus carries a considerable health risk for spreading diseases to wider areas, including Europe and North America. Thus, evaluation of its competency as a JEV vector, particularly in a native population, will be essential in preventing potential disease spread. In this study, the two mosquito species' vector competence in transmitting three JEV genotypes (I, III, and V) was assessed, with Cx. tritaeniorhynchus serving as a point of reference. The mosquitoes were virus-fed and the infection rate (IR), dissemination rate (DR), and transmission rate (TR) evaluated individually by either RT-qPCR or focus forming assay. Results showed striking differences between the two species, with IR of 95% (261/274) and 9% (16/177) in Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Ae. j. japonicus, respectively. Both mosquitoes were susceptible to all three JEV genotypes with significant differences in IR and mean viral titer. Results confirm the primary vector's competence, but the fact that JEV was able to establish in Ae. j. japonicus is of public health significance, and with 2%-16% transmission rate it has the potential to successfully transmit JEV to the next host. This may explain the human cases and infrequent detection in primary vector-free areas. Importantly, Ae. j. japonicus could be a relevant vector spreading the disease into new areas, indicating the need for security measures in areas where the mosquito is distributed or where it may be introduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astri Nur Faizah
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michael Amoa-Bosompem
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Environmental Parasitology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Higa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Tsuda
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Itokawa
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kozue Miura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hirayama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Sawabe
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Isawa
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Leftwich PT, Spurgin LG, Harvey-Samuel T, Thomas CJE, Paladino LC, Edgington MP, Alphey L. Genetic pest management and the background genetics of release strains. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 376:20190805. [PMID: 33357053 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic pest management (GPM) methods involve releasing modified versions of a pest species to mate with wild pests in the target area. Proposed for a wide range of applications in public health, agriculture and conservation, most progress has been made with pest insects. Offspring of the released modified insects and wild pests carry the modification-which might be transgenes, artificially introduced Wolbachia or genetic damage from radiation, for example-but they also carry a complete haploid genome from their laboratory-reared parent, as well as one from their wild parent. Unless these F1 hybrids are completely unable to reproduce, further mating will lead to introgression of DNA sequences from the release strain into the wild population. We discuss issues around strain selection and the potential consequences of such introgression. We conclude that such introgression is probably harmless in almost all circumstances, and could, in theory, provide specific additional benefits to the release programme. We outline population monitoring approaches that could be used, going forward, to determine how background genetics may affect GPM. This article is part of the theme issue 'Novel control strategies for mosquito-borne diseases'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip T Leftwich
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Lewis G Spurgin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Luke Alphey
- Arthropod Genetics, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Araújo MDS, Andrade AO, Dos Santos NAC, Castro RB, Pereira DB, Rodrigues MMDS, Costa GDS, Júnior AMP, Carvalho LPC, de Medeiros JF, Pereira-da-Silva LH. First Observation of Experimental Plasmodium vivax Infection of Three Malaria Vectors from the Brazilian Amazon. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:517-523. [PMID: 32255759 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although malaria is endemic to the Amazon region, little is known about the susceptibility of potential parasite vectors in Brazil. Assessing the vector susceptibility of Anopheles mosquitoes will increase our understanding of parasite-vector interactions and aid the design of vector control strategies. This study assessed the susceptibility of three Anopheles species to midgut infection by Plasmodium vivax, the predominant malaria species in Rondônia State, Brazil. Blood from P. vivax infected patients was fed to Anopheles aquasalis, Anopheles darlingi, and Anopheles deaneorum mosquitoes using a membrane feeding assay (MFA). Gametocytemia was estimated by microscopic examination of blood smears and oocyst prevalence, and infection intensity was assessed. The presence of oocysts was determined by microscopy, and the infection rates and infection intensity were determined for all species. Data from six MFAs showed that An. darlingi and An. deaneorum exhibited the highest infection rates (97% and 90%, respectively) and developed a similar median number of P. vivax oocysts (142 and 123, respectively), while An. aquasalis exhibited the smallest infection rates (77%) and the median number of oocysts (88). Established laboratory colonies of An. darlingi and An. deaneorum and susceptibility to plasmodial infection would be beneficial for modeling P. vivax vector-parasite interactions in Brazil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maisa da Silva Araújo
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental-INCT/EpiAmo, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil
| | - Alice Oliveira Andrade
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil
| | - Najara Akira Costa Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil
| | - Raphael Brum Castro
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil
| | - Dhélio Batista Pereira
- Ambulatório de Malária, Centro de Pesquisa em Medicina Tropical, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil
| | | | - Glaucilene da Silva Costa
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil
| | - Antonio Marques Pereira Júnior
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental-INCT/EpiAmo, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil
| | - Luís Paulo Costa Carvalho
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Experimental, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil
| | - Jansen Fernandes de Medeiros
- Laboratório de Entomologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental-INCT/EpiAmo, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brasil
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Schmidt H, Collier TC, Hanemaaijer MJ, Houston PD, Lee Y, Lanzaro GC. Abundance of conserved CRISPR-Cas9 target sites within the highly polymorphic genomes of Anopheles and Aedes mosquitoes. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1425. [PMID: 32188851 PMCID: PMC7080748 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of recent papers report that standing genetic variation in natural populations includes ubiquitous polymorphisms within target sites for Cas9-based gene drive (CGD) and that these "drive resistant alleles" (DRA) preclude the successful application of CGD for managing these populations. Here we report the results of a survey of 1280 genomes of the mosquitoes Anopheles gambiae, An. coluzzii, and Aedes aegypti in which we determine that ~90% of all protein-encoding CGD target genes in natural populations include at least one target site with no DRAs at a frequency of ≥1.0%. We conclude that the abundance of conserved target sites in mosquito genomes and the inherent flexibility in CGD design obviates the concern that DRAs present in the standing genetic variation of mosquito populations will be detrimental to the deployment of this technology for population modification strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanno Schmidt
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Travis C Collier
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Mark J Hanemaaijer
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Winclove Probiotics, Hulstweg 11, 1032 LB, Amesterdam, Netherlands
| | - Parker D Houston
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Yoosook Lee
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Gregory C Lanzaro
- Vector Genetics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kengne P, Charmantier G, Blondeau‐Bidet E, Costantini C, Ayala D. Tolerance of disease‐vector mosquitoes to brackish water and their osmoregulatory ability. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Kengne
- IRD CNRS University of Montpellier MIVEGEC Montpellier France
- CIRMF Franceville Gabon
| | - Guy Charmantier
- CNRS, Ifremer IRD UM Marbec University of Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Eva Blondeau‐Bidet
- CNRS, Ifremer IRD UM Marbec University of Montpellier Montpellier France
| | | | - Diego Ayala
- IRD CNRS University of Montpellier MIVEGEC Montpellier France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hanford JK, Hochuli DF, Webb CE. Oviposition Behavior of Culex annulirostris (Diptera: Culicidae) Is Affected by the Recent Presence of Invasive Gambusia holbrooki (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:1165-1169. [PMID: 30916306 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetlands are popular tools for managing threatened flora and fauna in urban settings, but there are concerns that these habitats may increase mosquito populations and mosquito-related public health risks. Understanding the interactions occurring between mosquitoes of public health concern and co-occurring organisms is critical to informing management of these habitats to mitigate potential health risks and balance the multiple values of urban wetlands. This study examined how oviposition behavior of Culex annulirostris Skuse, the most important pest mosquito species associated with freshwater wetland habitats in Australia, is influenced by the presence of Gambusia holbrooki Girard, a widespread invasive fish. Water was collected from urban wetlands that are intensively managed to reduce G. holbrooki populations to assist conservation of locally threatened frogs, and adjacent unmanaged wetlands where G. holbrooki was abundant. Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the oviposition response by Cx. annulirostris to water samples from these two habitats. Experiments were conducted on two occasions, once in February following draining and refilling of the urban wetlands, and repeated following a substantial rainfall event in March. The results clearly demonstrate that ovipositing mosquitoes were able to detect and avoid water derived from habitats containing fish, even in the absence of the fish themselves. Understanding how invasive species affect the behavior and spatial distribution of pest species such as Cx. annulirostris will enable future wetland design and management to maximize benefits of urban wetlands and minimize potential public health risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayne K Hanford
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dieter F Hochuli
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cameron E Webb
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Medical Entomology, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Güler A, Karakoç E, Gökdere G, Doğaç E, Taşkin V. Genetic structure of Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) populations from Turkey revealed by mitochondrial DNA markers. J Genet 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-019-1106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
19
|
Stewart KA, Draaijer R, Kolasa MR, Smallegange IM. The role of genetic diversity in the evolution and maintenance of environmentally-cued, male alternative reproductive tactics. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:58. [PMID: 30777004 PMCID: PMC6379956 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) are taxonomically pervasive strategies adopted by individuals to maximize reproductive success within populations. Even for conditionally-dependent traits, consensus postulates most ARTs involve both genetic and environmental interactions (GEIs), but to date, quantifying genetic variation underlying the threshold disposing an individual to switch phenotypes in response to an environmental cue has been a difficult undertaking. Our study aims to investigate the origins and maintenance of ARTs within environmentally disparate populations of the microscopic bulb mite, Rhizoglyphus robini, that express 'fighter' and 'scrambler' male morphs mediated by a complex combination of environmental and genetic factors. RESULTS Using never-before-published individual genetic profiling, we found all individuals across populations are highly inbred with the exception of scrambler males in stressed environments. In fact within the poor environment, scrambler males and females showed no significant difference in genetic differentiation (Fst) compared to all other comparisons, and although fighters were highly divergent from the rest of the population in both poor or rich environments (e.g., Fst, STRUCTURE), fighters demonstrated approximately three times less genetic divergence from the population in poor environments. AMOVA analyses further corroborated significant genetic differentiation across subpopulations, between morphs and sexes, and among subpopulations within each environment. CONCLUSION Our study provides new insights into the origin of ARTs in the bulb mite, highlighting the importance of GEIs: genetic correlations, epistatic interactions, and sex-specific inbreeding depression across environmental stressors. Asymmetric reproductive output, coupled with the purging of highly inbred individuals during environmental oscillations, also facilitates genetic variation within populations, despite evidence for strong directional selection. This cryptic genetic variation also conceivably facilitates stable population persistence even in the face of spatially or temporally unstable environmental challenges. Ultimately, understanding the genetic context that maintains thresholds, even for conditionally-dependent ARTs, will enhance our understanding of within population variation and our ability to predict responses to selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K A Stewart
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94240, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - R Draaijer
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94240, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M R Kolasa
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17 St., 31-016, Krakow, Poland
| | - I M Smallegange
- Department of Evolutionary and Population Biology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94240, 1090 GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
A molecular, morphological, and physiological comparison of English and German populations of Calliphora vicina (Diptera: Calliphoridae). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207188. [PMID: 30507944 PMCID: PMC6277095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The bluebottle blow fly Calliphora vicina is a common species distributed throughout Europe that can play an important role as forensic evidence in crime investigations. Developmental rates of C. vicina from distinct populations from Germany and England were compared under different temperature regimes to explore the use of growth data from different geographical regions for local case work. Wing morphometrics and molecular analysis between these populations were also studied as indicators for biological differences. One colony each of German and English C. vicina were cultured at the Institute of Legal Medicine in Frankfurt, Germany. Three different temperature regimes were applied, two constant (16°C & 25°C) and one variable (17–26°C, room temperature = RT). At seven time points (600, 850, 1200, 1450, 1800, 2050, and 2400 accumulated degree hours), larval lengths were measured; additionally, the durations of the post feeding stage and intrapuparial metamorphosis were recorded. For the morphometric and molecular study, 184 females and 133 males from each C. vicina population (Germany n = 3, England n = 4) were sampled. Right wings were measured based on 19 landmarks and analyzed using canonical variates analysis and discriminant function analysis. DNA was isolated from three legs per specimen (n = 61) using 5% chelex. A 784 bp long fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene was sequenced; sequences were aligned and phylogenetically analyzed. Similar larval growth rates of C. vicina were found from different geographic populations at different temperatures during the major part of development. Nevertheless, because minor differences were found a wider range of temperatures and sampling more time points should be analyzed to obtain more information relevant for forensic case work. Wing shape variation showed a difference between the German and English populations (P<0.0001). However, separation between the seven German and English populations at the smaller geographic scale remained ambiguous. Molecular phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood method could not unambiguously separate the different geographic populations at a national (Germany vs England) or local level.
Collapse
|
21
|
Mohanty AK, Nina PB, Ballav S, Vernekar S, Parkar S, D'souza M, Zuo W, Gomes E, Chery L, Tuljapurkar S, Valecha N, Rathod PK, Kumar A. Susceptibility of wild and colonized Anopheles stephensi to Plasmodium vivax infection. Malar J 2018; 17:225. [PMID: 29871629 PMCID: PMC5989471 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As much as 80% of global Plasmodium vivax infections occur in South Asia and there is a shortage of direct studies on infectivity of P. vivax in Anopheles stephensi, the most common urban mosquito carrying human malaria. In this quest, the possible effects of laboratory colonization of mosquitoes on infectivity and development of P. vivax is of interest given that colonized mosquitoes can be genetically less divergent than the field population from which they originated. Methods Patient-derived P. vivax infected blood was fed to age-matched wild and colonized An. stephensi. Such a comparison requires coordinated availability of same-age wild and colonized mosquito populations. Here, P. vivax infection are studied in colonized An. stephensi in their 66th–86th generation and fresh field-caught An. stephensi. Wild mosquitoes were caught as larvae and pupae and allowed to develop into adult mosquitoes in the insectary. Parasite development to oocyst and sporozoite stages were assessed on days 7/8 and 12/13, respectively. Results While there were batch to batch variations in infectivity of individual patient-derived P. vivax samples, both wild and colonized An. stephensi were roughly equally susceptible to oocyst stage Plasmodium infection. At the level of sporozoite development, significantly more mosquitoes with sporozoite load of 4+ were seen in wild than in colonized populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajeet Kumar Mohanty
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Praveen Balabaskaran Nina
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, 610005, India
| | - Shuvankar Ballav
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Smita Vernekar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Sushma Parkar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Maria D'souza
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Wenyun Zuo
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Edwin Gomes
- Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
| | - Laura Chery
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | | | - Neena Valecha
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Pradipsinh K Rathod
- Departments of Chemistry and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Moreno M, Tong-Rios C, Orjuela-Sanchez P, Carrasco-Escobar G, Campo B, Gamboa D, Winzeler EA, Vinetz JM. Continuous Supply of Plasmodium vivax Sporozoites from Colonized Anopheles darlingi in the Peruvian Amazon. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:541-548. [PMID: 29465219 PMCID: PMC5902790 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In vitro culture of Plasmodium vivax liver stages underlies key understandings of the fundamental biology of this parasite, particularly the latent, hyponozoite stage, toward drug and vaccine development. Here, we report systematic production of Plasmodium vivax sporozoites in colonized Anopheles darlingi mosquitoes in the Peruvian Amazon. Human subject-derived P. vivax-infected blood was fed to Anopheles darlingi females using standard membrane feedings assays. Optimizing A. darlingi infection and sporozoite production included replacement of infected patient donor serum with naïve donor serum, comparing anticoagulants in processing blood samples, and addition of penicillin-streptomycin and ATP to infectious blood meals. Replacement of donor serum by naïve serum in the P. vivax donor blood increased oocysts in the mosquito midgut, and heparin, as anticoagulant, was associated with the highest sporozoite yields. Maintaining blood-fed mosquitoes on penicillin-streptomycin in sugar significantly extended mosquito survival which enabled greater sporozoite yield. In this study, we have shown that a robust P. vivax sporozoite production is feasible in a malaria-endemic setting where infected subjects and a stable A. darlingi colony are brought together, with optimized laboratory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Moreno
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Carlos Tong-Rios
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, San Martín de Porres, Lima, 15102, Peru
| | - Pamela Orjuela-Sanchez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Gabriel Carrasco-Escobar
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, San Martín de Porres, Lima, 15102, Peru
| | - Brice Campo
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Route de Pré-Bois 20, Meyrin, 1215, Switzerland
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, San Martín de Porres, Lima, 15102, Peru
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 15102, Peru
| | - Elizabeth A. Winzeler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Joseph M. Vinetz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Laboratorio ICEMR-Amazonia, Laboratorios de Investigacion y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, San Martín de Porres, Lima, 15102, Peru
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical “Alexander von Humboldt”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 15102, Peru
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Baughman T, Peterson C, Ortega C, Preston SR, Paton C, Williams J, Guy A, Omodei G, Johnson B, Williams H, O’Neill SL, Ritchie SA, Dobson SL, Madan D. A highly stable blood meal alternative for rearing Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006142. [PMID: 29287072 PMCID: PMC5764435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated alternatives to whole blood for blood feeding of mosquitoes with a focus on improved stability and compatibility with mass rearing programs. In contrast to whole blood, an artificial blood diet of ATP-supplemented plasma was effective in maintaining mosquito populations and was compatible with storage for extended periods refrigerated, frozen, and as a lyophilized powder. The plasma ATP diet supported rearing of both Anopheles and Aedes mosquitoes. It was also effective in rearing Wolbachia-infected Aedes mosquitoes, suggesting compatibility with vector control efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ted Baughman
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory and Global Good, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Chelsea Peterson
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory and Global Good, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Corrie Ortega
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory and Global Good, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sarah R. Preston
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Christopher Paton
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Jessica Williams
- Liverpool Insect Testing Establishment, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Guy
- Liverpool Insect Testing Establishment, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Omodei
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Brian Johnson
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Helen Williams
- Liverpool Insect Testing Establishment, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Scott L. O’Neill
- Institute of Vector Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott A. Ritchie
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Stephen L. Dobson
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- MosquitoMate, Inc., Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Damian Madan
- Intellectual Ventures Laboratory and Global Good, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Balabaskaran Nina P, Mohanty AK, Ballav S, Vernekar S, Bhinge S, D'souza M, Walke J, Manoharan SK, Mascarenhas A, Gomes E, Chery L, Valecha N, Kumar A, Rathod PK. Dynamics of Plasmodium vivax sporogony in wild Anopheles stephensi in a malaria-endemic region of Western India. Malar J 2017; 16:284. [PMID: 28693607 PMCID: PMC5504555 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1931-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In global efforts to track mosquito infectivity and parasite elimination, controlled mosquito-feeding experiments can help in understanding the dynamics of parasite development in vectors. Anopheles stephensi is often accepted as the major urban malaria vector that transmits Plasmodium in Goa and elsewhere in South Asia. However, much needs to be learned about the interactions of Plasmodium vivax with An. stephensi. As a component of the US NIH International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research (ICEMR) for Malaria Evolution in South Asia (MESA), a series of membrane-feeding experiments with wild An. stephensi and P. vivax were carried out to better understand this vector-parasite interaction. Methods Wild An. stephensi larvae and pupae were collected from curing water in construction sites in the city of Ponda, Goa, India. The larvae and pupae were reared at the MESA ICEMR insectary within the National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR) field unit in Goa until they emerged into adult mosquitoes. Blood for membrane-feeding experiments was obtained from malaria patients at the local Goa Medical College and Hospital who volunteered for the study. Parasites were counted by Miller reticule technique and correlation between gametocytaemia/parasitaemia and successful mosquito infection was studied. Results A weak but significant correlation was found between patient blood gametocytaemia/parasitaemia and mosquito oocyst load. No correlation was observed between gametocytaemia/parasitaemia and oocyst infection rates, and between gametocyte sex ratio and oocyst load. When it came to development of the parasite in the mosquito, a strong positive correlation was observed between oocyst midgut levels and sporozoite infection rates, and between oocyst levels and salivary gland sporozoite loads. Kinetic studies showed that sporozoites appeared in the salivary gland as early as day 7, post-infection. Conclusions This is the first study in India to carry out membrane-feeding experiments with wild An. stephensi and P. vivax. A wide range of mosquito infection loads and infection rates were observed, pointing to a strong interplay between parasite, vector and human factors. Most of the present observations are in agreement with feeding experiments conducted with P. vivax elsewhere in the world. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-017-1931-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ajeet Kumar Mohanty
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Shuvankar Ballav
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Smita Vernekar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Sushma Bhinge
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Maria D'souza
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Jayashree Walke
- Departments of Chemistry and of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Manoharan
- Departments of Chemistry and of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
| | - Anjali Mascarenhas
- Departments of Chemistry and of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
| | - Edwin Gomes
- Goa Medical College and Hospital, Bambolim, Goa, 403202, India
| | - Laura Chery
- Departments of Chemistry and of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Neena Valecha
- National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR), Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Campal, Goa, 403001, India
| | - Pradipsinh K Rathod
- Departments of Chemistry and of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|