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Libardi Lira Machado KL, da Costa-Rocha IA, Gonçalves Rodrigues Aguiar L, Ribeiro Moulaz I, Tatiyama Miyamoto S, Costa Martins P, Vieira Serrano E, Espíndula Gianordoli AP, da Penha Gomes Gouvea M, de Fatima Bissoli M, Maria Barbosa de Lima S, Dias Schwarcz W, de Souza Azevedo A, Fernandes Amorim da Silva J, Tourinho Santos R, Pedro Brito-de-Sousa J, Coelho-Dos-Reis JG, Campi-Azevedo AC, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Peruhype-Magalhães V, Fontana Sutile Tardetti Fantinato F, Maria Henrique da Mota L, Assis Martins-Filho O, Valim V. Hydroxychloroquine is associated with lower seroconversion upon 17DD-Yellow fever primovaccination in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2318814. [PMID: 38961639 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2318814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed at investigating whether the hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) treatment would impact the neutralizing antibody production, viremia levels and the kinetics of serum soluble mediators upon planned 17DD-Yellow Fever (YF) primovaccination (Bio-Manguinhos-FIOCRUZ) of primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). A total of 34 pSS patients and 23 healthy controls (HC) were enrolled. The pSS group was further categorized according to the use of HCQ (HCQ and Non-HCQ). The YF-plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT ≥1:50), YF viremia (RNAnemia) and serum biomarkers analyses were performed at baseline and subsequent time-points (Day0/Day3-4/Day5-6/Day7/Day14-D28). The pSS group showed PRNT titers and seropositivity rates similar to those observed for HC (GeoMean = 238 vs 440, p = .11; 82% vs 96%, p = .13). However, the HCQ subgroup exhibited lower seroconversion rates as compared to HC (GeoMean = 161 vs 440, p = .04; 69% vs 96%, p = .02) and Non-HQC (GeoMean = 161 vs 337, p = .582; 69% vs 94%, p = .049). No differences in YF viremia were observed amongst subgroups. Serum biomarkers analyses demonstrated that HCQ subgroup exhibited increased levels of CCL2, CXL10, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL1-Ra, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-2 at baseline and displayed a consistent increase of several biomarkers along the kinetics timeline up to D14-28. These results indicated that HCQ subgroup exhibited a deficiency in assembling YF-specific immune response elicited by 17DD-YF primovaccination as compared to Non-HCQ subgroup. Our findings suggested that hydroxychloroquine is associated with a decrease in the humoral immune response after 17DD-YF primovaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketty Lysie Libardi Lira Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva (PPGSC) and Hospital Universitário Cassiano Antônio Moraes da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (HUCAM-UFES/EBSERH)
| | - Ismael Artur da Costa-Rocha
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Laura Gonçalves Rodrigues Aguiar
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva (PPGSC) and Hospital Universitário Cassiano Antônio Moraes da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (HUCAM-UFES/EBSERH)
| | - Isac Ribeiro Moulaz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva (PPGSC) and Hospital Universitário Cassiano Antônio Moraes da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (HUCAM-UFES/EBSERH)
| | - Samira Tatiyama Miyamoto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva (PPGSC) and Hospital Universitário Cassiano Antônio Moraes da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (HUCAM-UFES/EBSERH)
| | - Priscila Costa Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva (PPGSC) and Hospital Universitário Cassiano Antônio Moraes da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (HUCAM-UFES/EBSERH)
| | - Erica Vieira Serrano
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva (PPGSC) and Hospital Universitário Cassiano Antônio Moraes da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (HUCAM-UFES/EBSERH)
| | - Ana Paula Espíndula Gianordoli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva (PPGSC) and Hospital Universitário Cassiano Antônio Moraes da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (HUCAM-UFES/EBSERH)
| | - Maria da Penha Gomes Gouvea
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva (PPGSC) and Hospital Universitário Cassiano Antônio Moraes da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (HUCAM-UFES/EBSERH)
| | - Maria de Fatima Bissoli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva (PPGSC) and Hospital Universitário Cassiano Antônio Moraes da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (HUCAM-UFES/EBSERH)
| | - Sheila Maria Barbosa de Lima
- Departamento de Desenvolvimento Experimental e Pré-clínico (DEDEP), Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Waleska Dias Schwarcz
- Laboratório de Análise Imunomolecular (LANIM), Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana de Souza Azevedo
- Laboratório de Análise Imunomolecular (LANIM), Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Fernandes Amorim da Silva
- Laboratório de Análise Imunomolecular (LANIM), Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata Tourinho Santos
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Virológica (LATEV), Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joaquim Pedro Brito-de-Sousa
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jordana Grazziela Coelho-Dos-Reis
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Campi-Azevedo
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Andréa Teixeira-Carvalho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Peruhype-Magalhães
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Licia Maria Henrique da Mota
- Serviço de Reumatologia do Hospital Universitário de Brasília, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Grupo Integrado de Pesquisas em Biomarcadores, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ-Minas), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Valéria Valim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva (PPGSC) and Hospital Universitário Cassiano Antônio Moraes da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (HUCAM-UFES/EBSERH)
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Fantinato FFST, Wachira VK, Porto VBG, Peixoto HM, Duarte EC. Factors associated with yellow fever vaccine failure: A systematic literature review. Vaccine 2023; 41:2155-2169. [PMID: 36841725 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Considering that vaccination with yellow fever vaccine (YFV) is the most important method to prevent and control yellow fever (YF), this study synthesized evidence on factors associated with YFV failure. METHODS A systematic review (SR) was performed in the PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, Embase, and LILACS databases up to November 2019. Observational and experimental analytical epidemiological studies that analyzed the failure of YFV were included. This review followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and meta-Analyses. RESULTS A total of 1,466 articles were identified after searching the databases of which 46 were included in the qualitative analysis after applying the elegibility criteria. Our findings indicated that YFV confers protective immunity in different age groups; when produced by different producers; when administered simultaneously with a range of other vaccines; when used as fractional doses and when used with prophylactic and immunosuppressive therapies. It failed to produce a protective response in some pregnant women, children under two years of age, children with Kwashiorkor and when long periods of time have passed after vaccination. For individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the results were divergent. CONCLUSIONS The results of this SR revealed the factors associated with the failure of the YFV, and the results can support recommendations on vaccination policies, support the safety of health professionals who work directly with immunization in the implementation of the vaccination schedule, in addition to guiding future research and enhance the credibility of YFV in the prevention of a serious disease such as YF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Henry Maia Peixoto
- University of Brasília, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Health Techology Assessment, Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil
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Okunlola OA, Oyeyemi OT. Malaria transmission in Africa: Its relationship with yellow fever and measles. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268080. [PMID: 35507574 PMCID: PMC9067666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria has been strongly linked to the transmission and pathophysiology of some viral diseases. Malaria and vaccine-preventable diseases often co-exist in endemic countries but the implication of their co-existence on their transmission dynamics and control is poorly understood. The study aims to evaluate the relationships between the incidence of malaria and cases of measles and yellow fever in Africa. Methods The malaria incidence, death due to malaria, measles and yellow fever data were sourced from the WHO database. Poisson and zero-inflated time-trend regression were used to model the relationships between malaria and the two vaccine-preventable diseases. P-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results A significant negative relationship existed between malaria incidence and measles cases (P<0.05), however, malaria showed a positive relationship with yellow fever (P<0.05). The relationships between death due to malaria and measles/yellow fever cases followed similar trends but with a higher level of statistical significance (P<0.001). Conclusions Malaria varied negatively with measles cases but positively with yellow fever. The relationships observed in this study could be important for the management of malaria and the studied vaccine-preventable diseases. Increase vaccination coverage and/or malaria treatment could modulate the direction of these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluyemi A. Okunlola
- Department of Mathematics, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Oyetunde T. Oyeyemi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria
- * E-mail:
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Asati A, Kachurina O, Karol A, Dhir V, Nguyen M, Parkhill R, Kouiavskaia D, Chumakov K, Warren W, Kachurin A. Fluorescence Adherence Inhibition Assay: A Novel Functional Assessment of Blocking Virus Attachment by Vaccine-Induced Antibodies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0144261. [PMID: 26863313 PMCID: PMC4749260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies induced by vaccination or natural infection play a critically important role in protection against the viral diseases. In general, neutralization of the viral infection occurs via two major pathways: pre- and post-attachment modes, the first being the most important for such infections as influenza and polio, the latter being significant for filoviruses. Neutralizing capacity of antibodies is typically evaluated by virus neutralization assays that assess reduction of viral infectivity to the target cells in the presence of functional antibodies. Plaque reduction neutralization test, microneutralization and immunofluorescent assays are often used as gold standard virus neutralization assays. However, these methods are associated with several important prerequisites such as use of live virus requiring safety precautions, tedious evaluation procedure and long assessment time. Hence, there is a need for a robust, inexpensive high throughput functional assay that can be performed rapidly using inactivated virus, without extensive safety precautions. Herein, we report a novel high throughput Fluorescence Adherence Inhibition assay (fADI) using inactivated virus labeled with fluorescent secondary antibodies virus and Vero cells or erythrocytes as targets. It requires only few hours to assess pre-attachment neutralizing capacity of donor sera. fADI assay was tested successfully on donors immunized with polio, yellow fever and influenza vaccines. To further simplify and improve the throughput of the assay, we have developed a mathematical approach for calculating the 50% titers from a single sample dilution, without the need to analyze multi-point titration curves. Assessment of pre- and post-vaccination human sera from subjects immunized with IPOL®, YF-VAX® and 2013-2014 Fluzone® vaccines demonstrated high efficiency of the assay. The results correlated very well with microneutralization assay performed independently by the FDA Center of Biologics Evaluation and Research, with plaque reduction neutralization test performed by Focus Diagnostics, and with hemaglutination inhibition assay performed in-house at Sanofi Pasteur. Taken together, fADI assay appears to be a useful high throughput functional immunoassay for assessment of antibody-related neutralization of the viral infections for which pre-attachment neutralization pathway is predominant, such as polio, influenza, yellow fever and dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Asati
- Sanofi Pasteur VaxDesign Campus, 2501 Discovery Dr. Suite 3000, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States of America
| | - Olga Kachurina
- Sanofi Pasteur VaxDesign Campus, 2501 Discovery Dr. Suite 3000, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States of America
| | - Alex Karol
- Sanofi Pasteur VaxDesign Campus, 2501 Discovery Dr. Suite 3000, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States of America
| | - Vipra Dhir
- Sanofi Pasteur VaxDesign Campus, 2501 Discovery Dr. Suite 3000, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States of America
| | - Michael Nguyen
- Sanofi Pasteur VaxDesign Campus, 2501 Discovery Dr. Suite 3000, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States of America
| | - Robert Parkhill
- Sanofi Pasteur VaxDesign Campus, 2501 Discovery Dr. Suite 3000, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States of America
| | - Diana Kouiavskaia
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States of America
| | - Konstantin Chumakov
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States of America
| | - William Warren
- Sanofi Pasteur VaxDesign Campus, 2501 Discovery Dr. Suite 3000, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States of America
| | - Anatoly Kachurin
- Sanofi Pasteur VaxDesign Campus, 2501 Discovery Dr. Suite 3000, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States of America
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5
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Affiliation(s)
- Chokechai Rongkavilit
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA.
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Evaluation of widely used diagnostic tests to detect West Nile virus infections in horses previously infected with St. Louis encephalitis virus or dengue virus type 2. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:580-7. [PMID: 21346058 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00201-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Primary West Nile virus (WNV) infections can be diagnosed using a number of tests that detect infectious particles, nucleic acid, and specific IgM and/or IgG antibodies. However, serological identification of the infecting agent in secondary or subsequent flavivirus infections is problematic due to the extensive cross-reactivity of flavivirus antibodies. This is particularly difficult in the tropical Americas where multiple flaviviruses cocirculate. A study of sequential flavivirus infection in horses was undertaken using three medically important flaviviruses and five widely utilized diagnostic assays to determine if WNV infection in horses that had a previous St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) or dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) infection could be diagnosed. Following the primary inoculation, 25% (3/12) and 75% (3/4) of the horses mounted antibody responses against SLEV and DENV-2, respectively. Eighty-eight percent of horses subsequently inoculated with WNV had a WNV-specific antibody response that could be detected with one of these assays. The plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) was sensitive in detection but lacked specificity, especially following repeated flavivirus exposure. The WNV-specific IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IgM ELISA) was able to detect an IgM antibody response and was not cross-reactive in a primary SLEV or DENV response. The WNV-specific blocking ELISA was specific, showing positives only following a WNV injection. Of great importance, we demonstrated that timing of sample collection and the need for multiple samples are important, as the infecting etiology could be misdiagnosed if only a single sample is tested.
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Effect of ampicillin and chloroquine on humoral immune response elicited by bovine albumin encapsulated in liposomes. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA 2008; 58:479-87. [PMID: 19103581 DOI: 10.2478/v10007-008-0026-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Immune suppression resulting from chemoprophylaxis and potential drug interaction were investigated in experimental animals pre-medicated with ampicillin and chloroquine followed by immunization with bovine serum albumin bearing liposomes prepared by the reverse phase evaporation method. The prepared liposomes were evaluated for particle size, entrapment efficiency and in vitro release. Humoral immune response was measured in terms of systemic IgG antibody titre by the ELISA method. The present study showed that 7:3 molar ratio of soya phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol produced liposomes of mean diameter of 235.4 +/- 10.3 nm and entrapment efficiency of 41.3 +/- 3.2%. Ampicillin significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the antibody titre whereas chloroquine did not reduce the antibody titre significantly. The study will help in programming a new drug management and in characterization of vaccine-drug interaction.
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Riet E, Adegnika A, Retra K, Vieira R, Tielens A, Lell B, Issifou S, Hartgers F, Rimmelzwaan G, Kremsner P, Yazdanbakhsh M. Cellular and Humoral Responses to Influenza in Gabonese Children Living in Rural and Semi‐Urban Areas. J Infect Dis 2007; 196:1671-8. [DOI: 10.1086/522010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Leder K, Weller PF, Wilson ME. Travel vaccines and elderly persons: review of vaccines available in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33:1553-66. [PMID: 11588700 DOI: 10.1086/322968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2000] [Revised: 05/04/2001] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with alterations in immune responses and may lead to clinically significant changes in the safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of certain vaccines. This review summarizes published data regarding the effects of age on responses after immunization with vaccines generally administered before travel. The specific vaccines discussed in detail include hepatitis A, typhoid, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and rabies vaccines. There is some evidence of diminished serological responses to hepatitis A and rabies vaccines in older individuals. In addition, increased toxic effects following yellow fever vaccination in elderly recipients have recently been reported. However, many travel-related vaccines have never been studied specifically in elderly populations. Consideration of potential age-related differences in responses to travel vaccines is becoming increasingly important as elderly persons more frequently venture to exotic destinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Leder
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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10
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Abstract
Travelers are at increased risk for several infections, including familiar infections such as measles that are widely distributed but more common in developing countries. Vaccines can markedly decrease the risk for many of these infections and are an important part of pretravel preparation. Travel provides an opportunity to review and update routine vaccines in adults and assess risk from unusual infections. Global travel is growing. Persons who are elderly, HIV-infected, and immunocompromised account for many of the travelers. Studies that assess the immunogenicity, efficacy, and adverse effects of some of the special vaccines used primarily in travelers generally have been done in young, healthy populations. Findings in young adults do not apply to other populations in whom immune response can be slower, less effective, and less durable. Recent reports of severe adverse events in elderly persons who have received yellow fever vaccine are a reminder that widely used, old vaccines can have unexpected side effects when used in a new population. It is biologically plausible that adverse effects might be more common in the elderly, and epidemiologically plausible that occasional instances of similar adverse events in the past could have been missed. Studies on special and travel vaccines in the elderly are needed urgently to define how these vaccines should be used in older populations and whether alternative means for protection are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Johnson AJ, Martin DA, Karabatsos N, Roehrig JT. Detection of anti-arboviral immunoglobulin G by using a monoclonal antibody-based capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:1827-31. [PMID: 10790108 PMCID: PMC86600 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.5.1827-1831.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (MAb)-based capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the detection of anti-arboviral immunoglobulin G (IgG ELISAs) were developed for a comprehensive array of medically important arboviruses from the Alphavirus, Flavivirus, and Bunyavirus genera. Tests were optimized and standardized so that maximum homology could be maintained among working parameters for the different viral agents, enabling a wide range of viruses to be easily tested for at one time. MAbs were screened for suitability as capture vehicles for antigens from the three genera. The final test configuration utilized group-reactive MAbs eastern equine encephalitis virus 1A4B-6, dengue 2 virus 4G2, and La Crosse encephalitis virus 10G5.4 to capture the specific inactivated viral antigens. Serum IgG was detected by using alkaline phosphatase-conjugated anti-human IgG (Fc portion). A dilution of 1:400 was chosen as the universal screening serum dilution, with endpoint titrations of serum samples testing positive eliminating occasional false-positive results. IgG ELISA results correlated with those of the standard plaque-reduction neutralization assays. As expected, some test cross-reactivity was encountered within the individual genera, and tests were interpreted within the context of these reactions. The tests were standardized for laboratory diagnosis of arboviral infections, with the intent that they be used in tandem with the corresponding IgM antibody-capture ELISAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Johnson
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522, USA.
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Favila-Castillo L, Monroy-Ostria A, Garcia-Tapia D. Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi: effect of low parasitemias on immunity in CB6F1 mice. Exp Parasitol 1999; 92:73-80. [PMID: 10329368 DOI: 10.1006/expr.1999.4399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect that low parasitemias have on the immune response of CB6F1 mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS. Ascending parasitemias were stopped by chloroquine treatment when they were between 1.6 and 9.4%. Mice that suffered low parasitemias developed good immunity to homologous reinfection but, contrary to what happened in mice that suffered full parasitemias, they did not develop immunity to heterologous reinfection with Plasmodium yoelii 17XL. Total IgG antiparasite antibody responses were similar in mice that suffered low or full parasitemia, both in primary infection and after reinfection. At the level of isotypes, IgM, IgG1, IgG2b, and IgG3 responses were similar in mice that suffered low or full parasitemias, but after reinfection, mice that suffered low parasitemias responded with higher levels of IgG2a than mice that suffered full parasitemias. Mice that suffered low parasitemias did not have splenomegaly but their immunity to homologous reinfection was diminished after splenectomy in a manner similar to that of splenectomized mice that suffered full parasitemia. CB6F1 mice can develop homologous immunity even if exposed to low parasitemias but cannot develop heterologous immunity unless exposed to high parasite loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Favila-Castillo
- Department of Immunology, National School of Biological Sciences, Carpio y Plan de Ayala, Colonia Santo Tomas, Mexico City, 11340, Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Wyler
- Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center Hospital, Boston, MA 02111
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14
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Ansari MZ, Shope RE, Malik S. Evaluation of vero cell lysate antigen for the ELISA of flaviviruses. J Clin Lab Anal 1993; 7:230-7. [PMID: 8395596 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.1860070408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The vero cell lysate antigen for the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of flaviviruses was evaluated for sensitivity, specificity including cross-reactions, and background by comparing with the standard ELISA. Human sera, in serial dilutions, were taken from subjects 14, 35, and 210 days postvaccination with 17D antigen. Early after injection, high sensitivity (82.9%) was shown by the cell lysate antigen method. Late after infection, high sensitivity was achieved by the standard method (96.2% and 94%), with significant difference (P = 0.0001). However, sensitivity achieved by the cell lysate antigen method was also acceptable (91.7% & 88.9%). The cell lysate antigen method showed high specificity and low cross reactivity early after infection. At 35 days postvaccination, no difference in specificity was observed between the two methods, but higher cross-reactions were observed for the standard method. This pattern continued at 210 days postvaccination, with significantly higher cross-reactions with the standard ELISA. The optical density differences by the two methods did not show significant relationship with the serial dilutions of human sera. No difference was observed in early and late infections in the background values of the negative control (Western equine encephalitis) between the two methods. The ELISA by the cell lysate antigen, within the limits of the experiments done, was found to be a good replacement for the ELISA by the standard method.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Ansari
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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Abstract
Malaria is a controllable disease, yet the resources required - human, technical and financial - are massive, and are currently beyond the vast majority of the 96 countries where the disease is endemic. The control measures most widely applied are vector control through spraying or use of insecticide-impregnated bednets, and chemotherapy. The biological problems to add to the resource issues are well known; increasing resistance of anopheline mosquitoes to the most widely used insecticides, and the progressive development of drug resistance in the parasite populations, especiallyPlasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Targett
- Department of Medical Parasitology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
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