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Milovic A, Duong JV, Barbour AG. The infection-tolerant white-footed deermouse tempers interferon responses to endotoxin in comparison to the mouse and rat. eLife 2024; 12:RP90135. [PMID: 38193896 PMCID: PMC10945503 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The white-footed deermouse Peromyscus leucopus, a long-lived rodent, is a key reservoir in North America for agents of several zoonoses, including Lyme disease, babesiosis, anaplasmosis, and a viral encephalitis. While persistently infected, this deermouse is without apparent disability or diminished fitness. For a model for inflammation elicited by various pathogens, the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to compare genome-wide transcription in blood by P. leucopus, Mus musculus, and Rattus norvegicus and adjusted for white cell concentrations. Deermice were distinguished from the mice and rats by LPS response profiles consistent with non-classical monocytes and alternatively-activated macrophages. LPS-treated P. leucopus, in contrast to mice and rats, also displayed little transcription of interferon-gamma and lower magnitude fold-changes in type 1 interferon-stimulated genes. These characteristics of P. leucopus were also noted in a Borrelia hermsii infection model. The phenomenon was associated with comparatively reduced transcription of endogenous retrovirus sequences and cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptors in the deermice. The results reveal a mechanism for infection tolerance in this species and perhaps other animal reservoirs for agents of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Milovic
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Jonathan V Duong
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Alan G Barbour
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, and Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
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2
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Montes de Oca-Aguilar AC, Euan-Canul RD, Sosa-Bibiano EI, López-Ávila KB, Rebollar-Téllez EA, Palacio-Vargas JA, Loría-Cervera EN. Phlebotomine sand flies in rural Mayan communities of Southern Mexico: The heterogeneity of the ruralscape increases the entomological risk. Acta Trop 2024; 249:107051. [PMID: 37875169 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
In the Yucatan Peninsula, tropical preserved forests harbor a high diversity of phlebotomine sand fly species, potential vectors of Leishmania. As a result, a significant risk of contracting localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) is associated with entry into these forest ecosystems. However, with the current trajectory of land use in the region, communities now live within modified landscapes which could increase their risk of contact with vectors. In this study, we characterized the sand fly fauna and its relationship with the characteristics of peridomestic habitats in two rural communities in Yucatan characterized by contrasting records of leishmaniasis. Five human dwellings in each community were randomly selected and the peridomestic landscape was characterized (i.e., type and percentage of land use). For the collection of sand flies, CDC traps were deployed in both the intra and peridomicile. Differences in alpha and beta diversity between communities and ecotopes were estimated considering three separate groups, all species together, zoophilic species, and anthropophilic species. In total, 1, 241 sand flies represented by eight species were collected from November 2021-March 2022. Both communities registered the presence of sand flies in the intra and peridomicile, and females were more abundant than males. However, the greatest diversity of species was recorded in the peridomicile of the community with the highest composition of land uses. Our study demonstrates that the transformation of the forest around the communities favors the abundance and richness of sand flies in the peridomestic environment. We discuss the limitations and implications of our findings regarding the potential risk of the emergence of peri‑rural cycles of leishmaniasis in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Montes de Oca-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Ave. Itzáes No. 490 × 59-A, Col. Centro, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - R D Euan-Canul
- Laboratorio de Entomología, Instituto Tecnológico de México, Campus Conkal, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - E I Sosa-Bibiano
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Ave. Itzáes No. 490 × 59-A, Col. Centro, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - K B López-Ávila
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Ave. Itzáes No. 490 × 59-A, Col. Centro, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - E A Rebollar-Téllez
- Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Departamento de Zoología de Invertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - J A Palacio-Vargas
- Dirección de Prevención y Protección de la Salud de los Servicios de Salud de Yucatán, Mexico
| | - E N Loría-Cervera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Ave. Itzáes No. 490 × 59-A, Col. Centro, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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3
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Montaner-Angoiti E, Llobat L. Is leishmaniasis the new emerging zoonosis in the world? Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:1777-1799. [PMID: 37438495 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania is a genus of parasitic protozoa that causes a disease called leishmaniasis. Leishmaniasis is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female sandflies. There are several different species of Leishmania that can cause various forms of the disease, and the symptoms can range from mild to severe, depending on species of Leishmania involved and the immune response of the host. Leishmania parasites have a variety of reservoirs, including humans, domestic animals, horses, rodents, wild animals, birds, and reptiles. Leishmaniasis is endemic of 90 countries, mainly in South American, East and West Africa, Mediterranean region, Indian subcontinent, and Central Asia. In recent years, cases have been detected in other countries, and it is already an infection present throughout the world. The increase in temperatures due to climate change makes it possible for sandflies to appear in countries with traditionally colder regions, and the easy movement of people and animals today, facilitate the appearance of Leishmania species in new countries. These data mean that leishmaniasis will probably become an emerging zoonosis and a public health problem in the coming years, which we must consider controlling it from a One Health point of view. This review summarizes the prevalence of Leishmania spp. around the world and the current knowledge regarding the animals that could be reservoirs of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Montaner-Angoiti
- Molecular Mechanisms of Zoonotic Disease (MMOPS) Group, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lola Llobat
- Molecular Mechanisms of Zoonotic Disease (MMOPS) Group, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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Milovic A, Duong JV, Barbour AG. The white-footed deermouse, an infection-tolerant reservoir for several zoonotic agents, tempers interferon responses to endotoxin in comparison to the mouse and rat. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.06.543964. [PMID: 37745581 PMCID: PMC10515768 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.06.543964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The white-footed deermouse Peromyscus leucopus, a long-lived rodent, is a key reservoir for agents of several zoonoses, including Lyme disease. While persistently infected, this deermouse is without apparent disability or diminished fitness. For a model for inflammation elicited by various pathogens, the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to compare genome-wide transcription in blood by P. leucopus, Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus and adjusted for white cell concentrations. Deermice were distinguished from the mice and rats by LPS response profiles consistent with non-classical monocytes and alternatively-activated macrophages. LPS-treated P. leucopus, in contrast to mice and rats, also displayed little transcription of interferon-gamma and lower magnitude fold-changes in type 1 interferon-stimulated genes. This was associated with comparatively reduced transcription of endogenous retrovirus sequences and cytoplasmic pattern recognition receptors in the deermice. The results reveal a mechanism for infection tolerance in this species and perhaps other animal reservoirs for agents of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Milovic
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine
| | - Jonathan V. Duong
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine
| | - Alan G. Barbour
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, and Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine
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5
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Canché-Pool EB, Panti-May JA, Ruiz-Piña HA, Torres-Castro M, Escobedo-Ortegón FJ, Tamay-Segovia P, Blum-Domínguez S, Torres-Castro JR, Reyes-Novelo E. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Emergence in Southeastern Mexico: The Case of the State of Yucatan. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7120444. [PMID: 36548699 PMCID: PMC9787846 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7120444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental changes triggered by deforestation, urban expansion and climate change are present-day drivers of the emergence and reemergence of leishmaniasis. This review describes the current epidemiological scenario and the feasible influence of environmental changes on disease occurrence in the state of Yucatan, Mexico. Relevant literature was accessed through different databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Google, and Mexican official morbidity databases. Recent LCL autochthonous cases, potential vector sandflies and mammal hosts/reservoirs also have been reported in several localities of Yucatan without previous historical records of the disease. The impact of deforestation, urban expansion and projections on climate change have been documented. The current evidence of the relationships between the components of the transmission cycle, the disease occurrence, and the environmental changes on the leishmaniasis emergence in the state shows the need for strength and an update to the intervention and control strategies through a One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsy B. Canché-Pool
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Av. Itzaes No. 490 x 59, Col. Centro, Mérida 97200, Mexico
| | - Jesús A. Panti-May
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Av. Itzaes No. 490 x 59, Col. Centro, Mérida 97200, Mexico
| | - Hugo A. Ruiz-Piña
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Av. Itzaes No. 490 x 59, Col. Centro, Mérida 97200, Mexico
| | - Marco Torres-Castro
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Av. Itzaes No. 490 x 59, Col. Centro, Mérida 97200, Mexico
| | - Francisco J. Escobedo-Ortegón
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Av. Itzaes No. 490 x 59, Col. Centro, Mérida 97200, Mexico
| | - Paulino Tamay-Segovia
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Av. Agustín Melgar s/n x 20 y Juan de la Barrera, Col. Buenavista, Campeche 24039, Mexico
| | - Selene Blum-Domínguez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Av. Agustín Melgar s/n x 20 y Juan de la Barrera, Col. Buenavista, Campeche 24039, Mexico
| | - Jimmy R. Torres-Castro
- Servicios de Salud de Yucatán, Dirección de Prevención y Protección de la Salud, Calle 72 No. 463 x 53 y 55 Col. Centro, Mérida 97000, Mexico
| | - Enrique Reyes-Novelo
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Av. Itzaes No. 490 x 59, Col. Centro, Mérida 97200, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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6
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Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana Infection in Wild Rodents from an Emergent Focus of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Yucatan, Mexico. J Trop Med 2022; 2022:8392005. [PMID: 35686208 PMCID: PMC9173895 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8392005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2015, emergent cases of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) were reported in Tinum, Yucatan, Mexico. As part of an eco-epidemiological study to characterize the elements that trigger Leishmania infection in that area, we conducted a field study to investigate the occurrence of Leishmania infection in wild rodents. From November 2019 to February 2020, rodents were caught from three sites located in the municipality of Tinum, Yucatan. For each specimen, clinical signs suggestive of Leishmania infection were recorded. Samples from the tail, liver, and spleen were taken for the identification of Leishmania DNA by PCR. Twenty rodents belonging to two species were caught including Heteromys gaumeri (55%, 11/20) and Ototylomys phyllotis (45%, 9/20). Fifty-five percent of the animals presented white spots on the tail, 15% had splenomegaly, and 5% had hepatomegaly. Fifty-five percent (11/20) of the animals were found infected by Leishmania. Heteromys gaumeri was caught in all trapping sites and was the most infected species (63.6%, 7/11). The percentage of infection for O. phyllotis was 44.4% (4/9). Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana was identified as the infecting species in two H. gaumeri. This study provides, for the first time, evidence of Leishmania infection in wild rodents from the Yucatan state. Heteromys gaumeri and O. phyllotis may be involved in the transmission cycle of L. mexicana in this emergent focus; however, further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm their role as primary reservoirs.
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Navarrete-Carballo J, Huerta-Jiménez H, Loría-Cervera EN, Manrique-Saide P, Sosa-Bibiano EI. Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from an emergent focus of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis in Yucatan, Southeast Mexico. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2022; 47:9-18. [PMID: 35366675 DOI: 10.52707/1081-1710-47.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) is endemic in the Yucatan Peninsula, with historical and contemporary records mainly in the states of Campeche and Quintana Roo. Recently, we reported autochthonous LCL cases and 27.6% of asymptomatic infection in the municipality of Tinum, Yucatan, where no studies of Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) sand flies have been carried out. In this work, from November, 2019 to February, 2020, we conducted a field study in three areas of Tinum to document, for the first time, the species of Phlebotominae in areas with records of human leishmaniasis transmission. In order of abundance, the species identified were Pifanomyia serrana, Psathyromyia shannoni, Psathyromyia cratifer, Lutzomyia cruciata, Bichromomyia olmeca olmeca, and Dampfomyia deleoni. Most of the sand flies were captured in a Shannon trap where 77.8% of collected specimens were females. The distribution of sand fly species showed some degree of heterogeneity among sites, and the highest species richness was registered in a site located in Xcalakoop. We also discuss the medical importance of Lu. cruciata, Ps. shannoni, and Pi. serrana as potential vectors of causal agents of LCL in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Navarrete-Carballo
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomológicos (UCBE), Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, México
| | - Herón Huerta-Jiménez
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE), Secretaría de Salud, México
| | - Elsy Nalleli Loría-Cervera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología del Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, México
| | - Pablo Manrique-Saide
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomológicos (UCBE), Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, México
| | - Erika Ivett Sosa-Bibiano
- Laboratorio de Inmunología del Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, México,
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8
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Historical Spatial Distribution of Zoonotic Diseases in Domestic, Synanthropic, and Wild Animals in the Mexican Territory of the Yucatan Peninsula. J Trop Med 2021; 2021:8699455. [PMID: 34413891 PMCID: PMC8369176 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8699455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mexican territory of the Yucatan Peninsula has a tropical climate and harbors a wide variety of domestic, synanthropic, and wild animals, as well as disease vectors. To determine the distribution of recorded zoonotic diseases in the Yucatan Peninsula, scientific publications referring to these diseases in animals and containing geographic coordinates of disease occurrence, were studied. The epidemiological bulletins of the national government were also consulted to obtain information on zoonotic diseases reported in humans in the territory. The territory harbors a wide variety of tropical zoonotic pathogens, including Trypanosoma cruzi, Leptospira interrogans, Toxoplasma gondii, Leishmania mexicana, Dirofilaria immitis, and Rickettsia felis. A variety of domestic, synanthropic, and wild animals act as hosts or reservoirs in the transmission cycle of the zoonotic diseases in the Yucatan Peninsula, and some spillover into human populations has also been recorded. There are still zoonotic diseases that have rarely or never been reported in humans, but it is not clear whether this is because these diseases in humans are not common, there is a lack of viable transmission cycle or there is a lack of appropriate diagnosis. It is necessary to continue monitoring vectors, animal hosts, and humans to identify risk factors for zoonotic diseases in the Yucatan Peninsula.
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A Systematic Review (1990-2021) of Wild Animals Infected with Zoonotic Leishmania. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051101. [PMID: 34065456 PMCID: PMC8160881 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis are neglected diseases caused by several species of Leishmania that affect humans and many domestic and wild animals with a worldwide distribution. The objectives of this review are to identify wild animals naturally infected with zoonotic Leishmania species as well as the organs infected, methods employed for detection and percentage of infection. A literature search starting from 1990 was performed following the PRISMA methodology and 161 reports were included. One hundred and eighty-nine species from ten orders (i.e., Carnivora, Chiroptera, Cingulata, Didelphimorphia, Diprotodontia, Lagomorpha, Eulipotyphla, Pilosa, Primates and Rodentia) were reported to be infected, and a few animals were classified only at the genus level. An exhaustive list of species; diagnostic techniques, including PCR targets; infected organs; number of animals explored and percentage of positives are presented. L. infantum infection was described in 98 wild species and L. (Viania) spp. in 52 wild animals, while L. mexicana, L. amazonensis, L. major and L. tropica were described in fewer than 32 animals each. During the last decade, intense research revealed new hosts within Chiroptera and Lagomorpha. Carnivores and rodents were the most relevant hosts for L. infantum and L. (Viannia) spp., with some species showing lesions, although in most of the studies clinical signs were not reported.
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Khan I, Noor Z, Allauddin Khan S, Ali Khan T, Muhammad N, Ullah Khattak B, Hussain M. Microscopic and molecular evidence in support of rodent as a reservoir for dissemination of Leishmaniasis. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 83:729-735. [PMID: 32144860 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a worldwide public health problem and vector-borne disease. It is caused by a diverse group of protozoan parasites that belong to the genus Leishmania and transmitted to humans through a bite of an infected female sand fly. Leishmaniasis has attained epidemic proportion in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and raises serious concern over its management. The present research work was conducted in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) prevalent village named Surgul of district Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with a focus to investigate whether rodent can act as a source for dissemination of leishmanial species or not. In this context, rodent samples were analyzed via morphological and molecular approaches to unveil prevalence of CL. It was reported that 12.5% of samples were positive for signs of leishmaniasis through microscopy and 18.75% through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Supporting the findings further, the color character of rodents was also taken into consideration, which shows that light dark colored rodents were more infected (13.3%) compared to brown colored rodents (11.43%). Based on our findings, we speculate that small rodents are a possible reservoir of various leishmanial parasites and play a significant role in zoonosis and maintenance of their species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Khan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Medica, South China sea Institute of Oceanology, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zohaib Noor
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Syed Allauddin Khan
- Higher Education Department, Government degree College Khwazakhela Swat, Khyber PakhtunKhwa, Pakistan
| | - Taj Ali Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Niaz Muhammad
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Bahar Ullah Khattak
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Mubashir Hussain
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
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11
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Preliminary epidemiological findings of Leishmania infection in the municipality of Tinum, Yucatan State, Mexico. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2019; 4:e00088. [PMID: 30705976 PMCID: PMC6348340 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2019.e00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) is endemic in Mexico, mainly in the states of Campeche and Quintana Roo, hyperendemic areas of Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana transmission. In this report, epidemiological features of Leishmania infections in the municipality of Tinum, Yucatan State, Mexico are presented. Nine cases of LCL were diagnosed in 2015. Patients were men between 30 and 74 years of age, without a history of living or traveling to endemic areas (Quintana Roo or Campeche). Due to asymptomatic infection is the most common outcome after Leishmania inoculation, between November 2017 to June 2018, 47 men working in the forest were tested by Montenegro skin test (MST). Thirteen of them (27.6%) were identified MST positive, in absence of either lesion or typical scar, and evidence of exposure to vector. Findings in Tinum, Yucatan, supported the presence of specific environmental conditions that seem to favor Leishmania transmission in this region. Thus, active surveillance for the detection of new cases in the municipality of Tinum as well as the eco-epidemiological characterization to identify all the transmission components (parasite, vector, and reservoir species) are urgently needed.
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12
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Finding a model for the study of Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana infection: The Yucatan Deer mouse (Peromyscus yucatanicus) as a suitable option. Acta Trop 2018; 187:158-164. [PMID: 30092224 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
For more than four decades, the murine model has been employed extensively to understand immunological mechanisms associated with Leishmania infection. Although the use of laboratory mice has been very informative, mainly for L. (L.) major infection, the extrapolation to other Leishmania species and more importantly to human disease has been limited. Particularly in the case of L. (L.) mexicana, most infected mouse strains are highly susceptible and never presented asymptomatic infection, which is the main outcome in human. Thus, we postulated the use of Peromyscus yucatanicus, a primary reservoir of L. (L.) mexicana in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico, as an experimental model to study Leishmania infection. This rodent species can produce both asymptomatic and clinical infections therefore they seem more appropriate for studying host-pathogen interactions. In this review, we recapitulate the immunological findings observed in the traditional murine model of L. (L.) mexicana highlighting the differences with humans' infection and demonstrate the pertinence of P. yucatanicus as the experimental model for studying L. (L.) mexicana infection.
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13
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Rodríguez-Rojas JJ, Rodríguez-Moreno Á, Berzunza-Cruz M, Gutiérrez-Granados G, Becker I, Sánchez-Cordero V, Stephens CR, Fernández-Salas I, Rebollar-Téllez EA. Ecology of phlebotomine sandflies and putative reservoir hosts of leishmaniasis in a border area in Northeastern Mexico: implications for the risk of transmission of Leishmania mexicana in Mexico and the USA. Parasite 2017; 24:33. [PMID: 28825400 PMCID: PMC5564009 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2017034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are a group of important diseases transmitted to humans through the bite of sandfly vectors. Several forms of leishmaniases are endemic in Mexico and especially in the Southeast region. In the Northeastern region, however, there have only been isolated reports of cases and scanty records of sandfly vectors. The main objective of this study was to analyze the diversity of sandflies and potential reservoir hosts of Leishmania spp. in the states of Nuevo León and Tamaulipas. Species richness and abundances of sandflies and rodents were recorded. A fraction of the caught sandflies was analyzed by PCR to detect Leishmania spp. Tissues from captured rodents were also screened for infection. Ecological Niche Models (ENMs) were computed for species of rodent and their association with crop-growing areas. We found 13 species of sandflies, several of which are first records for this region. Medically important species such as Lutzomyia anthophora, Lutzomyia diabolica, Lutzomyia cruciata, and Lutzomyia shannoni were documented. Leishmania spp. infection was not detected in sandflies. Nine species of rodents were recorded, and Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana infection was found in four species of Peromyscus and Sigmodon. ENMs showed that potential distribution of rodent pest species overlaps with allocated crop areas. This shows that Leishmania (L.) mexicana infection is present in the Northeastern region of Mexico, and that previously unrecorded sandfly species occur in the same areas. These findings suggest a potential risk of transmission of Leishmania (L.) mexicana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge J. Rodríguez-Rojas
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Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Departamento de Zoología de Invertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria C.P. 66450 San Nicolás de los Garza Nuevo León México
| | - Ángel Rodríguez-Moreno
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Departamento de Zoología Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N C.P. 04510 Coyoacán Ciudad de México México
| | - Miriam Berzunza-Cruz
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Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Dr. Balmis #148, Colonia Doctores C.P. 06726 Ciudad de México México
| | - Gabriel Gutiérrez-Granados
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Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Batalla 5 de mayo S/N esquina Fuerte de Loreto, Col. Ejército de Oriente Iztapalapa C.P. 09230 Ciudad de México México
| | - Ingeborg Becker
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Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Dr. Balmis #148, Colonia Doctores C.P. 06726 Ciudad de México México
| | - Victor Sánchez-Cordero
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Departamento de Zoología Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S/N C.P. 04510 Coyoacán Ciudad de México México
| | - Christopher R. Stephens
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Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Circuito Exterior S/N. C.P. 04510 Cd. Universitaria, Ciudad de México México
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Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Circuito Exterior S/N. C.P. 04510 Coyoacán Ciudad de México México
| | - Ildefonso Fernández-Salas
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Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Departamento de Zoología de Invertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria C.P. 66450 San Nicolás de los Garza Nuevo León México
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Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Av. Carlos Canseco S/N.
C.P. 64460 Mitras Centro, Monterrey Nuevo León México
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Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública 19 Poniente Esquina 4ª Norte S/N. C.P. 30700 Centro Tapachula Chiapas México
| | - Eduardo A. Rebollar-Téllez
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Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Departamento de Zoología de Invertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria C.P. 66450 San Nicolás de los Garza Nuevo León México
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Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León Av. Carlos Canseco S/N.
C.P. 64460 Mitras Centro, Monterrey Nuevo León México
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14
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Can You Judge a Disease Host by the Company It Keeps? Predicting Disease Hosts and Their Relative Importance: A Case Study for Leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005004. [PMID: 27716833 PMCID: PMC5055336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonoses are an important class of infectious diseases. An important element determining the impact of a zoonosis on domestic animal and human health is host range. Although for particular zoonoses some host species have been identified, until recently there have been no methods to predict those species most likely to be hosts or their relative importance. Complex inference networks infer potential biotic interactions between species using their degree of geographic co-occurrence, and have been posited as a potential tool for predicting disease hosts. Here we present the results of an interdisciplinary, empirical study to validate a model based on such networks for predicting hosts of Leishmania (L.) mexicana in Mexico. Using systematic sampling to validate the model predictions we identified 22 new species of host (34% of all species collected) with the probability to be a host strongly dependent on the probability of co-occurrence of vector and host. The results confirm that Leishmania (L.) mexicana is a generalist parasite but with a much wider host range than was previously thought. These results substantially change the geographic risk profile for Leishmaniasis and provide insights for the design of more efficient surveillance measures and a better understanding of potential dispersal scenarios. Emerging and neglected zoonoses are an important global threat to public health. Host range, in particular, is a crucial factor in determining disease risk and the potential for adequate interventions. Here we show that Leishmania has a very wide host range and that Complex Inference Networks can be used to infer ecological relationships in the context of zoonoses, identifying both the potential hosts and their relative importance. These results substantially change the risk profile and potential control measures that can be used to combat the disease, allowing for the design of more efficient surveillance measures and a better understanding of potential dispersal scenarios.
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15
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Pech-May A, Peraza-Herrera G, Moo-Llanes DA, Escobedo-Ortegón J, Berzunza-Cruz M, Becker-Fauser I, Montes DE Oca-Aguilar AC, Rebollar-Téllez EA. Assessing the importance of four sandfly species (Diptera: Psychodidae) as vectors of Leishmania mexicana in Campeche, Mexico. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 30:310-320. [PMID: 27040367 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis represents a public health problem in many areas of Mexico, especially in the Yucatan Peninsula. An understanding of vector ecology and bionomics is of great importance in evaluations of the transmission dynamics of Leishmania parasites. A field study was conducted in the county of Calakmul, state of Campeche, during the period from November 2006 to March 2007. Phlebotomine sandfly vectors were sampled using Centers for Disease Control light traps, baited Disney traps and Shannon traps. A total of 3374 specimens were captured in the two villages of Once de Mayo (93.8%) and Arroyo Negro (6.1%). In Once de Mayo, the most abundant species were Psathyromyia shannoni, Lutzomyia cruciata, Bichromomyia olmeca olmeca and Psychodopygus panamensis (all: Diptera: Psychodidae). The Shannon trap was by far the most efficient method of collection. The infection rate, as determined by Leishmania mexicana-specific polymerase chain reaction, was 0.3% in Once de Mayo and infected sandflies included Psy. panamensis, B. o. olmeca and Psa. shannoni. There were significant differences in human biting rates across sandfly species and month of sampling. Ecological niche modelling analyses showed an overall overlap of 39.1% for the four species in the whole state of Campeche. In addition, the finding of nine vector-reservoir pairs indicates a potential interaction. The roles of the various sandfly vectors in Calakmul are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pech-May
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - G Peraza-Herrera
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - D A Moo-Llanes
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - J Escobedo-Ortegón
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - M Berzunza-Cruz
- Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - I Becker-Fauser
- Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | | | - E A Rebollar-Téllez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Zoología de Invertebrados, Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud (CIDCS), Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico
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16
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Loria-Cervera EN, Sosa-Bibiano EI, Van Wynsberghe NR, Saldarriaga OA, Melby PC, Andrade-Narvaez FJ. Cytokine mRNA expression in Peromyscus yucatanicus (Rodentia: Cricetidae) infected by Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana. Cytokine 2016; 83:176-181. [PMID: 27155064 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Peromyscus yucatanicus, the main reservoir of Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana in the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico, reproduces clinical and histological pictures of LCL in human as well as subclinical infection. Thus, we used this rodent as a novel experimental model. In this work, we analyzed cytokine mRNA expression in P. yucatanicus infected with L. (L.) mexicana. Animals were inoculated with either 2.5×10(6) or 1×10(2) promastigotes and cytokine expressions were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR in skin at 4 and 12weeks post-infection (wpi). Independently of the parasite inoculum none of the infected rodents had clinical signs of LCL at 4wpi and all expressed high IFN-γ mRNA. All P. yucatanicus inoculated with 2.5×10(6) promastigotes developed signs of LCL at 12wpi while the mice inoculated with 1×10(2) remained subclinical. At that time, both IFN-γ and IL-10 were expressed in P. yucatanicus with clinical and subclinical infections. Expressions of TNF-α and IL-4 were significantly higher in clinical animals (2.5×10(6)) compared with subclinical ones (1×10(2)). High TGF-β expression was observed in P. yucatanicus with clinical signs when compared with healthy animals. Results suggested that the clinical course of L. (L.) mexicana infection in P. yucatanicus was associated with a specific local pattern of cytokine production at 12wpi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsy Nalleli Loria-Cervera
- Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Laboratorio de Inmunologia, Ave. Itzaes No. 490 x 59-A, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico.
| | - Erika Ivett Sosa-Bibiano
- Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Laboratorio de Inmunologia, Ave. Itzaes No. 490 x 59-A, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico.
| | - Nicole Raymonde Van Wynsberghe
- Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Laboratorio de Inmunologia, Ave. Itzaes No. 490 x 59-A, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico.
| | - Omar Abdul Saldarriaga
- Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 4.304 Marvin Graves Building, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Peter C Melby
- Center for Tropical Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 4.304 Marvin Graves Building, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Fernando Jose Andrade-Narvaez
- Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Laboratorio de Inmunologia, Ave. Itzaes No. 490 x 59-A, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico.
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17
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Peniche-Lara G, Dzul-Rosado K, Pérez-Osorio C, Zavala-Castro J. Rickettsia typhi in rodents and R. felis in fleas in Yucatán as a possible causal agent of undefined febrile cases. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 57:129-32. [PMID: 25923891 PMCID: PMC4435010 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rickettsia typhi is the causal agent of murine typhus; a worldwide zoonotic and vector-borne infectious disease, commonly associated with the presence of domestic and wild rodents. Human cases of murine typhus in the state of Yucatán are frequent. However, there is no evidence of the presence of Rickettsia typhi in mammals or vectors in Yucatán. The presence of Rickettsia in rodents and their ectoparasites was evaluated in a small municipality of Yucatán using the conventional polymerase chain reaction technique and sequencing. The study only identified the presence of Rickettsia typhi in blood samples obtained from Rattus rattus and it reported, for the first time, the presence of R. felis in the flea Polygenis odiosus collected from Ototylomys phyllotis rodent. Additionally, Rickettsia felis was detected in the ectoparasite Ctenocephalides felis fleas parasitizing the wild rodent Peromyscus yucatanicus. This study's results contributed to a better knowledge of Rickettsia epidemiology in Yucatán.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspar Peniche-Lara
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias I, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, México
| | - Karla Dzul-Rosado
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Emergentes y Re-emergentes, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, México
| | - Carlos Pérez-Osorio
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias I, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, México
| | - Jorge Zavala-Castro
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Emergentes y Re-emergentes, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, México
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18
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Berzunza-Cruz M, Rodríguez-Moreno Á, Gutiérrez-Granados G, González-Salazar C, Stephens CR, Hidalgo-Mihart M, Marina CF, Rebollar-Téllez EA, Bailón-Martínez D, Balcells CD, Ibarra-Cerdeña CN, Sánchez-Cordero V, Becker I. Leishmania (L.) mexicana infected bats in Mexico: novel potential reservoirs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003438. [PMID: 25629729 PMCID: PMC4309399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana causes cutaneous leishmaniasis, an endemic zoonosis affecting a growing number of patients in the southeastern states of Mexico. Some foci are found in shade-grown cocoa and coffee plantations, or near perennial forests that provide rich breeding grounds for the sand fly vectors, but also harbor a variety of bat species that live off the abundant fruits provided by these shade-giving trees. The close proximity between sand flies and bats makes their interaction feasible, yet bats infected with Leishmania (L.) mexicana have not been reported. Here we analyzed 420 bats from six states of Mexico that had reported patients with leishmaniasis. Tissues of bats, including skin, heart, liver and/or spleen were screened by PCR for Leishmania (L.) mexicana DNA. We found that 41 bats (9.77%), belonging to 13 species, showed positive PCR results in various tissues. The infected tissues showed no evidence of macroscopic lesions. Of the infected bats, 12 species were frugivorous, insectivorous or nectarivorous, and only one species was sanguivorous (Desmodus rotundus), and most of them belonged to the family Phyllostomidae. The eco-region where most of the infected bats were caught is the Gulf Coastal Plain of Chiapas and Tabasco. Through experimental infections of two Tadarida brasiliensis bats in captivity, we show that this species can harbor viable, infective Leishmania (L.) mexicana parasites that are capable of infecting BALB/c mice. We conclude that various species of bats belonging to the family Phyllostomidae are possible reservoir hosts for Leishmania (L.) mexicana, if it can be shown that such bats are infective for the sand fly vector. Further studies are needed to determine how these bats become infected, how long the parasite remains viable inside these potential hosts and whether they are infective to sand flies to fully evaluate their impact on disease epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Berzunza-Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
| | | | | | - Constantino González-Salazar
- C3—Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México
- Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, México D.F., 14010, México
| | - Christopher R. Stephens
- C3—Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., México
| | - Mircea Hidalgo-Mihart
- División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, México
| | - Carlos F. Marina
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública—INSP, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Eduardo A. Rebollar-Téllez
- Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Departamento de Zoología de Invertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de Los Garza, México
| | - Dulce Bailón-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
| | | | - Carlos N. Ibarra-Cerdeña
- Departamento de Ecología Humana, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Unidad Mérida, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | | | - Ingeborg Becker
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
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19
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Shender LA, De Los Santos M, Montgomery JM, Conrad PA, Ghersi BM, Razuri H, Lescano AG, Mazet JAK. Native rodent species are unlikely sources of infection for Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis along the Transoceanic Highway in Madre de Dios, Peru. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103358. [PMID: 25062033 PMCID: PMC4111550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An estimated 2.3 million disability-adjusted life years are lost globally from leishmaniasis. In Peru's Amazon region, the department of Madre de Dios (MDD) rises above the rest of the country in terms of the annual incidence rates of human leishmaniasis. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is the species most frequently responsible for the form of disease that results in tissue destruction of the nose and mouth. However, essentially nothing is known regarding the reservoirs of this vector-borne, zoonotic parasite in MDD. Wild rodents have been suspected, or proven, to be reservoirs of several Leishmania spp. in various ecosystems and countries. Additionally, people who live or work in forested terrain, especially those who are not regionally local and whose immune systems are thus naïve to the parasite, are at most risk for contracting L. (V.) braziliensis. Hence, the objective of this study was to collect tissues from wild rodents captured at several study sites along the Amazonian segment of the newly constructed Transoceanic Highway and to use molecular laboratory techniques to analyze samples for the presence of Leishmania parasites. Liver tissues were tested via polymerase chain reaction from a total of 217 rodents; bone marrow and skin biopsies (ear and tail) were also tested from a subset of these same animals. The most numerous rodent species captured and tested were Oligoryzomys microtis (40.7%), Hylaeamys perenensis (15.7%), and Proechimys spp. (12%). All samples were negative for Leishmania, implying that although incidental infections may occur, these abundant rodent species are unlikely to serve as primary reservoirs of L. (V.) braziliensis along the Transoceanic Highway in MDD. Therefore, although these rodent species may persist and even thrive in moderately altered landscapes, we did not find any evidence to suggest they pose a risk for L. (V.) braziliensis transmission to human inhabitants in this highly prevalent region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Shender
- Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Joel M. Montgomery
- Emerging Infections Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Patricia A. Conrad
- Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Bruno M. Ghersi
- Emerging Infections Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Hugo Razuri
- Emerging Infections Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Andres G. Lescano
- Parasitology Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Jonna A. K. Mazet
- Wildlife Health Center, One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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20
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Loría-Cervera EN, Andrade-Narváez FJ. Animal models for the study of leishmaniasis immunology. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2014; 56:1-11. [PMID: 24553602 PMCID: PMC4085833 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652014000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis remains a major public health problem worldwide and is
classified as Category I by the TDR/WHO, mainly due to the absence of control. Many
experimental models like rodents, dogs and monkeys have been developed, each with
specific features, in order to characterize the immune response to
Leishmania species, but none reproduces the pathology observed in
human disease. Conflicting data may arise in part because different parasite strains
or species are being examined, different tissue targets (mice footpad, ear, or base
of tail) are being infected, and different numbers (“low” 1×102 and “high”
1×106) of metacyclic promastigotes have been inoculated. Recently, new
approaches have been proposed to provide more meaningful data regarding the host
response and pathogenesis that parallels human disease. The use of sand fly saliva
and low numbers of parasites in experimental infections has led to mimic natural
transmission and find new molecules and immune mechanisms which should be considered
when designing vaccines and control strategies. Moreover, the use of wild rodents as
experimental models has been proposed as a good alternative for studying the
host-pathogen relationships and for testing candidate vaccines. To date, using
natural reservoirs to study Leishmania infection has been
challenging because immunologic reagents for use in wild rodents are lacking. This
review discusses the principal immunological findings against
Leishmania infection in different animal models highlighting the
importance of using experimental conditions similar to natural transmission and
reservoir species as experimental models to study the immunopathology of the
disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsy Nalleli Loría-Cervera
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", MéridaYucatán, México, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Fernando José Andrade-Narváez
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", MéridaYucatán, México, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Mérida, Yucatán, México
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21
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Loría-Cervera EN, Sosa-Bibiano EI, Villanueva-Lizama LE, Van Wynsberghe NR, Canto-Lara SB, Batún-Cutz JL, Andrade-Narváez FJ. Nitric oxide production by Peromyscus yucatanicus (Rodentia) infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013; 108:172-7. [PMID: 23579796 PMCID: PMC3970676 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276108022013008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peromyscus yucatanicus (Rodentia: Cricetidae) is a primary reservoir of Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae). Nitric oxide (NO) generally plays a crucial role in the containment and elimination of Leishmania. The aim of this study was to determine the amount of NO produced by P. yucatanicus infected with L. (L.) mexicana. Subclinical and clinical infections were established in P. yucatanicus through inoculation with 1 x 10 2 and 2.5 x 10 6 promastigotes, respectively. Peritoneal macrophages were cultured alone or co-cultured with lymphocytes with or without soluble Leishmania antigen. The level of NO production was determined using the Griess reaction. The amount of NO produced was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.0001) in co-cultured macrophages and lymphocytes than in macrophages cultured alone. No differences in NO production were found between P. yucatanicus with subclinical L. (L.) mexicana infections and animals with clinical infections. These results support the hypothesis that the immunological mechanisms of NO production in P. yucatanicus are similar to those described in mouse models of leishmaniasis and, despite NO production, P. yucatanicus is unable to clear the parasite infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsy Nalleli Loría-Cervera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Yucatán, México.
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Sosa-Bibiano EI, Van Wynsberghe NR, Canto-Lara SB, Andrade-Narvaez FJ. Preliminary study towards a novel experimental model to study localized cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2012; 54:165-9. [PMID: 22634889 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652012000300009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is not an experimental model of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana. The aim of the present study was to characterize the clinical and histological features of Peromyscus yucatanicus experimentally infected with L. (L.) mexicana. A total of 54 P. yucatanicus (groups of 18) were inoculated with 1x10(6) promastigotes of L. (L.) mexicana in the base of the tail. They were euthanized at three and six months post experimental infection. The control group was inoculated with RPMI-1640. The predominant clinical sign observed was a single ulcerated lesion in 27.77% (5/18) and in 11.11% (2/18) P. yucatanicus at three and six months respectively. The histological pattern described as chronic granulomatous inflammation with or without necrosis was found in 7/7 (100%) biopsies of euthanized P. yucatanicus at three (n = 5) and six (n = 2) months, respectively. These results resembled clinical and histological features caused by L. (L.) mexicana in humans, and support the possibility to employ P. yucatanicus as a novel experimental model to study LCL caused by this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Ivett Sosa-Bibiano
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
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Ocampo CB, Ferro MC, Cadena H, Gongora R, Pérez M, Valderrama-Ardila CH, Quinnell RJ, Alexander N. Environmental factors associated with American cutaneous leishmaniasis in a new Andean focus in Colombia. Trop Med Int Health 2012; 17:1309-17. [PMID: 22882595 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.03065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the environmental and ecological factors associated with Leishmania transmission and vector abundance in Chaparral, Tolima-Colombia. METHODS First, we compared the ecological characteristics, abundance of phlebotomies and potential reservoir hosts in the peridomestic environment (100 m radius) of randomly selected houses, between two townships with high and low cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence. Second, we examined peridomestic correlates of phlebotomine abundance in all 43 houses in the higher risk township. RESULTS The high transmission township had higher coverage of forest (23%vs. 8.4%) and shade coffee (30.7%vs. 11%), and less coffee monoculture (16.8%vs. 26.2%) and pasture (6.3%vs. 12.3%), compared to the low transmission township. Lutzomyia were more abundant in the high transmission township 2.5 vs. 0.2/trap/night. Lutzomyia longiflocosa was the most common species in both townships: 1021/1450 (70%) and 39/80 (49%). Numbers of potential wild mammal reservoirs were small, although four species were found to be infected with Leishmania (Viannia) spp. In the high transmission township, the overall peridomiciliary capture rate of L. longiflocosa was 1.5/trap/night, and the abundance was higher in houses located nearer to forest (ρ = -0.30, P = 0.05). CONCLUSION The findings are consistent with a domestic transmission cycle with the phlebotomies dependent on dense vegetation near the house.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Ocampo
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas, Cali, Valle, Colombia Laboratorio de Entomología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá, Colombia Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Program for study and Control of Tropical Disease, PECET, Antioquia, Colombia
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González C, Rebollar-Téllez EA, Ibáñez-Bernal S, Becker-Fauser I, Martínez-Meyer E, Peterson AT, Sánchez-Cordero V. Current knowledge of Leishmania vectors in Mexico: how geographic distributions of species relate to transmission areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011; 85:839-46. [PMID: 22049037 PMCID: PMC3205629 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are a group of vector-borne diseases with different clinical manifestations caused by parasites transmitted by sand fly vectors. In Mexico, the sand fly Lutzomyia olmeca olmeca is the only vector proven to transmit the parasite Leishmania mexicana to humans, which causes leishmaniasis. Other vector species with potential medical importance have been obtained, but their geographic distributions and relation to transmission areas have never been assessed. We modeled the ecological niches of nine sand fly species and projected niches to estimate potential distributions by using known occurrences, environmental coverages, and the algorithms GARP and Maxent. All vector species were distributed in areas with known recurrent transmission, except for Lu. diabolica, which appeared to be related only to areas of occasional transmission in northern Mexico. The distribution of Lu. o. olmeca does not overlap with all reported cutaneous leishmaniasis cases, suggesting that Lu. cruciata and Lu. shannoni are likely also involved as primary vectors in those areas. Our study provides useful information of potential risk areas of leishmaniasis transmission in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila González
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Reproductive characteristics of a captive colony of big-eared climbing rats (Ototylomys phyllotis). Lab Anim (NY) 2011; 40:246-51. [PMID: 21772350 DOI: 10.1038/laban0811-246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The authors analyzed the breeding characteristics of a colony of Ototylomys phyllotis (big-eared climbing rat) from Campeche, México, that was bred in captivity for 6 y. The big-eared climbing rat is a reservoir of Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana, a causal agent of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis on the Yucatán Peninsula. The colony had been established to facilitate studies analyzing the effectiveness of O. phyllotis as an experimental model for L. (L.) mexicana. The authors describe the housing and husbandry of the colony, the procedures used for mating the animals and the behavior of the animals during mating. They report that the animals showed social behavior and could be bred successfully. Most breeding pairs successfully produced litters; some pairs produced more than one litter. The authors also report data for other parameters, such as the interval between pairing and birth or between births of consecutive litters, litter size, survival to weaning, the timing of sexual maturity and the effects of breeder age on breeding success.
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Pech-May A, Escobedo-Ortegón FJ, Berzunza-Cruz M, Rebollar-Téllez EA. Incrimination of four sandfly species previously unrecognized as vectors of Leishmania parasites in Mexico. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 24:150-161. [PMID: 20604861 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2010.00870.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic to the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. The main causative agent is the parasite Leishmania mexicana (Biagi) (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) and, based on the classic work of Dr Biagi's research team, it has been generally accepted and frequently reported that the only vector of L. mexicana in the region is the sandfly Lutzomyia olmeca olmeca (Vargas & Diáz-Nájera) (Diptera: Psychodidae). Evidence gathered from recent entomological studies conducted mainly in Calakmul, Campeche, however, suggests that other species may also be vectors of L. mexicana. We conducted a field study in two villages in Calakmul, Campeche in the Yucatan Peninsula, where recent cases of CL have been reported, to document the species composition and relative abundances of the sandfly fauna and to identify which species are likely to be the main vectors by assessing the biting rates and parasite infection rates of the suspected vector species. Sandfly catches were conducted from November 2005 to February 2006 in Unión 20 de Junio and Dos Lagunas Sur. Sandflies were captured using Shannon (18.00-22.00 hours), Disney and CDC light traps (18.00-06.00 hours). Biting and infection rates were calculated for the four most abundant species: Lutzomyia cruciata (Coquillett), Lu. o. olmeca, Lutzomyia panamensis (Shannon) and Lutzomyia shannoni (Dyar). In Dos Lagunas Sur, Lu. panamensis and Lu. o. olmeca exhibited the highest biting rates throughout the sampling period. In Unión 20 de Junio, Lu. cruciata and Lu. o. olmeca had the highest biting rates over the same period. Regarding infection rates, we report herein the establishment of a polymerase chain reaction protocol and validation of IR1 and LM17 oligonucleotides to analyse the infection rates of sandflies. Out of 769 females analysed, the overall infection rates were 1.4% in Dos Lagunas Sur and 5.3% in Unión 20 de Junio. In Dos Lagunas Sur we found L. mexicana infections in two sandfly species, Lu. shannoni and Lutzomyia ylephiletor (Fairchild & Hertig), whereas in Unión 20 de Junio we found infections in Lu. shannoni, Lu. cruciata, Lu. o. olmeca and Lu. panamensis. The possible role of these four sandfly species in relation to L. mexicana transmission in Calakmul is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pech-May
- Departamento de Biologiá de Vectores, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Mexico
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27
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Meerburg BG, Singleton GR, Kijlstra A. Rodent-borne diseases and their risks for public health. Crit Rev Microbiol 2009; 35:221-70. [DOI: 10.1080/10408410902989837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Van Wynsberghe NR, Canto-Lara SB, Sosa-Bibiano EI, Rivero-Cárdenas NA, Andrade-Narváez FJ. Comparison of small mammal prevalence of Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana in five foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the State of Campeche, Mexico. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2009; 51:87-94. [PMID: 19390737 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652009000200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico, 95% of the human cases of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis are caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana with an incidence rate of 5.08 per 100,000 inhabitants. Transmission is limited to the winter months (November to March). One study on wild rodents has incriminated Ototylomys phyllotis and Peromyscus yucatanicus as primary reservoirs of L. (L.) mexicana in the focus of La Libertad, Campeche. In the present study, the prevalence of both infection and disease caused by L. (L.) mexicana in small terrestrial mammals were documented during five transmission seasons (1994-2004) in five foci of Leishmaniasis in the state of Campeche. Foci separated by only 100 km, with similar relative abundances of small mammals, were found to differ significantly in their prevalence of both symptoms and infection. Transmission rates and reservoir species seemed to change in space as well as in time which limited the implementation of effective control measures of the disease even in a small endemic area such as the south of the Yucatan Peninsula.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Van Wynsberghe
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México.
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Chaves LF, Hernandez MJ, Dobson AP, Pascual M. Sources and sinks: revisiting the criteria for identifying reservoirs for American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Trends Parasitol 2007; 23:311-6. [PMID: 17524806 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2007.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Revised: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Molecular-based approaches might be misleading for assessing the 'potential importance' of possible reservoirs for parasites unless used in conjunction with population dynamics and ecological studies that provide an understanding of the linkages between the enzootic transmission cycle (in wild animals) and that in domestic animals. Better understanding of ecological constraints on Leishmania transmission is needed to assess fully the passage of the parasite between its sandfly vector and different mammalian host species. We use a straightforward mathematical framework to illustrate that misuse of association patterns, as guidance for implementation of control measures, can in fact increase the endemism of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Chaves
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Silva ES, Gontijo CMF, Melo MN. Contribution of molecular techniques to the epidemiology of neotropical Leishmania species. Trends Parasitol 2005; 21:550-2. [PMID: 16226490 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2005.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2005] [Revised: 08/31/2005] [Accepted: 09/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Brandão-Filho et al. and Oliveira et al. have recently reported the detection of Leishmania in sylvatic and synanthropic animals that were captured in areas of Brazil that are endemic for leishmaniasis. Such investigations raise the issue of reservoirs of important endemic diseases by using modern molecular biology and biochemical techniques that complement traditional methods. Ecoepidemiological studies focusing on possible reservoirs have been important for providing contributions to prophylaxis and control measures to be employed by public health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo S Silva
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
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Andrade-Narvaez FJ, Medina-Peralta S, Vargas-Gonzalez A, Canto-Lara SB, Estrada-Parra S. The histopathology of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana in the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2005; 47:191-4. [PMID: 16138198 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652005000400003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (LCL) known as "chiclero's ulcer" in southeast Mexico, was described by SEIDELIN in 1912. Since then the sylvatic region of the Yucatan peninsula has been documented as an endemic focus of LCL. This study of 73 biopsies from parasitological confirmed lesions of LCL cases of Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana infection was undertaken: 1) to examine host response at tissue level; and 2) to relate manifestations of this response to some characteristics of clinical presentation. Based on Magalhães' classification we found that the most common pattern in our LCL cases caused by L. (L.) mexicana was predominantly characterized by the presence of unorganized granuloma without necrosis, (43.8%). Another important finding to be highlighted is the fact that in 50/73 (68.5%) parasite identification was positive. There was direct relation between the size of the lesion and time of evolution (rs = 0.3079, p = 0.03), and inverse correlation between size of the lesion and abundance of amastigotes (rs = -0.2467, p = 0.03). In view of the complexity of clinical and histopathological findings, cell-mediated immune response of the disease related to clinical and histopathological features, as so genetic background should be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando J Andrade-Narvaez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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Rebollar-Téllez EA, Tun-Ku E, Manrique-Saide PC, Andrade-Narvaez FJ. Relative abundances of sandfly species (Diptera: Phlebotominae) in two villages in the same area of Campeche, in southern Mexico. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2005; 99:193-201. [PMID: 15814038 DOI: 10.1179/136485905x16390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania mexicana is the parasite causing most cases of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in southern Mexico, where Lutzomyia olmeca olmeca and Lu. cruciata are the most probable vectors. In the present study, sandflies were collected during one transmission season (November 2001-March 2002) in the village of La Guadalupe and the nearby village of Dos Naciones, in the southern Mexican county of Calakmul. Using Shannon traps, Disney traps and CDC light traps, 5983 sandflies (Brumptomyia and Lutzomyia) were caught. In Dos Naciones the numbers of Lu. panamensis caught in Shannon or CDC traps outnumbered those of the other sandfly species. In La Guadalupe, in contrast, the most abundant species in the collections made with Shannon or CDC traps was Lu. cruciata , followed by Lu. olmeca olmeca and Lu. deleoni. In both locations, the numbers of sandflies attracted to Shannon traps peaked between 18.00 and 22.00 hours. Given the abundance of Lu. olmeca olmeca in the collections made with Shannon and Disney traps (it was the only species caught in the latter), this species is probably the primary vector of Le. mexicana in Calakmul county.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Rebollar-Téllez
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales 'Dr Hideyo Noguchi', Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Avenida Itzaes 490, Mérida, Yucatán 97000, Mexico.
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Andrade-Narvaez FJ, Canto Lara SB, Van Wynsberghe NR, Rebollar-Tellez EA, Vargas-Gonzalez A, Albertos-Alpuche NE. Seasonal transmission of Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana in the state of Campeche, Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2004; 98:995-8. [PMID: 15049078 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762003000800002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana is a typical wild zoonosis restricted to the forest, and humans are only accidentally involved. The transmission of L. (L.) mexicana has been related to the patient's occupation: "chicleros" (gum collectors) and agricultural workers. The objective of this study was to document L. (L.) mexicana seasonally of transmission in endemic areas of LCL in the state of Campeche, Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. The timing of incidence of LCL in humans during 1993-1994, as well as the rate and time of infection in rodents and sand flies between February 1993 and March 1995 were analyzed. Rodents and sand flies were found infected between November and March, when men carried out their field activities and are exposed. Based on results analyzed, it is concluded that L. (L.) mexicana in the endemic area of LCL in the state of Campeche, Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, presents a seasonal transmission restricted to the months of November to March. The knowledge of the timing of the transmission cycle in an endemic area of leishmaniasis is very important because intervention measures on the high-risk focus and population might be restricted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando J Andrade-Narvaez
- Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Laboratorio de Inmunología, Avenida Itzáes No. 490x59, Código Postal 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, México.
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Ruiz-Pina HA, Cruz-Reyes A. The opossum Didelphis virginiana as a synanthropic reservoir of Trypanosoma cruzi in Dzidzilché, Yucatán, México. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2002; 97:613-20. [PMID: 12219121 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762002000500003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In México, the role of mammals in the transmission cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi is poorly known. In the State of Yucatán, an endemic area of Chagas disease, both Didelphis virginiana and D. marsupialis occur sympatrically. However, until now, only the former species had been found infected with T. cruzi. To evaluate the role of D. virginiana in a peridomestic transmission, nine periods of capture-recapture were performed around the village of Dzidzilché, Yucatán. The sex, age, reproductive status, location, and presence of infection with T. cruzi were recorded for each opossum. The chromosome morphology was used to identify the opossum species. T. cruzi was identified by the presence of pseudocysts of amastigotes in cardiac muscle fibers of Balb/c mice inoculated with strains isolated from opossums. However, xenodiagnosis was the best diagnostic method. Triatoma dimidiata, the vector, were collected in and around the opossums' nests, and human dwellings; and were checked for T. cruzi. From 102 blood samples of D. virginiana examined 55 (53.9%) were positive to T. cruzi, the only two D. marsupialis captured were negative. Significant differences were found between infection, and both sex and reproductive condition. Eight out of 14 triatomines collected in peridomestic nests (57.1%), and 32 of 197 captured inside houses (16.3%) were found infected, suggesting a peridomestic transmission. The statistically high abundance of infected opossums and triatomines during the dry season (March to May) suggested the existence of a seasonality in the peridomestic transmission of T. cruzi in Dzidzilché.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A Ruiz-Pina
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales 'Dr. Hideyo Noguchi', Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México.
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De Lima H, De Guglielmo Z, Rodríguez A, Convit J, Rodriguez N. Cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) and black rats (Rattus rattus) as possible reservoirs of Leishmania spp. in Lara State, Venezuela. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2002; 97:169-74. [PMID: 12016437 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762002000200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 519 wild animals belonging to eleven species were collected during a two year study in a cutaneous leishmaniasis endemic area in Venezuela (La Matica, Lara State). The animals were captured in home-made Tomahawk-like traps baited with maize, bananas or other available local fruits, and parasites were isolated from 27 specimens. Two different species were found naturally infected with flagellates, i.e., cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) and black rats (Rattus rattus). Characterization of the parasites using PCR, kDNA restriction pattern and hybridization with species-specific probes revealed the presence of Leishmania (L.) mexicana in three of the black rats and Leishmania (V.) braziliensis in two others. The latter species was also identified in the single positive specimen of S. hispidus. The results suggested both species of animals as possible reservoirs of Leishmania sp.
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New World Leishmaniasis: The Ecology of Leishmaniasis and the Diversity of Leishmanial Species in Central and South America. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0955-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Andrade-Narváez FJ, Vargas-González A, Canto-Lara SB, Damián-Centeno AG. Clinical picture of cutaneous leishmaniases due to Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana in the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2001; 96:163-7. [PMID: 11285491 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762001000200005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL), known as "chiclero's ulcer" in southeast Mexico, was described by Seidelin in 1912. Since then, the sylvatic region of the Yucatan peninsula has been identified as an endemic focus of LCL. The purpose of the present work was to describe the clinical picture of LCL caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana in the Yucatan peninsula. A total of 136 cases of LCL, based on isolation and characterization of L. (L.) mexicana by isoenzymes and/or monoclonal antibodies, were selected. Some variability of clinical features regarding number, type, size, form, location and time of evolution of the lesions was observed. The most frequently observed presentation was a single, ulcerated, rounded small lesion, located on the ear, with an evolution time of less than three months, with neither cutaneous metastases nor lymphatic nor mucosal involvement. This picture corresponds to previous studies carried out in the same endemic area where an organism of the L. mexicana complex has been incriminated as a major aetiological agent of classical "chiclero's ulcer", confirming that in the Yucatan peninsula LCL due to L. (L.) mexicana when located on the pinna of the ear is a remarkable characteristic.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Andrade-Narváez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales 'Dr. Hideyo Noguchi', Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México.
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Van Wynsberghe NR, Canto-Lara SB, Damián-Centeno AG, Itzá-Ortiz MF, Andrade-Narváez FJ. Retention of Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana in naturally infected rodents from the State of Campeche, Mexico. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2000; 95:595-600. [PMID: 10998205 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762000000500001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the State of Campeche, Mexico, zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis is mainly due to Leishmania (L.) mexicana. The parasite population is maintained in a mammalian species, a reservoir in which the ideal course of infection should be long and relatively nonpathogenic. The objective of the present study was to document the retention of L. (L.) mexicana in 29 naturally infected rodents. These cricetids lived in captivity for up to two years and were tested monthly for the presence of the parasite, by cultures of needle aspirates from the base of the tail. Peromyscus yucatanicus and Ototylomys phyllotis were incriminated as the primary reservoir hosts. The finding that the multiplication of parasites in P. yucatanicus might be triggered by temperature, suggests that this animal would be a good choice for further research on L. (L.) mexicana.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Van Wynsberghe
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales 'Dr Hideyo Noguchi', Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Saliba
- Department of Biology, Hashemite University, Zarka, Jordan
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Canto-Lara SB, Van Wynsberghe NR, Vargas-González A, Ojeda-Farfán FF, Andrade-Narváez FJ. Use of monoclonal antibodies for the identification of Leishmania spp. isolated from humans and wild rodents in the State of Campeche, Mexico. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1999; 94:305-9. [PMID: 10348978 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761999000300005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Leishmania includes 30 described species which infect a wide variety of mammalian hosts. The precise identification of leishmanial parasites at the species level is very important in order to determine whether an organism, causing the disease in a given area, is of the same biotype as that found in suspected mammalian reservoirs. The objectives of the present study were (1) to identify leishmanial parasites isolated from humans and wild rodents from the State of Campeche, an endemic focus of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) in southern Mexico, using an indirect immunofluorescent assay (IFA) with monoclonal antibodies (Mabs); and (2) to determine if the parasites of the two types of hosts were of the same biotype. All the wild rodents (six Ototylomys phyllotis, eight Oryzomys melanotis, five Peromyscus yucatanicus and two Sigmodon hispidus) and 96% (24/25) of the human isolates were identified as Leishmania (L.) mexicana confirming that this specific LCL focus is a wild zoonosis. The presence of one human isolate of L. (Viannia) braziliensis in the State of Campeche, confirmed the importance of an accurate taxonomic identification at species level.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Canto-Lara
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, 97240, México
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Rebollar-Téllez EA, Ramírez-Fraire A, Andrade-Narvaez FJ. A two years study on vectors of cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Evidence for sylvatic transmission cycle in the state of Campeche, Mexico. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1996; 91:555-60. [PMID: 9137741 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761996000500004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the State of Campeche were studied in relation to the transmission cycle of Leishmania (Le.) mexicana. To determine how transmission of leishmaniasis occurs, we collected phlebotomine sand flies for two years. In the first year (October 1990 to November 1991) the collections were made with CDC light traps, Shannon traps and direct captures at natural shelters around the village (< 200 m) of La Libertad. In the second year (February 1993 to January 1994) the catches were performed at 8 km southeast of La Libertad in the forest. Female sand flies were examined for Leishmania. During the first year, 347 sand flies of nine species were collected, most of which were Lutzomyia deleoni (61.3%). When all nine species were considered, more females than males were captured. Low densities of anthropophillic species of sand flies around the village indicated that sylvatic transmission was taking place. For the second year. 1484 sand flies of 16 species were caught. The most common were L. olmeca olmeca (21.7%), L. cruciata (19.2%) and L. ovallesi (14.1%). Similarly, more females were caught than males. Thirty-five females of five species were found infected with flagellates believed to be Leishmania sp. The highest infection rate was found in L. olmeca olmeca (7.1%) followed by L. cruciata (4.5%) and L. ovallesi (1.1%). These data plus other evidence on the epidemiology of human cases and results from reservoir studies are discussed in relation to the sylvatic transmission cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Rebollar-Téllez
- Departamento de Inmunologia, CIR Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mexico
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Rebollar-Tellez EA, Reyes-Villanueva F, Fernandez-Salas I, Andrade-Narvaez FJ. Population dynamics and biting rhythm of the anthropophilic sandfly Lutzomyia cruciata (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Southeast, Mexico. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1996; 38:29-33. [PMID: 8762636 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46651996000100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sandflies attracted by human bait were caught in an endemic focus of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis in the state of Campeche, Mexico. Catches were carried out monthly from February 1994 to January 1995 between 18:00 and 22:00 h. Lutzomyia cruciata was the only species caught. The highest population peak of Lu. cruciata was found in March with lesser peaks in February, December 1994, and January 1995. Maximum biting rate of Lu. cruciata was found between 18:00 and 19:00 h. The host-seeking females of Lu. cruciata were directly related to levels of humidity between 88 and 100%. Low and high temperature had a negative effect upon Lu. cruciata activity. The possible role of Lu. cruciata as vector of leishmaniasis in the state of Campeche, Mexico is discussed.
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