1
|
Cho JM. Nutrition fact label (NFL) use is related to meeting the requirements for vitamins and minerals not listed on NFLs: Data from the Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey VIII (2019-2021) for the prepandemic and pandemic periods. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0296268. [PMID: 38153947 PMCID: PMC10754447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The credibility and wide usability of nutrition fact labels (NFLs) have increased due to the pandemic, which may lead to healthier nutritional choices. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the association between NFL use and meeting the estimated average requirements (EARs) for vitamins and minerals not listed on NFLs during the prepandemic (2019, n = 6606) and pandemic periods (2020 and 2021, n = 12085) using KNHANES data. Household surveys, health behavior interviews, and health checkup examinations were conducted for all participants. Subjects were included in the unAware+noUse, Aware+noUse, and Aware+Use groups according to NFL usage, and nutritional intake was analyzed by the 24-hour recall method. Complex-sample multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for meeting the EARs according to NFL usage in the crude and adjusted (including metabolic conditions) models. The primary finding was that awareness and NFL use were associated with adequate intake above the EARs for vitamin A, vitamin B2, niacin, folate, Ca, Fe, and P; this association was more evident during the pandemic. After adjusting for covariates, during the pandemic, the ORs of meeting the EARs in the Aware+noUse group and Aware+Use group were 1.25 (CI 1.06-1.47) and 1.36 (CI 1.05-1.75) for vitamin A, 1.26 (CI 1.06-1.50) and 1.54 (CI 1.19-2.00) for vitamin B2, 1.32 (CI 1.13-1.56) and 1.46 (CI 1.15-1.85) for folate, and 1.46 (CI 1.06-2.00) and 1.73 (1.09-2.75) for P, respectively. Additionally, the ORs for niacin (1.21, 1.02-1.43) and Fe (1.29, 1.08-1.54) were significant in the Aware+noUse group, and that for Ca (1.39, 1.08-1.78) was significant in the Aware+Use group (all p <0.05). In conclusion, NFL awareness and use are associated with meeting the EARs for vitamins and minerals not listed on NFLs. For future recurring health crises, effective NFL use is necessary for healthy dietary practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Cho
- K-Food Industry Research Institute, College of Culture and Tourism, Jeonju University, Jeonju-si, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Arora I, White S, Mathews R. Global Dietary and Herbal Supplement Use during COVID-19-A Scoping Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030771. [PMID: 36771480 PMCID: PMC9920285 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, the lack of cure and the intensity of the global spread raised a common awareness of health. The aim of this scoping review is to summarize dietary supplement use globally during first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic. A systematic search was conducted in December 2021 following PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, ERIC, and Scopus databases were searched, and 956 results were screened for eligibility. Fourteen cross-sectional studies from 11 countries and 3 continents were examined. All studies were large population surveys investigating healthy eating and supplement use during COVID-19. Vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc and multivitamins were the most widely reported, as well as natural/herbal products such as ginger and honey. The most common reason cited for supplements use was to strengthen immune system and to prevent infection of COVID-19. These studies reported that populations are relying on healthcare providers, family, friends, and social media to learn about supplement use. Future studies on the treatment of COVID-19 should include more evidence for supplement use.
Collapse
|
3
|
Pranjic N, Karabasic A. Dietary Supplementation Practices Among Undergraduate Students in Greece During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Their Association with COVID-19-related Anxiety. Mater Sociomed 2023; 35:140-147. [PMID: 37701341 PMCID: PMC10495141 DOI: 10.5455/msm.2023.35.140-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the lack of evidence-based guidance on supplement use for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19, consumption of dietary supplements has been shown to increase in many countries. Objective This study aimed to explore the use of dietary supplements among undergraduate students. Methods An online cross-sectional survey was conducted between May and June 2021, involving a total of 536 participants (57.8% female) aged between 18-30 years in two university towns in central and northern Greece. Two validated questionnaires were used regarding dietary supplements and stress during COVID-19. Results The prevalence of dietary supplement use was 67.5%. The three most popular supplements consumed were vitamin C (65.2%), followed by vitamin D (58.3%), and multivitamin and mineral supplements (56.9%). The use of CAS-5 indicated that 13.1% of students were classified as having dysfunctional anxiety due to COVID-19 (CAS-5 score ≥5). Logistic regression analysis showed that those who exhibited CAS-5 ≥5 were over two times more likely to consume supplements compared to no-stress participants (OR 2.29, 95%CI: 1.09-4.82). Particularly vitamin D use was associated with CAS score ≥5 (OR 2.18, 95%CI 1.22-3.89) a finding that was not observed with other types of dietary supplements. Conclusion Women, passive smokers, and those who believe that DS are necessary during the COVID-19 pandemic were also more likely to consume dietary supplements. The use of dietary supplements is widespread among Greek students. Future studies should be conducted to monitor whether these increases in DS use are maintained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nurka Pranjic
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Almedina Karabasic
- Departmant of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ramic-Catak A, Mesihovic-Dinarevic S, Prnjavorac B, Naser N, Masic I. Public Health Dimensions of CVD Prevention and Control - Global Perspectives and Current Situation in the Federation of BiH. Mater Sociomed 2023; 35:88-93. [PMID: 37701339 PMCID: PMC10495147 DOI: 10.5455/msm.2023.35.88-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background CVD remains a leading cause of death in Europe and worldwide accounting for 3.9 million deaths each year in Europe alone. Even with well-known risk factors and the current standards of health care, improvement of health and quality of life of CVD patients are still remains one of the biggest public health challenges we must overcome. Objective The aim of this narrative review is to provide a brief overview of the recent and relevant documents of good practice in prevention, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of Cardiovascular diseases that should be consider as milestones for the health authorities in the Federation of BiH. Cardiovascular diseases stil represent a worldwide public health problem, with some new dimensions caused by challenges caused through pandemic of COVID-19. The wellknown cardiovascular risk factors require new and more efficient public health approaches to the prevention and control. Conclusion Due to the recently developed cardiovascular guidelines that were made by the European Society of Cardiology and World Heart Federation, key priority for health authorities should be is to update the existing CVD guidelines in the Federation of BiH in accordance with the international good practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aida Ramic-Catak
- Institute for Public Health of the Federation of Bosnia
and Herzegovina
| | - Senka Mesihovic-Dinarevic
- Department of Medical Sciences, Academy of Sciences and
Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | | | - Nabil Naser
- Polyclinic "Nabil" Sarajevo, Sarajevo,
Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Izet Masic
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Sarajevo,
Sarajevo, Bosnia nd Herzegovina
- Academy of Medical Sciences of Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kontopoulou L, Vasara E, Paraskevadaki E, Karpetas G, Papathanasiou IV, Gourgoulianis KI. Public Health Dimensions of CVD Prevention and Control - Global Perspectives and Current Situation in the Federation of BiH. Mater Sociomed 2023; 35:152-156. [PMID: 37701339 PMCID: PMC10495152 DOI: 10.5455/msm.2023.35.152-156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CVD remains a leading cause of death in Europe and worldwide accounting for 3.9 million deaths each year in Europe alone. Even with well-known risk factors and the current standards of health care, improvement of health and quality of life of CVD patients are still remains one of the biggest public health challenges we must overcome. Objective The aim of this narrative review is to provide a brief overview of the recent and relevant documents of good practice in prevention, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of Cardiovascular diseases that should be consider as milestones for the health authorities in the Federation of BiH. Cardiovascular diseases stil represent a worldwide public health problem, with some new dimensions caused by challenges caused through pandemic of COVID-19. The wellknown cardiovascular risk factors require new and more efficient public health approaches to the prevention and control. Conclusion Due to the recently developed cardiovascular guidelines that were made by the European Society of Cardiology and World Heart Federation, key priority for health authorities should be is to update the existing CVD guidelines in the Federation of BiH in accordance with the international good practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lamprini Kontopoulou
- Faculty of Nursing, Respiratory Disorders Lab, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Eleni Vasara
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eva Paraskevadaki
- Eva Paraskevadaki, Research and Statistics Consultant, StepUpAdvisor.gr, Greece
| | - Georgios Karpetas
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical Informatics Lab, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | | | - Konstantinos I. Gourgoulianis
- Faculty of Medicine, Pulmonology, University General Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece
- Faculty of Medicine, Pulmonology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Delving the role of nutritional psychiatry to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic induced stress, anxiety and depression. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022; 120:25-35. [PMID: 35002078 PMCID: PMC8720048 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The distressing COVID-19 pandemic has had a substantial impact on public mental health, and the importance of food and nutrients in several aspects of mental health has been recognized. People in isolation or quarantine suffer from severe stress, anger, panic attack, and anxiety. SCOPE AND APPROACH Although, people who have improved and progressed through medications or vaccines have reduced anxiety levels to some extent yet the efficacy of these measures, in the long run, remains a question. The review depicts that such negative emotional reactions were particularly higher in elderly individuals in the first wave than in other phases. The emotional and behavioral response to the COVID-19 pandemic is multifactorial. From different research studies, it has been found that stress scores were considerably higher for those engaging in unhealthy eating practices. This factor relies not only on external components but on personal and innate ones as well. In the present pandemic, the sustainable development of the food system would have been a major issue; this should be carefully restored to avoid a food crisis in the future. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS Changes in mind-body interactions are triggered by psychosocial stresses such as interpersonal loss and social rejection. Physiological response (in terms of psychological stress) in COVID-19 affected patients varies due to individual physical health status. This review explores the relationship between nutrition and mental health as what we eat and think is interlinked with the gut-brain-axis. The role of dietary components along with the Mediterranean diet, DASH diet and use of psychobiotics in improving psychological distress in pandemic induced stress, anxiety and depression has also been discussed.
Collapse
|
7
|
COVID-19-Related Knowledge and Practices of Cancer Patients and Their Anxiety and Depression During the Early Surge Phase of the Pandemic: A Cross-sectional Online Survey. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2022; 17:e73. [PMID: 35094745 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2021.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related knowledge and practices of cancer patients and to assess their anxiety- and depression-related to COVID-19 during the early surge phase of the pandemic. METHODS An online questionnaire survey of cancer patients was conducted from February 10-29, 2020. Knowledge and practices related to COVID-19 were assessed using a custom-made questionnaire. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used to assess the presence of anxiety and depression, with scores beyond 7 indicating anxiety or depressive disorder. Univariate and multiple linear regression analyses were used to identify the high-risk groups according to the level of knowledge, practices, anxiety, and depression scores. RESULTS A total of 341 patients were included. The rate of lower level of knowledge and practices was 49.9% and 18.8%, respectively. Education level of junior high school degree or lower showed a significant association with lower knowledge score (β: -3.503; P < 0.001) and lower practices score (β: -2.210; P < 0.001) compared to the education level of college degree and above. The prevalence of anxiety and depression among the respondents was 17.6% and 23.2%, respectively. A higher depression score was associated with older age, marital status of the widowed, and lower level of education, knowledge score, and practices score (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Targeted COVID-19-related education interventions are required for cancer patients with a lower level of knowledge to help improve their practices. Interventions are also required to address the anxiety and depression of cancer patients.
Collapse
|
8
|
Yasmin F, Dapke K, Khalid MR, Naz H, Naz F, Admani B, Asghar MS, Awan S, Phadke R, Saleem M. Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Depressive Symptoms among Pakistani Population during the Second Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Regression Analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 105:915-923. [PMID: 34460417 PMCID: PMC8592168 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over a span of 1 year, with millions infected, COVID-19 has spread to every part of the world and now poses a health threat to each and every one of us. The outbreak has consequently resulted in multiple health problems such as stress, anxiety, depressive symptoms, insomnia, panic, and denial globally. Several factors have contributed to this rising number of psychiatric consults all over the world. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Pakistani population during the second wave of the pandemic in this region. We conducted an online web-based cross-sectional survey comprising 500 participants. The questionnaire assessed the demographic information, attitude, and knowledge concerning COVID-19 outbreak in addition to generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) utilizing the GAD-7 scale and depressive symptoms using the Center for Epidemiology Scale for Depression (CES-D) scale. The response rate of the study was 90.9%. The results of the survey indicated a prevalence of 25.4% of GAD, and 18.8% of depressive symptoms. Furthermore, nearly 34.8% of participants feared contracting COVID-19, 62.8% obtained constant critical updates regarding COVID-19, while 17.6% did not understand the knowledge regarding COVID-19. In the multivariate regression models, GAD was significantly associated with gender, age, and checking constantly of critical updates regarding COVID-19. Similarly, participants under 30 years had a higher risk of developing depressive symptoms than those above (> 30 years). Lastly, participants with no formal education were also found to be more prone to developing depression. We identified a potential threat to mental health during the pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farah Yasmin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Kartik Dapke
- Indira Gandhi Government Medical College, Nagpur, India
| | - Muhammad Rahman Khalid
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hina Naz
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Farah Naz
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Admani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Ruth K. M. Pfau Civil Hospital Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Sana Awan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Saleem
- Department of Psychology, Dow University Hospital, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li S, Kallas Z, Rahmani D, Gil JM. Trends in Food Preferences and Sustainable Behavior during the COVID-19 Lockdown: Evidence from Spanish Consumers. Foods 2021; 10:1898. [PMID: 34441675 PMCID: PMC8391569 DOI: 10.3390/foods10081898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic poses a threat to global food security, and it changes consumers' food buying and consumption behavior. This research not only investigates trends in Spanish consumers' general food shopping and consumption habits during the lockdown, but also investigates these trends from the perspective of sustainable purchasing. Specifically, total food consumption (C), food expenditure (E), and purchase of food with sustainable attributes (S) were measured. Data were collected from a semi-structured questionnaire which was distributed online among 1203 participants. The logit models showed that gender, age, employment status, and consumers' experiences were associated with total food consumption and expenditure during the lockdown. In addition, consumers' risk perceptions, shopping places, trust level in information sources, and risk preference were highly essential factors influencing consumers' preferences and sustainable behavior. Consumers' objective knowledge regarding COVID-19 was related to expenditure. Furthermore, family structure only affected expenditure, while income and place of residence influenced food consumption. Mood was associated with expenditure and the purchase of sustainable food. Household size affected purchasing behavior towards food with sustainable attributes. This research provides references for stakeholders that help them to adapt to the new COVID-19 situation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- Institute for Research in Sustainability Science and Technology (IS-UPC), Polytechnic University of Catalonia, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zein Kallas
- CREDA-UPC-IRTA (Centre for Agro-food Economy and Development), 08860 Castelldefels, Spain; (D.R.); (J.M.G.)
- DEAB (Department of Agrifood Engineering and Biotechnology), Polytechnic University of Catalonia, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Djamel Rahmani
- CREDA-UPC-IRTA (Centre for Agro-food Economy and Development), 08860 Castelldefels, Spain; (D.R.); (J.M.G.)
| | - José Maria Gil
- CREDA-UPC-IRTA (Centre for Agro-food Economy and Development), 08860 Castelldefels, Spain; (D.R.); (J.M.G.)
- DEAB (Department of Agrifood Engineering and Biotechnology), Polytechnic University of Catalonia, 08860 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hayat K, Arshed M, Fiaz I, Afreen U, Khan FU, Khan TA, Kadirhaz M, Shukar S, Saeed A, Gill MR, Fang Y. Impact of COVID-19 on the Mental Health of Healthcare Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study From Pakistan. Front Public Health 2021; 9:603602. [PMID: 33981657 PMCID: PMC8107369 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.603602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly increased the rate of mortality and morbidity worldwide due to its rapid transmission rate. The mental health status of individuals could have a negative impact attributed to this global situation. Therefore, this study was intended to explore the symptoms of depression and anxiety among healthcare workers (HCWs) of Pakistan during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was undertaken by administering a web-based questionnaire between May and June 2020. Two tools, including the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), were employed to measure anxiety and depression symptoms among HCWs. The data analyses were carried out using descriptive statistics, Man Whitney, and Kruskal Wallis tests. Results: Of 1094 HCWs who participated in this online survey, 742 (67.8%) were physicians, followed by nurses (n = 277, 25.3%) and pharmacists (n = 75, 6.9%). The survey respondents had a median depression and anxiety score of 5.00 (7.00–3.00) and 8.00 (11.00–5.00), respectively. A considerable number of HCWs (82.2%) utilized online psychological resources to deal with their psychological distress. Female HCWs, nurses, frontline HCWs, and HCWs aged 30–49 years were more likely to suffer from depression and anxiety (p < 0.05). Conclusion: During the recent ongoing pandemic of COVID-19, there is a mild level of symptoms of depression and anxiety among HCWs. Our findings call for urgent psychological interventions for vulnerable groups of Pakistani HCWs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khezar Hayat
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Centre for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi'an, China.,Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China's Western Technological Innovation Harbor, Xi'an, China.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arshed
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Putra Malaysia (UPM), Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Iqra Fiaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Allied Hospital, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Urooj Afreen
- Department of Pharmacy, Nishtar Hospital, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Faiz Ullah Khan
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Centre for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi'an, China.,Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China's Western Technological Innovation Harbor, Xi'an, China
| | - Tahir Abbas Khan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhtar Kadirhaz
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Centre for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi'an, China.,Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China's Western Technological Innovation Harbor, Xi'an, China
| | - Sundus Shukar
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Centre for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi'an, China.,Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China's Western Technological Innovation Harbor, Xi'an, China
| | - Azwa Saeed
- Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | - Yu Fang
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Center for Drug Safety and Policy Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Centre for Health Reform and Development Research, Xi'an, China.,Research Institute for Drug Safety and Monitoring, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, China's Western Technological Innovation Harbor, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|