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Rozi IE, Permana DH, Syahrani L, Asih PBS, Zubaidah S, Risandi R, Wangsamuda S, Dewayanti FK, Demetouw MR, Mabui S, Robaha MMF, Sumiwi ME, Bangs MJ, Lobo NF, Hawley WA, Syafruddin D. Rapid entomological assessment in eight high malaria endemic regencies in Papua Province revealed the presence of indoor and outdoor malaria transmissions. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14603. [PMID: 38918533 PMCID: PMC11199675 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64958-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria in eastern Indonesia remains high despite significant reduction and elimination in other parts of the country. A rapid entomological assessment was conducted in eight high malaria endemic regencies of Papua Province, Indonesia, to expedite malaria elimination efforts in this region. This study aims to characterize specific, actionable endpoints toward understanding where and when malaria transmission is happening, where interventions may function best, and identify gaps in protection that result in continued transmission. The entomological assessment included identifying potential vectors through human landing catch (HLC), indoor morning and night resting collections, identification of larval sites through surveillance of water bodies, and vector incrimination toward understanding exposure to malaria transmission. Human landing catches (HLCs) and larval collections identified 10 Anopheles species, namely Anopheles koliensis, Anopheles punctulatus, Anopheles farauti, Anopheles hinesorum, Anopheles longirostris, Anopheles peditaeniatus, Anopheles tesselatus, Anopheles vagus, Anopheles subpictus and Anopheles kochi. The most common and abundant species found overall were An. koliensis and An. punctulatus, while An. farauti was found in large numbers in the coastal areas of Mimika and Sarmi Regencies. Vector incrimination on Anopheles collected from HLCs and night indoor resting demonstrated that An. koliensis and An. punctulatus carried Plasmodium in Keerom, Jayapura, and Sarmi Regencies. Analysis of HLCs for the most common species revealed that the An. koliensis and An. punctulatus, bite indoors and outdoors at equal rates, while An. farauti predominantly bite outdoors. Larval surveillance demonstrated that most water bodies in and surrounding residential areas contained Anopheles larvae. This study demonstrated indoor and outdoor exposure to mosquito bites and gaps in protection, enabling exposure to infectious bites in all regencies. This explains why current malaria control efforts focusing on indoor protection have failed to substantially reduce malaria incidence in the region. Optimization of insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs), as well as installment of mosquito screens in houses, may further reduce indoor transmission. For outdoor transmission, the use of community-centric approaches to reduce or eliminate larval sources within and surrounding the village through the guidance of locally stationed entomologists, along with Social and Behavior Change mediated health education towards the local adoption of mosquito protection tools during outdoor activities, may reduce malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail E Rozi
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program in Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Dendi H Permana
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Lepa Syahrani
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
- Doctoral Program in Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Puji B S Asih
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Siti Zubaidah
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Rifqi Risandi
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Suradi Wangsamuda
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Farahana K Dewayanti
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | | | - Silas Mabui
- Papua Province Health Office, Jayapura, Papua, Indonesia
| | | | - Maria E Sumiwi
- United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Michael J Bangs
- PT Freeport Indonesia, International SOS, Freeport Medical Services, Kuala Kencana, Papua, Indonesia
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - William A Hawley
- United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Din Syafruddin
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Indonesia.
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.
- Hasanuddin University Medical Research Center (HUMRC), Makassar, Indonesia.
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Escobar D, Pérez F, Ortiz B, Fontecha G. PCR-RFLP assays for the identification of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) species circulating in Honduras. Malar J 2023; 22:57. [PMID: 36805673 PMCID: PMC9938605 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04494-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vector populations are a key target for malaria control and elimination. In Honduras, there are at least 12 reported anopheline species, however, the definitive number of species remains uncertain. Due to the inherent limitations of morphological identification of Anopheles species, molecular approaches have been developed to provide accurate identification and robust surveillance of local malaria vectors. The aim of this study was to design and assess three PCR-RFLP assays to identify anopheline species known to presently occur in Honduras. METHODS Mosquitoes captured between 2018 and 2022 in seven malaria-endemic and non-endemic departments in Honduras were analysed. The ITS2 ribosomal region and three restriction enzyme-based assays were evaluated in silico and experimentally. RESULTS A total of 132 sequences from 12 anopheline species were analysed. The ITS2 marker showed length polymorphisms that generated products between 388 and 592 bp and no relevant intraspecies polymorphisms were found. Furthermore, the three PCR-RFLP assays were able to differentiate 11 species with sufficient precision and resolution. CONCLUSION The ITS2 region was shown to be a useful molecular marker for identifying local Anopheles species. In addition, the PCR-RFLP assays evaluated here proved to be capable of discriminating most of the anopheline species present in Honduras. These methods provide alternatives to improve entomological surveillance of Anopheles in Honduras and other Mesoamerican countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Escobar
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Fernando Pérez
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Bryan Ortiz
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Gustavo Fontecha
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
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Tedrow RE, Ratovonjato J, Walker ED, Ratsimbasoa AC, Zimmerman PA. A Novel Assay for Simultaneous Assessment of Mammalian Host Blood, Mosquito Species, and Plasmodium spp. in the Medically Important Anopheles Mosquitoes of Madagascar. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 100:544-551. [PMID: 30675844 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles mosquitoes vary in habitat preference, feeding pattern, and susceptibility to various measures of vector control. Consequently, it is important that we identify reservoirs of disease, identify vectors, and characterize feeding patterns to effectively implement targeted control measures. Using 467 anopheline mosquito abdomen squashes captured in Madagascar, we designed a novel ligase detection reaction and fluorescent microsphere assay, dubbed Bloodmeal Detection Assay for Regional Transmission (BLOODART), to query the bloodmeal content, identify five Anopheles mosquito species, and detect Plasmodium infection. Validation of mammalian bloodspots was achieved by preparation and analysis of known hosts (singular and mixed), sensitivity to degradation and storage method were assessed through mosquito feeding experiments, and quantification was explored by altering ratios of two mammal hosts. BLOODART identifications were validated by comparison with mosquito samples identified by sequenced portions of the internal transcribed spacer 2. BLOODART identification of control mammal bloodspots was 100% concordant for singular and mixed mammalian blood. BLOODART was able to detect hosts up to 42 hours after digestion when mosquito samples were stored in ethanol. A mammalian host was identified in every field-collected, blood-fed female Anopheles mosquito by BLOODART. The predominant mosquito host was cow (n = 451), followed by pig (n = 26) and human (n = 25). Mixed species bloodmeals were commonly observed (n = 33). A BLOODART molecular identification was successful for 318/467 mosquitoes, with an overall concordance of 60% with all field-captured, morphologically identified Anopheles specimens. BLOODART enables characterization of large samples and simultaneous pathogen detection to monitor and incriminate disease vectors in Madagascar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley E Tedrow
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,The Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jocelyn Ratovonjato
- Direction de Lutte contre le Paludisme/National Malaria Control Program Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Edward D Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Arsene C Ratsimbasoa
- Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Sciences, University of Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar.,Direction de Lutte contre le Paludisme/National Malaria Control Program Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Peter A Zimmerman
- The Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Keven JB, Reimer L, Katusele M, Koimbu G, Vinit R, Vincent N, Thomsen E, Foran DR, Zimmerman PA, Walker ED. Plasticity of host selection by malaria vectors of Papua New Guinea. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:95. [PMID: 28222769 PMCID: PMC5320767 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Host selection is an important determinant of vectorial capacity because malaria transmission increases when mosquitoes feed more on humans than non-humans. Host selection also affects the outcome of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN). Despite the recent nationwide implementation of LLIN-based malaria control program in Papua New Guinea (PNG), little is known about the host selection of the local Anopheles vectors. This study investigated the host selection of Anopheles vectors in PNG. Methods Blood-engorged mosquitoes were sampled using the barrier screen method and blood meals analyzed for vertebrate host source with PCR-amplification of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Abundance of common hosts was estimated in surveys. The test of homogeneity of proportions and the Manly resource selection ratio were used to determine if hosts were selected in proportion to their abundance. Results Two thousand four hundred and forty blood fed Anopheles females of seven species were sampled from five villages in Madang, PNG. Of 2,142 samples tested, 2,061 (96.2%) yielded a definitive host source; all were human, pig, or dog. Hosts were not selected in proportion to their abundance, but rather were under-selected or over-selected by the mosquitoes. Four species, Anopheles farauti (sensu stricto) (s.s.), Anopheles punctulatus (s.s.), Anopheles farauti no. 4 and Anopheles longirostris, over-selected humans in villages with low LLIN usage, but over-selected pigs in villages with high LLIN usage. Anopheles koliensis consistently over-selected humans despite high LLIN usage, and Anopheles bancroftii over-selected pigs. Conclusions The plasticity of host selection of an Anopheles species depends on its opportunistic, anthropophilic or zoophilic behavior, and on the extent of host availability and LLIN usage where the mosquitoes forage for hosts. The high anthropophily of An. koliensis increases the likelihood of contacting the LLIN inside houses. This allows its population size to be reduced to levels insufficient to support transmission. In contrast, by feeding on alternative hosts the likelihood of the opportunistic species to contact LLIN is lower, making them difficult to control. By maintaining high population size, the proportion that feed on humans outdoors can sustain residual transmission despite high LLIN usage in the village. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2038-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Keven
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Vector Borne Diseases Unit, Madang, 511, Madang, Papua New Guinea. .,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, 48824, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Lisa Reimer
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michelle Katusele
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Vector Borne Diseases Unit, Madang, 511, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Gussy Koimbu
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Vector Borne Diseases Unit, Madang, 511, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Rebecca Vinit
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Vector Borne Diseases Unit, Madang, 511, Madang, Papua New Guinea.,Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 48824, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Naomi Vincent
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Vector Borne Diseases Unit, Madang, 511, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Edward Thomsen
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Liverpool, UK
| | - David R Foran
- School of Criminal Justice and Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, 48824, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Peter A Zimmerman
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, 44106, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Edward D Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, 48824, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 48824, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Logue K, Keven JB, Cannon MV, Reimer L, Siba P, Walker ED, Zimmerman PA, Serre D. Unbiased Characterization of Anopheles Mosquito Blood Meals by Targeted High-Throughput Sequencing. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004512. [PMID: 26963245 PMCID: PMC4786206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding mosquito host choice is important for assessing vector competence or identifying disease reservoirs. Unfortunately, the availability of an unbiased method for comprehensively evaluating the composition of insect blood meals is very limited, as most current molecular assays only test for the presence of a few pre-selected species. These approaches also have limited ability to identify the presence of multiple mammalian hosts in a single blood meal. Here, we describe a novel high-throughput sequencing method that enables analysis of 96 mosquitoes simultaneously and provides a comprehensive and quantitative perspective on the composition of each blood meal. We validated in silico that universal primers targeting the mammalian mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA genes (16S rRNA) should amplify more than 95% of the mammalian 16S rRNA sequences present in the NCBI nucleotide database. We applied this method to 442 female Anopheles punctulatus s. l. mosquitoes collected in Papua New Guinea (PNG). While human (52.9%), dog (15.8%) and pig (29.2%) were the most common hosts identified in our study, we also detected DNA from mice, one marsupial species and two bat species. Our analyses also revealed that 16.3% of the mosquitoes fed on more than one host. Analysis of the human mitochondrial hypervariable region I in 102 human blood meals showed that 5 (4.9%) of the mosquitoes unambiguously fed on more than one person. Overall, analysis of PNG mosquitoes illustrates the potential of this approach to identify unsuspected hosts and characterize mixed blood meals, and shows how this approach can be adapted to evaluate inter-individual variations among human blood meals. Furthermore, this approach can be applied to any disease-transmitting arthropod and can be easily customized to investigate non-mammalian host sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Logue
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John Bosco Keven
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, Papua New Guinea
| | - Matthew V. Cannon
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lisa Reimer
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Siba
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, Papua New Guinea
| | - Edward D. Walker
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Zimmerman
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PAZ); (DS)
| | - David Serre
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PAZ); (DS)
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Logue K, Small ST, Chan ER, Reimer L, Siba PM, Zimmerman PA, Serre D. Whole-genome sequencing reveals absence of recent gene flow and separate demographic histories for Anopheles punctulatus mosquitoes in Papua New Guinea. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:1263-74. [PMID: 25677924 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles mosquitoes are the vectors of several human diseases including malaria. In many malaria endemic areas, several species of Anopheles coexist, sometimes in the form of related sibling species that are morphologically indistinguishable. Determining the size and organization of Anopheles populations, and possible ongoing gene flow among them is important for malaria control and, in particular, for monitoring the spread of insecticide resistance alleles. However, these parameters have been difficult to evaluate in most Anopheles species due to the paucity of genetic data available. Here, we assess the extent of contemporary gene flow and historical variations in population size by sequencing and de novo assembling the genomes of wild-caught mosquitoes from four species of the Anopheles punctulatus group of Papua New Guinea. Our analysis of more than 50 Mb of orthologous DNA sequences revealed no evidence of contemporary gene flow among these mosquitoes. In addition, investigation of the demography of two of the An. punctulatus species revealed distinct population histories. Overall, our analyses suggest that, despite their similarities in morphology, behaviour and ecology, contemporary sympatric populations of An. punctulatus are evolving independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Logue
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA; Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA; Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
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Bangs MJ, Taai K, Howard TM, Cook S, Harbach RE. The mosquito Anopheles (Cellia) oreios sp. n., formerly species 6 of the Australasian Anopheles farauti complex, and a critical review of its biology and relation to disease. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 29:68-81. [PMID: 25532420 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Species 6 of the Australasian Anopheles farauti sibling species complex (Diptera: Culicidae) is described and formally named Anopheles oreios Bangs & Harbach, sp. n. Adult, pupal and fourth-instar larval specimens collected in the Baliem Valley, Papua Province, Indonesia, are characterized and compared with those of Anopheles farauti, Anopheles hinesorum, Anopheles irenicus and Anopheles torresiensis (formerly informally denoted as species 1, 2, 7 and 3, respectively). The variable wings of adult females, the male genitalia, the pupa and the fourth-instar larva of An. oreios are illustrated and DNA sequence data are included for regions coding for sections of the mitochondrial COI and COII genes. The biology of An. oreios and its relation to malaria transmission are discussed in detail and contrasted with the biology and disease relations of some members of the An. farauti and Anopheles punctulatus sibling species complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bangs
- Public Health and Malaria Control Department, International SOS, Kuala Kencana, Indonesia
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Beebe NW, Russell T, Burkot TR, Cooper RD. Anopheles punctulatus group: evolution, distribution, and control. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 60:335-350. [PMID: 25341094 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-021206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The major malaria vectors of the Southwest Pacific belong to a group of closely related mosquitoes known as the Anopheles punctulatus group. The group comprises 13 co-occurring species that either are isomorphic or carry overlapping morphological features, and today several species remain informally named. The advent of species-diagnostic molecular tools in the 1990s permitted a new raft of studies into the newly differentiated mosquitoes of this group, and these have revealed five species as the region's primary malaria vectors: An. farauti, An. hinesorum, An. farauti 4, An. koliensis, and An. punctulatus. Species' distributions are now well established across Papua New Guinea, northern Australia, and the Solomon Archipelago, but little has been documented thus far in eastern Indonesia. As each species reveals significant differences in distribution and biology, the relative paucity of knowledge of their biology or ecology in relation to malaria transmission is brought into clearer focus. Only three of the species have undergone some form of spatial or population genetics analyses, and this has revealed striking differences in their genetic signatures throughout the region. This review compiles and dissects the key findings for this important mosquito group and points to where future research should focus to maximize the output of field studies in developing relevant knowledge on these malaria vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel W Beebe
- The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia and CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Brisbane, Australia;
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Reimer LJ, Thomsen EK, Tisch DJ, Henry-Halldin CN, Zimmerman PA, Baea ME, Dagoro H, Susapu M, Hetzel MW, Bockarie MJ, Michael E, Siba PM, Kazura JW. Insecticidal bed nets and filariasis transmission in Papua New Guinea. N Engl J Med 2013; 369:745-53. [PMID: 23964936 PMCID: PMC3835352 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1207594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global efforts to eliminate lymphatic filariasis are based on the annual mass administration of antifilarial drugs to reduce the microfilaria reservoir available to the mosquito vector. Insecticide-treated bed nets are being widely used in areas in which filariasis and malaria are coendemic. METHODS We studied five villages in which five annual mass administrations of antifilarial drugs, which were completed in 1998, reduced the transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti, one of the nematodes that cause lymphatic filariasis. A total of 21,899 anopheles mosquitoes were collected for 26 months before and 11 to 36 months after bed nets treated with long-lasting insecticide were distributed in 2009. We evaluated the status of filarial infection and the presence of W. bancrofti DNA in anopheline mosquitoes before and after the introduction of insecticide-treated bed nets. We then used a model of population dynamics to estimate the probabilities of transmission cessation. RESULTS Village-specific rates of bites from anopheline mosquitoes ranged from 6.4 to 61.3 bites per person per day before the bed-net distribution and from 1.1 to 9.4 bites for 11 months after distribution (P<0.001). During the same period, the rate of detection of W. bancrofti in anopheline mosquitoes decreased from 1.8% to 0.4% (P=0.005), and the rate of detection of filarial DNA decreased from 19.4% to 14.9% (P=0.13). The annual transmission potential was 5 to 325 infective larvae inoculated per person per year before the bed-net distribution and 0 after the distribution. Among all five villages with a prevalence of microfilariae of 2 to 38%, the probability of transmission cessation increased from less than 1.0% before the bed-net distribution to a range of 4.9 to 95% in the 11 months after distribution. CONCLUSIONS Vector control with insecticide-treated bed nets is a valuable tool for W. bancrofti elimination in areas in which anopheline mosquitoes transmit the parasite. (Funded by the U.S. Public Health Service and the National Institutes of Health.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J Reimer
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka and Madang, Papua New Guinea
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Mitochondrial genome sequences reveal deep divergences among Anopheles punctulatus sibling species in Papua New Guinea. Malar J 2013; 12:64. [PMID: 23405960 PMCID: PMC3577438 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Members of the Anopheles punctulatus group (AP group) are the primary vectors of human malaria in Papua New Guinea. The AP group includes 13 sibling species, most of them morphologically indistinguishable. Understanding why only certain species are able to transmit malaria requires a better comprehension of their evolutionary history. In particular, understanding relationships and divergence times among Anopheles species may enable assessing how malaria-related traits (e.g. blood feeding behaviours, vector competence) have evolved. Methods DNA sequences of 14 mitochondrial (mt) genomes from five AP sibling species and two species of the Anopheles dirus complex of Southeast Asia were sequenced. DNA sequences from all concatenated protein coding genes (10,770 bp) were then analysed using a Bayesian approach to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships and date the divergence of the AP sibling species. Results Phylogenetic reconstruction using the concatenated DNA sequence of all mitochondrial protein coding genes indicates that the ancestors of the AP group arrived in Papua New Guinea 25 to 54 million years ago and rapidly diverged to form the current sibling species. Conclusion Through evaluation of newly described mt genome sequences, this study has revealed a divergence among members of the AP group in Papua New Guinea that would significantly predate the arrival of humans in this region, 50 thousand years ago. The divergence observed among the mtDNA sequences studied here may have resulted from reproductive isolation during historical changes in sea-level through glacial minima and maxima. This leads to a hypothesis that the AP sibling species have evolved independently for potentially thousands of generations. This suggests that the evolution of many phenotypes, such as insecticide resistance will arise independently in each of the AP sibling species studied here.
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Application of genomics to field investigations of malaria by the international centers of excellence for malaria research. Acta Trop 2012; 121:324-32. [PMID: 22182668 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Success of the global research agenda toward eradication of malaria will depend on development of new tools, including drugs, vaccines, insecticides and diagnostics. Genomic information, now available for the malaria parasites, their mosquito vectors, and human host, can be leveraged to both develop these tools and monitor their effectiveness. Although knowledge of genomic sequences for the malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, have helped advance our understanding of malaria biology, simply knowing this sequence information has not yielded a plethora of new interventions to reduce the burden of malaria. Here we review and provide specific examples of how genomic information has increased our knowledge of parasite biology, focusing on P. falciparum malaria. We then discuss how population genetics can be applied toward the epidemiological and transmission-related goals outlined by the International Centers of Excellence for Malaria Research groups recently established by the National Institutes of Health. Finally, we propose genomics is a research area that can promote coordination and collaboration between various ICEMR groups, and that working together as a community can significantly advance the value of this information toward reduction of the global malaria burden.
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Henry-Halldin CN, Nadesakumaran K, Keven JB, Zimmerman AM, Siba P, Mueller I, Hetzel MW, Kazura JW, Thomsen E, Reimer LJ, Zimmerman PA. Multiplex assay for species identification and monitoring of insecticide resistance in Anopheles punctulatus group populations of Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2012; 86:140-51. [PMID: 22232465 PMCID: PMC3247123 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2012.11-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles punctulatus sibling species (An. punctulatus s.s., Anopheles koliensis, and Anopheles farauti species complex [eight cryptic species]) are principal vectors of malaria and filariasis in the Southwest Pacific. Given significant effort to reduce malaria and filariasis transmission through insecticide-treated net distribution in the region, effective strategies to monitor evolution of insecticide resistance among An. punctulatus sibling species is essential. Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene have been associated with knock-down resistance (kdr) to pyrethroids and DDT in malarious regions. By examining VGSC sequence polymorphism we developed a multiplex assay to differentiate wild-type versus kdr alleles and query intron-based polymorphisms that enable simultaneous species identification. A survey including mosquitoes from seven Papua New Guinea Provinces detected no kdr alleles in any An. punctulatus species. Absence of VGSC sequence introgression between species and evidence of geographic separation within species suggests that kdr must be monitored in each An. punctulatus species independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara N. Henry-Halldin
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, MADANG, Papua New Guinea; Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, EASTERN HIGHLANDS, Papua New Guinea; School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kogulan Nadesakumaran
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, MADANG, Papua New Guinea; Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, EASTERN HIGHLANDS, Papua New Guinea; School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter A. Zimmerman
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio; Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, MADANG, Papua New Guinea; Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, EASTERN HIGHLANDS, Papua New Guinea; School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Sinka ME, Bangs MJ, Manguin S, Chareonviriyaphap T, Patil AP, Temperley WH, Gething PW, Elyazar IRF, Kabaria CW, Harbach RE, Hay SI. The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in the Asia-Pacific region: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:89. [PMID: 21612587 PMCID: PMC3127851 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The final article in a series of three publications examining the global distribution of 41 dominant vector species (DVS) of malaria is presented here. The first publication examined the DVS from the Americas, with the second covering those species present in Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Here we discuss the 19 DVS of the Asian-Pacific region. This region experiences a high diversity of vector species, many occurring sympatrically, which, combined with the occurrence of a high number of species complexes and suspected species complexes, and behavioural plasticity of many of these major vectors, adds a level of entomological complexity not comparable elsewhere globally. To try and untangle the intricacy of the vectors of this region and to increase the effectiveness of vector control interventions, an understanding of the contemporary distribution of each species, combined with a synthesis of the current knowledge of their behaviour and ecology is needed. RESULTS Expert opinion (EO) range maps, created with the most up-to-date expert knowledge of each DVS distribution, were combined with a contemporary database of occurrence data and a suite of open access, environmental and climatic variables. Using the Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) modelling method, distribution maps of each DVS were produced. The occurrence data were abstracted from the formal, published literature, plus other relevant sources, resulting in the collation of DVS occurrence at 10116 locations across 31 countries, of which 8853 were successfully geo-referenced and 7430 were resolved to spatial areas that could be included in the BRT model. A detailed summary of the information on the bionomics of each species and species complex is also presented. CONCLUSIONS This article concludes a project aimed to establish the contemporary global distribution of the DVS of malaria. The three articles produced are intended as a detailed reference for scientists continuing research into the aspects of taxonomy, biology and ecology relevant to species-specific vector control. This research is particularly relevant to help unravel the complicated taxonomic status, ecology and epidemiology of the vectors of the Asia-Pacific region. All the occurrence data, predictive maps and EO-shape files generated during the production of these publications will be made available in the public domain. We hope that this will encourage data sharing to improve future iterations of the distribution maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne E Sinka
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Tinbergen Building, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Michael J Bangs
- Public Health and Malaria Control Department, PT Freeport Indonesia, Kuala Kencana, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Sylvie Manguin
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Lab. d'Immuno-Physiopathologie Moléculaire Comparée, UMR-MD3/Univ. Montpellier 1, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15, Ave Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Anand P Patil
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Tinbergen Building, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - William H Temperley
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Tinbergen Building, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Peter W Gething
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Tinbergen Building, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | | | - Caroline W Kabaria
- Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Centre for Geographic Medicine, KEMRI - Univ. Oxford - Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, Kenyatta National Hospital Grounds, P.O. Box 43640-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ralph E Harbach
- Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Simon I Hay
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Tinbergen Building, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
- Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Centre for Geographic Medicine, KEMRI - Univ. Oxford - Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, Kenyatta National Hospital Grounds, P.O. Box 43640-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
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