1
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Menezes CA, Montresor LC, Jangola STG, de Mattos AC, Domingues ALC, Júnior AM, Silva CCM, Barbosa CS, de Mendonça CLF, Massara CL, Fonseca CT, de Oliveira EJ, Gomes ECDS, da Silva EF, Bezerra FSDM, Silva-Jr FP, de Siqueira IC, Silva JRME, Heller L, Farias LP, Beck LCNH, Santos MCS, Lima MG, Mourão MDM, Enk MJ, Fernandez MA, Katz N, Carvalho ODS, Parreiras PM, Neves RH, Gava SG, de Oliveira SA, Thiengo SC, Favre TC, Graeff-Teixeira C, Pieri OS, Caldeira RL, da Silva-Pereira RA, Rocha RS, Oliveira RR. FioSchisto's expert perspective on implementing WHO guidelines for schistosomiasis control and transmission elimination in Brazil. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1268998. [PMID: 38143743 PMCID: PMC10739458 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1268998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes schistosomiasis as one of the Neglected Tropical Diseases targeted for global elimination in the 2030 Agenda of the Sustainable Development Goals. In Brazil, schistosomiasis mansoni is considered a public health problem, particularly prevalent among vulnerable populations living in areas with poor environmental and sanitary conditions. In 2022, the WHO published a Guideline encompassing recommendations to assist national programs in endemic countries in achieving morbidity control, eliminating schistosomiasis as a public health problem, and advancing towards interrupting transmission. The perspectives presented here, collectively prepared by members of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation's (Fiocruz) Schistosomiasis Translational Program (FioSchisto), along with invited experts, examine the feasibility of the WHO recommendations for the Brazilian settings, providing appropriate recommendations for public health policies applicable to the epidemiological reality of Brazil, and suggests future research to address relevant issues. In Brazil, the provision of safe water and sanitation should be the key action to achieve schistosomiasis elimination goals. The agencies involved in measures implementation should act together with the Primary Care teams for planning, executing, monitoring, and evaluating actions in priority municipalities based on their epidemiological indicators. Host snails control should prioritize judicious ecological interventions at breeding sites. The Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) strategy should be associated with water and sanitation and other control actions, actively involving school community. To identify infected carriers, FioSchisto recommends a two-stage approach of immunological and molecular tests to verify transmission interruption during the intervention and beyond. Praziquantel administration should be done under medical supervision at the Primary Care level. MDA should be considered in exceptional settings, as a measure of initial attack strategy in locations presenting high endemicity, always integrated with water and sanitation, IEC, and snail control. To assist decision-making, as well as the monitoring and evaluation of strategic actions, there is a need for an Information System. FioSchisto considers this systematization essential to make investments in strategic research to support the improvement of schistosomiasis control actions. Efforts toward schistosomiasis elimination in Brazil will succeed with a paradigm shift from the vertical prescriptive framework to a community-centered approach involving intersectoral and interdisciplinary collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ana Lúcia Coutinho Domingues
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Leo Heller
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Mariana Gomes Lima
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Naftale Katz
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Renata Heisler Neves
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estatual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sandra Grossi Gava
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Carlos Graeff-Teixeira
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Roberto Sena Rocha
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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2
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Onkanga IO, Sang H, Hamilton R, Ondigo BN, Jaoko W, Odiere MR, Ganley-Leal L. CD193
(
CCR3
) expression by B cells correlates with reduced
IgE
production in paediatric schistosomiasis. Parasite Immunol 2023; 45:e12979. [PMID: 36971331 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that CD193, the eotaxin receptor, is highly expressed on circulating B cells in paediatric schistosomiasis mansoni. CD193 plays a role in directing granulocytes into sites of allergic-like inflammation in the mucosa, but little is known about its functional significance on human B cells. We sought to characterize CD193 expression and its relationship with S. mansoni infection. We found that CD193+ B cells increased with the intensity of schistosome infection. In addition, a significant negative association was observed between CD193 expression by B cells and IgE production. Decreased IgE levels are generally associated with susceptibility to re-infection. B cell stimulation with eotaxin-1 increased CD193 levels whereas IL-4 led to a reduction. This was supported by plasma levels of eotaxin-1 correlating with CD193 levels on B cells and other cells. In contrast, CD193 expression was induced on naive B cells with a combination of IL-10 and schistosome antigens. Whereas T cells had a modest increase in CD193 expression, only B cell CD193 appeared functionally chemotactic to eotaxin-1. Thus, CD193+ B cells, which co-express CXCR5, may be enroute to sites with allergic-like inflammation, such as gastrointestinal follicles, or even to Th2 granulomas, which develop around parasite eggs. Overall, our results suggest that schistosome infection may promote CD193 expression and suppress IgE via IL-10 and other undefined mechanisms related to B cell trafficking. This study adds to our understanding of why young children may have poor immunity. Nonetheless, praziquantel treatment was shown to reduce percentages of circulating CD193+ B cells lending hope for future vaccine efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- I O Onkanga
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
- KAVI-Institute of Clinical Research, and Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - H Sang
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - R Hamilton
- Elegance Biotechnologies, LLC, Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - B N Ondigo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya
| | - W Jaoko
- KAVI-Institute of Clinical Research, and Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - M R Odiere
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - L Ganley-Leal
- Elegance Biotechnologies, LLC, Wayne, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Profile of T and B lymphocytes in individuals resistant to Schistosoma mansoni infection. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:951-963. [PMID: 35132469 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07435-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in the development of resistance to infection/reinfection by Schistosoma mansoni still arouse great interest and controversy. Some authors demonstrate that resistance to infection is attributed to a mixed Th1 and Th2 response and resistance to reinfection after repeated treatments through mechanisms associated with the Th2 response. Through flow cytometry, the phenotypic characterization of B and T lymphocytes in individuals residing in endemic areas with low parasite loads over 10 years was evaluated for the first time in humans. In this study, individuals with low parasite loads for Schistosoma mansoni had a higher proportion of Th1 and Th2 cells. In addition, lymphocytes from these individuals showed a higher degree of expression of costimulatory molecules CD28 and CTLA-4 and regulatory molecules FoxP3 and IL-10, when compared to individuals with high parasite loads. Our data indicate that the control of the parasite load of S. mansoni must be associated with a Th1, Th2, and regulatory response, and that further studies are needed to elucidate the possibility of mechanisms associated with the hyporesponsiveness of lymphocytes from individuals with high parasite loads.
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4
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Driciru E, Koopman JPR, Cose S, Siddiqui AA, Yazdanbakhsh M, Elliott AM, Roestenberg M. Immunological Considerations for Schistosoma Vaccine Development: Transitioning to Endemic Settings. Front Immunol 2021; 12:635985. [PMID: 33746974 PMCID: PMC7970007 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.635985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite mass drug administration programmes with praziquantel, the prevalence of schistosomiasis remains high. A vaccine is urgently needed to control transmission of this debilitating disease. As some promising schistosomiasis vaccine candidates are moving through pre-clinical and clinical testing, we review the immunological challenges that these vaccine candidates may encounter in transitioning through the clinical trial phases in endemic settings. Prior exposure of the target population to schistosomes and other infections may impact vaccine response and efficacy and therefore requires considerable attention. Schistosomes are known for their potential to induce T-reg/IL-10 mediated immune suppression in populations which are chronically infected. Moreover, endemicity of schistosomiasis is focal whereby target and trial populations may exhibit several degrees of prior exposure as well as in utero exposure which may increase heterogeneity of vaccine responses. The age dependent distribution of exposure and development of acquired immunity, and general differences in the baseline immunological profile, adds to the complexity of selecting suitable trial populations. Similarly, prior or concurrent infections with other parasitic helminths, viral and bacterial infections, may alter immunological responses. Consequently, treatment of co-infections may benefit the immunogenicity of vaccines and may be considered despite logistical challenges. On the other hand, viral infections leave a life-long immunological imprint on the human host. Screening for serostatus may be needed to facilitate interpretation of vaccine responses. Co-delivery of schistosome vaccines with PZQ is attractive from a perspective of implementation but may complicate the immunogenicity of schistosomiasis vaccines. Several studies have reported PZQ treatment to induce both transient and long-term immuno-modulatory effects as a result of tegument destruction, worm killing and subsequent exposure of worm antigens to the host immune system. These in turn may augment or antagonize vaccine immunogenicity. Understanding the complex immunological interactions between vaccine, co-infections or prior exposure is essential in early stages of clinical development to facilitate phase 3 clinical trial design and implementation policies. Besides well-designed studies in different target populations using schistosome candidate vaccines or other vaccines as models, controlled human infections could also help identify markers of immune protection in populations with different disease and immunological backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuella Driciru
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jan Pieter R Koopman
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Stephen Cose
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Afzal A Siddiqui
- Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University School of Medicine, Lubbock, TX, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alison M Elliott
- Immunomodulation and Vaccines Programme, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Meta Roestenberg
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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5
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Kapiga S, Hansen CH, Downs JA, Sichalwe S, Hashim R, Mngara J, van Dam GJ, Corstjens PLAM, Kingery JR, Peck RN, Grosskurth H. The burden of HIV, syphilis and schistosome infection and associated factors among adults in the fishing communities in northwestern Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 2021; 26:204-213. [PMID: 33159819 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To quantify the burden of HIV, syphilis and schistosome infection and associated risk factors among adults living in seven fishing communities of Lake Victoria in northwest Tanzania. METHODS Cross-sectional study conducted between 2015 and 2016 in the selected communities. In each community, we randomly selected a sample of adults from the general population and from three putative risk groups including the following: (i) fishermen, (ii) fish processors and traders, and (iii) women working in the recreational facilities. Participants were interviewed to obtain information about potential risk factors, and venous blood was collected for detection of HIV, syphilis and schistosome infections. We used logistic regression models to quantify the associations between potential risk factors and HIV, and also between schistosome infection and HIV. RESULTS We enrolled 1128 people from selected fishing communities. The overall prevalence of HIV, syphilis and schistosome infection was 14.2%, 15.6% and 83.1%, respectively. Female recreational facility workers had the highest prevalence of HIV (30.4%) and syphilis (24%). The odds of being HIV infected were generally higher in all age categories. Transactional sex was commonly reported and especially receiving gifts for sex was found to be strongly associated with HIV (adjusted OR = 2.50; 95% CI: 1.44-4.34, P = 0.008). Confirmed serological syphilis was associated with increased odds of having HIV infection. HIV was not associated with schistosome infection in a combined dataset and when we examined this separately for men and women alone. CONCLUSIONS We observed a high burden of HIV, syphilis and schistosome infections in the fishing communities. Targeted efforts to treat and control infections have the potential to improve health among their residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saidi Kapiga
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Department of Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Christian H Hansen
- MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jennifer A Downs
- Department of Medicine, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Simon Sichalwe
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Ramadhan Hashim
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Julius Mngara
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Govert J van Dam
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Paul L A M Corstjens
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Justin R Kingery
- Department of Medicine, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert N Peck
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Department of Medicine, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Heiner Grosskurth
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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6
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Molehin AJ. Current Understanding of Immunity Against Schistosomiasis: Impact on Vaccine and Drug Development. Res Rep Trop Med 2020; 11:119-128. [PMID: 33173371 PMCID: PMC7646453 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s274518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease inflicting significant morbidity in humans worldwide. The disease is caused by infections with a parasitic trematode belonging to the genus Schistosoma. Over 250 million people are currently infected globally, with an estimated disability-adjusted life-years of 1.9 million attributed to the disease. Current understanding, based on several immunological studies using experimental and human models of schistosomiasis, reveals that complex immune mechanisms play off each other in the acquisition of immune resistance to infection/reinfection. Nevertheless, the precise characteristics of these responses, the specific antigens against which they are elicited, and how these responses are intricately regulated are still being investigated. What is apparent is that immunity to schistosome infections develops slowly and over a prolonged period of time, augmented by the death of adult worms occurring naturally or by praziquantel therapy. In this review, aspects of immunity to schistosomiasis, host–parasite interactions and their impact on schistosomiasis vaccine development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebayo J Molehin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.,Center for Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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7
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Mambelli F, Figueiredo B, Morais S, Assis N, Fonseca C, Oliveira S. Recombinant micro-exon gene 3 (MEG-3) antigens from Schistosoma mansoni failed to induce protection against infection but show potential for serological diagnosis. Acta Trop 2020; 204:105356. [PMID: 32001249 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sequence databases on Schistosoma mansoni have revealed micro-exon gene (MEGs) families. Many of these genes are highly expressed in parasite life cycle stages associated with the mammalian host infection and appear to be involved in immune evasion by schistosomes. So, we believe that MEG-coding proteins would make potential candidates for vaccine development or diagnosis for schistosomiasis. Here, we study MEG-3.2 and MEG-3.4, members of the MEG-3 family. Recombinant (r) proteins were produced and formulated with Freund's adjuvant for vaccination of mice. Immunization with recombinant MEG-3.2 or MEG-3.4 formulation generated high levels of IgG1 antibodies. Additionally, vaccination also induced a mixed Th1/Th2/Th17-type of response, since IFN-γ, IL-5 and IL-17 cytokines were detected in the supernatant of spleen cell cultures; however it failed to induce reduction in parasitic worm burden. Finally, the recombinant proteins were evaluated in a serological assay using human samples. Schistosome-infected individuals showed higher levels of both IgG and IgM against rMEG-3.2 compared to non-infected individuals, while only IgM anti-rMEG-3.4 antibodies were elevated in infected patients. Therefore, between both studied molecules, MEG-3.2 protein is the antigen that shows potential to compose a serological diagnosis test for schistosomiasis.
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8
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de Souza RDP, Araújo MI, Lopes DM, de Almeida TVVS, Page B, Oliveira RR, Carvalho EM, Cardoso LS. Characterization of memory T cells in individuals resistant to Schistosoma mansoni infection. Parasite Immunol 2019; 41:e12671. [PMID: 31532832 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis affects about 240 million people worldwide and is estimated that about 700 million people live in areas at risk of infection. In the context of immune response associated with infection by Schistosoma mansoni, the role of memory T cells is not well understood. AIM To evaluate the frequency of memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from individuals resistant and susceptible to Schistosoma mansoni infection. METHODS AND RESULTS We selected individuals with low (resistant) and high (susceptible) parasite burden using databases generated during previous studies carried out in the same endemic area. The cell surface markers were performed using flow cytometry. In this study, the resistant individuals showed an increase in the CD4+ memory T-cell pool associated with an increase in the central memory cell (TCM) and a decrease in the effector memory cell (TEM ). Individuals susceptible to infection had higher frequencies of effector memory cells compared to resistant individuals. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that resistance to S mansoni infection may be associated with an increase in the number of CD4+ memory T cells and susceptibility to infection is associated with a decrease in the central memory cell as well as high proportions of effector memory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson da Paixão de Souza
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Maria Ilma Araújo
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Diego Mota Lopes
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Tarcísio Vila Verde Santana de Almeida
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Brady Page
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais [INCT-DT-CNPQ/MCT], Salvador, Brazil
| | - Luciana Santos Cardoso
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais [INCT-DT-CNPQ/MCT], Salvador, Brazil.,Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, UFBA, Salvador, Brazil
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9
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Mao Y, He C, Li H, Lu K, Fu Z, Hong Y, Jin Y, Lin J, Zhang X, Liu J. Comparative analysis of transcriptional profiles of Schistosoma japonicum adult worms derived from primary-infected and re-infected water buffaloes. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:340. [PMID: 31296252 PMCID: PMC6625002 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3600-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) is an important zoonotic parasite that is prevalent in China and parts of Southeast Asia. Water buffaloes are an important reservoir and the main transmission sources of S. japonicum. However, self-curing and resistance to re-infection have been observed in water buffaloes. RESULTS In this study, we compared the morphometry and differences in transcriptional expression of adult S. japonicum worms recovered from primary-infected and re-infected water buffaloes using Illumina RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology. Results of morphometry analysis revealed that adult S. japonicum worms recovered from re-infected water buffaloes were runtish with smaller organs. The ventral length of male worms was shorter in re-infected buffaloes (328 ± 13 vs 273 ± 8 µm, P < 0.05), and in female worms the oral sucker length (44 ± 3 vs 33 ± 5 µm, P < 0.05), ovary length (578 ± 23 vs 297 ± 27 µm, P < 0.05) and width (150 ± 8 vs 104 ± 9 µm, P < 0.05) were shorter, with fewer eggs in the uteri (41 ± 2 vs 12 ± 1, P < 0.05). Of 13,605 identified genes, 112 were differentially expressed, including 51 upregulated and 61 downregulated genes, in worms from re-infected compared with primary-infected water buffaloes. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that GO terms such as "oxidation-reduction process", "calcium-dependent phospholipid binding", "lipid binding" and "calcium ion binding" were significantly enriched in downregulated genes, whereas GO terms related to metabolism and biosynthesis were significantly enriched in upregulated genes. The results revealed that the downregulation of some important genes might contribute to a reduction in worm numbers and maldevelopment of surviving worms in re-infected water buffaloes. Furthermore, upregulation of genes related to metabolic processes and biosynthesis might be a compensatory mechanism of worms in disadvantageous environments. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, our results present the first large-scale transcriptional expression study identifying the differences between adult S. japonicum worms from primary-infected and re-infected water buffaloes, and particularly emphasize differential expression that may affect the survival and growth of worms in re-infected water buffalo. This will provide new insight into screening for anti-schistosome targets and vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudan Mao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanchuan He
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Lu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Fu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Hong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Yamei Jin
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaojiao Lin
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinming Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200241, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Silva-Moraes V, Shollenberger LM, Siqueira LMV, Castro-Borges W, Harn DA, Grenfell RFQE, Rabello ALT, Coelho PMZ. Diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infections: what are the choices in Brazilian low-endemic areas? Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2019; 114:e180478. [PMID: 30942278 PMCID: PMC6440364 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760180478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The population of Brazil is currently characterised by many individuals harbouring low-intensity Schistosoma mansoni infections. The Kato-Katz technique is the diagnostic method recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to assess these infections, but this method is not sensitive enough in the context of low egg excretion. In this regard, potential alternatives are being employed to overcome the limits of the Kato-Katz technique. In the present review, we evaluated the performance of parasitological and immunological approaches adopted in Brazilian areas. Currently, the diagnostic choices involve a combination of strategies, including the utilisation of antibody methods to screen individuals and then subsequent confirmation of positive cases by intensive parasitological investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Silva-Moraes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Biologia do Schistosoma mansoni e sua interação com o hospedeiro, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.,University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Lisa M Shollenberger
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Biologia do Schistosoma mansoni e sua interação com o hospedeiro, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.,Old Dominion University, Department of Biological Sciences, Norfolk, VA, United States of America
| | - Liliane Maria Vidal Siqueira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Biologia do Schistosoma mansoni e sua interação com o hospedeiro, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - William Castro-Borges
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Laboratório de Enzimologia e Proteômica, Ouro Preto, MG, Brasil
| | - Donald A Harn
- University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Rafaella Fortini Queiroz E Grenfell
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Biologia do Schistosoma mansoni e sua interação com o hospedeiro, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.,University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Ana Lucia Teles Rabello
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Grupo de Pesquisas Clínicas e Políticas Públicas em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Paulo Marcos Zech Coelho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto René Rachou, Biologia do Schistosoma mansoni e sua interação com o hospedeiro, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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11
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Immunization with adult Schistosoma mansoni tegument, treated with sub-curative praziquantel, partially protects mice against the infection. J Helminthol 2019; 94:e26. [PMID: 30702051 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x18001207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The tegument of schistosomes is a source of many potential anti-Schistosoma vaccine molecules. This work aimed to assess the protective effects of the adult Schistosoma mansoni tegument treated (TT) with sub-curative praziquantel (PZQ), whether in vivo (in vivo TT) or in vitro (in vitro TT), in murine schistosomiasis. In vitro TT and in vivo TT showed great similarity, and they differed from untreated tegument antigen (Teg) in terms of quantity and quality of protein bands on SDS-PAGE. Two immunization trials were performed, each with 50 mice, divided randomly into five groups of 10 mice each: (1) uninfected control mice (UC), (2) infected mice given phosphate buffer saline + adjuvant (PBS + adjuvant), (3) infected, Teg vaccinated, (4) infected, in vivo TT vaccinated, and (5) infected, in vitro TT vaccinated. All the immunizations with antigens induced mixed Th1/Th2 immune responses, as indicated by significantly high (P < 0.001) specific IgG2a and IgG1 levels, with Th1 predominating, as shown by a diminished IgG1/IgG2a ratio, as well as a high serum concentration of IFN-γ, an absence of IL-4 and increased IL-10. In vitro TT gave the most pronounced response. With respect to reduction of total worm burden, relative to PBS + adjuvant mice, in vitro TT achieved the highest significant (P < 0.001) results, followed by in vivo TT and Teg (51.8-57.04%, 44.6-50.2% and 35.2-39.3%, respectively). In scanning electron microscopy studies, all the tested antigens caused tegumental changes in adult worms, with the worst occurring with in vitro TT, such as retracted ventral sucker, an effect on the gynaecophoric canal, and changes to tubercles. In conclusion, in vitro TT, which is cheap to prepare, could be a potential vaccine against S. mansoni.
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Fukushige M, Mutapi F, Woolhouse ME. Population level changes in schistosome-specific antibody levels following chemotherapy. Parasite Immunol 2019; 41:e12604. [PMID: 30467873 PMCID: PMC6492179 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Previous studies have reported that chemotherapy of schistosomiasis by praziquantel in humans boosts protective antibody responses against S mansoni and S haematobium. A number of studies have reported schistosome-specific antibody levels before and after chemotherapy. Using these reports, a meta-analysis was conducted to identify predictors of population level change in schistosome-specific antibody levels after chemotherapy. METHODS AND RESULTS Following a systematic review, 92 observations from 26 articles published between 1988 and 2013 were included in this study. Observations were grouped by antigen type and antibody isotypes for the classification and regression tree (CART) analysis. The study showed that the change in antibody levels was variable: (a) between different human populations and (b) according to the parasite antigen and antibody isotypes. Thus, while anti-worm responses predominantly increased after chemotherapy, anti-egg responses decreased or did not show a significant trend. The change in antibody levels depended on a combination of age and infection intensity for anti-egg IgA, IgM, IgG1, IgG2 and anti-worm IgM and IgG. CONCLUSION The study results are consistent with praziquantel treatment boosting anti-worm antibody responses. However, there is considerable heterogeneity in post-treatment changes in specific antibody levels that is related to host age and pre-treatment infection intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Fukushige
- Present address:
Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
- Centre for ImmunityInfection & EvolutionCollege of Medicine and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Francisca Mutapi
- Institute of Immunology and Infection ResearchCentre for ImmunityInfection & EvolutionSchool of Biological SciencesNIHR Global Health Research Unit Tackling Infections to Benefit Africa (TIBA)University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Mark E.J. Woolhouse
- Centre for ImmunityInfection & Evolution, and Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences & InformaticsCollege of Medicine and Veterinary MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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13
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Lyke KE, Dabo A, Arama C, Diarra I, Plowe CV, Doumbo OK, Sztein MB. Long-term Maintenance of CD4 T Cell Memory Responses to Malaria Antigens in Malian Children Coinfected with Schistosoma haematobium. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1995. [PMID: 29449839 PMCID: PMC5799235 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyparasitism is common in the developing world. We have previously demonstrated that schistosomiasis-positive (SP) Malian children, aged 4-8 years, are protected from malaria compared to matched schistosomiasis-negative (SN) children. The effect of concomitant schistosomiasis upon acquisition of T cell memory is unknown. We examined antigen-specific T cell frequencies in 48 Malian children aged 4-14 to a pool of malaria blood stage antigens, and a pool of schistosomal antigens, at a time point during a malaria episode and at a convalescent time point ~6 months later, following cessation of malaria transmission. CD4+ T cell-derived memory responses, defined as one or more significant cytokine (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, and/or IL-17A) responses, was measured to schistoma antigens in 18/23 SP children at one or both time points, compared to 4/23 SN children (P < 0.0001). At the time of malaria infection, 12/24 SN children and 15/23 SP children (P = 0.29) stimulated with malaria antigens demonstrated memory recall as defined by CD4-derived cytokine production. This compares to 7/23 SN children and 16/23 SP children (P = 0.009) at the convalescent timepoint. 46.2% of cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells expressed a single cytokine after stimulation with malaria antigen during the malaria episode. This fell to 40.9% at follow-up with a compensatory rise of multifunctional cytokine secretion over time, a phenomenon consistent with memory maturation. The majority (53.2-59.5%) of responses derived from CD45RA-CD62L- effector memory T cells with little variation in the phenotype depending upon the time point or the study cohort. We conclude that detectable T cell memory responses can be measured against both malaria and schistosoma antigens and that the presence of Schistosoma haematobium may be associated with long-term maintenance of T memory to malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E. Lyke
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute for Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Abdoulaye Dabo
- Malaria Research and Training Center, International Centers for Excellence in Research (NIH), University of Science Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Charles Arama
- Malaria Research and Training Center, International Centers for Excellence in Research (NIH), University of Science Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Issa Diarra
- Malaria Research and Training Center, International Centers for Excellence in Research (NIH), University of Science Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Christopher V. Plowe
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute for Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Division of Malaria Research, Institute for Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ogobara K. Doumbo
- Malaria Research and Training Center, International Centers for Excellence in Research (NIH), University of Science Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Marcelo B. Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development, Institute for Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
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14
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Hanna VS, Gawish A, Abou El-Dahab M, Tallima H, El Ridi R. Is arachidonic acid an endoschistosomicide? J Adv Res 2018; 11:81-89. [PMID: 30034878 PMCID: PMC6052652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium are intravascular, parasitic flatworms that infect >250 million people in 70 developing countries, yet not all people of the same community and household are afflicted. Regarding laboratory rodents, mice but not rats are susceptible to infection with S. mansoni and hamsters but not mice are entirely permissive to infection with S. haematobium. A recent Brazilian publication has demonstrated that resistance of the water-rat, Nectomys squamipes to S. mansoni infection might be ascribed to stores of arachidonic acid (ARA)-rich lipids in liver. Several reports have previously shown that ARA is a safe and effective schistosomicide in vitro, and in vivo in mice, hamsters and in children. Schistosoma haematobium appeared more sensitive than S. mansoni to ARA in in vitro and in vivo experiments. Accordingly, it was proposed that ARA increased levels might be predominantly responsible for natural attrition of S. mansoni and S. haematobium in resistant experimental rodents. Therefore, the levels of ARA in serum, lung, and liver of rats (resistant) and mice (susceptible) at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 weeks after infection with S. mansoni cercariae and between mice (semi-permissive) and hamster (susceptible) at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 12 weeks after infection with S. haematobium cercariae were compared and contrasted. Neutral triglycerides and ARA levels were assessed in serum using commercially available assays and in liver and lung sections by transmission electron microscopy, Oil Red O staining, and specific anti-ARA antibody-based immunohistochemistry assays. Significant (P < .05), consistent, and reproducible correlation was recorded between ARA content in serum, lung, and liver and rodent resistance to schistosome infection, thereby implicating ARA as an endoschistosomicide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azza Gawish
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Hatem Tallima
- Chemistry Department, School of Science and Engineering, American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- Corresponding author.
| | - Rashika El Ridi
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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15
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Ranasinghe SL, Duke M, Harvie M, McManus DP. Kunitz-type protease inhibitor as a vaccine candidate against schistosomiasis mansoni. Int J Infect Dis 2018; 66:26-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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16
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Figueiredo ALC, Domingues ALC, Melo WG, Tashiro T, de Lorena VMB, Montenegro SML, Morais CNL. Receptor Antagonist of IL-13 Exerts a Potential Negative Regulation During Early Infection of Human Schistosomiasis. Scand J Immunol 2017; 84:284-290. [PMID: 27507682 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The pathology of schistosomiasis is associated with the formation of granulomas, and this process is associated with liver fibrosis. Studies indicate that Th1 cytokines reduce fibrosis in schistosomiasis, while Th2 cytokines play a part in the progression of fibrosis, and IL-13 has a critical role in this process. The IL-13Rα2 receptor, known as a 'receptor antagonist' binds with high affinity to IL-13, and studies have identified that this plays a part in reducing fibrosis and the size of granulomas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the function of IL-13Rα2 and cellular immune response in hepatic fibrosis. A negative correlation between IL-13Rα2 and IL-13 was found, suggesting an increase in cytokine in early fibrosis. Initially, a negative correlation between IFN-γ and IL-13 was found in patients without fibrosis, and subsequently, this correlation was found to be positive in patients with severe fibrosis, thereby highlighting a new mechanism for regulating the progress of periportal fibrosis. There was a positive correlation between the profiles of Th1 and Th2 cytokines, suggesting the presence of both responses, thus regulating the disease. The results contribute to a better understanding of the immune mechanisms that control the process of hepatic fibrogenesis in schistosomiasis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A L C Domingues
- Gastroenterology Outpatients Clinic, Hospital das Clínicas, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - W G Melo
- Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - T Tashiro
- Department of Physical Education, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - C N L Morais
- Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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17
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Driguez P, Li Y, Gaze S, Pearson MS, Nakajima R, Trieu A, Doolan DL, Felgner PL, Hou X, Cardoso FC, Jasinskas A, Gobert GN, Loukas A, McManus DP. Antibody Signatures Reflect Different Disease Pathologies in Patients With Schistosomiasis Due to Schistosoma japonicum. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:122-30. [PMID: 26150545 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with Schistosoma japonicum causes high levels of pathology that is predominantly determined by the cellular and humoral response of the host. However, the specific antibody response that arises during the development of disease is largely undescribed in Asian schistosomiasis-endemic populations. A schistosome protein microarray was used to compare the antibody profiles of subjects with acute infection, with early or advanced disease associated with severe pathology, with chronic infection, and subjects exposed but stool negative for S. japonicum eggs to the antibody profiles of nonexposed controls. Twenty-five immunodominant antigens were identified, including vaccine candidates, tetraspanin-related proteins, transporter molecules, and unannotated proteins. Additionally, individuals with severe pathology had a limited specific antibody response, suggesting that individuals with mild disease may use a broad and strong antibody response, particularly against surface-exposed proteins, to control pathology and/or infection. Our study has identified specific antigens that can discriminate between S. japonicum-exposed groups with different pathologies and may also allow the host to control disease pathology and provide resistance to parasite infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuesheng Li
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yueyang, China
| | - Soraya Gaze
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Queensland Tropical Health Alliance Laboratory, James Cook University, Cairns Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mark S Pearson
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Queensland Tropical Health Alliance Laboratory, James Cook University, Cairns
| | | | - Angela Trieu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane
| | | | | | - Xunya Hou
- Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Yueyang, China
| | - Fernanda C Cardoso
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | | | | | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Queensland Tropical Health Alliance Laboratory, James Cook University, Cairns
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18
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Colley DG, Secor WE. Immunology of human schistosomiasis. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:347-57. [PMID: 25142505 PMCID: PMC4278558 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There is a wealth of immunologic studies that have been carried out in experimental and human schistosomiasis that can be classified into three main areas: immunopathogenesis, resistance to reinfection and diagnostics. It is clear that the bulk of, if not all, morbidity due to human schistosomiasis results from immune-response-based inflammation against eggs lodged in the body, either as regulated chronic inflammation or resulting in fibrotic lesions. However, the exact nature of these responses, the antigens to which they are mounted and the mechanisms of the critical regulatory responses are still being sorted out. It is also becoming apparent that protective immunity against schistosomula as they develop into adult worms develops slowly and is hastened by the dying of adult worms, either naturally or when they are killed by praziquantel. However, as with anti-egg responses, the responsible immune mechanisms and inducing antigens are not clearly established, nor are any potential regulatory responses known. Finally, a wide variety of immune markers, both cellular and humoral, can be used to demonstrate exposure to schistosomes, and immunologic measurement of schistosome antigens can be used to detect, and thus diagnose, active infections. All three areas contribute to the public health response to human schistosome infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Colley
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Disease, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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19
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Mbanefo EC, Huy NT, Wadagni AA, Eneanya CI, Nwaorgu O, Hirayama K. Host determinants of reinfection with schistosomes in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3164. [PMID: 25211227 PMCID: PMC4161334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis is still a major public health burden in the tropics and subtropics. Although there is an effective chemotherapy (Praziquantel) for this disease, reinfection occurs rapidly after mass drug administration (MDA). Because the entire population do not get reinfected at the same rate, it is possible that host factors may play a dominant role in determining resistance or susceptibility to reinfection with schistosomes. Here, we systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed studies that reported associations between reinfection with the principal human-infecting species (S. mansoni, S. japonicum and S. haematobium) and host socio-demographic, epidemiological, immunological and genetic factors. Methodology/Principal Findings PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane Review Library and African Journals Online public databases were searched in October 2013 to retrieve studies assessing association of host factors with reinfection with schistosomes. Meta-analysis was performed to generate pooled odds ratios and standardized mean differences as overall effect estimates for dichotomous and continuous variables, respectively. Quality assessment of included studies, heterogeneity between studies and publication bias were also assessed. Out of the initial 2739 records, 109 studies were included in the analyses, of which only 32 studies with 37 data sets were eligible for quantitative data synthesis. Among several host factors identified, strong positive association was found with age and pre-treatment intensity, and only slightly for gender. These factors are major determinants of exposure and disease transmission. Significant positive association was found with anti-SWA IgG4 level, and a negative overall effect for association with IgE levels. This reconfirmed the concept that IgE/IgG4 balance is a major determinant of protective immunity against schistosomiasis. Other identified determinants were reported by a small number of studies to enable interpretation. Conclusions Our data contribute to the understanding of host-parasite interaction as it affects reinfection, and is a potential tool to guide planning and tailoring of community interventions to target high-risk groups. One of the major challenges of schistosomiasis control is that disease prevalence reverts to baseline levels after mass drug administration due to high rate of reinfection. Host factors play a major role in determining resistance or susceptibility to reinfection with schistosomiasis and other diseases. We systematically searched and analyzed studies that identified potential host determinants of reinfection with schistosomes. Among demographic variables, age but not gender was strongly associated with reinfection with schistosomes. Pretreatment infection intensity was also identified as a major determinant of reinfection. Positive association with IgG4 levels and negative association with IgE levels reconfirmed the notion that IgE/IgG4 balance is the major factor controlling protective immunity against schistosomiasis. Other factors were reported by few studies to allow correct inferences. These results contribute to our understanding of host-parasite relationship as it affects reinfection, and will be useful for planning and targeting the limited resources for intervention on high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evaristus Chibunna Mbanefo
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Bioscience, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Nguyen Tien Huy
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Anita Akpeedje Wadagni
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Christine Ifeoma Eneanya
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Bioscience, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Obioma Nwaorgu
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Bioscience, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Kenji Hirayama
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
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Negrão-Corrêa D, Fittipaldi JF, Lambertucci JR, Teixeira MM, Antunes CMDF, Carneiro M. Association of Schistosoma mansoni-specific IgG and IgE antibody production and clinical schistosomiasis status in a rural area of Minas Gerais, Brazil. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88042. [PMID: 24505371 PMCID: PMC3913716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies in murine models and human populations have indicated that the collagen-rich granulomatous response against parasite eggs trapped in the liver is associated with the development of severe hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, characterized by periportal fibrosis and portal hypertension. The role of the humoral response in parasite susceptibility has been well established, but its participation in disease severity remains poorly understood. In this work, we evaluated the relationship between parasite-reactive IgE and IgG levels and schistosomiasis morbidity in infected patients with similar parasite burdens. Methodology/Principal Findings Ninety-seven Schistosoma mansoni-infected individuals were subjected to clinical examination and abdominal ultrasound analysis. IgG reactivity and IgE concentration against Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigens (SEA) and adult worm antigen preparation (SWAP) were evaluated by ELISA assay. Multivariable linear regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between parasite-reactive antibodies and the co-variables investigated. The study population showed low parasite burden (median 30 eggs/g feces), constant re-infection, and signs of fibrosis was detected in more than 30% of individuals. Most infected individuals showed IgG reactivity, and the median concentrations of IgE anti-SEA and anti-SWAP antibodies were 1,870 and 1,375 ng/mL, respectively. There was no association between parasite burden and antibody response or any parameter of disease severity. However, IgG anti-SWAP level was positively associated with morbidity parameters, such as spleen size and thickness of portal vein at the entrance and secondary branch. In contrast, the data also revealed independent inverse correlations between concentration of parasite-reactive IgE and gallbladder wall thickness, a marker of fibrosis in schistosomiasis. Conclusions/Significance The data indicate that IgG anti-SWAP is positively associated with severe schistosomiasis, independently of parasite burden, while high production of parasite-specific IgE is associated with mild disease in the human population. Antibody profiles are good correlates for schistosomiasis severity and could be tested as biomarkers of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Negrão-Corrêa
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Juliana F. Fittipaldi
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Lambertucci
- Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Mariângela Carneiro
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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21
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Cavalcanti MG, Silva LF, Peralta RHS, Barreto MGM, Peralta JM. Schistosomiasis in areas of low endemicity: a new era in diagnosis. Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:75-82. [PMID: 23290589 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Parasitological detection of Schistosoma is the cornerstone of schistosomiasis diagnosis in areas of transmission worldwide. However, a steep decrease of sensitivity in low-endemicity areas (LEAs) compromises estimation of schistosomiasis. Despite the restricted utilization of molecular and immunodiagnostic techniques, recent improvements and advances have been contributing to change this scenario, especially in LEAs. Nonetheless, the main issue in a new era of diagnosis overcomes technical advances per se and relates to the loss of 'gold standards' in schistosomiasis diagnosis in LEAs. Here, we review and discuss the current role of molecular and immunodiagnostic methods in schistosomiasis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta G Cavalcanti
- Serviço de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-913, Brazil
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FIGUEIREDO JP, OLIVEIRA RR, CARDOSO LS, BARNES KC, GRANT AV, CARVALHO EM, ARAUJO MI. Adult worm-specific IgE/IgG4 balance is associated with low infection levels ofSchistosoma mansoniin an endemic area. Parasite Immunol 2012; 34:604-10. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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