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Silva-Sperb AS, Moraes HA, Barcelos STA, de Moura BC, Longo L, Michalczuk MT, Cerski CTS, Uribe-Cruz C, da Silveira TR, Álvares-da-Silva MR, Dall’Alba V. Probiotic supplementation for 24 weeks in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: the PROBILIVER randomized clinical trial. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1362694. [PMID: 38600992 PMCID: PMC11004384 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1362694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Considering the increasing prevalence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and treatment gaps, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of probiotic supplementation on liver function markers, nutritional status, and clinical parameters. Methods This double-blind, randomized clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT0346782) included adult outpatients with biopsy-proven NASH. The intervention consisted of 24 weeks of supplementation with the probiotic mix Lactobacillus acidophilus (1 × 109 CFU) + Lactobacillus rhamnosus (1 × 109 CFU) + Lactobacillus paracasei (1 × 109 CFU) + Bifidobacterium lactis (1 × 109 CFU), or placebo, twice a day. The following parameters were evaluated: demographic and clinical data, transient elastography (FibroScan), liver enzymes, NAFLD fibrosis score, fatty liver index, laboratory assessment, serum concentration of toll-like receptor-4 (sTLR-4) and cytokeratin 18 (CK-18), anthropometric data, dietary intake, and physical activity. Regarding data analysis, the comparison between the groups was based on the delta of the difference of each variable analyzed (value at the end of treatment minus the baseline value) using the t-test for independent samples or the Mann-Whitney U-test. Results Forty-four patients with NASH completed the trial (51.4 ± 11.6 years). At baseline, 87% of participants had a mild liver fibrosis degree on biopsy, normal values of liver enzymes, transient elastography values consistent with grade 1 fibrosis in both groups, increased waist circumference (WC), a BMI of 30.97 kg/m2, and 76% presented with metabolic syndrome (MetS). After the intervention, no differences were observed between the probiotic and placebo groups in terms of MetS, WC, BMI scores, or liver enzyme levels (p > 0.05 for all). The elastography values remained consistent with grade 1 fibrosis in both groups. Although CK-18 was reduced in both groups, a larger effect size was noted in the probiotic group (D = 1.336). sTLR-4 was also reduced in both groups, with no difference between groups (p = 0.885). Conclusion Intervention with probiotics in the early stages of NASH demonstrated no significant change in hepatic and clinical parameters. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT0346782.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Souza Silva-Sperb
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Helena Abadie Moraes
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Concheski de Moura
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Larisse Longo
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Matheus Truccolo Michalczuk
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carlos Thadeu Schmidt Cerski
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Unit of Surgical Pathology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carolina Uribe-Cruz
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Themis Reverbel da Silveira
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mário Reis Álvares-da-Silva
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Valesca Dall’Alba
- Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Nutrition Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Purohit A, Kandiyal B, Kumar S, Pragasam AK, Kamboj P, Talukdar D, Verma J, Sharma V, Sarkar S, Mahajan D, Yadav R, Ahmed R, Nanda R, Dikshit M, Banerjee SK, Shalimar, Das B. Collinsella aerofaciens linked with increased ethanol production and liver inflammation contribute to the pathophysiology of NAFLD. iScience 2024; 27:108764. [PMID: 38313048 PMCID: PMC10837629 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an emerging global health problem and a potential risk factor for metabolic diseases. The bidirectional interactions between liver and gut made dysbiotic gut microbiome one of the key risk factors for NAFLD. In this study, we reported an increased abundance of Collinsella aerofaciens in the gut of obese and NASH patients living in India. We isolated C. aerofaciens from the fecal samples of biopsy-proven NASH patients and observed that their genome is enriched with carbohydrate metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and pro-inflammatory functions and have the potency to increase ethanol level in blood. An animal study indicated that mice supplemented with C. aerofaciens had increased levels of circulatory ethanol, high levels of hepatic hydroxyproline, triglyceride, and inflammation in the liver. The present findings indicate that perturbation in the gut microbiome composition is a key risk factor for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Purohit
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121004, India
| | - Bharti Kandiyal
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121004, India
| | - Shakti Kumar
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121004, India
| | - Agila Kumari Pragasam
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121004, India
| | - Parul Kamboj
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121004, India
| | - Daizee Talukdar
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121004, India
| | - Jyoti Verma
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121004, India
| | - Vipin Sharma
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121004, India
| | - Soumalya Sarkar
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121004, India
| | - Dinesh Mahajan
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121004, India
| | - Rajni Yadav
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Riya Ahmed
- Translational Health Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ranjan Nanda
- Translational Health Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Madhu Dikshit
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121004, India
| | - Sanjay K. Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Guwahati), Changsari, Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
| | - Shalimar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Bhabatosh Das
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121004, India
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Aljarboa AS, Alhusaini AM, Sarawi WS, Mohammed R, Ali RA, Hasan IH. The implication of LPS/TLR4 and FXR receptors in hepatoprotective efficacy of indole-3-acetic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. Life Sci 2023; 334:122182. [PMID: 37863258 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM Valproic acid (VPA) belongs to the first-generation antiepileptic drugs, yet its prolonged use can cause life-threatening liver damage. The importance of our study is to investigate the protective effect of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and their combination on VPA-induced liver injury focusing on lipopolysaccharides (LPS)/toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway and farnesoid X receptor (FXR). METHODS Thirty rats were randomly assigned into five groups, normal control group, VPA group received 500 mg/kg of VPA intraperitoneally. The remaining groups were orally treated with either 40 mg/kg of IAA, 90 mg/kg of CDCA, or a combination of both, along with VPA. All treatments were administered one hour after the administration of VPA for three weeks. KEY FINDINGS VPA group showed significant elevations in the liver weight/body weight ratio, serum aminotransferases, triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels. Hepatic glutathione (GSH) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were significantly decreased, while malondialdehyde (MDA) level, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and caspase 3 were significantly increased. Likewise, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that TLR4 expression was elevated, whereas FXR expression was downregulated in hepatocytes. IAA substantially ameliorated all previously altered parameters, whereas CDCA treatment showed a partial improvement compared to IAA. Surprisingly, combination therapy of IAA with CDCA showed an additive effect only in the hepatic expression of TLR4 and FXR proteins. SIGNIFICANCE IAA could be a promising protective agent against VPA-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad S Aljarboa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahlam M Alhusaini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Wedad S Sarawi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Raeesa Mohammed
- Department of Histology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rehab A Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Iman H Hasan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia.
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Saxami G, Kerezoudi EN, Eliopoulos C, Arapoglou D, Kyriacou A. The Gut-Organ Axis within the Human Body: Gut Dysbiosis and the Role of Prebiotics. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2023. [PMID: 37895405 PMCID: PMC10608660 DOI: 10.3390/life13102023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota (GM) is a complex microbial ecosystem that colonises the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and is comprised of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. The GM has a symbiotic relationship with its host that is fundamental for body homeostasis. The GM is not limited to the scope of the GIT, but there are bidirectional interactions between the GM and other organs, highlighting the concept of the "gut-organ axis". Any deviation from the normal composition of the GM, termed "microbial dysbiosis", is implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases. Only a few studies have demonstrated a relationship between GM modifications and disease phenotypes, and it is still unknown whether an altered GM contributes to a disease or simply reflects its status. Restoration of the GM with probiotics and prebiotics has been postulated, but evidence for the effects of prebiotics is limited. Prebiotics are substrates that are "selectively utilized by host microorganisms, conferring a health benefit". This study highlights the bidirectional relationship between the gut and vital human organs and demonstrates the relationship between GM dysbiosis and the emergence of certain representative diseases. Finally, this article focuses on the potential of prebiotics as a target therapy to manipulate the GM and presents the gaps in the literature and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Saxami
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece; (E.N.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Evangelia N. Kerezoudi
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece; (E.N.K.); (A.K.)
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Christos Eliopoulos
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization—Demeter, L. Sof. Venizelou 1, 14123 Lykovryssi, Greece; (C.E.); (D.A.)
| | - Dimitrios Arapoglou
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization—Demeter, L. Sof. Venizelou 1, 14123 Lykovryssi, Greece; (C.E.); (D.A.)
| | - Adamantini Kyriacou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece; (E.N.K.); (A.K.)
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Mahapatro A, Bawna F, Kumar V, Daryagasht AA, Gupta S, Raghuma N, Moghdam SS, Kolla A, Mahapatra SS, Sattari N, Amini-Salehi E, Nayak SS. Anti-inflammatory effects of probiotics and synbiotics on patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: An umbrella study on meta-analyses. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 57:475-486. [PMID: 37739694 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The impact of chronic low-grade inflammation in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been studied widely. Previous studies showed gut pathogens' effects on inflammation development in NAFLD patients; hence, hypothetically, gut microbial therapy by administration of probiotics, synbiotics, and prebiotics may alleviate inflammation in these individuals. Several studies were performed in this regard; however, conflicting results were obtained. In this study, we aimed to comprehensively evaluate the effects of gut microbial therapy on inflammatory markers in NAFLD patients in a meta-umbrella design. METHODS Two independent researchers investigated international databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library, from inception until March 2023. Meta-analyses evaluating the impact of probiotics, synbiotics, or prebiotics on inflammatory markers of patients with NAFLD were eligible for our study. AMASTAR 2 checklist was used to evaluate the quality of included studies. Random effect model was performed for the analysis, and Egger's regression test was conducted to determine publication bias. RESULTS A total number of 12 studies were entered into our analysis. Our findings revealed that gut microbial therapy could significantly reduce serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels among NAFLD patients (ES: -0.58; 95% CI: -0.73, -0.44, P < 0.001). In subgroup analysis, this reduction was observed with both probiotics (ES: -0.63; 95% CI: -0.81, -0.45, P < 0.001) and synbiotics (ES: -0.49; 95% CI: -0.74, -0.24, P < 0.001). In addition, gut microbial therapy could significantly decrease tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) levels in NAFLD patients (ES: -0.48; 95% CI: -0.67 to -0.30, P < 0.001). In subgroup analysis, this decrease was observed with probiotics (ES: -0.32; 95% CI: -0.53, -0.11, P = 0.002) and synbiotics (ES: -0.96; 95% CI: -1.32, -0.60, P < 0.001). Not enough information was available for assessing prebiotics' impacts. CONCLUSION The results of this umbrella review suggest that probiotics and synbiotics have promising effects on inflammatory markers, including TNF-a and CRP; however, more research is needed regarding the effects of prebiotics. PROSPERO REGISTRATION CODE CRD42022346998.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fnu Bawna
- Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Siddharth Gupta
- Baptist Memorial Hospital, North Mississippi, Mississippi, USA
| | - Nakka Raghuma
- GSL Medical College and General Hospital, Rajamahendravaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Akshita Kolla
- SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Center, Chennai, India
| | | | - Nazila Sattari
- School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | | | - Sandeep S Nayak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, USA
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Yuan J, Liu Y, Zhao F, Mu Y, Tian X, Liu H, Zhang K, Zhao J, Wang Y. Hepatic Proteomics Analysis Reveals Attenuated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum-Treated Oxidatively Stressed Broilers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37486617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays important roles in oxidative stress (OS), contributing to liver injury. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum P8 (P8) was reported to regulate broiler OS and the gut microbiota in broilers, but its roles in hepatic ER stress remain unclear. In the present study, the role of P8 in liver OS and ER stress was evaluated, and proteomics was performed to determine the mechanism. Results revealed that P8 treatment decreased liver OS and ER stress in dexamethasone (DEX)-induced oxidatively stressed broilers. Proteomics showed that differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) induced by DEX cover the "cellular response to unfold protein" term. Moreover, the DEPs (GGT5, TXNDC12, and SRM) between DEX- and DEX + P8-treated broilers were related to OS and ER stress and enriched in the glutathione metabolism pathway. RT-qPCR further confirmed the results of proteomics. In conclusion, P8 attenuates hepatic OS and ER stress by regulating GGT5, TXNDC12, SRM, and glutathione metabolism in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmeng Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Fan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yuxin Mu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xinyu Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Huawei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jinshan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao 266109, China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, China
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Beldowska A, Barszcz M, Dunislawska A. State of the art in research on the gut-liver and gut-brain axis in poultry. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:37. [PMID: 37038205 PMCID: PMC10088153 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00853-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the intestines and their microbiota, the liver, and the neuronal system is called the gut-liver-brain axis. This relationship has been studied and observed for a relatively short time but is considered in the development of research focused on, e.g., liver diseases and intestinal dysbiosis. The role of the gut microbiota in this relationship is crucial, as it acts on poultry's performance and feed utilization, affecting meat and egg quality. The correct composition of the intestinal microbiota makes it possible to determine the essential metabolic pathways and biological processes of the individual components of the microbiota, allowing further speculation of the role of microbial populations on internal organs such as the liver and brain in the organism. The gut microbiota forms a complex, dense axis with the autonomic and enteric nervous systems. The symbiotic relationship between the liver and gut microbiota is based on immune, metabolic and neuroendocrine regulation, and stabilization. On the other hand, the gut-brain axis is a bidirectional interaction and information transfer system between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. The following paper will discuss the current state of knowledge of the gut-liver-brain axis of poultry, including factors that may affect this complex relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Beldowska
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Mazowiecka 28, Bydgoszcz, 85-084, Poland
| | - Marcin Barszcz
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, Jabłonna, 05-110, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Dunislawska
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Mazowiecka 28, Bydgoszcz, 85-084, Poland.
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Reiner G. Entzündungs- und Nekrosesyndrom des Schweins (SINS) – eine Übersicht. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 2022; 50:323-332. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1950-7975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungEntzündungen und Teilverluste des Schwanzes treten in hoher Frequenz auf und müssen bekämpft werden, wenn das Tierwohl beim Schwein verbessert werden soll. Dabei greift die alleinige Berücksichtigung des Schwanzbeißens zu kurz. Entzündungen und Nekrosen des Schwanzes treten regelmäßig auch ohne Zutun anderer Schweine auf. Der Nachweis entsprechender Veränderungen bereits zum Zeitpunkt der Geburt, das gehäuft synchrone Auftreten an so verschiedenen Körperlokalisationen wie Schwanz, Ohren, Zitzen, Klauen und anderen Partien, sowie der pathohistologische Nachweis Blutgefäß-assoziierter Veränderungen sprechen für eine primär endogene Ursache und ein Syndrom, auch wenn die Symptomatik mit Umweltfaktoren interagiert. Die Veränderungen können bei Saug- und Absatzferkeln sowie in der Mast beobachtet werden. Die Verbesserung der Umwelt kann zu erheblicher Reduktion von Entzündungen und Nekrosen führen. Gleichzeitig zeigen sich erhebliche genetische Effekte der Eber und Sauen. Der vorliegende Übersichtsartikel beleuchtet alle bislang bekannten Facetten von SINS (Swine Inflammation and Necrosis Syndrome) und gibt einen Einblick in die Eckpunkte der Pathogenese. Das Bewusstsein für ein neues und vom Schwanzbeißen abzugrenzendes Krankheitsbild soll einen Beitrag zu dessen Bekämpfung und somit zur Steigerung des Tierwohls beim Schwein leisten.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Reiner
- Klinikum Veterinärmedizin, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
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9
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Beyoğlu D, Idle JR. The gut microbiota - a vehicle for the prevention and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 204:115225. [PMID: 35998677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) arises principally against a background of cirrhosis and these two diseases are responsible globally for over 2 million deaths a year. There are few treatment options for liver cirrhosis and HCC, so it is vital to arrest these pathologies early in their development. To do so, we propose dietary and therapeutic solutions that involve the gut microbiota and its consequences. Integrated dietary, environmental and intrinsic signals result in a bidirectional connection between the liver and the gut with its microbiota, known as the gut-liver axis. Numerous lifestyle factors can result in dysbiosis with a change in the functional composition and metabolic activity of the microbiota. A panoply of metabolites can be produced by the microbiota, including ethanol, secondary bile acids, trimethylamine, indole, quinolone, phenazine and their derivatives and the quorum sensor acyl homoserine lactones that may contribute to HCC but have yet to be fully investigated. Gram-negative bacteria can activate the pattern recognition receptor toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the liver leading to nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling, which can contribute to HCC initiation and progression. The goal in preventing HCC should be to ensure a healthy gut microbiota using probiotic supplements containing beneficial bacteria and prebiotic plant fibers such as oligosaccharides that stimulate their growth. The clinical development of TLR4 antagonists is urgently needed to counteract the pathological effects of dysbiosis on the liver and other organs. Further nutrigenomic studies are required to understand better how the diet influences the gut microbiota and its adverse effects on the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diren Beyoğlu
- Arthur G. Zupko Institute for Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Idle
- Arthur G. Zupko Institute for Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201, USA.
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10
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Versatile Triad Alliance: Bile Acid, Taurine and Microbiota. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152337. [PMID: 35954180 PMCID: PMC9367564 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Taurine is the most abundant free amino acid in the body, and is mainly derived from the diet, but can also be produced endogenously from cysteine. It plays multiple essential roles in the body, including development, energy production, osmoregulation, prevention of oxidative stress, and inflammation. Taurine is also crucial as a molecule used to conjugate bile acids (BAs). In the gastrointestinal tract, BAs deconjugation by enteric bacteria results in high levels of unconjugated BAs and free taurine. Depending on conjugation status and other bacterial modifications, BAs constitute a pool of related but highly diverse molecules, each with different properties concerning solubility and toxicity, capacity to activate or inhibit receptors of BAs, and direct and indirect impact on microbiota and the host, whereas free taurine has a largely protective impact on the host, serves as a source of energy for microbiota, regulates bacterial colonization and defends from pathogens. Several remarkable examples of the interaction between taurine and gut microbiota have recently been described. This review will introduce the necessary background information and lay out the latest discoveries in the interaction of the co-reliant triad of BAs, taurine, and microbiota.
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Valentini F, Rocchi G, Vespasiani-Gentilucci U, Guarino MPL, Altomare A, Carotti S. The Origins of NAFLD: The Potential Implication of Intrauterine Life and Early Postnatal Period. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030562. [PMID: 35159371 PMCID: PMC8834011 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal life and the first few months after birth represent a plastic age, defined as a “window of opportunity”, as the organism is particularly susceptible to environmental pressures and has to adapt to environmental conditions. Several perturbations in pregnancy, such as excessive weight gain, obesity, gestational diabetes mellitus and an inadequate or high-fat diet, have been associated with long-term metabolic consequences in offspring, even without affecting birth weight. Moreover, great interest has also been focused on the relationship between the gut microbiome of early infants and health status in later life. Consistently, in various epidemiological studies, a condition of dysbiosis has been associated with an increased inflammatory response and metabolic alterations in the host, with important consequences on the intestinal and systemic health of the unborn child. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on the origins of NAFLD, with particular attention to the potential implications of intrauterine life and the early postnatal period. Due to the well-known association between gut microbiota and the risk of NAFLD, a specific focus will be devoted to factors affecting early microbiota formation/composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Valentini
- Pediatric Unit, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giulia Rocchi
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Biomedico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Umberto Vespasiani-Gentilucci
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Fondazione Policlinico Campus Biomedico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Michele Pier Luca Guarino
- Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Campus Biomedico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Annamaria Altomare
- Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Campus Biomedico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Simone Carotti
- Unit of Microscopic and Ultrastructural Anatomy, Campus Biomedico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
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Zheng Z, Wang B. The Gut-Liver Axis in Health and Disease: The Role of Gut Microbiota-Derived Signals in Liver Injury and Regeneration. Front Immunol 2021; 12:775526. [PMID: 34956204 PMCID: PMC8703161 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.775526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse liver diseases undergo a similar pathophysiological process in which liver regeneration follows a liver injury. Given the important role of the gut-liver axis in health and diseases, the role of gut microbiota-derived signals in liver injury and regeneration has attracted much attention. It has been observed that the composition of gut microbiota dynamically changes in the process of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, and gut microbiota modulation by antibiotics or probiotics affects both liver injury and regeneration. Mechanically, through the portal vein, the liver is constantly exposed to gut microbial components and metabolites, which have immense effects on the immunity and metabolism of the host. Emerging data demonstrate that gut-derived lipopolysaccharide, gut microbiota-associated bile acids, and other bacterial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids and tryptophan metabolites, may play multifaceted roles in liver injury and regeneration. In this perspective, we provide an overview of the possible molecular mechanisms by which gut microbiota-derived signals modulate liver injury and regeneration, highlighting the potential roles of gut microbiota in the development of gut microbiota-based therapies to alleviate liver injury and promote liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baohong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Center SA, Randolph JF, Warner KL, McDonough SP, Lucy JM, Sapa KC. Bacterial culture and immunohistochemical detection of bacteria and endotoxin in cats with suppurative cholangitis-cholangiohepatitis syndrome. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 260:194-211. [PMID: 34936576 DOI: 10.2460/javma.20.10.0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the frequency and type of bacterial infection by culture- and immunohistochemical (IHC)-based methods and determine the impact of infection on clinical features and survival time in cats with suppurative cholangitis-cholangiohepatitis syndrome (S-CCHS). ANIMALS 168 client-owned cats with S-CCHS (cases). PROCEDURES Clinical features, bacterial culture results, culture-inoculate sources, and survival details were recorded. Cases were subcategorized by comorbidity (extrahepatic bile duct obstruction, cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, ductal plate malformation, biopsy-confirmed inflammatory bowel disease, and biopsy-confirmed pancreatitis) or treatment by cholecystectomy or cholecystoenterostomy. Culture results, bacterial isolates, Gram-stain characteristics, and IHC staining were compared among comorbidities. Lipoteichoic acid IHC staining detected gram-positive bacterial cell wall components, and toll-like receptor expression IHC reflected pathologic endotoxin (gram-negative bacteria) exposure. RESULTS Clinical features were similar among cases except for more frequent abdominal pain and lethargy in cats with positive culture results and pyrexia, abdominal pain, and hepatomegaly for cats with polymicrobial infections. Bacteria were cultured in 93 of 135 (69%) cats, with common isolates including Enterococcus spp and Escherichia coli. IHC staining was positive in 142 of 151 (94%) cats (lipoteichoic acid, 107/142 [75%]; toll-like receptor 4, 99/142 [70%]). With in-parallel interpretation of culture and IHC-based bacterial detection, 154 of 166 (93%) cats had bacterial infections (gram-positive, 118/154 [77%]; gram-negative, 111/154 [72%]; polymicrobial, 79/154 [51%]). Greater frequency of bacterial isolation occurred with combined tissue, bile, and crushed cholelith inoculates. Infection and gram-positive bacterial isolates were associated with significantly shorter long-term survival times. CLINICAL RELEVANCE S-CCHS was associated with bacterial infection, pathologic endotoxin exposure, and frequent polymicrobial infection in cats. Combined tissue inoculates improved culture detection of associated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon A Center
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - John F Randolph
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Karen L Warner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Sean P McDonough
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | | | - Kirk C Sapa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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Lactobacillus reuteri FYNLJ109L1 Attenuating Metabolic Syndrome in Mice via Gut Microbiota Modulation and Alleviating Inflammation. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092081. [PMID: 34574191 PMCID: PMC8469823 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is caused by an excessive energy intake in a long-term, high-fat and/or high-sugar diet, resulting in obesity and a series of related complications, which has become a global health concern. Probiotics intervention can regulate the gut microbiota and relieve the systemic and chronic low-grade inflammation, which is an alternative to relieving metabolic syndrome. The aim of this work was to explore the alleviation of two different Lactobacillusreuteri strains on metabolic syndrome. Between the two L. reuteri strains, FYNLJ109L1 had a better improvement effect on blood glucose, blood lipid, liver tissue damage and other related indexes than NCIMB 30242. In particular, FYNLJ109L1 reduced weight gain, food intake and fat accumulation. Additionally, it can regulate the gut microbiota, increase IL-10, and reduce IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as well as liver injury, and further reduce insulin resistance and regulate lipid metabolism disorders. In addition, it could modulate the gut microbiota, particularly a decreased Romboutsia and Clostridium sensu stricto-1, and an increased Acetatifactor. The results indicated that FYNLJ109L1 could improve metabolic syndrome significantly via alleviating inflammation and gut microbiota modulation.
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Murtha-Lemekhova A, Fuchs J, Ghamarnejad O, Nikdad M, Probst P, Hoffmann K. Influence of cytokines, circulating markers and growth factors on liver regeneration and post-hepatectomy liver failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13739. [PMID: 34215781 PMCID: PMC8253792 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92888-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of post-hepatectomy liver failure is not entirely understood but is rooted in the disruption of normal hepatocyte regeneration and homeostasis. Current investigations of post-hepatectomy liver failure and regeneration are focused on evaluation of circulating hepatic function parameters (transaminases, cholestasis, and coagulation parameters), volumetry and hepatic hemodynamics. However, identification of biochemical factors associated with regeneration and post hepatectomy liver failure is crucial for understanding the pathophysiology and identification of patients at risk. The objective of the present systematic review was to identify circulating factors associated with liver regeneration and post hepatectomy liver failure in patients undergoing hepatectomy. The quantitative analysis was intended if studies provided sufficient data. Electronic databases (MEDLINE via PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Cochrane Library and WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform) were searched for publications on cell signaling factors in liver regeneration and post-hepatectomy liver failure following liver resection in clinical setting. No date restriction was given. No language restriction was used. Studies were assessed using MINORS. This study was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42020165384) prior to data extraction. In total 1953 publications were evaluated for titles and abstracts after exclusion of duplicates. Full texts of 167 studies were further evaluated for inclusion. 26 articles were included in the review and 6 publications were included in the meta-analyses. High levels of serum hyaluronic acid even preoperatively are associated with PHLF but especially increased levels early after resection are predictive of PHLF with high sensitivity and specificity. Postoperative elevation of HA to levels between 100 and 500 ng/ml is increased the risk for PHLF ([OR] = 246.28, 95% [CI]: 11.82 to 5131.83; p = 0.0004) Inteleukin-6 levels show contradicting result in association with organ dysfunction. HGF positively correlates with liver regeneration. Overall, due to heterogeneity, scarcity, observational study design and largely retrospective analysis, the certainty of evidence, assessed with GRADE, is very low. High levels of serum hyaluronic acid show a strong association with PHLF and increased levels after resection are predictive of PHLF with high sensitivity and specificity, even on POD1. Interleukin-6 levels need to be studied further due to contradictive results in association with organ dysfunction. For HGF, no quantitative analysis could be made. Yet, most studies find positive correlation between high HGF levels and regeneration. Prospective studies investigating HGF and other growth factors, hyaluronic acid and interleukins 1 and 6 in correlation with liver regeneration measured sequentially through e.g. volumetry, and liver function parameters, preferably expanding the analysis to include dynamic liver function tests, are needed to sufficiently illustrate the connection between biomolecule levels and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Murtha-Lemekhova
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Ruprecht Karl University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juri Fuchs
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Ruprecht Karl University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Omid Ghamarnejad
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Ruprecht Karl University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohammedsadegh Nikdad
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Ruprecht Karl University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pascal Probst
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Ruprecht Karl University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Study Center of the German Surgical Society (SDGC), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Hoffmann
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, Ruprecht Karl University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Pavel FM, Vesa CM, Gheorghe G, Diaconu CC, Stoicescu M, Munteanu MA, Babes EE, Tit DM, Toma MM, Bungau S. Highlighting the Relevance of Gut Microbiota Manipulation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11061090. [PMID: 34203609 PMCID: PMC8232187 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11061090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Two different conditions are included in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), being distinguished by chronic recurrence of gut inflammation in persons that are genetically predisposed and subjected to environmental causative factors. The normal structure of the gut microbiome and its alterations in IBD were defined in several microbial studies. An important factor in the prolonged inflammatory process in IBD is the impaired microbiome or "dysbiosis". Thus, gut microbiome management is likely to be an objective in IBD treatment. In this review, we analyzed the existing data regarding the pathophysiological/therapeutic implications of intestinal microflora in the development and evolution of IBD. Furthermore, the main effects generated by the administration of probiotics, prebiotics, fecal transplantation, and phytochemicals supplementation were analyzed regarding their potential roles in improving the clinical and biochemical status of patients suffering from Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), and are depicted in the sections/subsections of the present paper. Data from the literature give evidence in support of probiotic and prebiotic therapy, showing effects such as improving remission rate, improving macroscopic and microscopic aspects of IBD, reducing the pro-inflammatory cytokines and interleukins, and improving the disease activity index. Therefore, the additional benefits of these therapies should not be ignored as adjuvants to medical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Maria Pavel
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (F.M.P.); (C.M.V.)
| | - Cosmin Mihai Vesa
- Department of Preclinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410073 Oradea, Romania; (F.M.P.); (C.M.V.)
| | - Gina Gheorghe
- Department 5, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (G.G.); (C.C.D.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, 105402 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Camelia C. Diaconu
- Department 5, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (G.G.); (C.C.D.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, 105402 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Manuela Stoicescu
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410041 Oradea, Romania; (M.S.); (M.A.M.); (E.E.B.)
| | - Mihai Alexandru Munteanu
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410041 Oradea, Romania; (M.S.); (M.A.M.); (E.E.B.)
| | - Elena Emilia Babes
- Department of Medical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410041 Oradea, Romania; (M.S.); (M.A.M.); (E.E.B.)
| | - Delia Mirela Tit
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania; (D.M.T.); (M.M.T.)
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Mirela Marioara Toma
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania; (D.M.T.); (M.M.T.)
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania; (D.M.T.); (M.M.T.)
- Doctoral School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-726-776-588
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Reiner G, Kuehling J, Loewenstein F, Lechner M, Becker S. Swine Inflammation and Necrosis Syndrome (SINS). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1670. [PMID: 34205208 PMCID: PMC8228460 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tail biting is a prevalent and undesirable behaviour in pigs and a major source of significant reduction in well-being. However, focusing on biting considers only one part of the solution, because tail damage can be found with a high prevalence without any action by other pigs. The lesions are not limited to the tail but can also be found in the ears, heels, soles, claw coronary bands, teats, navel, vulva, and face. Environmental improvement alone often fails to overcome the problem. This review addresses a new inflammation and necrosis syndrome in swine (SINS). It shows the clinical signs and the frequencies of occurrence in different age groups. It compiles scientific evidence from clinical and histopathological studies in newborn piglets that argue for a primary endogenous aetiology of the disease. Bringing together the findings of a broad body of research, the possible mechanisms leading to the disease are identified and then discussed. This part will especially focus on microbe-associated molecular patterns in the circulation and their role in activating defence mechanisms and inflammation. Finally, the methods are identified to ameliorate the problem by optimizing husbandry and selecting a suitable breeding stock.
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Grants
- 123 Tönnies Forschung, Rheda, Germany
- 456 Ministerium für Umwelt, Klimaschutz, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz, Hessen, Germa-ny
- 789 Ministerium für Umwelt, Klima, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Reiner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Swine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 112, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (J.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Josef Kuehling
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Swine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 112, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (J.K.); (S.B.)
| | | | | | - Sabrina Becker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Swine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 112, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (J.K.); (S.B.)
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Takayama S, Katada K, Takagi T, Iida T, Ueda T, Mizushima K, Higashimura Y, Morita M, Okayama T, Kamada K, Uchiyama K, Handa O, Ishikawa T, Yasukawa Z, Okubo T, Itoh Y, Naito Y. Partially hydrolyzed guar gum attenuates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice through the gut-liver axis. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:2160-2176. [PMID: 34025071 PMCID: PMC8117741 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i18.2160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut-liver axis has attracted much interest in the context of chronic liver disease pathogenesis. Prebiotics such as dietary fibers were shown to attenuate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by modulating gut microbiota. Partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG), a water-soluble dietary fiber, has been reported to alleviate the symptoms of various intestinal diseases and metabolic syndromes. However, its effects on NAFLD remain to be fully elucidated. AIM To determine whether treatment with PHGG attenuates NAFLD development in mice through the gut-liver axis. METHODS Seven-week-old male C57BL/6J mice with increased intestinal permeability were fed a control or atherogenic (Ath) diet (a mouse model of NAFLD) for 8 wk, with or without 5% PHGG. Increased intestinal permeability was induced through chronic intermittent administration of low-dose dextran sulfate sodium. Body weight, liver weight, macroscopic findings in the liver, blood biochemistry [aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol, triglyceride, free fatty acids, and glucose levels], liver histology, myeloperoxidase activity in liver tissue, mRNA expression in the liver and intestine, serum endotoxin levels in the portal vein, intestinal permeability, and microbiota and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles in the cecal samples were investigated. RESULTS Mice with increased intestinal permeability subjected to the Ath diet showed significantly increased serum AST and ALT levels, liver fat accumulation, liver inflammatory (tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemotactic protein-1) and fibrogenic (collagen 1a1 and α smooth muscle actin) marker levels, and liver myeloperoxidase activity, which were significantly attenuated by PHGG treatment. Furthermore, the Ath diet combined with increased intestinal permeability resulted in elevated portal endotoxin levels and activated toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TLR9 expression, confirming that intestinal permeability was significantly elevated, as observed by evaluating the lumen-to-blood clearance of fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated dextran. PHGG treatment did not affect fatty acid metabolism in the liver. However, it decreased lipopolysaccharide signaling through the gut-liver axis. In addition, it significantly increased the abundance of cecal Bacteroides and Clostridium subcluster XIVa. Treatment with PHGG markedly increased the levels of SCFAs, particularly, butyric acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and formic acid, in the cecal samples. CONCLUSION PHGG partially prevented NAFLD development in mice through the gut-liver axis by modulating microbiota and downstream SCFA profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Takayama
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Katada
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Takagi
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Department of Medical Innovation and Translational Medical Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takaya Iida
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ueda
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Katsura Mizushima
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yasuki Higashimura
- Department of Food Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi 921-8836, Japan
| | - Mayuko Morita
- Department of Health Care Nutrition, Showa Gakuin Junior College, Ichikawa 272-0823, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Okayama
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kamada
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Uchiyama
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Osamu Handa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki 701-0192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Zenta Yasukawa
- Department of Nutrition, Taiyo Kagaku Co. Ltd, Yokkaichi 510-0844, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Okubo
- Department of Nutrition, Taiyo Kagaku Co. Ltd, Yokkaichi 510-0844, Japan
| | - Yoshito Itoh
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yuji Naito
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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Reiner G, Kühling J, Lechner M, Schrade H, Saltzmann J, Muelling C, Dänicke S, Loewenstein F. Swine inflammation and necrosis syndrome is influenced by husbandry and quality of sow in suckling piglets, weaners and fattening pigs. Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:32. [PMID: 33292613 PMCID: PMC7682114 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swine inflammation and necrosis syndrome (SINS) is a newly identified syndrome in swine that can affect different parts of the extremities in suckling piglets. This study investigates the hypotheses that the clinical signs of SINS have histological equivalents, that SINS can also be observed in weaners and fatteners, that improving sow quality and husbandry (here the supply of water and fibre) can reduce the signs, and that coprostasis in sows is significantly associated with SINS in their offspring. From a cohort of 123 hybrid sows, the twenty sows exhibiting the best conditions and the twenty exhibiting the worst conditions were selected based on detailed scores from coronary bands, soles, heels, claws and teats. Half of the sows in each group, along with their offspring, were kept under conventional conditions, while the environment for the remaining sows in each group was improved with drinking bowls, water disinfection and additional feeding with hay and straw. In total, 115 suckling piglets, 113 weaners and 103 fatteners were scored for the degree of inflammation and necrosis of their tails, ears, teats, coronary bands, soles, heels and claws. RESULTS The clinical signs of SINS are associated with inflammatory signs at the histological level. SINS scores in suckling piglets, weaners and fatteners derived from low-quality sows under standard husbandry conditions were high, but they decreased significantly when husbandry was improved (water consumption and additional fibre). Sow quality had significant effects on suckling piglets and weaners under standard husbandry conditions. Coprostasis in sows led to significantly higher SINS scores in their offspring at any age. Improved husbandry conditions were associated with a reduced prevalence of coprostasis (R2 = 0.74). Taking all factors together, husbandry improvements, sow quality and coprostasis explained 57, 67 and 45% of SINS score variance in suckling piglets, weaners and fatteners, respectively. CONCLUSION The present study shows that SINS is not limited to suckling piglets but can also be found in weaners and fatteners. Coprostasis in sows is significantly correlated with SINS in their offspring and adds a good prognostic tool. Water supply and fibre could play a crucial role in combatting the syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Reiner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Swine, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 112, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Josef Kühling
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Swine, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 112, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | | | | | - Janine Saltzmann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 37, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christoph Muelling
- Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, University Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 43, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 37, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Frederik Loewenstein
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Swine, Justus-Liebig-University, Frankfurter Strasse 112, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- UEG Hohenlohe, Am Wasen 20, 91567, Herrieden, Germany
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Microbiota-Associated Therapy for Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis-Induced Liver Cancer: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21175999. [PMID: 32825440 PMCID: PMC7504062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though advancement in medicine has contributed to the control of many diseases to date, cancer therapy continues to pose several challenges. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) etiology is multifactorial. Recently, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been considered as an important risk factor of HCC. NAFLD can be divided into non-alcoholic simple fatty liver (NAFL) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) based on histopathological features. Recently, studies have indicated that the gut microbiota is associated with NAFLD and HCC. Therefore, in this review, we have discussed the effects of gut microbiota-related mechanisms, including dysbiosis and gut barrier function, and gut microbiota-derived metabolites on NAFLD and HCC pathogenesis and the potential therapeutic strategies for NAFLD and HCC. With a better understanding of the gut microbiota composition and function, new and improved diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies for common liver diseases can be developed.
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Wang Z, Li S, Wang R, Guo L, Xu D, Zhang T, Xu Y, Wang W, Wang M, Gan Z, Wang X. The protective effects of the β3 adrenergic receptor agonist BRL37344 against liver steatosis and inflammation in a rat model of high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Mol Med 2020; 26:54. [PMID: 32503411 PMCID: PMC7275314 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-00164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our objective was to investigate the efficacy of the beta-3 adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) agonist BRL37344 for the prevention of liver steatosis and inflammation associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS Four groups were established: a control group (given a standard diet), a high-fat diet (HFD) group, an HFD + β3-AR agonist (β3-AGO) group, and an HFD + β3-AR antagonist (β3-ANT) group. All rats were fed for 12 weeks. The β3-AR agonist BRL37344 and the antagonist L748337 were administered for the last 4 weeks with Alzet micro-osmotic pumps. The rat body weights (g) were measured at the end of the 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks. At the end of the 12th week, the liver weights were measured. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were analyzed with a Hitachi automatic analyzer. The lipid levels of the triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and the concentrations of free fatty acids (FFAs) were also measured. An oil red O kit was used to detect lipid droplet accumulation in hepatocytes. Steatosis, ballooning degeneration and inflammation were histopathologically determined. The protein and mRNA expression levels of β3-AR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ), mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (mCPT-1), and fatty acid translocase (FAT)/CD36 were measured by western blot analysis and RT-qPCR, respectively. RESULTS After treatment with the β3-AR agonist BRL37344 for 4 weeks, the levels of ALT, AST, TGs, TC, LDL-C and FFAs were decreased in the NAFLD model group compared with the HFD group. Body and liver weights, liver index values and lipid droplet accumulation were lower in the HFD + β3-AGO group than in the HFD group. Decreased NAFLD activity scores (NASs) also showed that liver steatosis and inflammation were ameliorated after treatment with BRL37344. Moreover, the β3-AR antagonist L748337 reversed these effects. Additionally, the protein and gene expression levels of β3-AR, PPAR-α, and mCPT-1 were increased in the HFD + β3-AGO group, whereas those of PPAR-γ and FAT/CD36 were decreased. CONCLUSION The β3-AR agonist BRL37344 is beneficial for reducing liver fat accumulation and for ameliorating liver steatosis and inflammation in NAFLD. These effects may be associated with PPARs/mCPT-1 and FAT/CD36.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Wang
- Gastroenterology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, #23 Postal Street, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Gastroenterology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, #23 Postal Street, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang China
| | - Ruifeng Wang
- Gastroenterology Department, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, #37 Yiyuan Street, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang China
| | - Liansheng Guo
- Gastroenterology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, #23 Postal Street, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang China
| | - Dan Xu
- Gastroenterology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, #23 Postal Street, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang China
| | - Tieyuan Zhang
- Harbin Medical University, #157 Baojian Street, Harbin, 150081 Heilongjiang China
| | - Yifan Xu
- Harbin Medical University, #157 Baojian Street, Harbin, 150081 Heilongjiang China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- Harbin Medical University, #157 Baojian Street, Harbin, 150081 Heilongjiang China
| | - Min Wang
- Harbin Medical University, #157 Baojian Street, Harbin, 150081 Heilongjiang China
| | - Zhongwei Gan
- Harbin Medical University, #157 Baojian Street, Harbin, 150081 Heilongjiang China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- Gastroenterology Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, #23 Postal Street, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang China
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22
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Guarino MPL, Altomare A, Emerenziani S, Di Rosa C, Ribolsi M, Balestrieri P, Iovino P, Rocchi G, Cicala M. Mechanisms of Action of Prebiotics and Their Effects on Gastro-Intestinal Disorders in Adults. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041037. [PMID: 32283802 PMCID: PMC7231265 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, research has focused on the use of dietary fibers and prebiotics, since many of these polysaccharides can be metabolized by intestinal microbiota, leading to the production of short-chain fatty acids. The metabolites of prebiotic fermentation also show anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory capabilities, suggesting an interesting role in the treatment of several pathological conditions. Galacto-oligosaccharide and short- and long-chain fructans (Fructo-oligosaccharides and inulin) are the most studied prebiotics, even if other dietary compounds seem to show the same features. There is an increasing interest in dietary strategies to modulate microbiota. The aim of this review is to explore the mechanisms of action of prebiotics and their effects on the principal gastro-intestinal disorders in adults, with a special focus on Galacto-oligosaccharides, Fructo-oligosaccharides, lactulose and new emerging substances which currently have evidence of prebiotics effects, such as xilooligosaccharides, soybean oligosaccharides, isomaltooligosaccharides, lactobionic acid, resistant starch and polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Pier Luca Guarino
- Gastroenterology Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.P.L.G.); (S.E.); (M.R.); (P.B.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Annamaria Altomare
- Gastroenterology Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.P.L.G.); (S.E.); (M.R.); (P.B.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-22541-606; Fax: +39-06-22541-456
| | - Sara Emerenziani
- Gastroenterology Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.P.L.G.); (S.E.); (M.R.); (P.B.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Claudia Di Rosa
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mentore Ribolsi
- Gastroenterology Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.P.L.G.); (S.E.); (M.R.); (P.B.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Paola Balestrieri
- Gastroenterology Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.P.L.G.); (S.E.); (M.R.); (P.B.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Paola Iovino
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry Scuola Medica Salernitana, Università di Salerno, Via Allende, 84081 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Giulia Rocchi
- Gastroenterology Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.P.L.G.); (S.E.); (M.R.); (P.B.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Michele Cicala
- Gastroenterology Unit, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (M.P.L.G.); (S.E.); (M.R.); (P.B.); (G.R.); (M.C.)
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Mechanisms of Action of Prebiotics and Their Effects on Gastro-Intestinal Disorders in Adults. Nutrients 2020. [PMID: 32283802 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041037.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, research has focused on the use of dietary fibers and prebiotics, since many of these polysaccharides can be metabolized by intestinal microbiota, leading to the production of short-chain fatty acids. The metabolites of prebiotic fermentation also show anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory capabilities, suggesting an interesting role in the treatment of several pathological conditions. Galacto-oligosaccharide and short- and long-chain fructans (Fructo-oligosaccharides and inulin) are the most studied prebiotics, even if other dietary compounds seem to show the same features. There is an increasing interest in dietary strategies to modulate microbiota. The aim of this review is to explore the mechanisms of action of prebiotics and their effects on the principal gastro-intestinal disorders in adults, with a special focus on Galacto-oligosaccharides, Fructo-oligosaccharides, lactulose and new emerging substances which currently have evidence of prebiotics effects, such as xilooligosaccharides, soybean oligosaccharides, isomaltooligosaccharides, lactobionic acid, resistant starch and polyphenols.
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24
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Do MH, Lee HB, Lee E, Park HY. The Effects of Gelatinized Wheat Starch and High Salt Diet on Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Disorder. Nutrients 2020; 12:E301. [PMID: 31979147 PMCID: PMC7070891 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diets high in gelatinized starch and high in gelatinized starch supplemented with salt-induced metabolic disorders and changes in gut microbiota have scarcely been studied. In this study, mice on wheat starch diets (WD) exhibited significantly higher body weight, white adipose tissue (WAT), and gut permeability compared to those on normal diet (ND). However, gelatinized wheat starch diet (GWD) and NaCl-supplemented gelatinized wheat starch diet (SGW) mice did not increase body and WAT weights or dyslipidemia, and maintained consistent colon pH at ND levels. WD mice showed higher levels of Desulfovibrio, Faecalibaculum, and Lactobacillus and lower levels of Muribaculum compared to ND mice. However, GWD and SGW mice showed a significantly different gut microbial composition, such as a lower proportion of Lactobacillus and Desulfovibrio, and higher proportion of Faecalibaculum and Muribaculum compared to WD mice. High starch diet-induced dysbiosis caused increase of lipid accumulation and inflammation-related proteins' expression, thereby leading to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, GWD and SGW showed lower levels than that, and it might be due to the difference in the gut microbial composition compared to WD. Taken together, diets high in gelatinized starch and high in gelatinized starch supplemented with salt induced mild metabolic disorders compared to native starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Ho Do
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (M.H.D.); (H.-B.L.)
| | - Hye-Bin Lee
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (M.H.D.); (H.-B.L.)
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Korea
| | - Eunjung Lee
- Research Division of Strategic Food Technology, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea;
| | - Ho-Young Park
- Research Division of Food Functionality, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (M.H.D.); (H.-B.L.)
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Zhou Z, Kim JW, Qi J, Eo SK, Lim CW, Kim B. Toll-Like Receptor 5 Signaling Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis by Inducing Interferon β-Modulated IL-1 Receptor Antagonist in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:614-629. [PMID: 31972159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial flagellin, recognized by cell surface of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 5, is a potent activator of many types of cells, leading to the activation of innate or adaptive immunity, which are pivotal in regulating fibrotic process. However, the exact role of TLR5 signaling in hepatic fibrogenesis remains unclear, and this study aims to elucidate its underlying mechanisms. Flagellin was injected to hepatotoxin- and cholestasis-induced liver fibrosis murine models. Flagellin-induced TLR5 activation significantly decreased the severity of liver fibrosis. Interestingly, the expression levels of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN) and interferon (IFN)β markedly increased in fibrotic livers on flagellin treatment. Consistently, in vivo activation of TLR5 signaling markedly increased IFNβ and IL1RN expression in the livers. Notably, flagellin injection significantly exacerbated the severity of liver fibrosis in IFN-α/β receptor 1 (IFNAR1) knockout mice. Furthermore, hepatic expression of IL1RN in the fibrotic livers of IFNAR1 knockout mice was significantly lower than those of wild-type mice. In support of these findings, flagellin-mediated IL1RN production is not sufficient to alleviate the severity of hepatic fibroinflammatory responses in IFNAR1-deficient milieu. Finally, hepatic stellate cells treated with IL1RN had significantly decreased cellular activation and its associated fibrogenic responses. Collectively, manipulation of TLR5 signaling may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiong Zhou
- Biosafety Research Institute, and the BK21 Plus Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Jong-Won Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute, and the BK21 Plus Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Jing Qi
- Biosafety Research Institute, and the BK21 Plus Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- Biosafety Research Institute, and the BK21 Plus Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Chae Woong Lim
- Biosafety Research Institute, and the BK21 Plus Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute, and the BK21 Plus Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, South Korea.
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Black DD. Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Adipose Tissue and Liver Inflammation in Adolescents with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. J Pediatr 2020; 216:7-9. [PMID: 31587862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis D Black
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, and the Children's Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
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27
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Mahmood T, Guo Y. Dietary fiber and chicken microbiome interaction: Where will it lead to? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 6:1-8. [PMID: 32211522 PMCID: PMC7082689 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The last few decades have been marked by a rapid genetic improvement in chicken growth rates. The modern-day chicken is more efficient in converting feed into muscle mass than their predecessors. This enhanced efficiency emanates from better nutrient digestion, absorption, and metabolism. The gut has therefore become a research focus especially after the ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters (AGP) in poultry. In pursuance of better gut health in the post-AGP era, many different strategies are being continuously sought and tested. The gut is inhabited by more than 900 bacterial species along with fungi and archaea, and they play an important role to maintain a conducive milieu for the host. A beneficial shift in the microbial ecosystem of the chicken can be promoted by many dietary and non-dietary interventions, however, diet is ranked as one of the most important and potent regulators of gut microbiota composition. Therefore, the constituents of the diet warrant special attention in the modulation of the gut ecosystem. Among dietary constituents, fiber possesses a significant ability to modulate the microbiota. In this review, we will highlight the importance of fiber in poultry nutrition and will also discuss the effects of fiber on gut microbiota and its resultant ramifications on the liver and brain.
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Wang F, Sun NN, Li LL, Zhu WW, Xiu J, Shen Y, Xu Q. Hepatic progenitor cell activation is induced by the depletion of the gut microbiome in mice. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e873. [PMID: 31094067 PMCID: PMC6813488 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The homeostasis of the gut microbiome is crucial for human health and for liver function. However, it has not been established whether the gut microbiome influence hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs). HPCs are capable of self‐renewal and differentiate into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes; however, HPCs are normally quiescent and are rare in adults. After sustained liver damage, a ductular reaction occurs, and the number of HPCs is substantially increased. Here, we administered five broad‐spectrum antibiotics for 14 days to deplete the gut microbiomes of male C57BL/6 mice, and we measured the plasma aminotransferases and other biochemical indices. The expression levels of two HPC markers, SRY‐related high mobility group‐box gene 9 (Sox9) and cytokeratin (CK), were also measured. The plasma aminotransferase activities were not affected, but the triglyceride, lactate dehydrogenase, low‐density lipoprotein, and high‐density lipoprotein concentrations were significantly altered; this suggests that liver function is affected by the composition of the gut microbiome. The mRNA expression of Sox9 was significantly higher in the treated mice than it was in the control mice (p < 0.0001), and a substantial expression of Sox9 and CK was observed around the bile ducts. The mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory factors (interleukin [IL]‐1β, IL‐6, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]‐α, and TNF‐like weak inducer of apoptosis [Tweak]) were also significantly higher in the antibiotic‐treated mice than the levels in the control mice. These data imply that the depletion of the gut microbiome leads to liver damage, negatively impacts the hepatic metabolism and function, and activates HPCs. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking, Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan-Nan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking, Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lan-Lan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking, Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Wan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking, Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianbo Xiu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking, Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking, Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking, Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Neuroscience center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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29
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Ren J, Hu D, Mao Y, Yang H, Liao W, Xu W, Ge P, Zhang H, Sang X, Lu X, Zhong S. Alteration in gut microbiota caused by time-restricted feeding alleviate hepatic ischaemia reperfusion injury in mice. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:1714-1722. [PMID: 30588757 PMCID: PMC6378231 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Time-restricted feeding (TRF), that is, no caloric intake for 14-16 hours each day leads to favourable nutritional outcomes. This study is the first to investigate TRF through a surgical perspective verifying its efficacy against liver ischaemia reperfusion (I/R) injury. We randomly assigned 100 10-week-old wild-type male C57BL/6 mice into two feeding regimens: TRF and ad libitum access to food. Main outcomes were evaluated at 6, 12 and 24 hours post-I/R surgery after 12 weeks of intervention. TRF group demonstrated minor liver injury via histological study; lower serum levels of liver enzymes, glucose and lipids; higher concentrations of free fatty acid and β-hydroxybutyrate; decreased oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers; as well as less severe cell apoptosis and proliferation. Further exploration indicated better gut microenvironment and intestinal epithelial tight junction function. TRF employed its positive influence on a wide spectrum of biochemical pathways and ultimately revealed protective effect against hepatic I/R injury possibly through adjusting the gut microbiota. The results referred to a strong indication of adopting better feeding pattern for surgical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjun Ren
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Hu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yilei Mao
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huayu Yang
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Liao
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Penglei Ge
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongbing Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinting Sang
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
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Emerging Therapeutic Targets and Experimental Drugs for the Treatment of NAFLD. Diseases 2018; 6:diseases6030083. [PMID: 30235807 PMCID: PMC6164020 DOI: 10.3390/diseases6030083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The two main subsets of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) include: (1) nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), the more common and non-progressive subtype; and (2) nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the less common subtype, which has the potential to progress to advanced liver damage. Current treatment strategies have focused on lifestyle management of modifiable risk factors, namely weight, and on the optimization of the management of individual components of metabolic syndrome. Various hypothetical pathogenic mechanisms have been proposed, leading to the development of novel drugs with the potential to effectively treat patients with NASH. Numerous clinical trials are ongoing, utilizing these experimental drugs and molecules targeting specific mechanistic pathway(s) to effectively treat NASH. Some of these mechanistic pathways targeted by experimental pharmacologic agents include chemokine receptor 2 and 5 antagonism, inhibition of galectin-3 protein, antagonism of toll-like receptor 4, variation of fibroblast growth factor 19, agonism of selective thyroid hormone receptor-beta, inhibition of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1, inhibition of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, agonism of farnesoid X receptor, antibodies against lysl oxidase-like-2, and inhibition of inflammasomes. Emerging data are promising and further updates from ongoing clinical trials are eagerly awaited.
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Konturek PC, Harsch IA, Konturek K, Schink M, Konturek T, Neurath MF, Zopf Y. Gut⁻Liver Axis: How Do Gut Bacteria Influence the Liver? Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:medsci6030079. [PMID: 30227645 PMCID: PMC6165386 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6030079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver diseases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recently, gut dysbiosis was identified as an important factor in the pathogenesis of liver diseases. The relationship between gut microbiota and the liver is still not well understood; however, dysfunction of the gut mucosal barrier ("leaky gut") and increased bacterial translocation into the liver via the gut⁻liver axis probably play crucial roles in liver disease development and progression. The liver is an important immunological organ, and, after exposure to gut-derived bacteria via portal circulation, it responds with activation of the innate and adaptive immune system, leading to hepatic injury. A better understanding of the pathophysiological links among gut dysbiosis, the integrity of the gut barrier, and the hepatic immune response to gut-derived factors is essential for the development of new therapies to treat chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Christopher Konturek
- Department of Internal Medicine 2nd, Thuringia-Clinic Saalfeld, Teaching Hospital of the University of Jena, 68, D-07318 Jena, Germany.
| | - Igor Alexander Harsch
- Department of Internal Medicine 2nd, Thuringia-Clinic Saalfeld, Teaching Hospital of the University of Jena, 68, D-07318 Jena, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Konturek
- Department of Internal Medicine 2nd, Thuringia-Clinic Saalfeld, Teaching Hospital of the University of Jena, 68, D-07318 Jena, Germany.
| | - Monic Schink
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Konturek
- Department of Medicine, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02135, USA.
| | - Markus F Neurath
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Yurdaguel Zopf
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Abstract
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is characterized by organ failure mediated by acute decompensation of cirrhosis. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of the gut-liver axis (GLS) and its association with ACLF pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms related to the alteration of the GLA and their involvement in ACLF pathogenesis and suggest some possible therapeutic options that could modulate the GLA dysfunction. This knowledge may provide information useful for the design of therapeutic strategies for gut dysbiosis and its complications in ACLF.
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SCARF-1 promotes adhesion of CD4 + T cells to human hepatic sinusoidal endothelium under conditions of shear stress. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17600. [PMID: 29242513 PMCID: PMC5730566 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17928-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver-resident cells are constantly exposed to gut-derived antigens via portal blood and, as a consequence, they express a unique repertoire of scavenger receptors. Whilst there is increasing evidence that the gut contributes to chronic inflammatory liver disease, the role of scavenger receptors in regulating liver inflammation remains limited. Here, we describe for the first time the expression of scavenger receptor class F, member 1 (SCARF-1) on hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HSEC). We report that SCARF-1 shows a highly localised expression pattern and co-localised with endothelial markers on sinusoidal endothelium. Analysis of chronically inflamed liver tissue demonstrated accumulation of SCARF-1 at sites of CD4+ T cell aggregation. We then studied the regulation and functional role of SCARF-1 in HSEC and showed that SCARF-1 expression by HSEC is regulated by proinflammatory cytokines and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Furthermore, SCARF-1 expression by HSEC, induced by proinflammatory and gut-derived factors acts as a novel adhesion molecule, present in adhesive cup structures, that specifically supports CD4+ T cells under conditions of physiological shear stress. In conclusion, we show that SCARF-1 contributes to lymphocyte subset adhesion to primary human HSEC and could play an important role in regulating the inflammatory response during chronic liver disease.
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Barron LK, Bao JW, Aladegbami BG, Colasanti JJ, Guo J, Erwin CR, Warner BW. Toll-like receptor 4 is critical for the development of resection-associated hepatic steatosis. J Pediatr Surg 2017; 52:1014-1019. [PMID: 28351520 PMCID: PMC5466889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2017.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant number of children with short bowel syndrome experience intestinal failure-associated liver disease. We recently demonstrated accelerated hepatic steatosis after 50% small bowel resection (SBR) in mice. Since SBR is associated with alterations in the gut microbiome, the purpose of this study was to determine whether TLR4 signaling is critical to the development of resection-associated hepatic steatosis. METHODS Male C57BL6 (control) and TLR4-knockout (KO) mice underwent 50% proximal SBR. Liver sections were analyzed to obtain the percent lipid content, and Ileal sections were assessed for morphological adaptation. Intestinal TLR4 mRNA expression was measured at 7days and 10weeks. RESULTS Compared to controls, TLR4 KO mice demonstrated similar weight gain and morphological adaptation after SBR. Hepatic steatosis was decreased 32-fold in the absence of TLR4. Intestinal TLR4 mRNA expression was significantly elevated 7days after SBR. We also found that TLR4 expression in the intestine was 20-fold higher in whole bowel sections compared with isolated enterocytes. CONCLUSIONS TLR4 signaling is critical for the development of resection-associated steatosis, but not involved in intestinal adaptation after massive SBR. Further studies are needed to delineate the mechanism for TLR4 signaling in the genesis of resection-associated liver injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Animal study, not clinical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren K Barron
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - James W Bao
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bola G Aladegbami
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jason J Colasanti
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jun Guo
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christopher R Erwin
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brad W Warner
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA; St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Cimini FA, Barchetta I, Carotti S, Bertoccini L, Baroni MG, Vespasiani-Gentilucci U, Cavallo MG, Morini S. Relationship between adipose tissue dysfunction, vitamin D deficiency and the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:3407-3417. [PMID: 28596677 PMCID: PMC5442077 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i19.3407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. Its pathogenesis is complex and not yet fully understood. Over the years many studies have proposed various pathophysiological hypotheses, among which the currently most widely accepted is the “multiple parallel hits” theory. According to this model, lipid accumulation in the hepatocytes and insulin resistance increase the vulnerability of the liver to many factors that act in a coordinated and cooperative manner to promote hepatic injury, inflammation and fibrosis. Among these factors, adipose tissue dysfunction and subsequent chronic low grade inflammation play a crucial role. Recent studies have shown that vitamin D exerts an immune-regulating action on adipose tissue, and the growing wealth of epidemiological data is demonstrating that hypovitaminosis D is associated with both obesity and NAFLD. Furthermore, given the strong association between these conditions, current findings suggest that vitamin D may be involved in the relationship between adipose tissue dysfunction and NAFLD. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of recent advances in the pathogenesis of NAFLD in relation to adipose tissue dysfunction, and in the pathophysiology linking vitamin D deficiency with NAFLD and adiposity, together with an overview of the evidence available on the clinical utility of vitamin D supplementation in cases of NAFLD.
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Khalsa J, Duffy LC, Riscuta G, Starke-Reed P, Hubbard VS. Omics for Understanding the Gut-Liver-Microbiome Axis and Precision Medicine. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2017; 6:176-185. [DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jag Khalsa
- National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda MD USA
| | - Linda C. Duffy
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda MD USA
| | - Gabriela Riscuta
- National Cancer Institute; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda MD USA
| | - Pamela Starke-Reed
- Agricultural Research Service; United States Department of Agriculture; Washington DC USA
| | - Van S. Hubbard
- Formerly National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda MD
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Porras D, Nistal E, Martínez-Flórez S, Pisonero-Vaquero S, Olcoz JL, Jover R, González-Gallego J, García-Mediavilla MV, Sánchez-Campos S. Protective effect of quercetin on high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice is mediated by modulating intestinal microbiota imbalance and related gut-liver axis activation. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 102:188-202. [PMID: 27890642 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota is involved in obesity, metabolic syndrome and the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It has been recently suggested that the flavonoid quercetin may have the ability to modulate the intestinal microbiota composition, suggesting a prebiotic capacity which highlights a great therapeutic potential in NAFLD. The present study aims to investigate benefits of experimental treatment with quercetin on gut microbial balance and related gut-liver axis activation in a nutritional animal model of NAFLD associated to obesity. C57BL/6J mice were challenged with high fat diet (HFD) supplemented or not with quercetin for 16 weeks. HFD induced obesity, metabolic syndrome and the development of hepatic steatosis as main hepatic histological finding. Increased accumulation of intrahepatic lipids was associated with altered gene expression related to lipid metabolism, as a result of deregulation of their major modulators. Quercetin supplementation decreased insulin resistance and NAFLD activity score, by reducing the intrahepatic lipid accumulation through its ability to modulate lipid metabolism gene expression, cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)-dependent lipoperoxidation and related lipotoxicity. Microbiota composition was determined via 16S ribosomal RNA Illumina next-generation sequencing. Metagenomic studies revealed HFD-dependent differences at phylum, class and genus levels leading to dysbiosis, characterized by an increase in Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and in Gram-negative bacteria, and a dramatically increased detection of Helicobacter genus. Dysbiosis was accompanied by endotoxemia, intestinal barrier dysfunction and gut-liver axis alteration and subsequent inflammatory gene overexpression. Dysbiosis-mediated toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4)-NF-κB signaling pathway activation was associated with inflammasome initiation response and reticulum stress pathway induction. Quercetin reverted gut microbiota imbalance and related endotoxemia-mediated TLR-4 pathway induction, with subsequent inhibition of inflammasome response and reticulum stress pathway activation, leading to the blockage of lipid metabolism gene expression deregulation. Our results support the suitability of quercetin as a therapeutic approach for obesity-associated NAFLD via its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and prebiotic integrative response.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Porras
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain.
| | - Esther Nistal
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain.
| | | | | | - José Luis Olcoz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Gastroenterology, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León, Spain.
| | - Ramiro Jover
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Javier González-Gallego
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Victoria García-Mediavilla
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sonia Sánchez-Campos
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Nehra V, Allen JM, Mailing LJ, Kashyap PC, Woods JA. Gut Microbiota: Modulation of Host Physiology in Obesity. Physiology (Bethesda) 2016; 31:327-35. [PMID: 27511459 PMCID: PMC5005265 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00005.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many factors are involved in weight gain and metabolic disturbances associated with obesity. The gut microbiota has been of particular interest in recent years, since both human and animal studies have increased our understanding of the delicate symbiosis between the trillions of microbes that reside in the GI tract and the host. It has been suggested that disruption of this mutual tolerance may play a significant role in modulating host physiology during obesity. Environmental influences such as diet, exercise, and early life exposures can significantly impact the composition of the microbiota, and this dysbiosis can in turn lead to increased host adiposity via a number of different mechanisms. The ability of the microbiota to regulate host fat deposition, metabolism, and immune function makes it an attractive target for achieving sustained weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Nehra
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;
| | - Jacob M Allen
- Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; and
| | - Lucy J Mailing
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois
| | - Purna C Kashyap
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jeffrey A Woods
- Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana Illinois
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