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Rahmasari R, Raekiansyah M, Aliyah SH, Yodi P, Baihaqy F, Irhamsyah M, Sari KCDP, Suryadi H, Moi ML, Sauriasari R. Development and validation of cost-effective SYBR Green-based RT-qPCR and its evaluation in a sample pooling strategy for detecting SARS-CoV-2 infection in the Indonesian setting. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1817. [PMID: 38245603 PMCID: PMC10799953 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52250-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
A low-cost SYBR Green-based RT-qPCR method to detect SARS-CoV-2 were developed and validated. Primers targeting a conserved and vital region of the N genes of SARS-CoV-2 were designed. In-silico study was performed to analyse the compatibility of the selected primer pair with Indonesian SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences available from the GISAID database. We determined the linearity of our new assay using serial dilution of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from clinical samples with known virus concentration. The assay was then evaluated using clinically relevant samples in comparison to a commercial TaqMan-based test kit. Finally, we applied the assay in sample pooling strategies for SARS-CoV-2 detection. The SYBR Green-based RT-qPCR method was successfully developed with sufficient sensitivity. There is a very low prevalence of genome variation in the selected N primer binding regions, indicating their high conservation. The validation of the assay using clinical samples demonstrated similar performance to the TaqMan method suggesting the SYBR methods is reliable. The pooling strategy by combining 5 RNA samples for SARS-CoV-2 detection using the SYBR RT-qPCR methods is feasible and provides a high diagnostic yield. However, when dealing with samples having a very low viral load, it may increase the risk of missing positive cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratika Rahmasari
- Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia.
| | | | - Siti Hana Aliyah
- Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Priska Yodi
- Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Fathan Baihaqy
- Helix Laboratory & Clinic, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences & Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Herman Suryadi
- Microbiology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Meng Ling Moi
- School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rani Sauriasari
- Clinical Pharmacy and Social Pharmacy Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
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2
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Shahrajabian MH, Sun W. The Significance and Importance of dPCR, qPCR, and SYBR Green PCR Kit in the Detection of Numerous Diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:169-179. [PMID: 38243947 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128276560231218090436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Digital PCR (dPCR) is the latest technique that has become commercially accessible for various types of research. This method uses Taq polymerase in a standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify a target DNA fragment from a complex sample, like quantitative PCR (qPCR) and droplet digital PCR (dd- PCR). ddPCR may facilitate microRNA (miRNA) measurement, particularly in liquid biopsy, because it has been proven to be more effective and sensitive, and in this method, ddPCR can provide an unprecedented chance for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation research because of its capability to increase sensitivity and precision over conventional PCR-based methods. qPCR has also been found to be a valuable standard technique to measure both copy DNA (cDNA) and genomic DNA (gDNA) levels, although the finding data can be significantly variable and non-reproducible without relevant validation and verification of both primers and samples. The SYBR green quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) method has been reported as an appropriate technique for quantitative detection and species discrimination, and has been applied profitably in different experiments to determine, quantify, and discriminate species. Although both TaqMan qRT-PCR and SYBR green qRT-PCR are sensitive and rapid, the SYBR green qRT-PCR assay is easy and the TaqMan qRT-PCR assay is specific but expensive due to the probe required. This review aimed to introduce dPCR, qPCR, SYBR green PCR kit, and digital PCR, compare them, and also introduce their advantages in the detection of different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hesam Shahrajabian
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
| | - Wenli Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100086, China
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3
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Samune Y, Saito A, Sasaki T, Koketsu R, Srimark N, Phadungsombat J, Yokoyama M, Kotani O, Sato H, Yamanaka A, Haga S, Okamoto T, Kurosu T, Nakayama EE, Shioda T. Genetic regions affecting the replication and pathogenicity of dengue virus type 2. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011885. [PMID: 38190404 PMCID: PMC10798627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease that has spread to over 100 countries. Its symptoms vary from the relatively mild acute febrile illness called dengue fever to the much more severe dengue shock syndrome. Dengue is caused by dengue virus (DENV), which belongs to the Flavivirus genus of the family Flaviviridae. There are four serotypes of DENV, i.e., DENV1 to DENV4, and each serotype is divided into distinct genotypes. Thailand is an endemic area where all four serotypes of DENV co-circulate. Genome sequencing of the DENV2 that was isolated in Thailand in 2016 and 2017 revealed the emergence of the Cosmopolitan genotype and its co-circulation with the Asian-I genotype. However, it was unclear whether different genotypes have different levels of viral replication and pathogenicity. Focus-forming assay (FFA) results showed that clinical isolates of these genotypes differed in focus size and proliferative capacity. Using circular polymerase extension reaction, we generated parental and chimeric viruses with swapped genes between these two DENV2 genotypes, and compared their focus sizes and infectivity titers using FFA. The results showed that the focus size was larger when the structural proteins and/or non-structural NS1-NS2B proteins were derived from the Cosmopolitan virus. The infectious titers were consistent with the focus sizes. Single-round infectious particle assay results confirmed that chimeric viruses with Cosmopolitan type structural proteins, particularly prM/E, had significantly increased luciferase activity. Replicon assay results showed that Cosmopolitan NS1-NS2B proteins had increased reporter gene expression levels. Furthermore, in interferon-receptor knock-out mice, viruses with Cosmopolitan structural and NS1-NS2B proteins had higher titers in the blood, and caused critical disease courses. These results suggested that differences in the sequences within the structural and NS1-NS2B proteins may be responsible for the differences in replication, pathogenicity, and infectivity between the Asian-I and Cosmopolitan viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Samune
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akatsuki Saito
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Sasaki
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Koketsu
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Narinee Srimark
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Juthamas Phadungsombat
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaru Yokoyama
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan
| | - Osamu Kotani
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan
| | - Hironori Sato
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamanaka
- Thailand-Japan Research Collaboration Center on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Saori Haga
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Okamoto
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kurosu
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Japan
| | - Emi E. Nakayama
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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4
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Balaraman V, Gaudreault NN, Trujillo JD, Indran SV, Wilson WC, Richt JA. RT-qPCR genotyping assays for differentiating Rift Valley fever phlebovirus strains. J Virol Methods 2023; 315:114693. [PMID: 36801236 PMCID: PMC10040438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) is an emerging, mosquito-borne, zoonotic pathogen. Real time RT-qPCR genotyping (GT) assays were developed to differentiate between two RVFV wild-type strains (128B-15 and SA01-1322) and a vaccine strain (MP-12). The GT assay uses a one-step RT-qPCR mix, with two different RVFV strain-specific primers (either forward or reverse) with long or short G/C tags and a common primer (either forward or reverse) for each of the 3 genomic segments. The GT assay produces PCR amplicons with unique melting temperatures that are resolved in a post PCR melt curve analysis for strain identification. Furthermore, a strain specific RT-qPCR (SS-PCR) assay was developed to allow for specific detection of low titer RVFV strains in mixed RVFV samples. Our data shows that the GT assays are capable of differentiating L, M, and S segments of RVFV strains 128B-15 versus MP-12, and 128B-15 versus SA01-1322. The SS-PCR assay results revealed that it can specifically amplify and detect a low titer MP-12 strain in mixed RVFV samples. Overall, these two novel assays are useful as screening tools for determining reassortment of the segmented RVFV genome during co-infections, and could be adapted and applied for other segmented pathogens of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velmurugan Balaraman
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Natasha N Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jessie D Trujillo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Sabarish V Indran
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - William C Wilson
- National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States.
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5
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Kim J, Lim TY, Park J, Jang YS. Recombinant Protein Mimicking the Antigenic Structure of the Viral Surface Envelope Protein Reinforces Induction of an Antigen-Specific and Virus-Neutralizing Immune Response Against Dengue Virus. J Microbiol 2023; 61:131-143. [PMID: 36723792 PMCID: PMC9890423 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV), belonging to the family Flaviviridae, is the causative agent of dengue and comprises four serotypes. A second heterologous DENV infection is a critical risk factor for severe dengue, and no effective vaccine is available to prevent infection by all four DENV serotypes. Recombinant DENV vaccines are primarily based on the envelope proteins, prM and E. The E protein and its envelope domain III (EDIII) have been investigated as candidate antigens (Ags) for recombinant subunit vaccines. However, most EDIII-based Ags are monomers that do not display the cognate antigenic structure of E protein, which is essential for induction of virus-neutralizing immunity. Here, we developed recombinant DENV-2 envelope domain (r2ED) protein as an Ag that mimics the quaternary structure of E protein on the DENV surface. We confirmed that r2ED retained the conformational epitope displayed at the E-dimer interface, which reportedly exhibits broad virus-neutralizing capacity, without displaying the fusion loop epitope that causes antibody (Ab)-dependent enhancement. Furthermore, compared with EDIII alone, r2ED elicited stronger Ag-specific and cross-reactive neutralizing Ab and T cell-mediated immune responses in mice. This Ag-specific immunity was maintained at an elevated level 6 months after the last immunization, suggesting sustained Ag-specific immune memory. Taken together, these observations suggest that r2ED could be used to develop an improved subunit vaccine capable of inducing a broadly cross-reactive and long-lasting immune response against DENV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Young Lim
- Innovative Research and Education Center for Integrated Bioactive Materials and the Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896 Republic of Korea ,Present Address: Genexine Inc, Seoul, 07789 Republic of Korea
| | - Jisang Park
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896 Republic of Korea ,Innovative Research and Education Center for Integrated Bioactive Materials and the Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Suk Jang
- Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea. .,Innovative Research and Education Center for Integrated Bioactive Materials and the Department of Bioactive Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Bioactive Material Sciences and Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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6
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He L, Sun W, Yang L, Liu W, Li J. A multiple-target mRNA-LNP vaccine induces protective immunity against experimental multi-serotype DENV in mice. Virol Sin 2022; 37:746-757. [PMID: 35835315 PMCID: PMC9583182 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a mosquito-borne virus with a rapid spread to humans, causing mild to potentially fatal illness in hundreds of millions of people each year. Due to the large number of serotypes of the virus, there remains an unmet need to develop protective vaccines for a broad spectrum of the virus. Here, we constructed a modified mRNA vaccine containing envelope domain III (E-DIII) and non-structural protein 1 (NS1) coated with lipid nanoparticles. This multi-target vaccine induced a robust antiviral immune response and increased neutralizing antibody titers that blocked all four types of DENV infection in vitro without significant antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). In addition, there was more bias for Th1 than Th2 in the exact E-DIII and NS1-specific T cell responses after a single injection. Importantly, intramuscular immunization limited DENV transmission in vivo and eliminated vascular leakage. Our findings highlight that chimeric allogeneic structural and non-structural proteins can be effective targets for DENV vaccine and that they can prevent the further development of congenital DENV syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenqiang Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
| | - Limin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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7
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Dorlass EG, Monteiro CO, Viana AO, Soares CP, Machado RRG, Thomazelli LM, Araujo DB, Leal FB, Candido ED, Telezynski BL, Valério CA, Chalup VN, Mello R, Almeida FJ, Aguiar AS, Barrientos ACM, Sucupira C, De Paulis M, Sáfadi MAP, Silva DGBP, Sodré JJM, Soledade MP, Matos SF, Ferreira SR, Pinez CMN, Buonafine CP, Pieroni LNF, Malta FM, Santana RAF, Souza EC, Fock RA, Pinho JRR, Ferreira LCS, Botosso VF, Durigon EL, Oliveira DBL. Lower cost alternatives for molecular diagnosis of COVID-19: conventional RT-PCR and SYBR Green-based RT-qPCR. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:1117-1123. [PMID: 32767275 PMCID: PMC7411266 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In March 2020, WHO declared a pandemic state due to SARS-CoV-2 having spread. TaqMan-based real-time RT-qPCR is currently the gold standard for COVID-19 diagnosis. However, it is a high-cost assay, inaccessible for the majority of laboratories around the world, making it difficult to diagnose on a large scale. The objective of this study was to standardize lower cost molecular methods for SARS-CoV-2 identification. E gene primers previously determined for TaqMan assays by Colman et al. (2020) were adapted in SYBR Green assay and RT-PCR conventional. The cross-reactivity test was performed with 17 positive samples for other respiratory viruses, and the sensibility test was performed with 8 dilutions (10 based) of SARS-CoV-2 isolated and 63 SARS-CoV-2-positive samples. The SYBR Green assays and conventional RT-PCR have not shown amplification of the 17 respiratory samples positives for other viruses. The SYBR Green-based assay was able to detect all 8 dilutions of the isolate. The conventional PCR detected until 107 dilution, both assays detected the majority of the 63 samples, 98.42% of positivity in SYBR Green, and 93% in conventional PCR. The average Ct variation between SYBR Green and TaqMan was 1.92 and the highest Ct detected by conventional PCR was 35.98. Both of the proposed assays are less sensitive than the current gold standard; however, our data shows a low sensibility variation, suggesting that these methods could be used by laboratories as a lower cost molecular method for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Gustavo Dorlass
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cairo Oliveira Monteiro
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Oliveira Viana
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Pereira Soares
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Danielle Bastos Araujo
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabyano Bruno Leal
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Development and Innovation Center, Laboratory of Virology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erika Donizette Candido
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Larotonda Telezynski
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Araujo Valério
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Nascimento Chalup
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ralyria Mello
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flavia Jaqueline Almeida
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andressa Simões Aguiar
- Infection Control Service, São Luiz Gonzaga Hospital of Santa Casa de Misericordia of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Infection Control Service and Epidemiological Hospital Nucleo, Municipal Children's Hospital Candido Fontoura, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Sucupira
- Infection Control Service and Epidemiological Hospital Nucleo, Municipal Children's Hospital Candido Fontoura, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milena De Paulis
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Palazzi Sáfadi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mariana Pereira Soledade
- Infection Control Service and Epidemiological Hospital Nucleo, Municipal Children's Hospital Candido Fontoura, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samantha Faria Matos
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Célia Miranda Nunez Pinez
- Clinical Laboratory Division, Pharmacy and Clinical Laboratory Department, University Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Palamin Buonafine
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Eloisa Corrêa Souza
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ambrosio Fock
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Clinical Laboratory Division, Pharmacy and Clinical Laboratory Department, University Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Renato Rebelo Pinho
- Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.,LIM03/07 Clinics Hospital, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luís Carlos Souza Ferreira
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Viviane Fongaro Botosso
- Development and Innovation Center, Laboratory of Virology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Scientific Platform Pasteur USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danielle Bruna Leal Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Development and Innovation Center, Laboratory of Virology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Clinical and Molecular Virology Laboratory, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil.
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8
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Shimizu H, Saito A, Mikuni J, Nakayama EE, Koyama H, Honma T, Shirouzu M, Sekine SI, Shioda T. Discovery of a small molecule inhibitor targeting dengue virus NS5 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007894. [PMID: 31738758 PMCID: PMC6886872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection that has spread globally in recent years. Around half of the world's population, especially in the tropics and subtropics, is at risk of infection. Every year, 50-100 million clinical cases are reported, and more than 500,000 patients develop the symptoms of severe dengue infection: dengue haemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome, which threaten life in Asia and Latin America. No antiviral drug for dengue is available. The dengue virus (DENV) non-structural protein 5 (NS5), which possesses the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) activity and is responsible for viral replication and transcription, is an attractive target for anti-dengue drug development. In the present study, 16,240 small-molecule compounds in a fragment library were screened for their capabilities to inhibit the DENV type 2 (DENV2) RdRp activities in vitro. Based on in cellulo antiviral and cytotoxity assays, we selected the compound RK-0404678 with the EC50 value of 6.0 μM for DENV2. Crystallographic analyses revealed two unique binding sites for RK-0404678 within the RdRp, which are conserved in flavivirus NS5 proteins. No resistant viruses emerged after nine rounds of serial passage of DENV2 in the presence of RK-0404678, suggesting the high genetic barrier of this compound to the emergence of a resistant virus. Collectively, RK-0404678 and its binding sites provide a new framework for antiviral drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Shimizu
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akatsuki Saito
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junko Mikuni
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Emi E. Nakayama
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroo Koyama
- Drug Discovery Chemistry Platform Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Teruki Honma
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mikako Shirouzu
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shun-ichi Sekine
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
- * E-mail: (SS); (TS)
| | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (SS); (TS)
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9
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Zhou H, Lei Y, Wang P, Liu M, Hu X. Development of SYBR Green real-time PCR and nested RT-PCR for the detection of Potato Mop-top Virus (PMTV) and viral surveys in Progeny tubers derived from PMTV infected Potato tubers. Mol Cell Probes 2019; 47:101438. [PMID: 31422073 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2019.101438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a new SYBR Green qPCR (qRT-PCR) and a nested RT-PCR (nRT-PCR) were developed to detect Potato mop-top virus (PMTV) in potato tuber tissues. The SYBR Green qRT-PCR and nRT-PCR assays were approximately 104- and 103- fold more sensitive than the conventional RT-PCR assay. The progeny tubers derived from PMTV-infected potato tubers were tested by conventional RT-PCR, SYBR Green qRT-PCR and nRT-PCR assays. Of the 17 samples, 9 (52.9%) were positive for PMTV by conventional RT-PCR, 11 (64.7%) were positive by nRT-PCR, and 17 (100%) were positive by SYBR Green qRT-PCR. Compared to nRT-PCR, SYBR Green qRT-PCR was showed to be more sensitive. The progeny plants exhibited foliar symptoms including chlorosis and reduction in leaf size when the PMTV-positive tubers were planted in a growth chamber at 20-22 °C. These findings suggest that PMTV has been passed on to the progeny plants and tubers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualan Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Potatoes, Collaborative Innovation Center of Grain and Oil Crops in South China, College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Yan Lei
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Potatoes, Collaborative Innovation Center of Grain and Oil Crops in South China, College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Potatoes, Collaborative Innovation Center of Grain and Oil Crops in South China, College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Mingyue Liu
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Potatoes, Collaborative Innovation Center of Grain and Oil Crops in South China, College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Xinxi Hu
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Potatoes, Collaborative Innovation Center of Grain and Oil Crops in South China, College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.
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Sekaran SD, Soe HJ. Issues in contemporary and potential future molecular diagnostics for dengue. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2016; 17:217-223. [PMID: 28004604 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2017.1275963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dengue has been the most common arbovirus infection worldwide with 2.5 billion people living in over 100 endemic tropical and subtropical regions. Due to the high number of asymptomatic cases and the signs and symptoms being rather unspecific, dengue cases are often under-reported and might influence dengue surveillance programs. Therefore, a rapid, easy to use, inexpensive, and highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tool is essential for early and accurate diagnosis to ease the clinical management of patients as well as for the development of new interventions. Areas covered: This report discusses the contemporary dengue diagnostic tool, mainly from the aspect of molecular diagnosis where an overview of several nuclei acid amplification tests has been included. Potential molecular diagnostic tools such as biosensor and microarray are also discussed in this report. Expert commentary: Rapidness and accuracy in terms of sensitivity and specificity is imperative in dengue diagnosis for both clinical management and surveillance of dengue to ensure early treatment and corrective control measures can be carried out. In the next five years it is expected that there will be newer tests developed using not only the lateral flow techniques but more specifically biosensors and nanotechnology. These new technologies will have to be validated with the appropriate number and category of samples and to address the issue of cross-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamala Devi Sekaran
- a Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
| | - Hui Jen Soe
- a Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine , University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
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11
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Sakudo A, Viswan A, Chou H, Sasaki T, Ikuta K, Nagatsu M. Capture of dengue viruses using antibody-integrated graphite-encapsulated magnetic beads produced using gas plasma technology. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:697-704. [PMID: 27221214 PMCID: PMC4918612 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances in medicine, global health is threatened by emerging infectious diseases caused by a number of viruses. Dengue virus (DENV) is a mosquito-borne virus, which can be transmitted to humans via mosquito vectors. Previously, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in Japan reported the country's first domestically acquired case of dengue fever for almost 70 years. To address this issue, it is important to develop novel technologies for the sensitive detection of DENV. The present study reported on the development of plasma-functionalized, graphite-encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles (GrMNPs) conjugated with anti-DENV antibody for DENV capture. Radiofrequency wave-excited inductively-coupled Ar and ammonia gas plasmas were used to introduce amino groups onto the surface of the GrMNPs. The GrMNPs were then conjugated with an antibody against DENV, and the antibody-integrated magnetic beads were assessed for their ability to capture DENV. Beads incubated in a cell culture medium of DENV-infected mosquito cells were separated from the supernatant by applying a magnetic field and were then washed. The adsorption of DENV serotypes 1–4 onto the beads was confirmed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, which detected the presence of DENV genomic RNA on the GrMNPs. The methodology described in the present study, which employed the plasma-functionalization of GrMNPs to enable antibody-integration, represents a significant improvement in the detection of DENV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akikazu Sakudo
- Laboratory of Biometabolic Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903‑0215, Japan
| | - Anchu Viswan
- Department of Nanovision Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Naka‑Ku, Hamamatsu 432‑8561, Japan
| | - Han Chou
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Shizuoka University, Naka‑Ku, Hamamatsu 432‑8561, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Sasaki
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Ikuta
- Department of Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565‑0871, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nagatsu
- Department of Nanovision Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Naka‑Ku, Hamamatsu 432‑8561, Japan
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Yang Y, Garver LS, Bingham KM, Hang J, Jochim RC, Davidson SA, Richardson JH, Jarman RG. Feasibility of Using the Mosquito Blood Meal for Rapid and Efficient Human and Animal Virus Surveillance and Discovery. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:1377-82. [PMID: 26416112 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito blood meals taken from humans and animals potentially represent a useful source of blood for the detection of blood-borne pathogens. In this feasibility study, Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes were fed with blood meals spiked with dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) and harvested at serial time points. These mosquitoes are not competent vectors, and the virus is not expected to replicate. Ingested blood was spotted on Whatman FTA cards and stored at room temperature. Mosquito abdomens were removed and stored at -80°C. Control blood meal aliquots were stored in vials or applied onto FTA cards. After 4 weeks of storage, the samples were extracted using beadbeating and QIAamp Viral RNA kit (Qiagen Sciences, Germantown, MD). Recovered viral RNA was analyzed by DENV-2 TaqMan RT-PCR assay and next-generation sequencing (NGS). Overall viral RNA recovery efficiency was 15% from the directly applied dried blood spots and approximately 20% or higher for dried blood spots made by blotting mosquito midgut on FTA cards. Viral RNA in mosquito-ingested blood decreases over time, but remains detectable 24 hours after blood feeding. The viral sequences in FTA-stored specimens can be maintained at room temperature. The strategy has the potential utility in expedited zoonotic virus discovery and blood-borne pathogen surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Lindsey S Garver
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Karen M Bingham
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Jun Hang
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Ryan C Jochim
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Silas A Davidson
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Jason H Richardson
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Richard G Jarman
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland; Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
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13
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Najioullah F, Viron F, Césaire R. Evaluation of four commercial real-time RT-PCR kits for the detection of dengue viruses in clinical samples. Virol J 2014; 11:164. [PMID: 25219286 PMCID: PMC4177702 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue is the most frequent arthropod-borne viral disease worldwide. Because dengue manifestations are similar to those of many other febrile syndromes, the availability of dengue-specific laboratory tests is useful for the differential diagnosis. Timely and accurate diagnosis of dengue virus (DENV) infection is important for appropriate management of complications, pathophysiological studies, epidemiological investigations and optimization of vector-control measures. Several “in-house” reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods have been developed to detect, type and/or quantify DENV. Standardized dengue RT-PCR kits with internal controls have been recently introduced, but need clinical evaluation. We assessed the performances of 4 commercial DENV real-time RT-PCR kits. Findings The 4 kits were evaluated using a panel of 162 samples positive with an existing in-place hemi-nested RT-PCR used for routine DENV-infection diagnosis in patients with acute-febrile disease. The panel included 46 DENV-1, 37 DENV-2, 33 DENV-3, and 46 DENV-4. Also, 70 negative serum specimens were used to determine specificity. Geno-Sen’s Dengue 1–4 Real-Time RT-PCR kit was the only assay to provide quantification using standards, but lacked sensitivity for DENV-4 detection. The SimplexaTM Dengue RT-PCR assay, with 151 (93.2% [95% confidence interval, 89.3–97.1]) positive samples, had significantly higher sensitivity than the other 3 kits; in a complementary evaluation of 111 consecutive patients’ samples, its performance and genotyping agreed with the hemi-nested gold-standard assay. Conclusions The SimplexaTM Dengue RT-PCR’s good performance to detect and genotype DENV1–4 requires further evaluation in multicenter and prospective studies, particularly in settings of clinical diagnosis during dengue outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatiha Najioullah
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Fort-de-France, and EA 4537, Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Martinique, France.
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A DNA microarray-based assay to detect dual infection with two dengue virus serotypes. SENSORS 2014; 14:7580-601. [PMID: 24776933 PMCID: PMC4063023 DOI: 10.3390/s140507580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Here; we have described and tested a microarray based-method for the screening of dengue virus (DENV) serotypes. This DNA microarray assay is specific and sensitive and can detect dual infections with two dengue virus serotypes and single-serotype infections. Other methodologies may underestimate samples containing more than one serotype. This technology can be used to discriminate between the four DENV serotypes. Single-stranded DNA targets were covalently attached to glass slides and hybridised with specific labelled probes. DENV isolates and dengue samples were used to evaluate microarray performance. Our results demonstrate that the probes hybridized specifically to DENV serotypes; with no detection of unspecific signals. This finding provides evidence that specific probes can effectively identify single and double infections in DENV samples.
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Becker CE, Kretzmann NA, Mattos AAD, Veiga ABGD. Melting curve analysis for the screening of hepatitis B virus genotypes A, D and F in patients from a general hospital in southern Brazil. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2014; 50:219-25. [PMID: 24322195 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-28032013000200039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hepatitis B virus (HBV) can cause fulminant hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and is one of the most common causes of acute and chronic liver failure. The genetic variants of HBV can be decisive for the evolution of these diseases as well as for the election of therapy. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate and standardize an in house methodology based on the analysis of the melting curve polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of real-time (qPCR) to screen for genotypes A, D and F of HBV in patients from a hospital in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. METHODS We evaluated 104 patients presumably with HBV chronic infection. Viral DNA was extracted from plasma and viral genotypes and different mutations were determined using PCR-based protocols. RESULTS A PCR-based methodology was standardized for the analysis of genotypes A, D and F of HBV. The technique was based in a nested PCR with the final step consisting of a multiplex real-time PCR, using the melting curve as a tool for the differentiation of fragments. A higher frequency of genotype D (44.4%), followed by genotype A (22.2%) and genotype F (3.7%) was observed. CONCLUSION The standardized assay, a nested PCR-multiplex qPCR using specific primers, provides a rapid and accurate method for the differentiation of HBV genotypes that are more frequent in Southern Brazil - A, D and F. This method can be applied in the clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Becker
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina: Hepatologia
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Gholami K, Muniandy S, Salleh N. Modulation of sodium-bicarbonate co-transporter (SLC4A4/NBCe1) protein and mRNA expression in rat's uteri by sex-steroids and at different phases of the oestrous cycle. Res Vet Sci 2013; 96:164-70. [PMID: 24295739 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Oestrogen-induced uterine fluid sodium (Na(+)) and bicarbonate (HCO3(-)) secretion may involve SLC4A4. We hypothesized that uterine SLC4A4 expression changes under different sex-steroid influence, therefore may account for the fluctuation in uterine fluid Na(+) and HCO3(-) content throughout the oestrous cycle. The aim of this study is to investigate the differential effects of sex-steroids and oestrous cycle phases on uterine SLC4A4 expression. METHODS Adult female WKY rats were ovariectomised and treated with different doses of 17β-oestradiol (E2) (0.2, 2, 20 and 50 μg/ml/day) or progesterone (P4) (4 mg/ml/day) for three consecutive days and 3 days treatment with 0.2 μg/ml/day E2 followed by another 3 days with P4 to mimic the hormonal changes in early pregnancy. Oestrous cycle phases in intact, non-ovariectomised rats were determined by vaginal smear. The animals were then sacrificed and uteri were removed for protein and mRNA expression analyses by Western blotting and Real Time PCR, respectively. SLC4A4 distribution was observed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Treatment with increasing E2 doses resulted in a dose-dependent increase in SLC4A4 protein expression. High SLC4A4 protein and mRNA expression can be seen at estrus. SLC4A4 is distributed mainly at the apical as well as basolateral membranes of the luminal and glandular epithelia following E2 treatment and at Es. Meanwhile, SLC4A4 expression was reduced following P4 treatment and was low at diestrus. CONCLUSION High SLC4A4 expression under estrogen dominance may contribute to the increase in uterine fluid Na(+) and HCO3(-) content, while its low expression under P4 dominance may result in vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Gholami
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sekaran Muniandy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Naguib Salleh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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