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Chung IH, Huang YS, Fang TH, Chen CH. Whole Genome Sequencing Revealed Inherited Rare Oligogenic Variants Contributing to Schizophrenia and Major Depressive Disorder in Two Families. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11777. [PMID: 37511534 PMCID: PMC10380944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia and affective disorder are two major complex mental disorders with high heritability. Evidence shows that rare variants with significant clinical impacts contribute to the genetic liability of these two disorders. Also, rare variants associated with schizophrenia and affective disorders are highly personalized; each patient may carry different variants. We used whole genome sequencing analysis to study the genetic basis of two families with schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. We did not detect de novo, autosomal dominant, or recessive pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants associated with psychiatric disorders in these two families. Nevertheless, we identified multiple rare inherited variants with unknown significance in the probands. In family 1, with singleton schizophrenia, we detected four rare variants in genes implicated in schizophrenia, including p.Arg1627Trp of LAMA2, p.Pro1338Ser of CSMD1, p.Arg691Gly of TLR4, and Arg182X of AGTR2. The p.Arg691Gly of TLR4 was inherited from the father, while the other three were inherited from the mother. In family 2, with two affected sisters diagnosed with major depressive disorder, we detected three rare variants shared by the two sisters in three genes implicated in affective disorders, including p.Ala4551Gly of FAT1, p.Val231Leu of HOMER3, and p.Ile185Met of GPM6B. These three rare variants were assumed to be inherited from their parents. Prompted by these findings, we suggest that these rare inherited variants may interact with each other and lead to psychiatric conditions in these two families. Our observations support the conclusion that inherited rare variants may contribute to the heritability of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hang Chung
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shu Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Hsuan Fang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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Kanwal A, Sheikh SA, Iftikhar A, Naz S, Pardo JV. Preliminary studies on apparent mendelian psychotic disorders in consanguineous families. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:709. [PMID: 36384485 PMCID: PMC9667425 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04304-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychiatric disorders are characterized by alteration in emotions, mood and behavior. Genetics is known to play a significant role in the development of psychiatric disorders. Genome-wide association studies have identified several loci associated with psychiatric illnesses. We hypothesize the existence of rare variants following Mendelian recessive mode of inheritance. These variants can be identified in families with multiple affected individuals born to unaffected consanguineous parents. METHODS We visited psychiatric outpatient departments of multiple hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan. We focused on psychosis, as it can occur in several DSM disorders such as schizophrenia, dementia and bipolar disorder. After clinical diagnosis by an American trained psychiatrist, detailed clinical assessments using Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS), Diagnostic Interview for Psychosis and Affective Disorders (DI-PAD), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Hamilton Depression and Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-D; HAM-A) were administered to all willing affected and unaffected participants. RESULTS We identified eight pedigrees with two or more psychotic individuals in each family. Clinical diagnoses determined by their psychiatrists included ten individuals with schizophrenia; four individuals with psychosis and bipolar disorder; and two patients with "unspecified psychosis." The rating instruments rigorously confirmed the diagnosis of psychosis in the affected patients from the six families as well as the absence of psychotic disorders in unaffected individuals from the six families. We obtained DNA samples from willing members of all eight families for future genetic analyses. CONCLUSION Our research highlights an alternative approach to discovery of rare recessively inherited genetic variants causing psychiatric disorders that have remained unidentified to date. These findings could illuminate underlying biological mechanisms leading toward development of targeted therapies in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambreen Kanwal
- grid.11173.350000 0001 0670 519XSchool of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam campus, 54590 Lahore, Lahore Pakistan
| | | | - Amina Iftikhar
- Rainbow Obesity and Eating Disorders Centre, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sadaf Naz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam campus, 54590, Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - José V. Pardo
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA ,grid.410394.b0000 0004 0419 8667Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN USA
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Sager REH, Walker AK, Middleton F, Robinson K, Webster MJ, Weickert CS. Trajectory of change in brain complement factors from neonatal to young adult humans. J Neurochem 2020; 157:479-493. [PMID: 33190236 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Immune system components also regulate synapse formation and refinement in neurodevelopment. The complement pathway, associated with cell lysis and phagocytosis, is implicated in synaptic elimination. Aberrant adolescent synaptic pruning may underpin schizophrenia onset; thus, changes in cortical complement activity during human development are of major interest. Complement is genetically linked to schizophrenia via increased C4 copy number variants, but the developmental trajectory of complement expression in the human brain is undetermined. As complement increases during periods of active synaptic engulfment in rodents, we hypothesized that complement expression would increase during postnatal development in humans, particularly during adolescence. Using human postmortem prefrontal cortex, we observed that complement activator (C1QB and C3) transcripts peaked in early neurodevelopment, and were highest in toddlers, declining in teenagers (all ANCOVAs between F = 2.41 -3.325, p = .01-0.05). We found that C4 protein was higher at 1-5 years (H = 16.378, p = .012), whereas C3 protein levels were unchanged with age. The microglial complement receptor subunit CD11b increased in mRNA early in life and peaked in the toddler brain (ANCOVA: pH, F = 4.186, p = .003). Complement inhibitors (CD46 and CD55) increased at school age, but failed to decrease like complement activators (both ANCOVAs, F > 4.4, p < .01). These data suggest the activation of complement in the human prefrontal cortex occurs between 1 and 5 years. We did not find evidence of induction of complement factors during adolescence and instead found increased or sustained levels of complement inhibitor mRNA at maturation. Dysregulation of these typical patterns of complement may predispose the brain to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism or schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E H Sager
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Adam K Walker
- Laboratory of Immunopsychiatry, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Frank Middleton
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Kate Robinson
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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De novo deleterious variants that may alter the dopaminergic reward pathway are associated with anorexia nervosa. Eat Weight Disord 2020; 25:1643-1650. [PMID: 31664672 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-019-00802-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder presenting with dangerously low body weight, and a deep and persistent fear of gaining weight. Up to now, four genome-wide association studies of AN have been conducted to date and identified only few significant loci. However, both previous studies focused on common variation and on rare exonic variants. Currently, de novo variants are one of the most significant risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders and psychiatric disorders. METHODS We analyzed by whole exome sequencing a cohort of nine female AN individuals and their parents (mother and father), and focused our analysis on de novo variants. RESULTS Here, we found seven de novo missense variants in potential genes in nine studied AN patients. Four of these genes (CSMD1, CREB3, PTPRD and GAB1) belong to a same signaling pathway involving neuron differentiation and dopamine pathway. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a list of interesting genes such as CSDM1 and CREB3 that are candidates to be involved in the etiology of anorexia nervosa. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE basic research.
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Hanif F, Amir QUA, Washdev W, Bilwani F, Simjee SU, Haque Z. A Novel Variant in Dopamine Receptor Type 2 Gene is Associated with Schizophrenia. Arch Med Res 2020; 52:348-353. [PMID: 33187731 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Being the primary target of antipsychotic therapy, dopamine receptor type 2 (DRD2) remains a point of interest in schizophrenia pathology. Polymorphisms in DRD2 have been shown to alter patients' response to antipsychotics. DRD2 SNP rs6275 (C>T) have found to be associated with schizophrenia in different populations; however, data remains inconsistent. AIM OF THE STUDY Keeping in view the genetic diversity the present study was aimed to explore association of rs6275 with schizophrenia in population from Pakistan. METHOD Using Diagnostic and statistical Manual 5 (DSM 5) criteria, 100 schizophrenia cases and 100 controls (individuals without any psychiatric illness) were enrolled in the study. Severity of illness was determined using PANSS score. Genotyping was done via Sanger sequencing. MEGA-X was used to align the sequences, Expasy translate tool was used to translate nucleotide sequences. Difference in genotype and allele frequencies between cases and controls was determined using χ2 test. RESULT No significant difference in genotype or allele frequencies of rs6275 (p >0.0.5) was found between cases and controls. Interestingly, a novel SNP (C>A, Pro297Thr) was spotted during electropherogram analysis at position chr11:113412805. Significant difference was found in genotype and allele frequency of this novel SNP among schizophrenia cases and controls (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION No association of rs6275 was observed with schizophrenia in Pakistani population. However, the study found significant association of a novel missense SNP of DRD2 at chr11:113412805 (C>T) with schizophrenia in Pakistani population. A large-scale multicenter study will be required to confirm the association of this novel SNP with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farina Hanif
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, OJHA Campus, SUPARCO Road, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Qurat-Ul-Ain Amir
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, OJHA Campus, SUPARCO Road, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Washdev Washdev
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, OJHA Campus SUPARCO Road, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Fareena Bilwani
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shabana Usman Simjee
- H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zeba Haque
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, OJHA Campus, SUPARCO Road, Karachi, Pakistan
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Liu YP, Wu X, Xia X, Yao J, Wang BJ. The genome-wide supported CACNA1C gene polymorphisms and the risk of schizophrenia: an updated meta-analysis. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:159. [PMID: 32770953 PMCID: PMC7414708 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-01084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background The CACNA1C gene was defined as a risk gene for schizophrenia in a large genome-wide association study of European ancestry performed by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Previous meta-analyses focused on the association between the CACNA1C gene rs1006737 and schizophrenia. The present study focused on whether there was an ancestral difference in the effect of the CACNA1C gene rs1006737 on schizophrenia. rs2007044 and rs4765905 were analyzed for their effect on the risk of schizophrenia. Methods Pooled, subgroup, sensitivity, and publication bias analysis were conducted. Results A total of 18 studies met the inclusion criteria, including fourteen rs1006737 studies (15,213 cases, 19,412 controls), three rs2007044 studies (6007 cases, 6518 controls), and two rs4765905 studies (2435 cases, 2639 controls). An allele model study also related rs2007044 and rs4765905 to schizophrenia. The overall meta-analysis for rs1006737, which included the allele contrast, dominant, recessive, codominance, and complete overdominance models, showed significant differences between rs1006737 and schizophrenia. However, the ancestral-based subgroup analysis for rs1006737 found that the genotypes GG and GG + GA were only protective factors for schizophrenia in Europeans. In contrast, the rs1006737 GA genotype only reduced the risk of schizophrenia in Asians. Conclusions Rs1006737, rs2007044, and rs4765905 of the CACNA1C gene were associated with susceptibility to schizophrenia. However, the influence model for rs1006737 on schizophrenia in Asians and Europeans demonstrated both similarities and differences between the two ancestors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ping Liu
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Xue Wu
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Xi Xia
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Jun Yao
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, China.
| | - Bao-Jie Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, 110122, China.
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Liu H, Barnes J, Pedrosa E, Herman NS, Salas F, Wang P, Zheng D, Lachman HM. Transcriptome analysis of neural progenitor cells derived from Lowe syndrome induced pluripotent stem cells: identification of candidate genes for the neurodevelopmental and eye manifestations. J Neurodev Disord 2020; 12:14. [PMID: 32393163 PMCID: PMC7212686 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-020-09317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lowe syndrome (LS) is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the X-linked gene OCRL, which codes for an inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase that plays a key role in endosome recycling, clathrin-coated pit formation, and actin polymerization. It is characterized by congenital cataracts, intellectual and developmental disability, and renal proximal tubular dysfunction. Patients are also at high risk for developing glaucoma and seizures. We recently developed induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from three patients with LS who have hypomorphic variants affecting the 3' end of the gene, and their neurotypical brothers to serve as controls. METHODS In this study, we used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to obtain transcriptome profiles in LS and control neural progenitor cells (NPCs). RESULTS In a comparison of the patient and control NPCs (n = 3), we found 16 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at the multiple test adjusted p value (padj) < 0.1, with nine at padj < 0.05. Using nominal p value < 0.05, 319 DEGs were detected. The relatively small number of DEGs could be due to the fact that OCRL is not a transcription factor per se, although it could have secondary effects on gene expression through several different mechanisms. Although the number of DEGs passing multiple test correction was small, those that were found are quite consistent with some of the known molecular effects of OCRL protein, and the clinical manifestations of LS. Furthermore, using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), we found that genes increased expression in the patient NPCs showed enrichments of several gene ontology (GO) terms (false discovery rate < 0.25): telencephalon development, pallium development, NPC proliferation, and cortex development, which are consistent with a condition characterized by intellectual disabilities and psychiatric manifestations. In addition, a significant enrichment among the nominal DEGs for genes implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was found (e.g., AFF2, DNER, DPP6, DPP10, RELN, CACNA1C), as well as several that are strong candidate genes for the development of eye problems found in LS, including glaucoma. The most notable example is EFEMP1, a well-known candidate gene for glaucoma and other eye pathologies. CONCLUSION Overall, the RNA-seq findings present several candidate genes that could help explain the underlying basis for the neurodevelopmental and eye problems seen in boys with LS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hequn Liu
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jesse Barnes
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Erika Pedrosa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Nathaniel S. Herman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Franklin Salas
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Dominick P Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Herbert M. Lachman
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Dominick P Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Rs1625579 polymorphism in the MIR137 gene is associated with the risk of schizophrenia: updated meta-analysis. Neurosci Lett 2019; 713:134535. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Psychiatric Genetics, Epigenetics, and Cellular Models in Coming Years. JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND BRAIN SCIENCE 2019; 4. [PMID: 31608310 PMCID: PMC6788748 DOI: 10.20900/jpbs.20190012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric genetic studies have uncovered hundreds of loci associated with various psychiatric disorders. We take the opportunity to review achievements in the past and provide our view of what is coming in the fields of molecular genetics, epigenetics, and cellular models. We expect that SNP-array and sequencing-based studies of genetic associations will continue to expand, covering more disorders, drug responses, phenotypes, and diverse populations. Epigenetic studies of psychiatric disorders will be another promising field with the growing recognition that environmental factors impact the risk for psychiatric disorders by modulating epigenetic factors. Functional studies of genetic findings will be needed in cellular models to provide important connections between genetic and epigenetic variants and biological phenotypes.
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Zhu D, Yin J, Liang C, Luo X, Lv D, Dai Z, Xiong S, Fu J, Li Y, Lin J, Lin Z, Wang Y, Ma G. CACNA1C (rs1006737) may be a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia: An updated meta-analysis. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01292. [PMID: 31033230 PMCID: PMC6576147 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness with a genetic predisposition. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified the α-1C subunit of the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (CACNA1C) gene as a significant risk gene for schizophrenia. However, there are inconsistent conclusions in case-control studies. METHODS We performed a comprehensive meta-analysis of all available samples from existing studies under four different genetic models (recessive model, dominant model, additive model and allele model) to further confirm whether CACNA1C rs1006737 is an authentic risk single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) for schizophrenia. RESULTS A statistically significant difference under the four models (all p < 0.05) was observed by pooling nine Asian and European studies, including a total of 12,744 cases and 16,460 controls. For European-decent samples, a significant difference was identified between patients and controls for the four models (all p < 0.05). We observed a significant difference between patients and controls for the recessive model and allele model (GG vs. GA + AA: p < 0.00001; G vs. A: p < 0.00001) using a fixed effect model, but the dominant model (GG + GA vs. AA: OR: p = 0.15) and additive model (GG vs. AA: p = 0.11) showed no significant difference between patients and controls in the Asian samples. CONCLUSION Our findings provide important evidence for the establishment of CACNA1C as a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia across world populations, but its roles in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjian Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jingwen Yin
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Chunmei Liang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xudong Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Dong Lv
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhun Dai
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Susu Xiong
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jiawu Fu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - You Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Juda Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhixiong Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Guoda Ma
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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Abstract
Background: Several studies have shown that the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) in the CACAN1C gene, rs1006737, is related to different mood disorder illnesses, such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Current day molecular procedures for allele detection of this gene can be very expensive and time consuming. Hence, a sensitive and specific molecular procedure for detecting these mutations in a large number of subjects is desirable, especially for research groups who have no complex laboratory equipment. Objective: The possibility of using a Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) probe was evaluated by means of bioinformatic tools, designed for forecasting the molecular behavior of DNA probes used in the research field or for laboratory analysis methods. Method: In this study we used the DINAMelt Web Server to predict the Tms of FRET oligo in the presence of the A and/or G allele in rs1006737. The PCR primers were designed by using oligo 4 and oligo 6 primer analysis software, Results: The molecular probe described in this study detected a Tm difference of 5-6°C between alleles A and G in rs1006737, which also showed good discrimination for a heterozygous profile for this genomic region. Conclusion: Although in silico studies represent a relatively new avenue of inquiry, they have now started to be used to predict how a molecular probe interacts with its biological target, reducing the time and costs of molecular test tuning. The results of this study seem promising for further laboratory tests on allele detection in rs1006737 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germano Orrù
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Molecular Biology Service (MBS), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,National Research Council of Italy, ISPA, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mauro Giovanni Carta
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessia Bramanti
- Istituto di Scienze Applicate e Sistemi Intelligenti, ISASI, Messina, Italy
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