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Adam M, Musa MJ, Al-Qahtani SM, Alelyani M, Musa A, Elzaki M, Alzain AFH, Ali S, Medani A, Mukhtar EM, Gareeballah A. Ultrasound Imaging in Subjects with Sickle Cell Disease: The Saudi Arabia Experiences. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:4931-4942. [PMID: 37928952 PMCID: PMC10625387 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s419013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Abdominal organ sonography is a crucial part of the workup for treating sickle cell disease (SCD) patients. Objective The main objective of this study was to evaluate the abdominal organs in SCD patients using ultrasonography. Methodology A non-interventional descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in Asir region Saudi Arabia from April 2019 to July 2020. The study was conducted in 78 patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Data were gathered using a data collection sheet included demographic information, clinical information including medication types, and complications linked to SCD. Furthermore, the study evaluated abdominal ultrasound findings pertaining to the liver, gall bladder, spleen, and kidneys. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results More than half of the study participants 43 (55.1%) were females. About 53.8% of the study participants received blood transfusions, and (11.5%) receive extra-vaccine. Concerning ultrasound findings, hepatomegaly was found in seventeen (21.8%), focal liver lesions in four (5.1%), gallstones in five (6.4%), splenomegaly in fifteen (19.3%), and the presence of splenic focal lesions was found in seven (9.0%). The most frequent complication associated with SCD was osteomyelitis sepsis in six cases (7.7%). The study revealed a significant correlation between the type of crisis and type of medication used and the size of the spleen (P-value <0.01), and no notable correlation was found between the types of crises and the size of the liver (P-value >0.05). Conclusion Abdominal sonography in SCD patients revealed a wide range of alterations in the liver, gallbladder, and spleen. The most frequently observed complications in SCD were hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, localized lesions in both organs, and the presence of gallstones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Adam
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Asir, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa J Musa
- Department of Applied Radiologic Science, University of Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh M Al-Qahtani
- Department of Child Health, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Asir, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magbool Alelyani
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Asir, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alamin Musa
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Asir, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maisa Elzaki
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madianah Al-Munawwarrah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amel F H Alzain
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madianah Al-Munawwarrah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarra Ali
- Department of Diagnostic Radiography Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf Medani
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Asir, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emadeldedin Mohamed Mukhtar
- Department of Radiological Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Asir, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awadia Gareeballah
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Madianah Al-Munawwarrah, Saudi Arabia
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Adigwe OP, Onavbavba G, Onoja SO. Impact of Sickle Cell Disease on Affected Individuals in Nigeria: A Critical Review. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:3503-3515. [PMID: 37601802 PMCID: PMC10438428 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s410015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease is an autosomal recessive disorder of the beta-globin gene, with resultant deformation of the red blood cells and variable clinical outcomes. Nigeria is recognised as the country with the highest burden of sickle cell disease globally. This study aimed at critically reviewing available literature on impact of sickle cell disease in Nigeria. A literature search was carried out on four databases, and a total of 116 articles that met the inclusion criteria were included in the critical review. It was observed that majority of the studies were carried out in South-Western part of Nigeria (47.4%), whilst the North-East had the least number of studies undertaken in this area, more than a quarter of the studies (27.6%) were related to hematologic and serologic screening. Major themes that emerged from this review were morbidity and mortality; prevalence of sickle cell disease; issues relating to blood transfusion; psychosocial impact; and anatomical dysfunction in sickle cell disease. Intervention programs from both government and non-governmental organizations aimed at reducing the burden of sickle cell disease and its socio-economic impact were identified as key to strategies aimed at overcoming challenges associated with the disease. Findings from this study also revealed that education and awareness interventions were central to reducing the prevalence of sickle cell disease in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obi Peter Adigwe
- National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Godspower Onavbavba
- National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria
| | - Solomon Oloche Onoja
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria
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Ladu AI, Jeffery C, Farate A, Farouk AG, Abba AM, Adekile A, Bates I. Determinants of splenic preservation among patients with sickle cell disease in North-Eastern Nigeria. Trop Med Int Health 2023; 28:620-628. [PMID: 37460787 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), the spleen commonly enlarges during early childhood, but undergoes reduction in size and fibrosis from repeated episodes of vaso-occlusion and infarction. The rate of progression of this process varies markedly among these patients. The aim of current study was to explore clinical and laboratory factors associated with the preservation of the spleen among these patients. METHODS Two hundred four patients with SCD (103 females; age 1-45 years) underwent abdominal ultrasonography at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Nigeria between October 2020 and November 2021 to assess for splenic visualisation and echotexture. Steady-state clinical parameters and blood samples for full blood count, serum chemistry, high-performance liquid chromatography and malaria parasitemia were obtained from all the patients. RESULTS The spleen was visualised in 107 (52.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 46%-59%) patients with SCD on ultrasonography. While the spleen was visualised in all children less than 5 years of age, it was visualised in only 23.5% of those aged 15 years and older. Visualisation of the spleen was significantly associated with low mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and high haemoglobin F (HbF) in those younger than 10 years. The odds of visualisation of the spleen on ultrasonography increased by a factor of 1.17% for every 1% increase in HbF level. Only 32 (15%) patients were on regular hydroxyurea therapy. The HbF level was significantly higher among patients on hydroxyurea (median 12.7 vs. 7.4; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION In patients with SCD, failure to visualise the spleen was not found in children less than 5 years old. Patients with visualised spleens had a higher level of HbF than those with non-visualised spleens. HbF was significantly associated with visualisation of the spleen before 10 years of age. Since early administration of hydroxyurea will increase HbF level, we expect that it would help to preserve the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adama I Ladu
- Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Haematology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Caroline Jeffery
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Abubakar Farate
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Abubakar G Farouk
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Aisha M Abba
- Department of Haematology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Adekunle Adekile
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Imelda Bates
- Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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Ladu AI, Aiyenigba AO, Adekile A, Bates I. The spectrum of splenic complications in patients with sickle cell disease in Africa: a systematic review. Br J Haematol 2020; 193:26-42. [PMID: 33161568 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The majority of the global population of sickle cell disease (SCD) patients resides in Africa. Individuals with this condition are at great risk of serious infections and early mortality secondary to splenic dysfunction without preventative measures. This review investigated the spectrum of splenic complications encountered in SCD among populations in Africa. We systematically searched several databases for all articles published through March 3, 2020. We included 55 studies from 14 African countries. This review reveals the difference in frequency of splenic complications in SCD in Africa when compared with their counterparts in the United State and Europe. While several studies (n = 45) described splenomegaly with a prevalence of 12% to 73% among children, and 4% to 50% among adults with HbSS, the reported prevalence for acute splenic sequestration crisis (n = 6 studies) and hypersplenism (n = 4 studies) was <10% and <5% respectively. A total of 30 surgical splenectomy was reported across eight studies. Only two (3.7%) studies provided data on spleen function. A conflicting pattern was observed amongst studies that evaluated the relationship between splenomegaly and the presence of bacterial and malaria infections. This review reveals the paucity of studies describing the role of SCD-induced splenic dysfunction in morbidity and infection related mortality in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adama I Ladu
- Department of International Public Health, Capacity Research Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Haematology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Abiola O Aiyenigba
- Department of International Public Health, Capacity Research Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Adekunle Adekile
- Department of Pediatrics, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Imelda Bates
- Department of International Public Health, Capacity Research Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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Muftaudeen B, Eze JC, Sidi M, Miftaudeen MN. Sonographic Assessment of Some Abdominal Organs in Children with Sickle Cell Disease in Ilorin, Nigeria. J Med Ultrasound 2020; 29:94-98. [PMID: 34377639 PMCID: PMC8330671 DOI: 10.4103/jmu.jmu_47_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The irregular sickle cells can block blood vessels, causing tissue and organ damage and in most cases presented with pain as a result of organ ischemia. Ultrasonography is an easily available instrument for investigating abdominal organs which are most commonly affected by sickle cell disease (SCD). This study was aimed to assessing liver, gall bladder, spleen, and kidney in children with SCD in Ilorin, Kwara State. Methods A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted among children with SCD in Ilorin from September 2017 to April 2018. An ethical approval was obtained from the Human Research and Ethics Committee of the Kwara State Ministry of Health. In this study, 106 children with SCD and 106 normal children for control were included. Abdominal ultrasound scan was performed on all the selected subjects and the findings were recorded on the data capture sheet. Descriptive and inferential statistic was used in the data analysis, SPSS version 20 was used and the P = 0.05. Results In the children with SCD, hepatomegaly was found in 45 (42.5%), 29 (27.4%) had coarse echo pattern of liver and 16 (15.1%) had hyperechoic liver, 5 (4.7%) had gallbladder stone, 2 (1.9%) had gallbladder sludge, and 6 (5.6%) had thickened gallbladder wall. Twenty-five (23.6%) had splenomegaly, and 7 (6.6%) had autosplenectomy. Four (3.8%) showed reduced corticomedullary differentiation in each kidney, five (4.7%) in each kidney had mild calyceal dilatation. One (0.9%) had mild calyceal dilatation with reduced corticomedullary differentiation with accompanying loss of renal sinus fat. Conclusion Abdominal ultrasound imaging for patients with SCD showed a high incidence of abdominal abnormalities, especially in solid organs such as liver, kidney, and spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basirat Muftaudeen
- Department of Radiology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Joseph C Eze
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad Sidi
- Department of Radiography, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Mutiat Nike Miftaudeen
- Department of Radiotherapy, Usmanu Dan Fodio University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
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Luntsi G, Eze CU, Ahmadu MS, Bukar AA, Ochie K. Sonographic Evaluation of Some Abdominal Organs in Sickle Cell Disease Patients in a Tertiary Health Institution in Northeastern Nigeria. J Med Ultrasound 2018; 26:31-36. [PMID: 30065510 PMCID: PMC6029195 DOI: 10.4103/jmu.jmu_5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sonographic evaluation of abdominal organs is an important work up in managing sickle cell disease (SCD) patients. This study aimed at evaluating abdominal organs by sonography among SCD patients. Methodology A cross-sectional study was carried out in Maiduguri, Nigeria from April 2014 to July 2015. Two hundred and fifty-two patients participated in the study, with 126 controls and 126 SCD patients. There were 131 (52%) males, and 121 (48%) females, with age range 3-38 years. Measurements were done using ultrasound machine with probe frequencies ranging from 1-4MHz and 4-9MHz in supine, right and left oblique positions for optimum visualization of the abdominal organs. Results Participants within the age range of 10-15 years had the highest frequency with 88 (34.9%), followed by those within the age group of 17-23 years with 86 (34.1%), and the least were those within the age group of 30 years and above with 8 (3.2%). Hepatomegaly was found in 53 (75.7%), and increased echogenicity of the liver was found in 50 (94.3%) of the SCD patients, P = 0.000. Gallstones were found in 45 (17.9%), gallbladder sludge was found in 51 (21.4%) and thickened gallbladder wall was found in 84 (33.3%) of the SCD patients, P = 0.000. Autosplenectomy was found in 45 (17.9%), splenomegaly in 63 (24.9%), and calcified spleen in 18 (8.7%) of the SCD patients, P = 0.000. Enlarged kidneys in SCD patients were found in 61 (98.4%) and 63 (98.4%) on the right and left kidneys, respectively. Shrunken kidneys were found in 5 (2.0%) and 4 (1.6%) of the SCD patients on the right and left kidneys, respectively, P = 0.000. Conclusion Abdominal sonography in SCD patients revealed varied remarkable changes in the size, echotexture, intraluminal deposits and wall thickness in the liver, gallbladder, kidneys, and spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geofery Luntsi
- Department of Medical Radiography, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Charles Ugwoke Eze
- Department of Medical Radiography and Radiological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad Sani Ahmadu
- Department of Radiology, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Audu Abdullahi Bukar
- Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Kalu Ochie
- Department of Medical Radiography and Radiological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State, Nigeria
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Tumwine JK. Hepatitis, HIV and Ebola: light at the end of the tunnel. Afr Health Sci 2015; 15:i-iv. [PMID: 26958003 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v15i3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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