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Qiu T, Zhu J, Zhang H, Xu B, Guo Y, Li J, Xu X, Peng F, Liu W, Zhao S, Yin Z, Mao S. B-Type Fumonisins in Post-Fermented Tea: Occurrence and Consumer Dietary Exposure in Guangxi, China. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:534. [PMID: 37755960 PMCID: PMC10536045 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-fermented tea (PFT), a commonly consumed beverage worldwide, is characterized by the rapid growth of its microbial groups and the substantial changes they undergo. Consequently, PFT may contain mycotoxins such as B-type fumonisins (FBs). This study aimed to assess the intake of FBs through the consumption of PFT among consumers in Guangxi, China. A novel quantitative method using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the FB concentration in PFT products. Additionally, a PFT consumption survey was conducted using a face-to-face questionnaire, recording their body weight and PFT consumption patterns based on a three-day dietary recall method. Finally, hazard index was calculated to estimate the health risk of FBs from the consumption of PFT products in Guangxi. The results revealed that the occurrence of FBs in PFT was 20% (24/120), with a concentration ranging from 2.14 to 18.28 μg/kg. The results of the survey showed that the average daily consumption of PFT by consumers was 9.19 ± 11.14 g. The deterministic risk assessment revealed that only 0.026% of the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake of FBs was consumed through PFT, indicating that FB contamination in PFT is not a public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Qiu
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (T.Q.); (S.Z.)
| | - Jialin Zhu
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (T.Q.); (S.Z.)
| | - Huayi Zhang
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (T.Q.); (S.Z.)
| | - Biyun Xu
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (T.Q.); (S.Z.)
| | - Yanju Guo
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (T.Q.); (S.Z.)
| | - Jingrong Li
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (T.Q.); (S.Z.)
| | - Xin Xu
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (T.Q.); (S.Z.)
| | - Fenglin Peng
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (T.Q.); (S.Z.)
| | - Weiguo Liu
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (T.Q.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shengmei Zhao
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (T.Q.); (S.Z.)
| | - Zuocheng Yin
- College of Physical Education and Health, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China; (T.Q.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shihong Mao
- College of Tourism & Landscape Architecture, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
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Expression of citrinin biosynthesis gene in Liupao tea and effect of Penicillium citrinum on tea quality. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 163:103742. [PMID: 36108886 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Similar to Pu-erh tea, Liupao tea is a post-fermented tea that is produced through natural fermentation by microorganisms. Penicillium citrinum is involved in multiple production processes of Liupao tea that can produce citrinin, a secondary metabolite with renal toxicity; however, the effect of P. citrinum on the quality of Liupao tea has not been investigated yet. Citrinin production is regulated by approximately 16 biosynthesis genes. However, little is known about the genetic background of citrinin in the complex Liupao tea system. In the present study, we cultured P. citrinum on potato dextrose agar and Liupao tea powder media and analyzed the changes of its nutritional components in Liupao tea. We selected six citrinin biosynthesis genes identified in Monascus exhibiting homology and high sequence similarity to those in P. citrinum and further analyzed the expression of citrinin biosynthesis genes in Liupao tea and the changes in citrinin yield. The results showed that the changes in nutritional components of Liupao tea were closely related to the growth and metabolism of P. citrinum and the quality of the tea. Decreases in the contents of soluble sugars (from 10.29% to 9.58%), soluble pectins (from 3.71% to 3.13%), free amino acids (from 3.84% to 3.14%), and tea polyphenols (from 22.84% to 18.78%) were noted. The Spearman's correlation analysis indicated that P. citrinum growth can improve the tea quality to some extent. Quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated that ctnA gene was a positive regulator of citrinin production regardless of the culture medium used. ctnA and orf5 expressions greatly influenced the metabolism of citrinin by P. citrinum in Liupao tea. In conclusion, the citrinin biosynthesis genes, ctnA and orf5, may be the promising targets for developing strategies to control P. citrinum infection and citrinin biosynthesis in Liupao tea.
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Ndoro J, Manduna IT, Nyoni M, de Smidt O. Multiple Mycotoxin Contamination in Medicinal Plants Frequently Sold in the Free State Province, South Africa Detected Using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14100690. [PMID: 36287959 PMCID: PMC9607566 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants are important in the South African traditional healthcare system, the growth in the consumption has led to increase in trade through <i>muthi</i> shops and street vendors. Medicinal plants are prone to contamination with fungi and their mycotoxins. The study investigated multiple mycotoxin contamination using Ultra High Pressure Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) for the simultaneous detection of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), Deoxynivalenol (DON), Fumonisins (FB<sub>1</sub>, FB<sub>2</sub>, FB<sub>3</sub>), Nivalenol (NIV), Ochratoxin A (OTA) and Zearalenone (ZEN) in frequently sold medicinal plants. Medicinal plant samples (<i>n</i> = 34) were purchased and analyzed for the presence of eight mycotoxins. DON and NIV were not detected in all samples analyzed. Ten out of thirty-four samples tested positive for mycotoxins -AFB<sub>1</sub> (10.0%); OTA (10.0%); FB1 (30.0%); FB2 (50.0%); FB3 (20.0%); and ZEN (30.0%). Mean concentration levels ranged from AFB<sub>1</sub> (15 µg/kg), OTA (4 µg/kg), FB<sub>1</sub> (7-12 µg/kg), FB<sub>2</sub> (1-18 µg/kg), FB<sub>3</sub> (1-15 µg/kg) and ZEN (7-183 µg/kg). Multiple mycotoxin contamination was observed in 30% of the positive samples with fumonisins. The concentration of AFB<sub>1</sub> reported in this study is above the permissible limit for AFB1 (5 µg/kg). Fumonisin concentration did not exceed the limits set for raw maize grain (4000 µg/kg of FB<sub>1</sub> and FB<sub>2</sub>). ZEN and OTA are not regulated in South Africa. The findings indicate the prevalence of mycotoxin contamination in frequently traded medicinal plants that poses a health risk to consumers. There is therefore a need for routine monitoring of multiple mycotoxin contamination, human exposure assessments using biomarker analysis and establishment of regulations and standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Ndoro
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Free State, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Idah Tichaidza Manduna
- Centre for Applied Food Sustainability and Biotechnology (CAFSaB), Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
- Correspondence:
| | - Makomborero Nyoni
- Research, Development and Innovation Department, National Biotechnology Authority, 21 Princess Drive Newlands, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Olga de Smidt
- Centre for Applied Food Sustainability and Biotechnology (CAFSaB), Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
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Fungal flora and mycotoxin contamination in tea: Current status, detection methods and dietary risk assessment - A comprehensive review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Pallarés N, Tolosa J, Ferrer E, Berrada H. Mycotoxins in raw materials, beverages and supplements of botanicals: A review of occurrence, risk assessment and analytical methodologies. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 165:113013. [PMID: 35523385 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Over recent years, consumer interest in natural products, such as botanicals has increased considerably. One of the factors affecting their quality is the presence of mycotoxins. This review focuses on exploring the mycotoxin occurrence in botanicals (raw material and ready-to-eat forms such as infusions or tablets) and the risk assessment due to their ingestion. Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A, and Fumonisins are the most commonly studied mycotoxins and data in the literature report levels ranging from traces to 1000 μg/kg in raw materials. In general, the highest contents observed in raw materials decreased to unconcerning levels after the preparation of the infusions, reaching values that generally do not exceed 100 μg/L. Regarding botanical dietary supplements, the levels observed were lower than those reported for other matrices, although higher levels (of up to 1000 μg/kg) have been reported in some cases. Risk assessment studies in botanicals revealed a higher risk when they are consumed as tablets compared to infusions. Analytical methodologies implied in mycotoxin determination have also been contemplated. In this sense, liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detection has been the most frequently employed analytical technique, although in recent years tandem mass spectrometry has been widely used.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pallarés
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Tolosa
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - E Ferrer
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain.
| | - H Berrada
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100, Valencia, Spain
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Pandey AK, Samota MK, Sanches Silva A. Mycotoxins along the tea supply chain: A dark side of an ancient and high valued aromatic beverage. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:8672-8697. [PMID: 35452322 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2061908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTSTea (Camellia sinensis L.) is a high valued beverage worldwide since ancient times; more than three billion cups of tea are consumed each day. Leaf extracts of the plant are used for food preservation, cosmetics, and medicinal purposes. Nevertheless, tea contaminated with mycotoxins poses a serious health threat to humans. Mycotoxin production by tea fungi is induced by a variety of factors, including poor processing methods and environmental factors such as high temperature and humidity. This review summarizes the studies published to date on mycotoxin prevalence, toxicity, the effects of climate change on mycotoxin production, and the methods used to detect and decontaminate tea mycotoxins. While many investigations in this domain have been carried out on the prevalence of aflatoxins and ochratoxins in black, green, pu-erh, and herbal teas, much less information is available on zearalenone, fumonisins, and Alternaria toxins. Mycotoxins in teas were detected using several methods; the most commonly used being the High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection, followed by HPLC with tandem mass spectrometry, gas chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Further, mycotoxins decontamination methods for teas included physical, chemical, and biological methods, with physical methods being most prevalent. Finally, research gaps and future directions have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay K Pandey
- Department of Mycology & Microbiology, Tea Research Association, North Bengal Regional R & D Center, Nagrakata, West Bengal, India
| | - Mahesh K Samota
- Horticulture Crop Processing Division, ICAR- Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering & Technology, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Ana Sanches Silva
- Food Science, National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research (INIAV), Oeiras, Portugal
- Center for Study in Animal Science (CECA), ICETA, University of Oporto, Oporto, Portugal
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Bhargava A, Bansal A, Goyal V, Bansal P. A review on tea quality and safety using emerging parameters. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-01232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Singh BK, Tiwari S, Maurya A, Kumar S, Dubey NK. Fungal and mycotoxin contamination of herbal raw materials and their protection by nanoencapsulated essential oils: An overview. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lin S, Xu G, Chen Z, Liu X, Li J, Ma L, Wang X. Tea drinking and the risk of esophageal cancer: focus on tea type and drinking temperature. Eur J Cancer Prev 2020; 29:382-387. [PMID: 32740163 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The association between tea drinking and esophageal cancer is still contradictory. This study is to determine the association between tea drinking and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma focusing on drinking temperature and tea types. A population-based case-control study was conducted in a high esophageal squamous cell carcinoma risk area in China. A total of 942 incident esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cases with historical confirmation and 942 age- and sex- individually matched community controls were recruited from the study area. Trained interviewers using a structured questionnaire collected detailed information on tea drinking, diet, smoking and alcohol drinking habits. Habitual tea drinking temperature was measured with a thermometer during interviews. We analyzed the association between tea consumption, drinking temperature and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, stratified by tea type, while adjusting for other potentially confounding factors. Drinking very hot tea (>65°C) was significantly associated with the increased risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (odds ratio = 1.67, 95% confidential interval 1.25-2.24) relative to non-drinkers. Consumption of black tea, irrespective of the frequency, intensity and tea leaf amount, was significantly associated with a higher risk (P for trend <0.01). Compared to those who consumed <300 g/month tea leaves at ≤65°C, those who consumed more than 300 g/month tea leave at >65°C had a more than 1.8-fold higher risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma for both green tea and black tea. Our results provide more evidence that drinking very hot tea (above 65°C) are significantly associated with an increased risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihao Lin
- School of Management, Putian University
| | - Guoxi Xu
- School of Management, Putian University
| | - Zanluan Chen
- Quanzhou Anke Occupational Health Service Company, Fujian
| | - Xudong Liu
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jun Li
- Department of cancer screening, Yanting Cancer Hospital, Sichuan
| | - Liya Ma
- Department of cancer screening, Yanting Cancer Hospital, Sichuan
| | - Xiaorong Wang
- Hong Kong Occupational and Environmental Health Academy, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China, 00852
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Duarte SC, Salvador N, Machado F, Costa E, Almeida A, Silva LJ, Pereira AM, Lino C, Pena A. Mycotoxins in teas and medicinal plants destined to prepare infusions in Portugal. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Abstract
Consumer dietary habits have drastically changed in recent decades and functional beverages now have a strong position in the market. The majority of these beverages are produced using simple processes that use raw products, such as cereals, legumes, fruits, and nuts, among others, and these are known to be frequently contaminated with mycotoxins. This review is focused on the occurrence of these toxic compounds in plant-based milks, fruit juices, and herbal teas. The fate of the toxins during processing is discussed to establish the potential risk posed by the consumption of these kind of beverages regarding mycotoxin uptake.
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Ye Z, Wang X, Fu R, Yan H, Han S, Gerelt K, Cui P, Chen J, Qi K, Zhou Y. Determination of six groups of mycotoxins in Chinese dark tea and the associated risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114180. [PMID: 32088438 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chinese dark tea is widely enjoyed for its multiple health-promoting effects and pleasant taste. However, its production involves fermentation by microbiota in raw tea, some of which are filamentous fungi and thus potential mycotoxin producers. Accordingly, whether mycotoxins pose health risk on dark tea consumption has become a public concern. In this study, a cleaning method of multi-functional column (MFC) and immunoaffinity column (IAC) in tandem combined to HPLC detection was developed and validated for determining ten mycotoxins of six groups (i.e., aflatoxins of B1, B2, G1 and G2, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins of B1, B2, and T-2) in dark teas. The interferences from secondary metabolites were effectively reduced, and the sensitivities and recoveries of the method were qualified for tea matrices. Six groups mycotoxins were determined in 108 samples representing the major Chinese dark teas by using the new method. Subsequently, the dietary exposure and health risks were evaluated for different age and gender groups in Kunming and Pu'er in China and Ulan Bator in Mongolia. The occurrence of zearalenone was 4.63% and that of ochratoxin A was 1.85%, with the other four groups mycotoxins were below the limits of quantification. The hazard index values for the five groups' non-carcinogenic mycotoxins were far below 1.0. The deterministic risk assessment indicated no non-carcinogenic risks for dark tea consumption in the three areas. Probabilistic estimation showed that the maximum value of 95th percentile carcinogenic risk value for the aflatoxins was 2.12 × 10-8, which is far below the acceptable carcinogenic risk level (10-6). Hereby, six groups mycotoxins in Chinese dark tea showed no observed risk concern to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Heifei 230036, China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Heifei 230036, China
| | - Ruiyan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Heifei 230036, China
| | - Hangbin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Heifei 230036, China
| | - Sanqing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Heifei 230036, China
| | - Khishigjargal Gerelt
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Heifei 230036, China
| | - Pu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Heifei 230036, China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Kezong Qi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Utilization, School of Tea and Food Science Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Heifei 230036, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, China.
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13
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Aflatoxin B 1 degradation by microorganisms isolated from Kombucha culture. Toxicon 2020; 179:76-83. [PMID: 32345454 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is the most harmful mycotoxin. Aflatoxin occurrence in tea makes this beverage unsuitable for consumption and presented risks to human health. Therefore, researches in aflatoxin microbial degradation are necessary to overcome this problem. Kombucha beverage is associated with health promoting effects. Thus, novel strains (Lactic acid bacteria and yeasts) were isolated from a Kombucha culture and assessed for AFB1 degradation in the liquid medium (Man Rogosa and Sharpe broth, yeast extract peptone dextrose broth and black tea). The main strains involved in AFB1 decontamination were identified based on DNA sequencing and the toxicity of the new products was evaluated on Hep2 cells and on Brine shrimp (Artemia salina). Our results showed that after 7 days of fermentation, kombucha was able to degrade 97% of AFB1 in black tea. Moreover, the effective yeasts present in Kombucha were identified as Pichia occidentalis, Candida sorboxylosa and Hanseniaspora opuntiae and the highest AFB1 degradation capacity was accorded to P. occidentalis (59%) when cultivated in black tea. Data on cytotoxicity tests on Hep2 cells and Brine shrimp (Artemia salina) showed that the biodegraded products were less toxic than pure AFB1. These findings suggest that, kombucha isolated strains could be potential candidates for application in the food and feed industry with a potential aflatoxin B1 detoxification properties.
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Ałtyn I, Twarużek M. Mycotoxin Contamination Concerns of Herbs and Medicinal Plants. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E182. [PMID: 32183391 PMCID: PMC7150885 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants and medicinal herbs that are available on the market do not always meet quality and safety standards. One particular concern is the risk of contamination with mycotoxins. Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A are the most frequently described mycotoxins in herbal products and have repeatedly been reported to occur at concentrations which exceed regulatory levels set by the European Union (EU). Possible solutions include enforcing existing limits, and for the new materials, establishing tighter limits and mandate the growth of medicinal plants in EU member countries under more strict conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Twarużek
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
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15
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Abo Nouh FA, Gezaf SA, Abdel-Azeem AM. Aspergillus Mycotoxins: Potential as Biocontrol Agents. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-48474-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Rocha-Miranda F, Venâncio A. Mycotoxigenic fungi in plant-based supplements and medicines. Curr Opin Food Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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17
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18
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Chetwood JD, Garg P, Finch P, Gordon M. Systematic review: the etiology of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in low-income settings. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 13:71-88. [PMID: 30791842 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2019.1543024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal carcinoma causes over 380 000 deaths per year, ranking sixth worldwide in mortality amongst all malignancies. Globally, the squamous cell subtype is most common and accounts for 80% of esophageal cancers. Nonetheless, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is much more poorly understood than esophageal adenocarcinoma, including what is driving such high prevalences, why it often presents in young patients, and shows such marked geographical delineations Areas covered: The current literature was searched for articles focusing on aetiopathogenesis of squamous cell esophageal carcinoma via a systematic review, particularly in low-resource settings. This was supplemented by papers of interest known to the authors. Expert commentary: Current putative mechanisms include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines, acetaldehyde, cyclo-oxygenase-2 pathways, androgen and their receptor levels, as well as smoking & alcohol, micronutrient deficiencies and diet, mycotoxins, thermal damage, oral hygiene and microbiotal factors, inhaled smoke, viral infections such as HPV, and chronic irritative states. Etiology is likely multifactorial and varies geographically. Though smoking and alcohol play a predominant role in high-income settings, there is strong evidence that mycotoxins, diet and temperature effects may play an under-recognized role in low and middle-income settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- John David Chetwood
- a Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme , Blantyre , Malawi
| | - Priya Garg
- a Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme , Blantyre , Malawi
| | | | - Melita Gordon
- a Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme , Blantyre , Malawi.,b College of Medicine , Blantyre , Malawi.,c Institute of Infection and Global Health , University of Liverpool , Liverpool , UK
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Sedova I, Kiseleva M, Tutelyan V. Mycotoxins in Tea: Occurrence, Methods of Determination and Risk Evaluation. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10110444. [PMID: 30380767 PMCID: PMC6266826 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea is one of the most popular beverages all over the world. Being an everyday drink for almost everyone, for centuries tea was considered safe and healthy. However, fungal contamination of tea at any stage of commodity production can pose a serious health hazard due to the accumulation of toxic secondary metabolites of moulds. Contemporary research revealed incidences of highly contaminated samples. Mycotoxin transfer from naturally contaminated raw tea into beverage was well studied for ochratoxin A only, and the possible leak of other mycotoxins is discussed. The results of several surveys were combined to evaluate aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A contamination levels in black tea and Pu-erh. Exposure estimate to aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A due to tea consumption was carried out based on these data. Average contamination level corresponds to the exposure of 3⁻40% (aflatoxin B1) and 5⁻24% (ochratoxin A) of mean overall estimates for different cluster diets. Lack of data does not allow the conclusion for the necessity of public health protection measures. It is necessary to perform representative studies of different kinds of tea for regulated mycotoxins at least. Contemporary techniques for analysis of mycotoxins in tea are summarised in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Sedova
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Ust'inskiy pr., 2/14, Moscow 109240, Russia.
| | - Mariya Kiseleva
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Ust'inskiy pr., 2/14, Moscow 109240, Russia.
| | - Victor Tutelyan
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Ust'inskiy pr., 2/14, Moscow 109240, Russia.
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Sheng W, Wu H, Ji W, Li Z, Chu F, Wang S. Visual Non-Instrumental On-Site Detection of Fumonisin B₁, B₂, and B₃ in Cereal Samples Using a Clean-Up Combined with Gel-Based Immunoaffinity Test Column Assay. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E165. [PMID: 29671825 PMCID: PMC5923331 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10040165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A visual immunoaffinity test column (IATC) assay was developed to detect fumonisins in cereal samples for spot tests without the need for special instruments. The developed IATC assay had equivalent recognition capability for fumonisin B₁ (FB₁), fumonisin B₂ (FB₂), or fumonisin B₃ (FB₃), and exhibited no cross-reactivity with aflatoxin B₁, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, or the T-2 toxin. The sample pretreatment was accomplished more rapidly and with greater ease, the entire assay procedure was completed in approximately 10 min, including sample pretreatment and testing. The limits of detection (LODs) of the IATC assay to detect fumonisins in the maize, barley, oat, and millet samples were 20 μg kg−1. The results of the spiked maize, barley, oat, and millet and real maize samples by the IATC assay agreed well with the results obtained by the commercial fumonisin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test kit and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), respectively. The developed IATC assay can serve as a useful screening tool for the rapid, qualitative, and semi-quantitative detection of the total content of fumonisins (sum of FB₁, FB₂, and FB₃) in cereal samples on-site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Hesen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Weihong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Fangyu Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education of China, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
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Braun MS, Wink M. Exposure, Occurrence, and Chemistry of Fumonisins and their Cryptic Derivatives. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:769-791. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Santhosh Braun
- Inst. of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology; Heidelberg Univ.; INF 364 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michael Wink
- Inst. of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology; Heidelberg Univ.; INF 364 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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Knutsen HK, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Dall'Asta C, Gutleb AC, Humpf HU, Galli C, Metzler M, Oswald IP, Parent-Massin D, Binaglia M, Steinkellner H, Alexander J. Appropriateness to set a group health-based guidance value for fumonisins and their modified forms. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05172. [PMID: 32625807 PMCID: PMC7009576 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) established a tolerable daily intake (TDI) for fumonisin B1 (FB 1) of 1.0 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day based on increased incidence of megalocytic hepatocytes found in a chronic study with mice. The CONTAM Panel considered the limited data available on toxicity and mode of action and structural similarities of FB 2-6 and found it appropriate to include FB 2, FB 3 and FB 4 in a group TDI with FB 1. Modified forms of FBs are phase I and phase II metabolites formed in fungi, infested plants or farm animals. Modified forms also arise from food or feed processing, and include covalent adducts with matrix constituents. Non-covalently bound forms are not considered as modified forms. Modified forms of FBs identified are hydrolysed FB 1-4 (HFB 1-4), partially hydrolysed FB 1-2 (pHFB 1-2), N-(carboxymethyl)-FB 1-3 (NCM-FB 1-3), N-(1-deoxy-d-fructos-1-yl)-FB 1 (NDF-FB 1), O-fatty acyl FB 1, N-fatty acyl FB 1 and N-palmitoyl-HFB 1. HFB 1, pHFB 1, NCM-FB 1 and NDF-FB 1 show a similar toxicological profile but are less potent than FB 1. Although in vitro data shows that N-fatty acyl FBs are more toxic in vitro than FB 1, no in vivo data were available for N-fatty acyl FBs and O-fatty acyl FBs. The CONTAM Panel concluded that it was not appropriate to include modified FBs in the group TDI for FB 1-4. The uncertainty associated with the present assessment is high, but could be reduced provided more data are made available on occurrence, toxicokinetics and toxicity of FB 2-6 and modified forms of FB 1-4.
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Toman J, Malir F, Ostry V, Kilic MA, Roubal T, Grosse Y, Pfohl-Leszkowicz A. Transfer of ochratoxin A from raw black tea to tea infusions prepared according to the Turkish tradition. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:261-265. [PMID: 28580652 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a natural contaminant of food including tea with multiple toxic effects, which poses a threat to human health. In terms of lifestyle, the Turkish population is a frequent visitor of tearooms, and the traditional Turkish tea preparation is one of the most popular ways of preparing tea infusion. RESULTS The aim of this study was to investigate OTA transfer from raw black tea to the tea infusion prepared according to the Turkish tradition. A high-performance liquid chromatography method with a limit of quantification of 0.35 ng g-1 was used for OTA determination. The OTA amount in raw black teas from Turkey ranged from ≤0.35 ng g-1 up to 56.7 ng g-1 . An homogenised sample of black tea naturally contaminated with 55.0 ng g-1 was used to prepare infusions. The OTA transfer from the black tea to the infusion was found to be 41.5% ± 7%. CONCLUSION These data are important for the realisation of a 'Total Diet study' (TDS). The TDS can be a complementary tool to estimate the population dietary exposure to OTA across the entire diet by analysing main foods prepared 'as consumed' (tea infusions) and not 'as purchased' (raw tea). © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Toman
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Malir
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Ostry
- National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Center of Health, Nutrition and Food in Brno, National Reference Center for Microfungi and Mycotoxins in Food Chains, Czech Republic
| | - Mehmet Akif Kilic
- Akdeniz University, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Tomas Roubal
- Institute of Public Health in Usti nad Labem, Regional Branch Hradec Kralove, National Reference Laboratory for Biomarkers of Mycotoxins and Mycotoxins in Food, Czech Republic
| | - Yann Grosse
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Annie Pfohl-Leszkowicz
- Department Bioprocess & Microbial Systems, Laboratory Chemical Engineering, INP/ENSA Toulouse, University of Toulouse, UMR 5503 CNRS/INPT/UPS, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela H Degen
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, TU Dortmund, IfADo - Ardeystr. 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany.
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25
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Wang X, Wu Q, Wan D, Liu Q, Chen D, Liu Z, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Martínez MA, Anadón A, Yuan Z. Fumonisins: oxidative stress-mediated toxicity and metabolism in vivo and in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:81-101. [PMID: 26419546 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1604-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisins (FBs) are widespread Fusarium toxins commonly found as corn contaminants. FBs could cause a variety of diseases in animals and humans, such as hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, hepatocarcinogenic and cytotoxic effects in mammals. To date, almost no review has addressed the toxicity of FBs in relation to oxidative stress and their metabolism. The focus of this article is primarily intended to summarize the progress in research associated with oxidative stress as a plausible mechanism for FB-induced toxicity as well as the metabolism. The present review showed that studies have been carried out over the last three decades to elucidate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress as a result of FBs treatment and have correlated them with various types of FBs toxicity, indicating that oxidative stress plays critical roles in the toxicity of FBs. The major metabolic pathways of FBs are hydrolysis, acylation and transamination. Ceramide synthase, carboxylesterase FumD and aminotransferase FumI could degrade FB1 and FB2. The cecal microbiota of pigs and alkaline processing such as nixtamalization can also transform FB1 into metabolites. Most of the metabolites of FB1 were less toxic than FB1, except its partial (pHFB1) metabolites. Further understanding of the role of oxidative stress in FB-induced toxicity will throw new light on the use of antioxidants, scavengers of ROS, as well as on the blind spots of metabolism and the metabolizing enzymes of FBs. The present review might contribute to reveal the toxicity of FBs and help to protect against their oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.,Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Dan Wan
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Qianying Liu
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - María Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Aránzazu Martínez
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arturo Anadón
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China. .,MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China. .,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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26
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Hayat K, Iqbal H, Malik U, Bilal U, Mushtaq S. Tea and Its Consumption: Benefits and Risks. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 55:939-54. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.678949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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27
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Chen J, Jia Z, Song J, Yuan Y, Zhang L. Fumonisins in China: update on occurrence, epidemiology, exposure and regulation. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2012.0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Chen
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, 16# Third Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China P.R
| | - Z. Jia
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, 16# Third Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China P.R
| | - J. Song
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, 16# Third Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China P.R
| | - Y. Yuan
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, 16# Third Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China P.R
| | - L. Zhang
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, 16# Third Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China P.R
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28
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Abd El-Aty A, Choi JH, Rahman MM, Kim SW, Tosun A, Shim JH. Residues and contaminants in tea and tea infusions: a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1794-804. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.958575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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29
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Abrunhosa L, Morales H, Soares C, Calado T, Vila-Chã AS, Pereira M, Venâncio A. A Review of Mycotoxins in Food and Feed Products in Portugal and Estimation of Probable Daily Intakes. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 56:249-65. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.720619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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30
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Ashiq S, Hussain M, Ahmad B. Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in medicinal plants: a review. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 66:1-10. [PMID: 24594211 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are widely used as home remedies and raw materials for the pharmaceutical industries. Herbal remedies are used in the prevention, treatment and cure of disorders and diseases since ancient times. However, use of medicinal herbs may not meet the requirements of quality, safety and efficacy. During harvesting, handling, storage and distribution, medicinal plants are subjected to contamination by various fungi, which may be responsible for spoilage and production of mycotoxins. The increasing consumption of medicinal plants has made their use a public health problem due to the lack of effective surveillance of the use, efficacy, toxicity and quality of these natural products. The increase in use of medicinal plants may lead to an increase in the intake of mycotoxins therefore contamination of medicinal plants with mycotoxins can contribute to adverse human health problems and therefore represents a special hazard. Numerous natural occurrences of mycotoxins in medicinal plants and traditional herbal medicines have been reported from various countries including Spain, China, Germany, India, Turkey and from Middle East as well. This review discusses the important mycotoxins and their natural occurrences in medicinal plants and their products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Ashiq
- Centre of Biotechnology & Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Mubbashir Hussain
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, 26000, Pakistan.
| | - Bashir Ahmad
- Centre of Biotechnology & Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Pakistan.
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31
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Natural occurrence of fumonisins and ochratoxin A in some herbs and spices commercialized in Poland analyzed by UPLC–MS/MS method. Food Microbiol 2013; 36:426-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Li X, Zhang Z, Li P, Zhang Q, Zhang W, Ding X. Determination for major chemical contaminants in tea (Camellia sinensis) matrices: A review. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tournas VH, Rivera Calo J, Sapp C. Fungal profiles in various milk thistle botanicals from US retail. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 164:87-91. [PMID: 23624536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Milk thistle (MT) dietary supplements are widely consumed due to their possible beneficial effect on liver health. As botanicals, they can be contaminated with a variety of fungi and their secondary metabolites, mycotoxins. This study was conducted in an effort to determine the mycological quality of various MT botanical supplements from the US market. Conventional plating methods were used for the isolation and enumeration of fungi, while conventional microscopy as well as molecular methods were employed for the speciation of the isolated strains. Results showed that a high percentage of the MT samples tested were contaminated with fungi. Total counts ranged between <2.00 and 5.60 log10 colony forming units per gram (cfu/g). MT whole seeds carried the highest fungal levels followed by MT cut herb. No live fungi were recovered from MT seed tea bags, liquid extracts, capsules or soft gels. Potentially toxigenic molds from the Aspergillus sections Flavi and Nigri as well as Eurotium, Penicillium, Fusarium and Alternaria species were isolated from MT supplements. The predominant molds were Eurotia (E. repens, E. amstelodami and E. rubrum), A. flavus, A. tubingensis, A. niger and A. candidus. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting on fungal contamination profiles of MT botanicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Tournas
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition/Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA.
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34
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Human skin penetration of selected model mycotoxins. Toxicology 2012; 301:21-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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35
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Waśkiewicz A, Beszterda M, Goliński P. Occurrence of fumonisins in food – An interdisciplinary approach to the problem. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Storari M, Dennert FG, Bigler L, Gessler C, Broggini GA. Isolation of mycotoxins producing black aspergilli in herbal teas available on the Swiss market. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Tournas VH, Sapp C, Trucksess MW. Occurrence of aflatoxins in milk thistle herbal supplements. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:994-9. [PMID: 22439650 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.664788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Milk thistle (MT) dietary supplements are widely consumed due to their possible liver-health-promoting properties. As botanicals they can be contaminated with a variety of fungi and their secondary metabolites, mycotoxins. The aflatoxigenic fungus Aspergillus flavus has been previously isolated from these commodities. Currently, there is no published method for determining aflatoxins (AFs) in MT. Therefore, a liquid chromatography (LC) method validated for aflatoxin analysis in botanicals was evaluated and applied to MT. The method consisted of acetonitrile/water extraction, immunoaffinity column clean-up, LC separation, post-column photochemical reaction derivatisation and fluorescence detection. The average recoveries for AFs added to MT seeds, herb, oil-based liquid extract and alcohol-based liquid extract were 76% or higher. The mean relative standard deviation was <10%. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.01 µg kg(-1) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.03 µg kg(-1). The method was used to conduct a small survey. A total of 83 MT samples from the US market were analysed. AFs were detected in 19% of the samples with levels ranging from 0.04 to 2.0 µg kg(-1). Additionally, an aflatoxigenic A. flavus strain from ATTC and an A. parasiticus strain isolated from MT herb powder were found to produce high amounts of aflatoxins (11,200 and 49,100 µg kg(-1), respectively) when cultured in MT seed powder. This is the first study reporting on aflatoxin contamination of MT botanical supplements and identifying methodology for AF analysis of these commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Tournas
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA.
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38
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Scott P. Recent research on fumonisins: a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:242-8. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2010.546000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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Palacios SA, Ramirez ML, Cabrera Zalazar M, Farnochi MC, Zappacosta D, Chiacchiera SM, Reynoso MM, Chulze SN, Torres AM. Occurrence of Fusarium spp. and fumonisin in durum wheat grains. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:12264-12269. [PMID: 21999326 DOI: 10.1021/jf204035y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A survey was carried out to determine Fusarium species and fumonisin contamination in 55 durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) samples collected during two harvest seasons (2007 and 2008) using HPLC and further LC-MS/MS confirmation. All samples showed Fusarium contamination with infection levels ranging from 8 to 66%, F. proliferatum being the species most frequently isolated during 2007 and the second most frequently isolated one during the 2008 harvest season, respectively. Natural contamination with fumonisins was found in both harvest seasons. In 2007, 97% of the samples showed total fumonisin (FB(1) + FB(2)) levels ranging from 10.5 to 1245.7 ng/g, while very low levels of fumonisins were detected in samples collected during 2008. These results could be explained by differences in the amount of rainfall during both periods evaluated. A selected number (n = 48) of F. proliferatum isolates showed fumonisin production capability on autoclaved rice. This is the first report of the presence of natural fumonisins in durum wheat grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia A Palacios
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología and §Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fco-Qcas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km 601, 5800 Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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VISWANATH PREMA, NANJEGOWDA DIVYASHREEKALLENAHALLI, GOVINDEGOWDA HEMALATHA, DATTATREYA AKSHATHAMALEBENNUR, SIDDAPPA VINUTHA. AFLATOXIN DETERMINATION IN BLACK TEA (CAMELLIA SINENSIS) - STATUS AND DEVELOPMENT OF A PROTOCOL. J Food Saf 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2011.00339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Kosoglu I, Aksoy U, Pehlivan R. Fumonisin B1and B2occurrence in dried fig fruits (Ficus caricaL.) under Meander Valley's climatic conditions and relationship with fruit quality. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:1569-77. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.593190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mogensen JM, Sørensen SM, Sulyok M, van der Westhuizen L, Shephard GS, Frisvad JC, Thrane U, Krska R, Nielsen KF. Single-kernel analysis of fumonisins and other fungal metabolites in maize from South African subsistence farmers. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:1724-34. [PMID: 22023397 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.611823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisins are important Fusarium mycotoxins mainly found in maize and derived products. This study analysed maize from five subsistence farmers in the former Transkei region of South Africa. Farmers had sorted kernels into good and mouldy quality. A total of 400 kernels from 10 batches were analysed; of these 100 were visually characterised as uninfected and 300 as infected. Of the 400 kernels, 15% were contaminated with 1.84-1428 mg kg(-1) fumonisins, and 4% (n=15) had a fumonisin content above 100 mg kg(-1). None of the visually uninfected maize had detectable amounts of fumonisins. The total fumonisin concentration was 0.28-1.1 mg kg(-1) for good-quality batches and 0.03-6.2 mg kg(-1) for mouldy-quality batches. The high fumonisin content in the batches was apparently caused by a small number (4%) of highly contaminated kernels, and removal of these reduced the average fumonisin content by 71%. Of the 400 kernels, 80 were screened for 186 microbial metabolites by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, detecting 17 other fungal metabolites, including fusaric acid, equisetin, fusaproliferin, beauvericin, cyclosporins, agroclavine, chanoclavine, rugulosin and emodin. Fusaric acid in samples without fumonisins indicated the possibility of using non-toxinogenic Fusaria as biocontrol agents to reduce fumonisin exposure, as done for Aspergillus flavus. This is the first report of mycotoxin profiling in single naturally infected maize kernels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Mogensen
- Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Monbaliu S, Wu A, Zhang D, Van Peteghem C, De Saeger S. Multimycotoxin UPLC-MS/MS for tea, herbal infusions and the derived drinkable products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:12664-12671. [PMID: 21121648 DOI: 10.1021/jf1033043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years the consumption of tea and herbal infusions has increased. These hot drinks are consumed as daily drinks as well as for medicinal purposes. All tea varieties (white, yellow, green, oolong, black and puerh) originate from the leaves of the tea plant, Camellia sinensis. All extracts made of plant or herbal materials which do not contain Camellia sinensis are referred as herbal infusions or tisanes. During processing and manufacturing fungal contamination of the plant materials is possible, enabling contamination of these products with mycotoxins. In this study a multimycotoxin UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the analysis of the raw tea and herbal infusion materials as well as for their drinkable products. The samples were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), with a mobile phase consisting of variable mixtures of water and methanol with 0.3% formic acid. The limits of detection for the different mycotoxins varied between 2.1 μg/kg and 121 μg/kg for raw materials and between 0.4 μg/L and 46 μg/L for drinkable products. Afterward 91 different tea and herbal infusion samples were analyzed. Only in one sample, Ceylon melange, 76 μg/kg fumonisin B(1) was detected. No mycotoxins were detected in the drinkable products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Monbaliu
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Production of fumonisins B2 and B4 in Tolypocladium species. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 38:1329-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-010-0916-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Logrieco A, Ferracane R, Visconti A, Ritieni A. Natural occurrence of fumonisin B2 in red wine from Italy. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:1136-41. [PMID: 20432101 DOI: 10.1080/19440041003716547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The potential risk of exposure to fumonisin B(2) (FB(2)) in the grape-wine chain has recently been revealed after a report of Aspergillus niger in grapes and its ability to produce FB(2) and FB(4). The occurrence of these two fumonisins in wine was investigated by LC/MS/MS in 51 market samples (45 red, five white and one rose wine) produced in various Italian regions. Nine samples of red wine were found to be contaminated by fumonisin B(2) at levels ranging from 0.4 to 2.4 ng/ml, while FB(4) was not detected in any of the tested samples. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of FB(2) in wine, indicating that, although at low levels, there is a potential risk of FB(2) exposure for the wine-consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Bari, Italy.
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Han Z, Ren Y, Liu X, Luan L, Wu Y. A reliable isotope dilution method for simultaneous determination of fumonisins B1, B2 and B3 in traditional Chinese medicines by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:2723-33. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Diana Di Mavungu J, Monbaliu S, Scippo ML, Maghuin-Rogister G, Schneider YJ, Larondelle Y, Callebaut A, Robbens J, Van Peteghem C, De Saeger S. LC-MS/MS multi-analyte method for mycotoxin determination in food supplements. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 26:885-95. [PMID: 19680964 DOI: 10.1080/02652030902774649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A multi-analyte method for the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric determination of mycotoxins in food supplements is presented. The analytes included A and B trichothecenes (nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, neosolaniol, fusarenon-X, diacetoxyscirpenol, HT-2 toxin and T-2 toxin), aflatoxins (aflatoxin-B(1), aflatoxin-B(2), aflatoxin-G(1) and aflatoxin-G(2)), Alternaria toxins (alternariol, alternariol methyl ether and altenuene), fumonisins (fumonisin-B(1), fumonisin-B(2) and fumonisin-B(3)), ochratoxin A, zearalenone, beauvericin and sterigmatocystin. Optimization of the simultaneous extraction of these toxins and the sample pretreatment procedure, as well as method validation were performed on maca (Lepidium meyenii) food supplements. The results indicated that the solvent mixture ethyl acetate/formic acid (95:5, v/v) was the best compromise for the extraction of the analytes from food supplements. Liquid-liquid partition with n-hexane was applied as partial clean-up step to remove excess of co-extracted non-polar components. Further clean-up was performed on Oasis HLB cartridges. Samples were analysed using an Acquity UPLC system coupled to a Micromass Quattro Micro triple quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray interface operated in the positive-ion mode. Limits of detection and quantification were in the range of 0.3-30 ng g(-1) and 1-100 ng g(-1), respectively. Recovery yields were above 60% for most of the analytes, except for nivalenol, sterigmatocystine and the fumonisins. The method showed good precision and trueness. Analysis of different food supplements such as soy (Glycine max) isoflavones, St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum), garlic (Allium sativum), Ginkgo biloba, and black radish (Raphanus niger) demonstrated the general applicability of the method. Due to different matrix effects observed in different food supplement samples, the standard addition approach was applied to perform correct quantitative analysis. In 56 out of 62 samples analysed, none of the 23 mycotoxins investigated was detected. Positive samples contained at least one of the toxins fumonisin-B(1), fumonisin-B(2), fumonisin-B(3) and ochratoxin A.
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Ren JS, Freedman ND, Kamangar F, Dawsey SM, Hollenbeck AR, Schatzkin A, Abnet CC. Tea, coffee, carbonated soft drinks and upper gastrointestinal tract cancer risk in a large United States prospective cohort study. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46:1873-81. [PMID: 20395127 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The authors investigated the relationship between hot tea, iced tea, coffee and carbonated soft drinks consumption and upper gastrointestinal tract cancers risk in the NIH-AARP Study. During 2,584,953 person-years of follow-up on 481,563 subjects, 392 oral cavity, 178 pharynx, 307 larynx, 231 gastric cardia, 224 gastric non-cardia cancer, 123 Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC) and 305 Oesophageal Adenocarcinoma (EADC) cases were accrued. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated by multivariate-adjusted Cox regression. Compared to non-drinking, the hazard ratio for hot tea intake of > or =1 cup/day was 0.37 (95% CI: 0.20, 0.70) for pharyngeal cancer. The authors also observed a significant association between coffee drinking and risk of gastric cardia cancer (compared to <1 cup/day, the hazard ratio for drinking >3 cups/day was 1.57 (95% CI: 1.03, 2.39)), and an inverse association between coffee drinking and EADC for the cases occurring in the last 3 years of follow-up (compared to <1 cup/day, the hazard ratio for drinking >3 cups/day was 0.54 (95% CI: 0.31, 0.92)), but no association in earlier follow-up. In summary, hot tea intake was inversely associated with pharyngeal cancer, and coffee was directly associated with gastric cardia cancer, but was inversely associated with EADC during some follow-up periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Ren
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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Mogensen JM, Nielsen KF, Samson RA, Frisvad JC, Thrane U. Effect of temperature and water activity on the production of fumonisins by Aspergillus niger and different Fusarium species. BMC Microbiol 2009; 9:281. [PMID: 20043849 PMCID: PMC2811119 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-9-281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 12/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fumonisins are economically important mycotoxins which until recently were considered to originate from only a few Fusarium species. However recently a putative fumonisin gene cluster was discovered in two different Aspergillus niger strains followed by detection of an actual fumonisin B2 (FB2) production in four strains of this biotechnologically important workhorse. RESULTS In the present study, a screening of 5 A. niger strains and 25 assumed fumonisin producing Fusarium strains from 6 species, showed that all 5 A. niger strains produced FB2 and 23 of 25 Fusarium produced fumonisin B1 and other isoforms (fumonisin B2 and B3). Five A. niger and five Fusarium spp. were incubated at six different temperatures from 15-42 degrees C on Czapek Yeast Agar +5% salt or Potato Dextrose Agar. A. niger had the highest production of FB2 at 25-30 degrees C whereas Fusarium spp. had the maximal production of FB1 and FB2 at 20-25 degrees C. Addition of 2.5-5% NaCl, or 10-20% sucrose increased the FB2 production of A. niger, whereas addition of glycerol reduced FB2 production. All three water activity lowering solutes reduced the fumonisin production of the Fusarium species. CONCLUSION The present study shows that the regulation of fumonisin production is very different in A. niger and Fusarium, and that food and feeds preserved by addition of sugar or salts may be good substrates for fumonisin B2 production by A. niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper M Mogensen
- Center for Microbial Biotechnology, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 221, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
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Islami F, Kamangar F, Nasrollahzadeh D, Møller H, Boffetta P, Malekzadeh R. Oesophageal cancer in Golestan Province, a high-incidence area in northern Iran - a review. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45:3156-65. [PMID: 19800783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Golestan Province, located in the south-east littoral of the Caspian Sea in northern Iran, has one of the highest rates of oesophageal cancer (OC) in the world. We review the epidemiologic studies that have investigated the epidemiologic patterns and causes of OC in this area and provide some suggestions for further studies. Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) constitutes over 90% of all OC cases in Golestan. In retrospective studies, cigarettes and hookah smoking, nass use (a chewing tobacco product), opium consumption, hot tea drinking, poor oral health, low intake of fresh fruit and vegetables, and low socioeconomic status have been associated with higher risk of OSCC in Golestan. However, the association of tobacco with OSCC in this area is not as strong as that seen in Western countries. Alcohol is consumed by a very small percentage of the population and is not a risk factor for OSCC in this area. Other factors, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, N-nitroso compounds, drinking water contaminants, infections, food contamination with mycotoxins, and genetic factors merit further investigation as risk factors for OSCC in Golestan. An ongoing cohort study in this area is an important resource for studying some of these factors and also for confirming the previously found associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Islami
- Digestive Disease Research Center, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 14117 Tehran, Iran
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