1
|
Sohrabi H, Majidi MR, Fakhraei M, Jahanban-Esfahlan A, Hejazi M, Oroojalian F, Baradaran B, Tohidast M, Guardia MDL, Mokhtarzadeh A. Lateral flow assays (LFA) for detection of pathogenic bacteria: A small point-of-care platform for diagnosis of human infectious diseases. Talanta 2022; 243:123330. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
2
|
Worbs S, Kampa B, Skiba M, Hansbauer EM, Stern D, Volland H, Becher F, Simon S, Dorner MB, Dorner BG. Differentiation, Quantification and Identification of Abrin and Abrus precatorius Agglutinin. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13040284. [PMID: 33919561 PMCID: PMC8073929 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abrin, the toxic lectin from the rosary pea plant Abrus precatorius, has gained considerable interest in the recent past due to its potential malevolent use. However, reliable and easy-to-use assays for the detection and discrimination of abrin from related plant proteins such as Abrus precatorius agglutinin or the homologous toxin ricin from Ricinus communis are sparse. To address this gap, a panel of highly specific monoclonal antibodies was generated against abrin and the related Abrus precatorius agglutinin. These antibodies were used to establish two sandwich ELISAs to preferentially detect abrin or A. precatorius agglutinin (limit of detection 22 pg/mL for abrin; 35 pg/mL for A. precatorius agglutinin). Furthermore, an abrin-specific lateral flow assay was developed for rapid on-site detection (limit of detection ~1 ng/mL abrin). Assays were validated for complex food, environmental and clinical matrices illustrating broad applicability in different threat scenarios. Additionally, the antibodies turned out to be suitable for immuno-enrichment strategies in combination with mass spectrometry-based approaches for unambiguous identification. Finally, we were able to demonstrate for the first time how the developed assays can be applied to detect, identify and quantify abrin from a clinical sample derived from an attempted suicide case involving A. precatorius.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Worbs
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (E.-M.H.); (D.S.); (M.B.D.)
| | - Bettina Kampa
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (E.-M.H.); (D.S.); (M.B.D.)
| | - Martin Skiba
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (E.-M.H.); (D.S.); (M.B.D.)
| | - Eva-Maria Hansbauer
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (E.-M.H.); (D.S.); (M.B.D.)
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (H.V.); (F.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Daniel Stern
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (E.-M.H.); (D.S.); (M.B.D.)
| | - Hervé Volland
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (H.V.); (F.B.); (S.S.)
| | - François Becher
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (H.V.); (F.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Stéphanie Simon
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Université Paris Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (H.V.); (F.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Martin B. Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (E.-M.H.); (D.S.); (M.B.D.)
| | - Brigitte G. Dorner
- Biological Toxins, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Seestr. 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.W.); (B.K.); (M.S.); (E.-M.H.); (D.S.); (M.B.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-18754-2500
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Walper SA, Lasarte Aragonés G, Sapsford KE, Brown CW, Rowland CE, Breger JC, Medintz IL. Detecting Biothreat Agents: From Current Diagnostics to Developing Sensor Technologies. ACS Sens 2018; 3:1894-2024. [PMID: 30080029 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although a fundamental understanding of the pathogenicity of most biothreat agents has been elucidated and available treatments have increased substantially over the past decades, they still represent a significant public health threat in this age of (bio)terrorism, indiscriminate warfare, pollution, climate change, unchecked population growth, and globalization. The key step to almost all prevention, protection, prophylaxis, post-exposure treatment, and mitigation of any bioagent is early detection. Here, we review available methods for detecting bioagents including pathogenic bacteria and viruses along with their toxins. An introduction placing this subject in the historical context of previous naturally occurring outbreaks and efforts to weaponize selected agents is first provided along with definitions and relevant considerations. An overview of the detection technologies that find use in this endeavor along with how they provide data or transduce signal within a sensing configuration follows. Current "gold" standards for biothreat detection/diagnostics along with a listing of relevant FDA approved in vitro diagnostic devices is then discussed to provide an overview of the current state of the art. Given the 2014 outbreak of Ebola virus in Western Africa and the recent 2016 spread of Zika virus in the Americas, discussion of what constitutes a public health emergency and how new in vitro diagnostic devices are authorized for emergency use in the U.S. are also included. The majority of the Review is then subdivided around the sensing of bacterial, viral, and toxin biothreats with each including an overview of the major agents in that class, a detailed cross-section of different sensing methods in development based on assay format or analytical technique, and some discussion of related microfluidic lab-on-a-chip/point-of-care devices. Finally, an outlook is given on how this field will develop from the perspective of the biosensing technology itself and the new emerging threats they may face.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Walper
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Guillermo Lasarte Aragonés
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- College of Science, George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Kim E. Sapsford
- OMPT/CDRH/OIR/DMD Bacterial Respiratory and Medical Countermeasures Branch, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Carl W. Brown
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- College of Science, George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Clare E. Rowland
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
- National Research Council, Washington, D.C. 20036, United States
| | - Joyce C. Breger
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Igor L. Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Application of Microwave Irradiation and Heat to Improve Gliadin Detection and Ricin ELISA Throughput with Food Samples. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:2135-44. [PMID: 26110503 PMCID: PMC4488694 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7062135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The utility of microwave irradiation to accelerate the onset of equilibrium and improve ELISA performance was examined using ELISAs for the detection of the plant toxin ricin and gliadin. The ricin ELISA normally requires several one hour incubations at 37 °C, a total assay time of approximately five hours, and employs a complex buffer containing PBS, Tween-20®, and non-fat milk. Different energy levels and pulse designs were compared to the use of abbreviated incubation times at 37 °C for the detection of ricin in food. The use of microwave irradiation had no significant advantage over the application of heat using an oven incubator and performed worse with some foods. In contrast, a gliadin ELISA that relied on 30 min incubation steps at room temperature and a salt-based buffer performed better upon irradiation but also displayed improvement upon incubating the microtiter plate at 37 °C. Whether microwave irradiation was advantageous compared to incubation in an oven was inconclusive. However, by abbreviating the incubation time of the ricin ELISA, it was possible to cut the assay time to less than 2 hours and still display LOD values < 10 ppb and recoveries of 78%–98%.
Collapse
|
5
|
Fredriksson SÅ, Artursson E, Bergström T, Östin A, Nilsson C, Åstot C. Identification of RIP-II Toxins by Affinity Enrichment, Enzymatic Digestion and LC-MS. Anal Chem 2014; 87:967-74. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5032918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sten-Åke Fredriksson
- Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), CBRN Defence and Security, SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Artursson
- Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), CBRN Defence and Security, SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tomas Bergström
- Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), CBRN Defence and Security, SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Östin
- Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), CBRN Defence and Security, SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Calle Nilsson
- Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), CBRN Defence and Security, SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Crister Åstot
- Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), CBRN Defence and Security, SE-901 82 Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen HY, Tran H, Foo LY, Sew TW, Loke WK. Development and validation of an ELISA kit for the detection of ricin toxins from biological specimens and environmental samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:5157-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7934-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
7
|
|
8
|
RASOOLY REUVEN, HE XIAOHUA. Sensitive Bioassay for Detection of Biologically Active Ricin in Food. J Food Prot 2012; 75:951-4. [DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The potential use of ricin as an agent of biological warfare highlights the need to develop fast and effective methods to detect biologically active ricin. The current “gold standard” for ricin detection is an in vivo mouse bioassay; however, this method is not practical to test on a large number of samples and raises ethical concerns with regard to the use of experimental animals. In this work, we generated adenoviral vectors that express the green fluorescent protein gene and used the relative fluorescence units intensity inhibition by transduced cells for quantitative measurement of biologically active ricin. The detection limit of the assay was 200 pg/ml, which is over 500,000 times greater than the adult human lethal oral dose. The inhibition of fluorescence intensity between ricin treatment and control was higher in 72-h posttransduction Vero cells than 24-h human embryonic kidney cells. Therefore, to detect biologically active ricin in food matrices that might influence the assay, we used 72-h posttransduction Vero cells. This simple assay could be used for large-scale screening to detect biologically active ricin in food without added substrates or use of cell fixation methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- REUVEN RASOOLY
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA
| | - XIAOHUA HE
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Suresh S, Gupta M, Kumar GA, Rao VK, Kumar O, Ghosal P. Synergic effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and gold nanoparticles towards immunosensing of ricin with carbon nanotube–gold nanoparticles–chitosan modified screen printed electrode. Analyst 2012; 137:4086-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35279f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
10
|
He L, Deen B, Rodda T, Ronningen I, Blasius T, Haynes C, Diez-Gonzalez F, Labuza TP. Rapid Detection of Ricin in Milk Using Immunomagnetic Separation Combined with Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. J Food Sci 2011; 76:N49-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2011.02196.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
11
|
Brandon DL. Detection of ricin contamination in ground beef by electrochemiluminescence immunosorbent assay. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:398-408. [PMID: 22069715 PMCID: PMC3202826 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3040398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricin is a highly toxic protein present in the seeds of Ricinus communis (castor), grown principally as a source of high quality industrial lubricant and as an ornamental. Because ricin has been used for intentional poisoning in the past and could be used to contaminate food, there is a need for analytical methodology to detect ricin in food matrices. A monoclonal antibody-based method was developed for detecting and quantifying ricin in ground beef, a complex, fatty matrix. The limit of detection was 0.5 ng/g for the electrochemiluminescence (ECL) method and 1.5 ng/g for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The detection of nanogram per gram quantities of ricin spiked into retail samples of ground beef provides approximately 10,000-fold greater sensitivity than required to detect a toxic dose of ricin (>1 mg) in a 100 g sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Brandon
- Foodborne Contaminants Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
McGrath SC, Schieltz DM, McWilliams LG, Pirkle JL, Barr JR. Detection and Quantification of Ricin in Beverages Using Isotope Dilution Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2011; 83:2897-905. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102571f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara C. McGrath
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - David M. Schieltz
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Lisa G. McWilliams
- Battelle (on Contract with the Division of Laboratory Sciences), 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - James L. Pirkle
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - John R. Barr
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Clotilde LM, Bernard C, Hartman GL, Lau DK, Carter JM. Microbead-based immunoassay for simultaneous detection of Shiga toxins and isolation of Escherichia coli O157 in foods. J Food Prot 2011; 74:373-9. [PMID: 21375872 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-10-344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a significant foodborne pathogen with great economic consequences. There has been an increased food safety concern with this organism since outbreaks of human illnesses caused by this pathogen were first reported in 1982. Therefore, developing a reliable, sensitive, and rapid assay capable of detecting E. coli O157 and the main toxins produced by STEC (i.e., Shiga toxins 1 [Stx(1)] and 2 [Stx(2)]) will directly benefit regulatory agencies by minimizing analysis time. Here, we use Luminex technology to detect multiple analytes in a single 50-ml sample. Using commercially available monoclonal antibodies coupled to carboxylated magnetic microbeads, we developed an immunoassay capable of simultaneously serotyping E. coli O157 and detecting Stx(1) and/or Stx(2). The specificity and sensitivity of this immunoassay was tested against a collection of 34 E. coli isolates belonging to various O serogroups phenotypically different for Stx. The results were compared with microplate sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and no cross-reactivity was observed for any of the monoclonal antibodies used. An increased sensitivity up to 1,000 times was observed in the microbead-based immunoassay when compared with the microplate sandwich ELISA. The results indicate that Luminex technology has the potential to simultaneously detect multiple targets without loss of specificity and/or sensitivity. A blind experiment was conducted with 48 samples of ground beef, lettuce, and milk spiked with ≤2 CFU/g E. coli. All the samples were correctly identified, with no false positives or false negatives. This microbead-based immunoassay could be extended to simultaneously detect additional foodborne pathogens and their toxic markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie M Clotilde
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
He L, Rodda T, Haynes CL, Deschaines T, Strother T, Diez-Gonzalez F, Labuza TP. Detection of a Foreign Protein in Milk Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Coupled with Antibody-Modified Silver Dendrites. Anal Chem 2011; 83:1510-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1032353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili He
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Tom Rodda
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Christy L. Haynes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy Deschaines
- Raman Spectroscopy Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, 5225 Verona Road, Building 4, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, United States
| | - Todd Strother
- Raman Spectroscopy Group, Thermo Fisher Scientific, 5225 Verona Road, Building 4, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, United States
| | - Francisco Diez-Gonzalez
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Theodore P. Labuza
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Principato M, Njoroge JM, Perlloni A, Donnell MO, Boyle T, Jones Jr RL. Detection of Target Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B Antigen in Orange Juice and Popular Carbonated Beverages Using Antibody-Dependent Antigen-Capture Assays. J Food Sci 2010; 75:T141-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01806.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
16
|
Detection of residual toxin in tissues of ricin-poisoned mice by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoprecipitation. Anal Biochem 2010; 401:211-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
17
|
Pauly D, Kirchner S, Stoermann B, Schreiber T, Kaulfuss S, Schade R, Zbinden R, Avondet MA, Dorner MB, Dorner BG. Simultaneous quantification of five bacterial and plant toxins from complex matrices using a multiplexed fluorescent magnetic suspension assay. Analyst 2009; 134:2028-39. [PMID: 19768210 DOI: 10.1039/b911525k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Proteotoxins such as ricin, abrin, botulinum neurotoxins type A and B (BoNT/A, BoNT/B) and staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) are regarded as potential biological warfare agents which could be used for bioterrorism attacks on the food chain. In this study we used a novel immunisation strategy to generate high-affinity monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against native ricin, BoNT/A, and BoNT/B. The antibodies were used along with antibodies against SEB and abrin to establish a highly sensitive magnetic and fluorescent multiplex bead array with excellent sensitivities between 2 ng/L and 546 ng/L from a minimal sample volume of 50 microL. The assay was validated using 20 different related analytes and the assay precision was determined. Advancing the existing bead array technology, the novel magnetic and fluorescent microbeads proved amenable to enrichment procedures, by further increasing sensitivity to 0.3-85 ng/L, starting from a sample volume of 500 microL. Furthermore, the method was successfully applied for the simultaneous identification of the target toxins spiked into complex food matrices like milk, baby food and yoghurt. On the basis of our results, the assay appears to be a good tool for large-scale screening of samples from the food supply chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Pauly
- Center for Biological Safety, Microbial Toxins (ZBS3), Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Fisher M, Atiya-Nasagi Y, Simon I, Gordin M, Mechaly A, Yitzhaki S. A combined immunomagnetic separation and lateral flow method for a sensitive on-site detection ofBacillus anthracisspores - assessment in water and dairy products. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 48:413-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2008.02542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
20
|
Brandon DL, Hernlem BJ. Development of monoclonal antibodies specific forRicinusagglutinins. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/09540100802626487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
|
21
|
Guglielmo-Viret V, Splettstoesser W, Thullier P. An Immunochromatographic Test for the Diagnosis of Ricin Inhalational Poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2008; 45:505-11. [PMID: 17503256 DOI: 10.1080/15563650701354226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aerosolized ricin is a feared bioweapon for which no diagnostic protocol is currently available. METHODS We obtained antibodies to develop an immunochromatographic test (ICT) that would be part of such a protocol. RESULTS Our ICT, that can be read with the naked eye, has a sensitivity of 1 ng ricin/mL buffer, without enhancement, making it the most sensitive rapid test available for this toxin as far as we know. Its dynamic range extends to 10 microg/mL, with a plateau from 10 to at least 250 microg/mL (no "hook effect"), and it has limited cross-reactivity with other lectins. DISCUSSION Calculated from experimental and animal data, sampling with nasal swabs and testing with the devised ICT should give more than a thousand times the sensitivity required to diagnose ricin inhalational poisoning. Such a margin is particularly valuable in the absence of clinical data. CONCLUSION This cost-effective and easy to use diagnostic tool could assist in the diagnosis of inhalational exposure from ricin aerosols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Guglielmo-Viret
- Antibody Technology Group, Biology of Transmissible Agents Department, Centre de Recherche du Service de Santé des Armées, La Tronche, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rapid detection of ricin in cosmetics and elimination of artifacts associated with wheat lectin. J Immunol Methods 2008; 336:251-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2008.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
23
|
Detection of an abasic site in RNA with stem-loop DNA beacons: Application to an activity assay for Ricin Toxin A-Chain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 70:945-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2007.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
24
|
Brzezinski JL, Craft DL. Evaluation of an in vitro bioassay for the detection of purified ricin and castor bean in beverages and liquid food matrices. J Food Prot 2007; 70:2377-82. [PMID: 17969621 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.10.2377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The potential use of ricin as a biological weapon in food highlights the necessity for the development of food-specific detection methods. Current methods for the detection of ricin consist of various immunoassays, which detect only one subunit of the ricin toxin and therefore may not be indicative of a biologically active molecule. An in vivo assay, such as a mouse bioassay, can indicate the biological activity of the toxin; however, this method is not feasible for laboratories that do not have animal testing facilities. The purpose of this study was to develop an in vitro assay for the detection of biologically active ricin in beverages and liquid foods. Acidic and high-protein beverages were spiked with either purified ricin or ground castor beans and added to cultured human Jurkat cells. After an overnight incubation, the supernatant was tested for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity with a colorimetric assay. LDH was released from the cytosol upon cell damage and was positively correlated with cell death. Ricin was detectable in all the matrices tested, with a sensitivity of 10 to 100 pg/ml. Biologically active ricin was detectable in all the matrices incubated with ground castor bean material. This method provides a confirmatory way to detect biologically active ricin that can be utilized by laboratories lacking animal facilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Brzezinski
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Forensic Chemistry Center, 6751 Steger Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Guglielmo-Viret V, Thullier P. Comparison of an electrochemiluminescence assay in plate format over a colorimetric ELISA, for the detection of ricin B chain (RCA-B). J Immunol Methods 2007; 328:70-8. [PMID: 17854822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2007.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Revised: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assay for the detection of the B chain of ricin (RCA-B) in a 96-well plate format was developed in parallel with a colorimetric ELISA utilizing the same pair of antibodies. Sensitivity results were interpreted with the ANOVA and Tukey statistical tests, allowing a direct comparison between the two technologies, that can probably be extended to other protein antigens such as toxins. Reproducibility, repeatability and rapidity of the two techniques were also compared. The ELISA assay utilized an alkaline phosphatase conjugate for signal generation. After optimization, its limit of detection was 400 pg of RCA-B per ml buffer, with an intra-day standard deviation (SD) of 2.2% of the mean and an inter-day SD of 5.1%. The ECL assay utilized ruthenylated antibodies for detection. The ECL measurement was carried out using a Sector PR 400 plate reader. After optimization, its limit of detection was 50 pg of RCA-B per ml buffer, with an intra-day SD of 4.1% of the mean and an inter-day SD of 4.3%. Starting from a pre-coated plate, the ELISA assay was completed in 7 h and the ECL assay took 2.5 h. While reproducibility and repeatability of the two assays were equivalent, this ECL assay in plate format had an 8-fold better sensitivity for RCA-B detection than the colorimetric ELISA in buffer and in various matrices. The ECL assay was also three times faster, and retained the robustness and convenience of the 96-well plate format.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Guglielmo-Viret
- Groupe de Biotechnologie des Anticorps, Département de Biologie des Agents Transmissibles, Centre de Recherche du Service de Santé des Armées, BP 87, 38702, La Tronche, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Becher F, Duriez E, Volland H, Tabet JC, Ezan E. Detection of Functional Ricin by Immunoaffinity and Liquid Chromatography−Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2006; 79:659-65. [PMID: 17222034 DOI: 10.1021/ac061498b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The toxin ricin is a biological weapon that may be used for bioterrorist purposes. As a member of the group of ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), ricin has an A-chain possessing N-glycosidase activity which irreversibly inhibits protein synthesis. In this paper, we demonstrate that provided appropriate sample preparation is used, this enzymatic activity can be exploited for functional ricin detection with sensitivity similar to the best ELISA and specificity allowing application to environmental samples. Ricin is first captured by a monoclonal antibody directed against the B chain and immobilized on magnetic beads. Detection is then realized by determination of the adenine released by the A chain from an RNA template using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The immunoaffinity step combined with the enzymatic activity detection leads to a specific assay for the entire functional ricin with a lower limit of detection of 0.1 ng/mL (1.56 pM) after concentration of the toxin from a 500 microL sample size. The variability of the assay was 10%. Finally, the method was applied successfully to milk and tap or bottled water samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Becher
- CEA, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunologie, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France and LCSOB UMR 7613 CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fungi and fungal toxins as weapons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 110:1003-10. [PMID: 16908123 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2005] [Revised: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent aggressive attacks on innocent citizens have resulted in governments increasing security. However, there is a good case for prevention rather than reaction. Bioweapons, mycotoxins, fungal biocontrol agents (FBCA), and even pharmaceuticals contain, or are, toxins and need to be considered in the context of the new paradigm. Is it desirable to discuss such issues? None of the fungi are (a) as toxic as botulinum toxin from Clostridium botulinum, and (b) as dangerous as nuclear weapons. One toxin may be defined as a pharmaceutical and vice versa simply by a small change in concentration or a moiety. Mycotoxins are defined as naturally occurring toxic compounds obtained from fungi. They are the biggest chronic health risk when incorporated into the diet. The current list of fungal toxins as biochemical weapons is small, although awareness is growing of the threats they may pose. T-2 toxin is perhaps the biggest concern. A clear distinction is required between the biological (fungus) and chemical (toxin) aspects of the issue. There is an obvious requirement to be able to trace these fungi and compounds in the environment and to know when concentrations are abnormal. Many FBCA, produce toxins. This paper indicates how to treat mycotoxicosis and decontaminate mycotoxins. There is considerable confusion and inconsistency surrounding this topic which requires assessment in an impartial and scientific manner.
Collapse
|
28
|
Lubelli C, Chatgilialoglu A, Bolognesi A, Strocchi P, Colombatti M, Stirpe F. Detection of ricin and other ribosome-inactivating proteins by an immuno-polymerase chain reaction assay. Anal Biochem 2006; 355:102-9. [PMID: 16762307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2006] [Revised: 04/27/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are plant proteins with enzymatic activity, classified as type 1 (single chain) or type 2 (two chains). They are identified as rRNA N-glycosidases (EC 3.2.2.22) and cause an irreversible inhibition of protein synthesis. Among type 2 RIPs, there are potent toxins (ricin is the best known) that are considered as potential biological weapons. The development of a fast and sensitive method for the detection of biological agents is an important tool to prevent or deal with the consequences of intoxication. In this article, we describe a very sensitive immuno-polymerase chain reaction (IPCR) assay for the detection of RIPs-a type 1 RIP (dianthin) and a type 2 RIP (ricin)-that combines the specificity of immunological analysis with the exponential amplification of PCR. The limit of detection (LOD) of the technique was compared with the LODs of the conventional immunological methods enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and fluorescent immunosorbent assay (FIA). The LOD of IPCR was more than 1 million times lower than that of ELISA, allowing the detection of 10 fg/ml of dianthin and ricin. The possibility to detect ricin in human serum was also investigated, and a similar sensitivity was observed (10 fg/ml). IPCR appears to be the most sensitive method for the detection of ricin and other RIPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Lubelli
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, via S. Giacomo 14, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|