1
|
Gutiérrez-Pacheco MM, Torres-Moreno H, Flores-Lopez ML, Velázquez Guadarrama N, Ayala-Zavala JF, Ortega-Ramírez LA, López-Romero JC. Mechanisms and Applications of Citral's Antimicrobial Properties in Food Preservation and Pharmaceuticals Formulations. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1608. [PMID: 37998810 PMCID: PMC10668791 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Citral is a monoterpene constituted by two isomers known as neral and geranial. It is present in different plant sources and recognized as safe (GRAS) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In recent years, investigations have demonstrated that this compound exhibited several biological activities, such as antibacterial, antifungal, antibiofilm, antiparasitic, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, by in vitro and in vivo assays. Additionally, when incorporated into different food matrices, citral can reduce the microbial load of pathogenic microorganisms and extend the shelf life. This compound has acceptable drug-likeness properties and does not present any violations of Lipinski's rules, which could be used for drug development. The above shows that citral could be a compound of interest for developing food additives to extend the shelf life of animal and vegetable origin foods and develop pharmaceutical products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Heriberto Torres-Moreno
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, H. Caborca 83600, Sonora, Mexico;
| | - María Liliana Flores-Lopez
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación Científica y Tecnológica, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo 25070, Coahuila, Mexico;
| | - Norma Velázquez Guadarrama
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - J. Fernando Ayala-Zavala
- Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A. C. Carretera Gustavo Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Colonia la Victoria, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico;
| | - Luis Alberto Ortega-Ramírez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Estatal de Sonora, San Luis Río Colorado 83430, Sonora, Mexico;
| | - Julio César López-Romero
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, H. Caborca 83600, Sonora, Mexico;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alves-Silva J, Zuzarte M, Cavaleiro C, Salgueiro L. Antibiofilm Effect of Lavandula multifida Essential Oil: A New Approach for Chronic Infections. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2142. [PMID: 37631356 PMCID: PMC10458520 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, being highly prevalent in patients with underlying health complications such as chronic lung disease, HIV, cancer, and diabetes mellitus. To mitigate these infections, the development of effective antifungals is imperative, with plants standing out as promising sources of bioactive compounds. In the present study, we focus on the antibiofilm potential of Lavandula multifida essential oil (EO) against dermatophyte strains and Candida albicans. The EO was characterized using GC and GC-MS, and its antifungal effect was assessed on both biofilm formation and disruption. Biofilm mass, extracellular matrix, and viability were quantified using crystal violet, safranin, and XTT assays, respectively, and morphological alterations were confirmed using optical and scanning electron microscopy. L. multifida EO showed very high amounts of carvacrol and was very effective in inhibiting and disrupting fungal biofilms. The EO significantly decreased biofilm mass and viability in all tested fungi. In addition, a reduction in dermatophytes' extracellular matrix was observed, particularly during biofilm formation. Morphological alterations were evident in mature biofilms, with a clear decrease in hypha diameter. These promising results support the use of L. multifida EO in the development of effective plant-based antifungal products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alves-Silva
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.A.-S.); (C.C.)
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mónica Zuzarte
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.A.-S.); (C.C.)
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Cavaleiro
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.A.-S.); (C.C.)
- Univ Coimbra, Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre (CIEPQPF), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lígia Salgueiro
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de S. Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.A.-S.); (C.C.)
- Univ Coimbra, Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre (CIEPQPF), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schneider G, Steinbach A, Putics Á, Solti-Hodován Á, Palkovics T. Potential of Essential Oils in the Control of Listeria monocytogenes. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1364. [PMID: 37374865 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen, the causative agent of listeriosis. Infections typically occur through consumption of foods, such as meats, fisheries, milk, vegetables, and fruits. Today, chemical preservatives are used in foods; however, due to their effects on human health, attention is increasingly turning to natural decontamination practices. One option is the application of essential oils (EOs) with antibacterial features, since EOs are considered by many authorities as being safe. In this review, we aimed to summarize the results of recent research focusing on EOs with antilisterial activity. We review different methods via which the antilisterial effect and the antimicrobial mode of action of EOs or their compounds can be investigated. In the second part of the review, results of those studies from the last 10 years are summarized, in which EOs with antilisterial effects were applied in and on different food matrices. This section only included those studies in which EOs or their pure compounds were tested alone, without combining them with any additional physical or chemical procedure or additive. Tests were performed at different temperatures and, in certain cases, by applying different coating materials. Although certain coatings can enhance the antilisterial effect of an EO, the most effective way is to mix the EO into the food matrix. In conclusion, the application of EOs is justified in the food industry as food preservatives and could help to eliminate this zoonotic bacterium from the food chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- György Schneider
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti St. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Anita Steinbach
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti St. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ákos Putics
- Central Laboratory, Aladár Petz Teaching Hospital, Vasvári Pál Street 2-4, H-9024 Győr, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Solti-Hodován
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti St. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Palkovics
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti St. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Caigoy JC, Xedzro C, Kusalaruk W, Nakano H. Antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antimotility signatures of some natural antimicrobials against Vibrio cholerae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2022; 369:6665928. [PMID: 35963648 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnac076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is an etiological cause of cholera and has been implicated in several epidemics. Exploration of the antimicrobial signatures of culinary spices has become an important industrial tool to suppress the growth of foodborne bacterial pathogens including Vibrio spp. The antibiofilm and antimotility activities of some selected natural antimicrobial agents were then evaluated. All the extracts showed vibriostatic activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 0.1% to 0.4%. Cinnamon and black pepper demonstrated significant biofilm inhibition activity from 94.77% to 99.77% when administered at 100% MIC. Black pepper extract also demonstrated the highest biofilm inhibition activity against the established biofilms of V. cholerae O1 and O139. Cinnamon, calabash nutmeg, and black pepper significantly inhibited swimming and swarming motility by 85.51% to 94.87%. Sub-MICs (50% and 75%) of some extracts were also effective as an antibiofilm and antimotility agent against the tested strains. The findings of our study suggest the potential application of natural antimicrobial agents such as spices in food to inhibit biofilm formation and motility, which consequently mitigate the virulence and persistence of the pathogen in the food supply chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jant Cres Caigoy
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Christian Xedzro
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Waraporn Kusalaruk
- Department of Food Safety, School of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Phayao, 19 Moo 2 Tambon Maeka, Amphur Muang, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Hiroyuki Nakano
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mohamed HMA, Alnasser SM, Abd-Elhafeez HH, Alotaibi M, Batiha GES, Younis W. Detection of β-Lactamase Resistance and Biofilm Genes in Pseudomonas Species Isolated from Chickens. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10101975. [PMID: 36296251 PMCID: PMC9611058 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas are pathogens in both humans and animals. The most prevalent nosocomial pathogen is P. aeruginosa, particularly strains with elevated antibiotic resistance. In this study, a total of eighteen previously identified Pseudomonas species strains, were isolated from chicken. These strains were screened for biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance. In addition, we evaluated clove oil’s effectiveness against Pseudomonas isolates as an antibiofilm agent. The results showed that Pseudomonas species isolates were resistant to most antibiotics tested, particularly those from the β-lactamase family. A significant correlation (p < 0.05) between the development of multidrug-resistant isolates and biofilms is too informal. After amplifying the AmpC-plasmid-mediated genes (blaCMY, blaMIR, DHA, and FOX) and biofilm-related genes (psld, rhlA, and pelA) in most of our isolates, PCR confirmed this relationship. Clove oil has a potent antibiofilm effect against Pseudomonas isolates, and may provide a treatment for bacteria that form biofilms and are resistant to antimicrobials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hams M. A. Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.M.A.M.); (S.M.A.); (H.H.A.-E.)
| | - Sulaiman Mohammed Alnasser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (H.M.A.M.); (S.M.A.); (H.H.A.-E.)
| | - Hanan H. Abd-Elhafeez
- Department of Cells and Tissues, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
- Correspondence: (H.M.A.M.); (S.M.A.); (H.H.A.-E.)
| | - Meshal Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Hafr Albatin, Hafr Albatin 39524, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhur University, Damanhur 22511, Egypt
| | - Waleed Younis
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Szostek T, Szulczyk D, Szymańska-Majchrzak J, Koliński M, Kmiecik S, Otto-Ślusarczyk D, Zawodnik A, Rajkowska E, Chaniewicz K, Struga M, Roszkowski P. Design and Synthesis of Menthol and Thymol Derived Ciprofloxacin: Influence of Structural Modifications on the Antibacterial Activity and Anticancer Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126600. [PMID: 35743043 PMCID: PMC9224473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixteen new Ciprofloxacin derivatives were designed and successfully synthesized. In an in silico experiment, lipophilicity was established for obtained compounds. All compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity using standard and clinical strains. As for Gram-positive hospital microorganisms, all tested derivatives were active. Measured MICs were in the range 1–16 µg/mL, confirming high antimicrobial potency. Derivative 12 demonstrated activity against all standard Gram-positive Staphylococci, within the range of 0.8–1.6 µg/mL and was confirmed as the leading structure with MICs 1 µg/mL for S. pasteuri KR 4358 and S. aureus T 5591 (clinical strains). All compounds were screened for their in vitro cytotoxic properties via the MTT method. Three of the examined compounds (3, 11 and 16) showed good activity against cancer cells, and in parallel were found not to be cytotoxic toward normal cells. Doxorubicin SI ranged 0.14–1.11 while the mentioned three ranged 1.9–3.4. Selected Ciprofloxacin derivatives were docked into the crystal structure of topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) in complex with DNA (PDB ID: 5BTC). In summary, leading structures were established (3, 11, 12 and 16). We have observed poor results in preformed studies for disubstituted derivatives, suggesting that 3-oxo-4-carboxylic acid core is the active DNA-gyrase binding site, and when structural changes were made in this fragment, there was an observed decrease in antibacterial potency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Szostek
- Biochemical Research Scientific Association, Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Daniel Szulczyk
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (J.S.-M.); (D.O.-Ś.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Jolanta Szymańska-Majchrzak
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (J.S.-M.); (D.O.-Ś.); (M.S.)
| | - Michał Koliński
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Sebastian Kmiecik
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Dagmara Otto-Ślusarczyk
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (J.S.-M.); (D.O.-Ś.); (M.S.)
| | - Aleksandra Zawodnik
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Eliza Rajkowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (E.R.); (K.C.)
| | - Kinga Chaniewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (E.R.); (K.C.)
| | - Marta Struga
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (J.S.-M.); (D.O.-Ś.); (M.S.)
| | - Piotr Roszkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (E.R.); (K.C.)
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (P.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pourkhosravani E, Dehghan Nayeri F, Mohammadi Bazargani M. Decoding antibacterial and antibiofilm properties of cinnamon and cardamom essential oils: a combined molecular docking and experimental study. AMB Express 2021; 11:143. [PMID: 34704145 PMCID: PMC8548479 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01305-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sets out to compare the antibacterial and antibiofilm profiles of Ci/Ca EOs alone and in combination together against infectious bacterial strains. MIC assay was carried out to survey the effectiveness of prepared EOs by two-fold serial dilution method and MTT evaluation. Synergic antibacterial properties of EOs against target strains were studied by using checkerboard titration method. Biofilm growth and development were evaluated using CV and XTT reduction assays. Antibacterial activity was observed for EOs against both bacterial strains with stronger activity for CiEO against both bacteria. The synergistic antibacterial effect was observed only against B. subtilis. Based on the FIC index, combinations could not inhibit the growth of E. coli. The pure EOs and their combination inhibited cell attachment for both studied bacteria with stronger effect on E. coli. CV and XTT reduction assays results showed that Ci EO and its combination with CaEO had the highest antibiofilm activity at lowest MIC value 0.08% and 0.04/0.02% against biofilm formed by E. coli and B. subtilis respectively, indicating a high antibiofilm potential. Computational docking analyses also postulated that the active constituents of evaluated EOs have the potential to interact with different bacterial targets, suggested binding mode of action of EOs metabolites. By and large, synergistic anti-biofilm properties of EOs may provide further options for developing novel formula to inhibit a variety of infectious clinical and industrial strains without (or less) toxicity effects on human body. ![]()
Collapse
|
8
|
Chemical composition, antibiofilm activities of Tunisian spices essential oils and combinatorial effect against Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
9
|
|
10
|
Natural Plant-Derived Chemical Compounds as Listeria monocytogenes Inhibitors In Vitro and in Food Model Systems. Pathogens 2020; 10:pathogens10010012. [PMID: 33375619 PMCID: PMC7823385 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen, sporadically present in various food product groups. An illness caused by the pathogen, named listeriosis, has high fatality rates. Even though L. monocytogenes is resistant to many environmental factors, e.g., low temperatures, low pH and high salinity, it is susceptible to various natural plant-derived antimicrobials (NPDA), including thymol, carvacrol, eugenol, trans-cinnamaldehyde, carvone S, linalool, citral, (E)-2-hexenal and many others. This review focuses on identifying NPDAs active against L. monocytogenes and their mechanisms of action against the pathogen, as well as on studies that showed antimicrobial action of the compounds against the pathogen in food model systems. Synergistic action of NDPA with other factors, biofilm inhibition and alternative delivery systems (encapsulation and active films) of the compounds tested against L. monocytogenes are also summarized briefly.
Collapse
|
11
|
Gómez-Sequeda N, Cáceres M, Stashenko EE, Hidalgo W, Ortiz C. Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Essential Oils against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9110730. [PMID: 33114324 PMCID: PMC7690905 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug resistant microorganisms represents a global challenge due to the lack of new effective antimicrobial agents. In this sense, essential oils (EOs) are an alternative to be considered because of their anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, and antibiofilm biological activities. Therefore, multiple efforts have been made to consider the potential use of EOs in the treatment of infections which are caused by resistant microorganisms. In this study, 15 EOs of both Colombian and introduced aromatic plants were evaluated against pathogenic strains of E. coli O157:H7 and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in planktonic and sessile states in order to identify relevant and promising alternatives for the treatment of microbial infections. Forty different compounds were identified in the 15 EO with nine of them constituted mainly by oxygenated monoterpenes (OM). EOs from Lippia origanoides, chemotypes thymol, and carvacrol, displayed the highest antibacterial activity against E. coli O157:H7 (MIC50 = 0.9 and 0.3 mg/mL, respectively) and MRSA (MIC50 = 1.2 and 0.6 mg/mL, respectively). These compounds from EOs had also the highest antibiofilm activity (inhibition percentage > 70.3%). Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), changes in the size and morphology of both bacteria were observed when they were exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of L. origanoides EO carvacrol chemotype. EOs from L. origanoides, thymol, and carvacrol chemotypes represented a viable alternative for the treatment of microbial infections; however, the Selectivity Index (SI ≤ 3) indicated that it was necessary to study alternatives to reduce its in vitro cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Gómez-Sequeda
- Grupo de Investigación en Bioquímica y Microbiología (GIBIM), Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia; (N.G.-S.); (M.C.); (C.O.)
| | - Marlon Cáceres
- Grupo de Investigación en Bioquímica y Microbiología (GIBIM), Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia; (N.G.-S.); (M.C.); (C.O.)
| | - Elena E. Stashenko
- Escuela de Microbiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia;
| | - William Hidalgo
- Grupo de Investigación en Bioquímica y Microbiología (GIBIM), Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia; (N.G.-S.); (M.C.); (C.O.)
- Escuela de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
- Correspondence:
| | - Claudia Ortiz
- Grupo de Investigación en Bioquímica y Microbiología (GIBIM), Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia; (N.G.-S.); (M.C.); (C.O.)
- Centro de Cromatografía y Espectrometría de Masas, CROM-MASS-CENIVAM, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ayres Cacciatore F, Dalmás M, Maders C, Ataíde Isaía H, Brandelli A, da Silva Malheiros P. Carvacrol encapsulation into nanostructures: Characterization and antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens adhered to stainless steel. Food Res Int 2020; 133:109143. [PMID: 32466924 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carvacrol is a natural antimicrobial capable of inhibiting several microorganisms. The encapsulation of this compound may increase its stability, water solubility and provide controlled release. In this study, carvacrol encapsulated into nanoliposomes (NLC) and polymeric Eudragit® nanocapsules (NCC) was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. adhered to stainless steel. NLC showed an average diameter of 270.8 nm, zeta potential of +8.64 mV, and encapsulation efficiency of 98%. Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of NLC was 3.53 mg/mL against Salmonella and 5.30 mg/mL against the other bacteria. NCC presented an average diameter of 159.3 nm, zeta potential of +44.8 mV, and encapsulation efficiency of 97%. MBC of NCC was 4.42 mg/mL against E. coli and 3.31 mg/mL against the other bacteria. After 2 h incubation with NCC at carvacrol concentration equivalent to ½ MBC, viable counts of Salmonella and E. coli were below the detection limit (1.69 CFU/mL). The population of L. monocytogenes and S. aureus was reduced by 2 log CFU/mL in 6 h. Afterwards, pools of each bacterium were separately adhered to stainless steel coupons (initial population 6.5 CFU/cm2). Salmonella and E. coli were inhibited below the detection limit using the NCC at concentration equivalent to MBC, while L. monocytogenes and S. aureus were reduced by 4 log CFU/cm2 and 3.5 log CFU/cm2, respectively. Although free carvacrol presented better results than encapsulated one in all tests performed, using encapsulated carvacrol could be more interesting for food applications by masking the strong aroma of the compound, in addition to a controlled release of carvacrol. The results suggest that NCC have potential for use in food contact surfaces in order to avoid bacterial adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabíola Ayres Cacciatore
- Laboratório de Higiene de Alimentos, Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Michelle Dalmás
- Laboratório de Higiene de Alimentos, Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Caroline Maders
- Laboratório de Higiene de Alimentos, Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Henrique Ataíde Isaía
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Microbiologia Aplicada, Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Adriano Brandelli
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Microbiologia Aplicada, Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia da Silva Malheiros
- Laboratório de Higiene de Alimentos, Departamento de Ciência de Alimentos, Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Aryal M, Pranatharthiharan P, Muriana PM. Optimization of a Microplate Assay for Generating Listeria Monocytogenes, E. Coli O157:H7, and Salmonella Biofilms and Enzymatic Recovery for Enumeration. Foods 2019; 8:E541. [PMID: 31684098 PMCID: PMC6915590 DOI: 10.3390/foods8110541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms enable the persistence of pathogens in food processing environments. Sanitizing agents are needed that are effective against pathogens entrapped in biofilms that are more difficult to inactivate than planktonic cells that are displaced and found on equipment surfaces. We examined conditions to develop, analyze, and enumerate the enhanced biofilms of three different foodborne pathogens assisted by fluorescence adherence assay and enzymatic detachment. We compared three different isomeric forms of fluorescent substrates that are readily taken up by bacterial cells based on carboxy-fluorescein diacetate (5-CFDA, 5,6-CFDA, 5,6-CFDA, SE). Biofilm-forming strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 F4546 and Salmonella Montevideo FSIS 051 were identified using a microplate fluorescence assay defined previously for L. monocytogenes. Adherence levels were determined by differences in relative fluorescence units (RFU) as well as recovered bacterial cells. Multiple hydrolytic enzymes were examined for each representative pathogen for the most suitable enzyme for detachment and enumeration to confirm adherence data obtained by fluorescence assay. Cultures were grown overnight in microplates, incubated, washed and replenished with fresh sterile growth medium; this cycle was repeated for seven consecutive days to enrich for robust biofilms. Treatments were performed in triplicate and compared by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine significant differences (p < 0.05).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Aryal
- Robert M. Kerr Food & Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Preetty Pranatharthiharan
- Robert M. Kerr Food & Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Peter M Muriana
- Robert M. Kerr Food & Agricultural Products Center, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kachur K, Suntres Z. The antibacterial properties of phenolic isomers, carvacrol and thymol. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:3042-3053. [PMID: 31617738 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1675585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Most of the antibacterial activities of essential oils from the Lamiaceae herbaceous plant family thyme and oregano are attributed to their bioactive isomeric monoterpenoid constituents, carvacrol and thymol. Commercially available antibiotics of thymol or carvacrol have not yet been developed but health products have incorporated thymol into their formulations for their antimicrobial properties. Carvacrol and thymol are generally considered safe for consumption and they have been used in dental applications, approved as food flavorings and have been considered as antibacterial additives in food and feed. Many studies have demonstrated that carvacrol and thymol are potent antibacterial agents against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The most frequently reported mechanism of antibacterial action of both isomers involves the disruption of bacterial membrane leading to bacterial lysis and leakage of intracellular contents resulting in death. Other proposed mechanisms of antibacterial action include the inhibition of efflux pumps, prevention in the formation and disruption of preformed biofilms, inhibition of bacterial motility, and inhibition of membrane ATPases. In addition, both isomers have been found to act additively or synergistically with conventional antibiotics important in overcoming the problem of bacteria resistance in food and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina Kachur
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zacharias Suntres
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.,Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Walsh DJ, Livinghouse T, Goeres DM, Mettler M, Stewart PS. Antimicrobial Activity of Naturally Occurring Phenols and Derivatives Against Biofilm and Planktonic Bacteria. Front Chem 2019; 7:653. [PMID: 31632948 PMCID: PMC6779693 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm-forming bacteria present formidable challenges across diverse settings, and there is a need for new antimicrobial agents that are both environmentally acceptable and relatively potent against microorganisms in the biofilm state. The antimicrobial activity of three naturally occurring, low molecular weight, phenols, and their derivatives were evaluated against planktonic and biofilm Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The structure activity relationships of eugenol, thymol, carvacrol, and their corresponding 2- and 4-allyl, 2-methallyl, and 2- and 4-n-propyl derivatives were evaluated. Allyl derivatives showed a consistent increased potency with both killing and inhibiting planktonic cells but they exhibited a decrease in potency against biofilms. This result underscores the importance of using biofilm assays to develop structure-activity relationships when the end target is biofilm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danica J. Walsh
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Tom Livinghouse
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Darla M. Goeres
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Madelyn Mettler
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Philip S. Stewart
- Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wagle BR, Upadhyay A, Upadhyaya I, Shrestha S, Arsi K, Liyanage R, Venkitanarayanan K, Donoghue DJ, Donoghue AM. Trans-Cinnamaldehyde, Eugenol and Carvacrol Reduce Campylobacter jejuni Biofilms and Modulate Expression of Select Genes and Proteins. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1837. [PMID: 31456771 PMCID: PMC6698798 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of human foodborne illness globally, and is strongly linked with the consumption of contaminated poultry products. Several studies have shown that C. jejuni can form sanitizer tolerant biofilm leading to product contamination, however, limited research has been conducted to develop effective control strategies against C. jejuni biofilms. This study investigated the efficacy of three generally recognized as safe status phytochemicals namely, trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), eugenol (EG), or carvacrol (CR) in inhibiting C. jejuni biofilm formation and inactivating mature biofilm on common food contact surfaces at 20 and 37°C. In addition, the effect of phytochemicals on biofilm architecture and expression of genes and proteins essential for biofilm formation was evaluated. For the inhibition study, C. jejuni was allowed to form biofilms either in the presence or absence of sub-inhibitory concentrations of TC (0.75 mM), EG (0.61 mM), or CR (0.13 mM) for 48 h and the biofilm formation was quantified at 24-h interval. For the inactivation study, C. jejuni biofilms developed at 20 or 37°C for 48 h were exposed to the phytochemicals for 1, 5, or 10 min and surviving C. jejuni in the biofilm were enumerated. All phytochemicals reduced C. jejuni biofilm formation as well as inactivated mature biofilm on polystyrene and steel surface at both temperatures (P < 0.05). The highest dose of TC (75.64 mM), EG (60.9 mM) and CR (66.56 mM) inactivated (>7 log reduction) biofilm developed on steel (20°C) within 5 min. The genes encoding for motility systems (flaA, flaB, and flgA) were downregulated by all phytochemicals (P < 0.05). The expression of stress response (cosR, ahpC) and cell surface modifying genes (waaF) was reduced by EG. LC-MS/MS based proteomic analysis revealed that TC, EG, and CR significantly downregulated the expression of NapA protein required for oxidative stress response. The expression of chaperone protein DnaK and bacterioferritin required for biofilm formation was reduced by TC and CR. Scanning electron microscopy revealed disruption of biofilm architecture and loss of extracellular polymeric substances after treatment. Results suggest that TC, EG, and CR could be used as a natural disinfectant for controlling C. jejuni biofilms in processing areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basanta R. Wagle
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Abhinav Upadhyay
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Indu Upadhyaya
- School of Agriculture, Tennessee Tech University, Cookeville, TN, United States
| | - Sandip Shrestha
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Komala Arsi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Rohana Liyanage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | | | - Dan J. Donoghue
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Annie M. Donoghue
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture – Agriculture Research Station, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hassannejad N, Bahador A, Rudbari NH, Modarressi MH, Parivar K. In vivo antibacterial activity of
Zataria multiflora
Boiss extract and its components, carvacrol, and thymol, against colistin‐resistant
Acinetobacter baumannii
in a pneumonic BALB/c mouse model. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:18640-18649. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Hassannejad
- Department of Cellular and Molecular BiologyFaculty of SciencesScience and Research Brand of Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Department of MicrobiologySchool of MedicineTehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Nasim Hayati Rudbari
- Department of BiologyFaculty of SciencesScience and Research Brand of Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | | | - Kazem Parivar
- Department of BiologyFaculty of SciencesScience and Research Brand of Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
High temperatures promote cell-to-cell plasmid transformation in Escherichia coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 515:196-200. [PMID: 31138439 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria continuously change their genetic characteristics to adapt to the changing environment by means of horizontal gene transfer. Although three conventional mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer are well known (transformation, transduction, and conjugation), new variations of these mechanisms have also been described. We previously reported that DNase-sensitive cell-to-cell transfer of non-conjugative plasmids, termed as "cell-to-cell transformation," occurs between the cells of two Escherichia coli strains in a co-culture. In this study, to further investigate the mechanism of cell-to-cell transformation, we constructed a new experimental system for cell-to-cell transformation. By using this system, we found that high temperatures of approximately 41ºC-45 °C significantly promote cell-to-cell plasmid transformation. This transfer was much more frequent in solid-air biofilms than in liquid culture, suggesting an importance of biofilm environment. Plasmid transfer frequency reached over 10-7/cell under the optimal strain-plasmid combination and conditions tested. DNase sensitivity test and plasmid isolation from the transformants confirmed the horizontal transfer of full-length plasmids via transformation. Comparative natural transformation experiments, which used similar strains and plasmids under equivalent culture conditions, revealed that cell-to-cell transformation occurs approximately 103 times more frequently than natural transformation, indicating the uniqueness and effectiveness of the cell-to-cell transformation mechanism. As temperatures of approximately 41ºC-45 °C are common in the avian intestines and under some other environmental situations, the phenomenon demonstrated here can occur efficiently in such locations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the enhancing effect of high temperatures on cell-to-cell plasmid transformation in E. coli.
Collapse
|
19
|
Orhan-Yanıkan E, da Silva-Janeiro S, Ruiz-Rico M, Jiménez-Belenguer AI, Ayhan K, Barat JM. Essential oils compounds as antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents against strains present in the meat industry. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
20
|
St-Pierre A, Blondeau D, Bourdeau N, Bley J, Desgagné-Penix I. Chemical Composition of Black Spruce ( Picea mariana) Bark Extracts and Their Potential as Natural Disinfectant. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2019. [DOI: 10.1089/ind.2019.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle St-Pierre
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Dorian Blondeau
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bourdeau
- Innofibre, Trois-Rivières, Canada
- Groupe de recherché en Biologie Végétale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | | | - Isabel Desgagné-Penix
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
- Groupe de recherché en Biologie Végétale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Prateeksha, Barik SK, Singh BN. Nanoemulsion-loaded hydrogel coatings for inhibition of bacterial virulence and biofilm formation on solid surfaces. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6520. [PMID: 31019240 PMCID: PMC6482171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43016-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The indiscriminate use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria which has become one of the biggest challenges of the twenty-first century for the researchers to combat and in turn search for novel targets which could lead to the development of effective and sustainable therapies. Inhibition of biofilm formation and virulence of bacterial pathogens is an emerging approach to address the challenges related to bacterial infections. To suppress the virulence and biofilm formation by Escherichia coli O157:H7 (ECOH), we developed stable nanoemulsion (NE) of Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall. essential oil’s (EO) bioactive compounds, viz., eugenol (E-NE) and methyl salicylate (MS-NE) that showed significantly higher anti-biofilm and anti-virulence activities as compared to eugenol and methyl salicylate without affecting ECOH planktonic cell growth. Transcriptional analysis showed that E-NE and MS-NE reduced the expression of genes, including curli, type I fimbriae, Shiga-like toxins, quorum sensing, and ler-controlled toxins, which are needed for biofilm formation, pathogenicity, and attachment. E-NE and MS-NE loaded hydrogel coatings showed superior anti-biofilm activity against ECOH on glass, plastic and meat surfaces as compared to eugenol and methyl salicylate loaded coatings. Conclusively, NE-loaded hydrogel coatings could be used in combating ECOH infection on solid surfaces through anti-biofilm and anti-virulence strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prateeksha
- Herbal Nanobiotechnology Lab, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Saroj Kanta Barik
- Herbal Nanobiotechnology Lab, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India.
| | - Brahma Nand Singh
- Herbal Nanobiotechnology Lab, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chandar B, Bhattacharya D. Role of Natural Product in Modulation of Drug Transporters and New Delhi Metallo-β Lactamases. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:874-885. [PMID: 30987566 DOI: 10.2174/1871529x19666190415110724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A rapid growth in drug resistance has brought options for treating antimicrobial resistance to a halt. Bacteria have evolved to accumulate a multitude of genes that encode resistance for a single drug within a single cell. Alternations of drug transporters are one of the causes for the development of resistance in drug interactions. Conversely, the production of enzymes also inactivates most antibiotics. The discovery of newer classes of antibiotics and drugs from natural products is urgently needed. Alternative medicines play an integral role in countries across the globe but many require validation for treatment strategies. It is essential to explore this chemical diversity in order to find novel drugs with specific activities which can be used as alternative drug targets. This review describes the interaction of drugs with resistant pathogens with a special focus on natural product-derived efflux pump and carbapenemase inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brinda Chandar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Debdutta Bhattacharya
- ICMRRegional Medical Research Centre (Dept. of Health Research, Govt. of India), Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bacterial Inactivation by Using Plastic Materials Activated with Combinations of Natural Antimicrobials. COATINGS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings8120460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural antimicrobials have gained interest as possible inhibitors of biofilm formation. The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of antimicrobials derived from essential oils (carvacrol, thymol) plus bacteriocin AS-48 immobilized on two plastic supports (low density polyethylene and polyethylene–polyamide films) on bacterial inactivation. The polyethylene–polyamide vacuum-packaging plastic film activated with a combination of thymol plus enterocin AS-48 was the most effective in reducing the concentrations of viable planktonic and sessile cells for Listeria innocua, Lactobacillus fructivorans, Bacillus coagulans, and Bacillus licheniformis. Results from the study highlight the potential of polyethylene–polyamide film activated with thymol plus enterocin AS-48 for reducing the viable cell concentrations of spoilage Gram-positive bacteria and Listeria in both planktonic and sessile states.
Collapse
|
24
|
Stratakos AC, Linton M, Ward P, Campbell M, Kelly C, Pinkerton L, Stef L, Pet I, Stef D, Iancu T, Theodoridou K, Gundogdu O, Corcionivoschi N. The Antimicrobial Effect of a Commercial Mixture of Natural Antimicrobials Against Escherichia coli O157:H7. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 16:119-129. [PMID: 30277811 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruminants are important reservoirs of E. coli O157:H7 and are considered as the major source of most foodborne outbreaks (e.g., 2017 outbreak in Germany, 2014 and 2016 outbreaks in United States, all linked to beef products). A promising strategy to reduce E. coli O157 is using antimicrobials to reduce the pathogen levels and/or virulence within the animal gastrointestinal tract and thus foodborne disease. The aim of the study was to determine the efficacy of a commercial mixture of natural antimicrobials against E. coli O157. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the antimicrobial were quantitatively determined and found to be 0.5% and 0.75% (v/v) of the natural antimicrobial, respectively. Microbial growth kinetics was also used to determine the effect of the antimicrobial on the pathogen. The natural antimicrobial affected the cell membrane of E. coli O157, as demonstrated by the increase in relative electric conductivity and increase in protein and nucleic acid release. The antimicrobial was also able to significantly reduce the concentration on E. coli O157 in a model rumen system. Biofilm assays showed that subinhibitory concentrations of the antimicrobial significantly reduced the E. coli 0157 biofilm forming capacity without influencing pathogen growth. In addition, the natural antimicrobial was able to reduce motility and exopolysaccharide production. Subinhibitory concentrations of the antimicrobial had no effect on AI-2 production. These findings suggest that the natural antimicrobial exerts an antimicrobial effect against E. coli O157 in vitro and in a model rumen system and could be potentially used to control this pathogen in the animal gut. The results also indicate that subinhibitory concentrations of the antimicrobial effectively reduce biofilm formation, motility, and exopolysaccharide production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Ch Stratakos
- 1 Veterinary Sciences Division, Bacteriology Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute , Belfast, Northern Ireland .,2 Auranta, Nova UCD, Belfield Innovation Park , Belfield, Ireland
| | - Mark Linton
- 1 Veterinary Sciences Division, Bacteriology Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute , Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Patrick Ward
- 2 Auranta, Nova UCD, Belfield Innovation Park , Belfield, Ireland
| | - Mairead Campbell
- 3 Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Carmel Kelly
- 1 Veterinary Sciences Division, Bacteriology Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute , Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Laurette Pinkerton
- 1 Veterinary Sciences Division, Bacteriology Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute , Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Lavinia Stef
- 4 Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine , King Michael I of Romania, Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioan Pet
- 4 Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine , King Michael I of Romania, Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ducu Stef
- 4 Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine , King Michael I of Romania, Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Tiberiu Iancu
- 4 Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine , King Michael I of Romania, Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Katerina Theodoridou
- 3 Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Ozan Gundogdu
- 5 Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolae Corcionivoschi
- 1 Veterinary Sciences Division, Bacteriology Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute , Belfast, Northern Ireland .,4 Banat's University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine , King Michael I of Romania, Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Matsumoto A, Sekoguchi A, Imai J, Kondo K, Shibata Y, Maeda S. Natural Escherichia coli strains undergo cell-to-cell plasmid transformation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 481:59-62. [PMID: 27833021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer is a strong tool that allows bacteria to adapt to various environments. Although three conventional mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer (transformation, transduction, and conjugation) are well known, new variations of these mechanisms have also been observed. We recently reported that DNase-sensitive cell-to-cell transfer of nonconjugative plasmids occurs between laboratory strains of Escherichia coli in co-culture. We termed this phenomenon "cell-to-cell transformation." In this report, we found that several combinations of Escherichia coli collection of reference (ECOR) strains, which were co-cultured in liquid media, resulted in DNase-sensitive cell-to-cell transfer of antibiotic resistance genes. Plasmid isolation of these new transformants demonstrated cell-to-cell plasmid transfer between the ECOR strains. Natural transformation experiments, using a combination of purified plasmid DNA and the same ECOR strains, revealed that cell-to-cell transformation occurs much more frequently than natural transformation under the same culture conditions. Thus, cell-to-cell transformation is both unique and effective. In conclusion, this study is the first to demonstrate cell-to-cell plasmid transformation in natural E. coli strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, 630-8506 Kitauoya-nishimachi, Nara, Japan
| | - Ayuka Sekoguchi
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, 630-8506 Kitauoya-nishimachi, Nara, Japan
| | - Junko Imai
- Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Nara Women's University, 630-8506 Kitauoya-nishimachi, Nara, Japan
| | - Kumiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, 630-8506 Kitauoya-nishimachi, Nara, Japan
| | - Yuka Shibata
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, 630-8506 Kitauoya-nishimachi, Nara, Japan
| | - Sumio Maeda
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, 630-8506 Kitauoya-nishimachi, Nara, Japan; Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Nara Women's University, 630-8506 Kitauoya-nishimachi, Nara, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kim YG, Lee JH, Gwon G, Kim SI, Park JG, Lee J. Essential Oils and Eugenols Inhibit Biofilm Formation and the Virulence of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36377. [PMID: 27808174 PMCID: PMC5093407 DOI: 10.1038/srep36377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EHEC) has caused foodborne outbreaks worldwide and the bacterium forms antimicrobial-tolerant biofilms. We investigated the abilities of various plant essential oils and their components to inhibit biofilm formation by EHEC. Bay, clove, pimento berry oils and their major common constituent eugenol at 0.005% (v/v) were found to markedly inhibit EHEC biofilm formation without affecting planktonic cell growth. In addition, three other eugenol derivatives isoeugenol, 2-methoxy-4-propylphenol, and 4-ethylguaiacol had antibiofilm activity, indicating that the C-1 hydroxyl unit, the C-2 methoxy unit, and C-4 alkyl or alkane chain on the benzene ring of eugenol play important roles in antibiofilm activity. Interestingly, these essential oils and eugenol did not inhibit biofilm formation by three laboratory E. coli K-12 strains that reduced curli fimbriae production. Transcriptional analysis showed that eugenol down-regulated 17 of 28 genes analysed, including curli genes (csgABDFG), type I fimbriae genes (fimCDH) and ler-controlled toxin genes (espD, escJ, escR, and tir), which are required for biofilm formation and the attachment and effacement phenotype. In addition, biocompatible poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) coatings containing clove oil or eugenol exhibited efficient biofilm inhibition on solid surfaces. In a Caenorhabditis elegans nematode model, clove oil and eugenol attenuated the virulence of EHEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Guy Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyung Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Giyeon Gwon
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Il Kim
- Nareso Research Center, Seoho-ro 89, Suwon 16614, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gyu Park
- Pohang Center for Evaluation of Biomaterials, Pohang Technopark Foundation, Pohang 37668, Republic of Korea
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
García-Heredia A, García S, Merino-Mascorro JÁ, Feng P, Heredia N. Natural plant products inhibits growth and alters the swarming motility, biofilm formation, and expression of virulence genes in enteroaggregative and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Food Microbiol 2016; 59:124-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
29
|
Wang LH, Wang MS, Zeng XA, Zhang ZH, Gong DM, Huang YB. Membrane Destruction and DNA Binding of Staphylococcus aureus Cells Induced by Carvacrol and Its Combined Effect with a Pulsed Electric Field. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:6355-6363. [PMID: 27420472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Carvacrol (5-isopropyl-2-methylphenol, CAR) is an antibacterial ingredient that occurs naturally in the leaves of the plant Origanum vulgare. The antimicrobial mechanism of CAR against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300 was investigated in the study. Analysis of the membrane fatty acids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that exposure to CAR at low concentrations induced a marked increase in the level of unbranched fatty acids (from 34.90 ± 1.77% to 62.37 ± 4.26%). Moreover, CAR at higher levels severely damaged the integrity and morphologies of the S. aureus cell membrane. The DNA-binding properties of CAR were also investigated using fluorescence, circular dichroism, molecular modeling, and atomic-force microscopy. The results showed that CAR bound to DNA via the minor-groove mode, mildly perturbed the DNA secondary structure, and induced DNA molecules to be aggregated. Furthermore, a combination of CAR with a pulsed-electric field was found to exhibit strong synergistic effects on S. aureus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - De-Ming Gong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland , Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bazargani MM, Rohloff J. Antibiofilm activity of essential oils and plant extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli biofilms. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
31
|
Zabielska J, Tyfa A, Kunicka-Styczyńska A. Methods for eradication of the biofilms formed by opportunistic pathogens using novel techniques – A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/fobio-2016-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The inconvenient environmental conditions force microorganisms to colonize either abiotic surfaces or animal and plant tissues and, therefore, form more resistant structures – biofilms. The phenomenon of microbial adherence, opportunistic pathogens in particular, is of a great concern. Colonization of medical devices and biofilm formation on their surface, may lead to severe infections mainly in humans with impaired immune system. Although, current research consider various methods for prevention of microbial biofilms formation, still, once a biofilm is formed, its elimination is almost impossible. This study focuses on the overview of novel methods applied for eradication of mature opportunistic pathogens' biofilms. Among various techniques the following: cold plasma, electric field, ultrasounds, ozonated water treatment, phagotherapy, matrix targeting enzymes, bacteriocins, synthetic chemicals and natural origin compounds used for biofilm matrix disruption were briefly described.
Collapse
|
32
|
Ruengvisesh S, Loquercio A, Castell-Perez E, Taylor TM. Inhibition of Bacterial Pathogens in Medium and on Spinach Leaf Surfaces using Plant-Derived Antimicrobials Loaded in Surfactant Micelles. J Food Sci 2015; 80:M2522-9. [PMID: 26444985 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Encapsulation of hydrophobic plant essential oil components (EOC) into surfactant micelles can assist the decontamination of fresh produce surfaces from bacterial pathogens during postharvest washing. Loading of eugenol and carvacrol into surfactant micelles of polysorbate 20 (Tween 20), Surfynol® 485W, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and CytoGuard® LA 20 (CG20) was determined by identification of the EOC/surfactant-specific maximum additive concentration (MAC). Rheological behavior of dilute EOC-containing micelles was then tested to determine micelle tolerance to shearing. Antimicrobial efficacy of EOC micelles against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serotype Saintpaul was first evaluated by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Pathogen-inoculated spinach was treated with eugenol-containing micelles applied via spraying or immersion methods. SDS micelles produced the highest MACs for EOCs, while Tween 20 loaded the lowest amount of EOCs. Micelles demonstrated Newtonian behavior in response to shearing. SDS and CG20-derived micelles containing EOCs produced the lowest MICs and MBCs for pathogens. E. coli O157:H7 and S. Saintpaul were reduced on spinach surfaces by application of eugenol micelles, though no differences in numbers of surviving pathogens were observed when methods of antimicrobial micelle application (spraying, immersion) was compared (P ≥ 0.05). Data suggest eugenol in SDS and CG20 micelles may be useful for produce surface decontamination from bacterial pathogens during postharvest washing. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Antimicrobial essential oil component (EOC)-containing micelles assist the delivery of natural food antimicrobials to food surfaces, including fresh produce, for decontamination of microbial foodborne pathogens. Antimicrobial EOC-loaded micelles were able to inhibit the enteric pathogens Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Saintpaul in liquid medium and on spinach surfaces. However, pathogen reduction generally was not impacted by the method of micelle application (spraying, immersion washing) on spinach surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songsirin Ruengvisesh
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M Univ, College Station, TX, 77843-2253, U.S.A
| | - Andre Loquercio
- Dept. of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M Univ, College Station, TX, 77843-2253, U.S.A
| | - Elena Castell-Perez
- Dept. of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M Univ, College Station, TX, 77843-2117, U.S.A
| | - T Matthew Taylor
- Dept. of Animal Science, Texas A&M Univ, College Station, TX, 77843-2471, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Severino R, Ferrari G, Vu KD, Donsì F, Salmieri S, Lacroix M. Antimicrobial effects of modified chitosan based coating containing nanoemulsion of essential oils, modified atmosphere packaging and gamma irradiation against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium on green beans. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
34
|
Suntres ZE, Coccimiglio J, Alipour M. The Bioactivity and Toxicological Actions of Carvacrol. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 55:304-18. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.653458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
35
|
Upadhyay A, Upadhyaya I, Kollanoor-Johny A, Venkitanarayanan K. Combating pathogenic microorganisms using plant-derived antimicrobials: a minireview of the mechanistic basis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:761741. [PMID: 25298964 PMCID: PMC4178913 DOI: 10.1155/2014/761741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria has led to renewed interest in exploring the potential of plant-derived antimicrobials (PDAs) as an alternative therapeutic strategy to combat microbial infections. Historically, plant extracts have been used as a safe, effective, and natural remedy for ailments and diseases in traditional medicine. Extensive research in the last two decades has identified a plethora of PDAs with a wide spectrum of activity against a variety of fungal and bacterial pathogens causing infections in humans and animals. Active components of many plant extracts have been characterized and are commercially available; however, research delineating the mechanistic basis of their antimicrobial action is scanty. This review highlights the potential of various plant-derived compounds to control pathogenic bacteria, especially the diverse effects exerted by plant compounds on various virulence factors that are critical for pathogenicity inside the host. In addition, the potential effect of PDAs on gut microbiota is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Upadhyay
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, 3636 Horsebarn Hill Road Extension, Unit 4040, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Indu Upadhyaya
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, 3636 Horsebarn Hill Road Extension, Unit 4040, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Anup Kollanoor-Johny
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, 3636 Horsebarn Hill Road Extension, Unit 4040, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Kumar Venkitanarayanan
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, 3636 Horsebarn Hill Road Extension, Unit 4040, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cortés-Rojas DF, de Souza CRF, Oliveira WP. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): a precious spice. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4:90-6. [PMID: 25182278 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(14)60215-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is one of the most valuable spices that has been used for centuries as food preservative and for many medicinal purposes. Clove is native of Indonesia but nowadays is cultured in several parts of the world including Brazil in the state of Bahia. This plant represents one of the richest source of phenolic compounds such as eugenol, eugenol acetate and gallic acid and posses great potential for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food and agricultural applications. This review includes the main studies reporting the biological activities of clove and eugenol. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of clove is higher than many fruits, vegetables and other spices and should deserve special attention. A new application of clove as larvicidal agent is an interesting strategy to combat dengue which is a serious health problem in Brazil and other tropical countries. Pharmacokinetics and toxicological studies were also mentioned. The different studies reviewed in this work confirm the traditional use of clove as food preservative and medicinal plant standing out the importance of this plant for different applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Francisco Cortés-Rojas
- Laboratory of R&D on Pharmaceutical Processes-LAPROFAR-Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto/USP, Av. do Café s/n, Bloco Q, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia Regina Fernandes de Souza
- Laboratory of R&D on Pharmaceutical Processes-LAPROFAR-Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto/USP, Av. do Café s/n, Bloco Q, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Wanderley Pereira Oliveira
- Laboratory of R&D on Pharmaceutical Processes-LAPROFAR-Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto/USP, Av. do Café s/n, Bloco Q, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Vogeleer P, Tremblay YDN, Mafu AA, Jacques M, Harel J. Life on the outside: role of biofilms in environmental persistence of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:317. [PMID: 25071733 PMCID: PMC4076661 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a heterogeneous species that can be part of the normal flora of humans but also include strains of medical importance. Among pathogenic members, Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC) are some of the more prominent pathogenic E. coli within the public sphere. STEC disease outbreaks are typically associated with contaminated beef, contaminated drinking water, and contaminated fresh produce. These water- and food-borne pathogens usually colonize cattle asymptomatically; cows will shed STEC in their feces and the subsequent fecal contamination of the environment and processing plants is a major concern for food and public safety. This is especially important because STEC can survive for prolonged periods of time outside its host in environments such as water, produce, and farm soil. Biofilms are hypothesized to be important for survival in the environment especially on produce, in rivers, and in processing plants. Several factors involved in biofilm formation such as curli, cellulose, poly-N-acetyl glucosamine, and colanic acid are involved in plant colonization and adherence to different surfaces often found in meat processing plants. In food processing plants, contamination of beef carcasses occurs at different stages of processing and this is often caused by the formation of STEC biofilms on the surface of several pieces of equipment associated with slaughtering and processing. Biofilms protect bacteria against several challenges, including biocides used in industrial processes. STEC biofilms are less sensitive than planktonic cells to several chemical sanitizers such as quaternary ammonium compounds, peroxyacetic acid, and chlorine compounds. Increased resistance to sanitizers by STEC growing in a biofilm is likely to be a source of contamination in the processing plant. This review focuses on the role of biofilm formation by STEC as a means of persistence outside their animal host and factors associated with biofilm formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Vogeleer
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Centre de Recherche d'Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Université de Montréal St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Yannick D N Tremblay
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Centre de Recherche d'Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Université de Montréal St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Akier A Mafu
- Food Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Mario Jacques
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Centre de Recherche d'Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Université de Montréal St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Josée Harel
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Centre de Recherche d'Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Université de Montréal St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lee JH, Kim YG, Cho HS, Ryu SY, Cho MH, Lee J. Coumarins reduce biofilm formation and the virulence of Escherichia coli O157:H7. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:1037-42. [PMID: 24837471 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
E. coli O157:H7 is the most common cause of hemorrhagic colitis, and no effective therapy exists for E. coli O157:H7 infection. Biofilm formation is closely related to E. coli O157:H7 infection and constitutes a mechanism of antimicrobial resistance. Hence, the antibiofilm or antivirulence approach provides an alternative to antibiotic strategies. Coumarin and its derivatives have a broad range of biological effects, and in this study, the antibiofilm activities of nine coumarins were investigated against E. coli O157:H7. Coumarin or umbelliferone at 50μg/ml was found to inhibit biofilm E. coli O157:H7 formation by more than 80% without affecting bacterial growth. Transcriptional analysis showed that coumarins repressed curli genes and motility genes in E. coli O157:H7, and these findings were in-line with observed reductions in fimbriae production, swarming motility, and biofilm formation. In addition, esculetin repressed Shiga-like toxin gene stx2 in E. coli O157:H7 and attenuated its virulence in vivo in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. These findings show that coumarins have potential use in antivirulence strategies against persistent E. coli O157:H7 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hyung Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Guy Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Seob Cho
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Shi Yong Ryu
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, 305-606, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo Hwan Cho
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
The natural antimicrobial carvacrol inhibits quorum sensing in Chromobacterium violaceum and reduces bacterial biofilm formation at sub-lethal concentrations. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93414. [PMID: 24691035 PMCID: PMC3972150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of biofilm by bacteria confers resistance to biocides and presents problems in medical and veterinary clinical settings. Here we report the effect of carvacrol, one of the major antimicrobial components of oregano oil, on the formation of biofilms and its activity on existing biofilms. Assays were carried out in polystyrene microplates to observe (a) the effect of 0–0.8 mM carvacrol on the formation of biofilms by selected bacterial pathogens over 24 h and (b) the effect of 0–8 mM carvacrol on the stability of pre-formed biofilms. Carvacrol was able to inhibit the formation of biofilms of Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472, Salmonella enterica subsp. Typhimurium DT104, and Staphylococcus aureus 0074, while it showed no effect on formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (field isolate) biofilms. This inhibitory effect of carvacrol was observed at sub-lethal concentrations (<0.5 mM) where no effect was seen on total bacterial numbers, indicating that carvacrol's bactericidal effect was not causing the observed inhibition of biofilm formation. In contrast, carvacrol had (up to 8 mM) very little or no activity against existing biofilms of the bacteria described, showing that formation of the biofilm also confers protection against this compound. Since quorum sensing is an essential part of biofilm formation, the effect of carvacrol on quorum sensing of C. violaceum was also studied. Sub-MIC concentrations of carvacrol reduced expression of cviI (a gene coding for the N-acyl-L-homoserine lactone synthase), production of violacein (pigmentation) and chitinase activity (both regulated by quorum sensing) at concentrations coinciding with carvacrol's inhibiting effect on biofilm formation. These results indicate that carvacrol's activity in inhibition of biofilm formation may be related to the disruption of quorum sensing.
Collapse
|
41
|
Cortés-Rojas DF, Souza CR, Oliveira WP. Encapsulation of eugenol rich clove extract in solid lipid carriers. J FOOD ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
42
|
Ginkgolic acids and Ginkgo biloba extract inhibit Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation. Int J Food Microbiol 2014; 174:47-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
43
|
Chen H, Davidson PM, Zhong Q. Impacts of sample preparation methods on solubility and antilisterial characteristics of essential oil components in milk. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:907-16. [PMID: 24271170 PMCID: PMC3911218 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03010-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oil components (EOCs) have limited water solubility and are used at much higher concentrations in complex food matrices than in growth media to inhibit pathogens. However, the correlation between solubility and activity has not been studied. The objective of this work was to characterize the solubility of EOCs in solvents and milk and correlate solubility with antilisterial activity. The solubilities of four EOCs, thymol, carvacrol, eugenol, and trans-cinnamaldehyde, in water was significantly increased in the presence of 5% (vol/vol) ethanol. In milk, the solubility of EOCs was lower than in water, with lower solubility in higher-fat milk. EOCs applied to milk as stock solutions (in 95% aqueous ethanol) enabled quicker dissolution and higher solubility in milk serum than other methods of mixing, such as end to end, and greater reductions of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A after 0 and 24 h. When the EOC concentration detected in milk serum was above the minimum bactericidal concentration, complete inhibition of L. monocytogenes in tryptic soy broth resulted. Therefore, the antilisterial properties in milk could be correlated with the solubility by comparison to the minimum inhibitory or bactericidal concentrations of EOCs. While the EOCs applied using ethanol generally had solubility and activity characteristics superior to those of other mixing methods, ethanol is not used to a great extent in nonfermented foods. Therefore, mixing methods without an organic solvent may be more readily adaptable to enhancing the distribution of EOCs in complex food systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaiqiong Chen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Giaouris E, Heir E, Hébraud M, Chorianopoulos N, Langsrud S, Møretrø T, Habimana O, Desvaux M, Renier S, Nychas GJ. Attachment and biofilm formation by foodborne bacteria in meat processing environments: causes, implications, role of bacterial interactions and control by alternative novel methods. Meat Sci 2013; 97:298-309. [PMID: 23747091 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Attachment of potential spoilage and pathogenic bacteria to food contact surfaces and the subsequent biofilm formation represent serious challenges to the meat industry, since these may lead to cross-contamination of the products, resulting in lowered-shelf life and transmission of diseases. In meat processing environments, microorganisms are sometimes associated to surfaces in complex multispecies communities, while bacterial interactions have been shown to play a key role in cell attachment and detachment from biofilms, as well as in the resistance of biofilm community members against antimicrobial treatments. Disinfection of food contact surfaces in such environments is a challenging task, aggravated by the great antimicrobial resistance of biofilm associated bacteria. In recent years, several alternative novel methods, such as essential oils and bacteriophages, have been successfully tested as an alternative means for the disinfection of microbial-contaminated food contact surfaces. In this review, all these aspects of biofilm formation in meat processing environments are discussed from a microbial meat-quality and safety perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios Giaouris
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Lemnos 81400, Greece.
| | - Even Heir
- Nofima Mat AS, Osloveien 1, N-1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Michel Hébraud
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, site de Theix, UR454 Microbiologie, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Nikos Chorianopoulos
- Veterinary Research Institute of Athens, Greek Agricultural Organization "Demeter", Aghia Paraskeui15310, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Mickaël Desvaux
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, site de Theix, UR454 Microbiologie, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Sandra Renier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, site de Theix, UR454 Microbiologie, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - George-John Nychas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Upadhyay A, Upadhyaya I, Kollanoor-Johny A, Venkitanarayanan K. Antibiofilm effect of plant derived antimicrobials on Listeria monocytogenes. Food Microbiol 2013; 36:79-89. [PMID: 23764223 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the efficacy of sub-inhibitory concentrations (SICs, concentrations not inhibiting bacterial growth) and bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of four, generally recognized as safe (GRAS), plant-derived antimicrobials (PDAs) in inhibiting Listeria monocytogenes (LM) biofilm formation and inactivating mature LM biofilms, at 37, 25 and 4 °C on polystyrene plates and stainless-steel coupons. In addition, the effect of SICs of PDAs on the expression of LM genes critical for biofilm synthesis was determined by real-time quantitative PCR. The PDAs and their SICs used for inhibition of biofilm were trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC 0.50, 0.75 mM), carvacrol (CR 0.50, 0.65 mM), thymol (TY 0.33, 0.50 mM), and eugenol (EG 1.8, 2.5 mM), whereas the PDA concentrations used for inactivating mature biofilms were 5.0 and 10.0 mM (TC, CR), 3.3 and 5.0 mM (TY), 18.5 and 25.0 mM (EG). All PDAs inhibited biofilm synthesis and inactivated fully formed LM biofilms on both matrices at three temperatures tested (P < 0.05). Real-time quantitative PCR data revealed that all PDAs down-regulated critical LM biofilm-associated genes (P < 0.05). Results suggest that TC, CR, TY, and EG could potentially be used to control LM biofilms in food processing environments, although further studies under commercial settings are necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Upadhyay
- Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Baer AA, Miller MJ, Dilger AC. Pathogens of Interest to the Pork Industry: A Review of Research on Interventions to Assure Food Safety. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arica A. Baer
- Dept. of Animal Science, Univ. of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; 1503 S
| | - Michael J. Miller
- Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Div. of Nutritional Sciences; 905 S.; Goodwin Ave.; Urbana; IL 61801; U.S.A
| | - Anna C. Dilger
- Dept. of Animal Science, Univ. of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; 1503 S
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Davidson PM, Critzer FJ, Taylor TM. Naturally Occurring Antimicrobials for Minimally Processed Foods. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2013; 4:163-90. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-030212-182535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Michael Davidson
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-4591; ,
| | - Faith J. Critzer
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-4591; ,
| | - T. Matthew Taylor
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843;
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Soni KA, Oladunjoye A, Nannapaneni R, Schilling MW, Silva JL, Mikel B, Bailey RH. Inhibition and inactivation of Salmonella typhimurium biofilms from polystyrene and stainless steel surfaces by essential oils and phenolic constituent carvacrol. J Food Prot 2013; 76:205-12. [PMID: 23433366 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-12-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Persistence of Salmonella biofilms within food processing environments is an important source of Salmonella contamination in the food chain. In this study, essential oils of thyme and oregano and their antimicrobial phenolic constituent carvacrol were evaluated for their ability to inhibit biofilm formation and inactivate preformed Salmonella biofilms. A crystal violet staining assay and CFU measurements were utilized to quantify biofilm cell mass, with evaluating factors such as strain variation, essential oil type, their concentrations, exposure time, as well as biofilm formation surface. Of the three Salmonella strains, Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 23564 and Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 19585 produced stronger biofilms than Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028. Biofilm formation by different Salmonella strains was 1.5- to 2-fold higher at 22°C than at 30 or 37°C. The presence of nonbiocidal concentrations of thyme oil, oregano oil, and phenolic carvacrol at 0.006 to 0.012% suppressed Salmonella spp. biofilm formation 2- to 4-fold, but could not completely eliminate biofilm formation. There was high correlation in terms of biofilm inactivation, as determined by the crystal violet-stained optical density (at a 562-nm wavelength) readings and the viable CFU counts. Reduction of biofilm cell mass was dependent on antimicrobial concentration. A minimum concentration of 0.05 to 0.1% of these antimicrobial agents was needed to reduce a 7-log CFU biofilm mass to a nondetectable level on both polystyrene and stainless steel surfaces within 1 h of exposure time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh A Soni
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Nostro A, Cellini L, Zimbalatti V, Blanco AR, Marino A, Pizzimenti F, Giulio MD, Bisignano G. Enhanced activity of carvacrol against biofilm ofStaphylococcus aureusandStaphylococcus epidermidisin an acidic environment. APMIS 2012; 120:967-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2012.02928.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Nostro
- Pharmaco-Biological Department; University of Messina; Messina; Italy
| | - Luigina Cellini
- Department of Drug Sciences; School of Pharmacy; University ‘G. d'Annunzio’; Chieti; Italy
| | | | | | - Andreana Marino
- Pharmaco-Biological Department; University of Messina; Messina; Italy
| | | | - Mara Di Giulio
- Department of Drug Sciences; School of Pharmacy; University ‘G. d'Annunzio’; Chieti; Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Desai MA, Soni KA, Nannapaneni R, Schilling MW, Silva JL. Reduction of Listeria monocytogenes biofilms on stainless steel and polystyrene surfaces by essential oils. J Food Prot 2012; 75:1332-7. [PMID: 22980020 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant-derived essential oils were tested for their ability to eliminate biofilms of Listeria monocytogenes on polystyrene and stainless steel surfaces. Various concentrations of essential oils were tested with different contact times on biofilms of various ages. Preliminarily screening of nine essential oils and related phenolic compounds in a disk diffusion assay revealed that thyme oil, oregano oil, and carvacrol had the highest antimicrobial activity. Further screening of these three compounds against 21 L. monocytogenes strains representing all 13 serotypes indicated some strain-specific variations in antimicrobial activity. For 1-day-old biofilms of mixed L. monocytogenes strains produced at 22°C on polystyrene microtiter plates, only 0.1% concentrations of thyme oil, oregano oil, and carvacrol were needed to eliminate 7 log CFU per well. On the stainless steel coupons, a 0.5% concentration of these compounds was adequate to completely eliminate 4-day-old biofilms at 7 log CFU per coupon. Our findings indicate that these compounds are potential candidates for elimination of L. monocytogenes biofilms on stainless steel and polystyrene surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monil A Desai
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|