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Kunkle DE, Cai Y, Eichman BF, Skaar EP. An interstrand DNA crosslink glycosylase aids Acinetobacter baumannii pathogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2402422121. [PMID: 38923984 PMCID: PMC11228520 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2402422121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of DNA integrity is essential to all forms of life. DNA damage generated by reaction with genotoxic chemicals results in deleterious mutations, genome instability, and cell death. Pathogenic bacteria encounter several genotoxic agents during infection. In keeping with this, the loss of DNA repair networks results in virulence attenuation in several bacterial species. Interstrand DNA crosslinks (ICLs) are a type of DNA lesion formed by covalent linkage of opposing DNA strands and are particularly toxic as they interfere with replication and transcription. Bacteria have evolved specialized DNA glycosylases that unhook ICLs, thereby initiating their repair. In this study, we describe AlkX, a DNA glycosylase encoded by the multidrug resistant pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii. AlkX exhibits ICL unhooking activity similar to that of its Escherichia coli homolog YcaQ. Interrogation of the in vivo role of AlkX revealed that its loss sensitizes cells to DNA crosslinking and impairs A. baumannii colonization of the lungs and dissemination to distal tissues during pneumonia. These results suggest that AlkX participates in A. baumannii pathogenesis and protects the bacterium from stress conditions encountered in vivo. Consistent with this, we found that acidic pH, an environment encountered during host colonization, results in A. baumannii DNA damage and that alkX is induced by, and contributes to, defense against acidic conditions. Collectively, these studies reveal functions for a recently described class of proteins encoded in a broad range of pathogenic bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon E. Kunkle
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
| | - Yujuan Cai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN37232
| | - Brandt F. Eichman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN37232
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN37232
| | - Eric P. Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN37232
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2
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Ayalew LE, Mekuria ZH, Despres B, Saab ME, Ojha S. Genome Sequence Comparisons between Small and Large Colony Phenotypes of Equine Clinical Isolates of Arcanobacterium hippocoleae. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1609. [PMID: 38891657 PMCID: PMC11171008 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Arcanobacterium hippocoleae is a Gram-positive fastidious bacterium and is occasionally isolated from the reproductive tract of apparently healthy mares (Equus caballus) or from mares with reproductive tract abnormalities. Apart from a few 16S rRNA gene-based GenBank sequences and one recent report on complete genome assembly, detailed genomic sequence and clinical experimental data are not available on the bacterium. Recently, we observed an unusual increase in the detection of the organism from samples associated with mare reproductive failures in Atlantic Canada. Two colony morphotypes (i.e., small, and large) were detected in culture media, which were identified as A. hippocoleae by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Here, we report the whole genome sequencing and characterization of the morphotype variants. The genome length of the large phenotypes was between 2.42 and 2.43, and the small phenotype was 1.99 Mbs. The orthologous nucleotide identity between the large colony phenotypes was ~99%, and the large and small colony phenotypes was between 77.86 and 78.52%, which may warrant the classification of the two morphotypes into different species. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA genes or concatenated housekeeping genes grouped the small and large colony variants into two different genotypic clusters. The UvrA protein, which is part of the nucleotide excision repair (NER) system, and 3-isopropoylmalate dehydratase small subunit protein expressed by the leuD gene were identified as potential virulence factors in the large and small colony morphotypes, respectively. However, detailed functional studies will be required to determine the exact roles of these and other identified hypothetical proteins in the cellular metabolism and potential pathogenicity of A. hippocoleae in mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanework E. Ayalew
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island (UPEI), 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Zelalem H. Mekuria
- Global One Health Initiative (GOHI), The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University (OSU), Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Beatrice Despres
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island (UPEI), 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Matthew E. Saab
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island (UPEI), 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | - Shivani Ojha
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island (UPEI), 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
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3
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Osek J, Wieczorek K. Why does Listeria monocytogenes survive in food and food-production environments? J Vet Res 2023; 67:537-544. [PMID: 38130454 PMCID: PMC10730553 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is one of the most dangerous food-borne pathogens and is responsible for human listeriosis, a severe disease with a high mortality rate, especially among the elderly, pregnant women and newborns. Therefore, this bacterium has an important impact on food safety and public health. It is able to survive and even grow in a temperature range from -0.4°C to 45°C, a broad pH range from 4.6 to 9.5 and at a relatively low water activity (aW < 0.90), and tolerates salt content up to 20%. It is also resistant to ultraviolet light, biocides and heavy metals and forms biofilm structures on a variety of surfaces in food-production environments. These features make it difficult to remove and allow it to persist for a long time, increasing the risk of contamination of food-production facilities and ultimately of food. In the present review, the key mechanisms of the pathogen's survival and stress adaptation have been presented. This information may grant better understanding of bacterial adaptation to food environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Osek
- Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Kinga Wieczorek
- Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
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4
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Anast JM, Etter AJ, Schmitz‐Esser S. Comparative analysis of
Listeria monocytogenes
plasmid transcriptomes reveals common and plasmid‐specific gene expression patterns and high expression of noncoding RNAs. Microbiologyopen 2022; 11:e1315. [PMID: 36314750 PMCID: PMC9484302 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research demonstrated that some Listeria monocytogenes plasmids contribute to stress survival. However, only a few studies have analyzed gene expression patterns of L. monocytogenes plasmids. In this study, we identified four previously published stress‐response‐associated transcriptomic data sets which studied plasmid‐harboring L. monocytogenes strains but did not include an analysis of the plasmid transcriptomes. The four transcriptome data sets encompass three distinct plasmids from three different L. monocytogenes strains. Differential gene expression analysis of these plasmids revealed that the number of differentially expressed (DE) L. monocytogenes plasmid genes ranged from 30 to 45 with log2 fold changes of −2.2 to 6.8, depending on the plasmid. Genes often found to be DE included the cadmium resistance genes cadA and cadC, a gene encoding a putative NADH peroxidase, the putative ultraviolet resistance gene uvrX, and several uncharacterized noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). Plasmid‐encoded ncRNAs were consistently among the highest expressed genes. In addition, one of the data sets utilized the same experimental conditions for two different strains harboring distinct plasmids. We found that the gene expression patterns of these two L. monocytogenes plasmids were highly divergent despite the identical treatments. These data suggest plasmid‐specific gene expression responses to environmental stimuli and differential plasmid regulation mechanisms between L. monocytogenes strains. Our findings further our understanding of the dynamic expression of L. monocytogenes plasmid‐encoded genes in diverse environmental conditions and highlight the need to expand the study of L. monocytogenes plasmid genes' functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Anast
- Department of Animal Science Iowa State University Ames Iowa USA
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program Iowa State University Ames Iowa USA
| | - Andrea J. Etter
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences The University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
| | - Stephan Schmitz‐Esser
- Department of Animal Science Iowa State University Ames Iowa USA
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program Iowa State University Ames Iowa USA
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Osek J, Lachtara B, Wieczorek K. Listeria monocytogenes - How This Pathogen Survives in Food-Production Environments? Front Microbiol 2022; 13:866462. [PMID: 35558128 PMCID: PMC9087598 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.866462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes is the causative agent of human listeriosis, a severe disease, especially dangerous for the elderly, pregnant women, and newborns. Although this infection is comparatively rare, it is often associated with a significant mortality rate of 20-30% worldwide. Therefore, this microorganism has an important impact on food safety. L. monocytogenes can adapt, survive and even grow over a wide range of food production environmental stress conditions such as temperatures, low and high pH, high salt concentration, ultraviolet lights, presence of biocides and heavy metals. Furthermore, this bacterium is also able to form biofilm structures on a variety of surfaces in food production environments which makes it difficult to remove and allows it to persist for a long time. This increases the risk of contamination of food production facilities and finally foods. The present review focuses on the key issues related to the molecular mechanisms of the pathogen survival and adaptation to adverse environmental conditions. Knowledge and understanding of the L. monocytogenes adaptation approaches to environmental stress factors will have a significant influence on the development of new, efficient, and cost-effective methods of the pathogen control in the food industry, which is critical to ensure food production safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Osek
- Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
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6
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Anast JM, Schmitz-Esser S. Certain Listeria monocytogenes plasmids contribute to increased UVC ultraviolet light stress. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6367057. [PMID: 34498664 PMCID: PMC8457643 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is the causative agent of the highly fatal foodborne disease listeriosis and can persist in food production environments. Recent research highlights the involvement of L. monocytogenes plasmids in different stress response mechanisms, which contribute to its survival in food production facilities. Ultraviolet (UV) light in the UVC spectrum (200–280 nm) is used in food production to control microbial contamination. Although plasmid-encoded UV resistance mechanisms have been described in other bacteria, no research indicates that L. monocytogenes plasmids contribute to the UV stress response. The plasmids of L. monocytogenes strains 6179, 4KSM and R479a are genetically distinct and were utilized to study the roles of plasmids in the UV response. Wild-type and plasmid-cured variant cells were grown to logarithmic or late-stationary phase, plated on agar plates and exposed to UVC for 60 or 90 s, and colony-forming units (CFUs) were determined. CFUs of 6179 and 4KSM, bearing pLM6179 and p4KSM, respectively, were significantly (P-value < 0.05) higher than those of the plasmid-cured strains in both logarithmic and stationary phases. No difference in survival was observed for the R479a strain. Our data show for the first time that certain L. monocytogenes plasmids contribute to the survival of UVC light stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Anast
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.,Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Stephan Schmitz-Esser
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.,Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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7
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Zeng Z, Smid EJ, Boeren S, Notebaart RA, Abee T. Bacterial Microcompartment-Dependent 1,2-Propanediol Utilization Stimulates Anaerobic Growth of Listeria monocytogenes EGDe. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2660. [PMID: 31803170 PMCID: PMC6873790 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial microcompartments (BMCs) are proteinaceous organelles that optimize specific metabolic pathways referred to as metabolosomes involving transient production of toxic volatile metabolites such as aldehydes. Previous bioinformatics analysis predicted the presence of BMCs in 23 bacterial phyla including foodborne pathogens and a link with gene clusters for the utilization of host-derived substrates such as 1,2-propanediol utilization, i.e., the Pdu cluster. Although, transcriptional regulation of the Pdu cluster and its role in Listeria monocytogenes virulence in animal models have recently been reported, the experimental identification and the physiological role of BMCs in L. monocytogenes is still unexplored. Here, we ask whether BMCs could enable utilization of 1,2-propanediol (Pd) in L. monocytogenes under anaerobic conditions. Using L. monocytogenes EGDe as a model strain, we could demonstrate efficient utilization of Pd with concomitant production of 1-propanol and propionate after 24 h of anaerobic growth, while the utilization was significantly reduced in aerobic conditions. In line with this, expression of genes encoding predicted shell proteins and the signature enzyme propanediol dehydratase is upregulated more than 20-fold in cells anaerobically grown in Pdu-induced versus non-induced control conditions. Additional proteomics analysis confirmed the presence of BMC shell proteins and Pdu enzymes in cells that show active degradation of Pd. Furthermore, using transmission electron microscopy, BMC structures have been detected in these cells linking gene expression, protein composition, and BMCs to activation of the Pdu cluster in anaerobic growth of L. monocytogenes. Studies in defined minimal medium with Pd as an energy source showed a significant increase in cell numbers, indicating that Pdu and the predicted generation of ATP in the conversion of propionyl-phosphate to the end product propionate can support anaerobic growth of L. monocytogenes. Our findings may suggest a role for BMC-dependent utilization of Pd in L. monocytogenes growth, transmission, and interaction with the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zeng
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Eddy J Smid
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Richard A Notebaart
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Tjakko Abee
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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8
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Hingston P, Brenner T, Truelstrup Hansen L, Wang S. Comparative Analysis of Listeria monocytogenes Plasmids and Expression Levels of Plasmid-Encoded Genes during Growth under Salt and Acid Stress Conditions. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11070426. [PMID: 31330827 PMCID: PMC6669625 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes strains are known to harbour plasmids that confer resistance to sanitizers, heavy metals, and antibiotics; however, very little research has been conducted into how plasmids may influence L. monocytogenes’ ability to tolerate food-related stresses. To investigate this, a library (n = 93) of L. monocytogenes plasmid sequences were compared. Plasmid sequences were divided into two groups (G1 and G2) based on a repA phylogeny. Twenty-six unique plasmid types were observed, with 13 belonging to each of the two repA-based groups. G1 plasmids were significantly (p < 0.05) smaller than G2 plasmids but contained a larger diversity of genes. The most prevalent G1 plasmid (57,083 bp) was observed in 26 strains from both Switzerland and Canada and a variety of serotypes. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) revealed a >2-fold induction of plasmid-contained genes encoding an NADH peroxidase, cadmium ATPase, multicopper oxidase, and a ClpL chaperone protein during growth under salt (6% NaCl) and acid conditions (pH 5) and ProW, an osmolyte transporter, under salt stress conditions. No differences in salt and acid tolerance were observed between plasmid-cured and wildtype strains. This work highlights the abundance of specific plasmid types among food-related L. monocytogenes strains, the unique characteristics of G1 and G2 plasmids, and the possible contributions of plasmids to L. monocytogenes tolerance to food-related stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Hingston
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Thomas Brenner
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | - Siyun Wang
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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9
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Jun SH, Lee T, Lee JC, Shin JH. Different epithelial cell response to membrane vesicles produced by Listeria monocytogenes cultured with or without salt stress. Microb Pathog 2019; 133:103554. [PMID: 31121271 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that Listeria monocytogenes, a causative agent of listeriosis, can produce membrane vesicles (MVs) during in vitro culture. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of MVs from L. monocytogenes cultured with or without salt stress to induce cytotoxicity and pro-inflammatory responses in colon epithelial Caco-2 cells. MVs were purified from wild-type L. monocytogenes 10403S strain and an isogenic ΔsigB mutant strain. MVs from both wild-type and ΔsigB mutant strains increased viability of Caco-2 cells regardless of salt stress. Both MVs from wild-type and ΔsigB mutant strains stimulated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes in Caco-2 cells. Expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes in cells treated with MVs from bacteria cultured without salt stress were significantly higher than those in cells treated with MVs from bacteria cultured with salt stress. However, expression levels of chemokine genes in cells treated with MVs from bacteria cultured with salt stress were significantly higher than those in cells treated with MVs from bacteria cultured without salt stress. In addition, expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-8 genes were partially inhibited by either lysozyme-treated MVs or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-treated MVs compared to those after treatment with intact MVs. Our results suggest that salt stress can affect the production of L. monocytogenes MVs, thus causing different pro-inflammatory responses in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hyun Jun
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Taewon Lee
- Division of Applied Mathematical Sciences, Korea University College of Science and Technology, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Chul Lee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji-Hyun Shin
- Institute of Science and Technology, Korea University College of Science and Technology, Sejong, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Lee T, Jun SH, Choi CW, Kim SI, Lee JC, Shin JH. Salt stress affects global protein expression profiles of extracellular membrane-derived vesicles of Listeria monocytogenes. Microb Pathog 2017; 115:272-279. [PMID: 29294369 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study has suggested that Listeria monocytogenes produces extracellular membrane vesicles (MVs) and its general stress transcription factor sigma B (σB) affects the production of MVs under energy stress. The objective of this study was to evaluate the production of MVs and perform global protein profiling for MVs with or without salt stress to understand the function of MVs in the pathogenesis of L. monocytogenes. When cells of L. monocytogenes were grown under 0.5 M salt stress, protein concentrations of MVs derived from wild-type strain and its isogenic ΔsigB mutant were approximately doubled compared to those of MVs derived from cells without salt stress. Proteomic analyses showed that the number of MV proteins expressed in wild-type strain was similar to that in ΔsigB mutant under salt stress. However, global protein expression profiles were dramatically changed under salt stress compared to those without salt stress. Fifteen σB dependent proteins were expressed in MVs of wild-type strain under salt stress, including osmolyte transporter OpuCABCD. In addition, MVs produced by salt stressed wild-type and ΔsigB mutant inhibited biofilm formation abilities of both strains. Taken together, our results suggest that salt stress can promote the production of MVs involved in carnitine transporter proteins, with σB playing a pivotal role in biological event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taewon Lee
- Department of Data Computational Sciences, Korea University College of Science and Technology, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hyun Jun
- Department of Microbiology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Won Choi
- Division of Life Science, Tunneling Nanotube Research Center, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Il Kim
- Division of Life Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Chul Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Hyun Shin
- Institute of Science and Technology, Korea University College of Science and Technology, Sejong, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Wallace N, Zani A, Abrams E, Sun Y. The Impact of Oxygen on Bacterial Enteric Pathogens. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 95:179-204. [PMID: 27261784 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial enteric pathogens are responsible for a tremendous amount of foodborne illnesses every year through the consumption of contaminated food products. During their transit from contaminated food sources to the host gastrointestinal tract, these pathogens are exposed and must adapt to fluctuating oxygen levels to successfully colonize the host and cause diseases. However, the majority of enteric infection research has been conducted under aerobic conditions. To raise awareness of the importance in understanding the impact of oxygen, or lack of oxygen, on enteric pathogenesis, we describe in this review the metabolic and physiological responses of nine bacterial enteric pathogens exposed to environments with different oxygen levels. We further discuss the effects of oxygen levels on virulence regulation to establish potential connections between metabolic adaptations and bacterial pathogenesis. While not providing an exhaustive list of all bacterial pathogens, we highlight key differences and similarities among nine facultative anaerobic and microaerobic pathogens in this review to argue for a more in-depth understanding of the diverse impact oxygen levels have on enteric pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Wallace
- University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - A Zani
- University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - E Abrams
- University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Y Sun
- University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, United States
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12
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Liu Y, Tang H, Lin Z, Xu P. Mechanisms of acid tolerance in bacteria and prospects in biotechnology and bioremediation. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1484-92. [PMID: 26057689 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Acidogenic and aciduric bacteria have developed several survival systems in various acidic environments to prevent cell damage due to acid stress such as that on the human gastric surface and in the fermentation medium used for industrial production of acidic products. Common mechanisms for acid resistance in bacteria are proton pumping by F1-F0-ATPase, the glutamate decarboxylase system, formation of a protective cloud of ammonia, high cytoplasmic urease activity, repair or protection of macromolecules, and biofilm formation. The field of synthetic biology has rapidly advanced and generated an ever-increasing assortment of genetic devices and biological modules for applications in biofuel and novel biomaterial productions. Better understanding of aspects such as overproduction of general shock proteins, molecular mechanisms, and responses to cell density adopted by microorganisms for survival in low pH conditions will prove useful in synthetic biology for potential industrial and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China; School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongzhi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China; School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhanglin Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, One Tsinghua Garden Road, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China; School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Transcription factor σB plays an important role in the production of extracellular membrane-derived vesicles in Listeria monocytogenes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73196. [PMID: 23977379 PMCID: PMC3748028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria produce extracellular outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that interact with host cells. Unlike Gram-negative bacteria, less is known about the production and role of extracellular membrane vesicles (MVs) in Gram-positive bacteria. The food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes can survive under extreme environmental and energy stress conditions and the transcription factor σB is involved in this survival ability. Here, we first determined the production of MVs from L. monocytogenes and evaluated whether general stress transcription factor σB affected production of MVs in L. monocytogenes. L. monocytogenes secreted MVs during in vitro broth culture. The wild-type strain actively produced MVs approximately nine times more and also produced more intact shapes of MVs than those of the isogenic ΔsigB mutant. A proteomic analysis showed that 130 and 89 MV proteins were identified in the wild-type and ΔsigB mutant strains, respectively. Wild-type strain-derived MVs contained proteins regulated by σB such as transporters (OpuCA and OpuCC), stress response (Kat), metabolism (LacD), translation (InfC), and cell division protein (FtsZ). Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that wild-type-derived MV proteins corresponded to several GO terms, including response to stress (heat, acid, and bile resistance) and extracellular polysaccharide biosynthetic process, but not the ΔsigB mutant. Internalin B (InlB) was almost three times more contained in MVs derived from the wild-type strain than in MVs derived from the ΔsigB mutant. Taken together, these results suggest that σB plays a pivotal role in the production of MVs and protein profiles contained in MVs. L. monocytogenes MVs may contribute to host infection and survival ability under various stressful conditions.
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Payne A, Schmidt TB, Nanduri B, Pendarvis K, Pittman JR, Thornton JA, Grissett J, Donaldson JR. Proteomic analysis of the response of Listeria monocytogenes to bile salts under anaerobic conditions. J Med Microbiol 2012; 62:25-35. [PMID: 22977076 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.049742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen responsible for the disease listeriosis. The infectious process depends on survival in the high bile-salt conditions encountered throughout the gastrointestinal tract, including the gallbladder. However, it is not clear how bile-salt resistance mechanisms are induced, especially under physiologically relevant conditions. This study sought to determine how the L. monocytogenes strains EGDe (serovar 1/2a), F2365 (serovar 4a) and HCC23 (serovar 4b) respond to bile salts under anaerobic conditions. Changes in the expressed proteome were analysed using multidimensional protein identification technology coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. In general, the response to bile salts among the strains tested involved significant alterations in the presence of cell-wall-associated proteins, DNA repair proteins, protein folding chaperones and oxidative stress-response proteins. Strain viability correlated with an initial osmotic stress response, yet continued survival for EGDe and F2365 involved different mechanisms. Specifically, proteins associated with biofilm formation in EGDe and transmembrane efflux pumps in F2365 were expressed, suggesting that variations exist in how virulent strains respond and adapt to high bile-salt environments. These results indicate that the bile-salt response varies among these serovars and that further research is needed to elucidate how the response to bile salts correlates with colonization potential in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Payne
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Ty B Schmidt
- Animal Sciences Department, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Bindu Nanduri
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Ken Pendarvis
- Life Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Joseph R Pittman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Justin A Thornton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Jessica Grissett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Janet R Donaldson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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Tessema GT, Møretrø T, Snipen L, Heir E, Holck A, Naterstad K, Axelsson L. Microarray-based transcriptome ofListeria monocytogenesadapted to sublethal concentrations of acetic acid, lactic acid, and hydrochloric acid. Can J Microbiol 2012; 58:1112-23. [DOI: 10.1139/w2012-091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes , an important foodborne pathogen, commonly encounters organic acids in food-related environments. The transcriptome of L. monocytogenes L502 was analyzed after adaptation to pH 5 in the presence of acetic acid, lactic acid, or hydrochloric acid (HCl) at 25 °C, representing a condition encountered in mildly acidic ready-to-eat food kept at room temperature. The acid-treated cells were compared with a reference culture with a pH of 6.7 at the time of RNA harvesting. The number of genes and magnitude of transcriptional responses were higher for the organic acids than for HCl. Protein coding genes described for low pH stress, energy transport and metabolism, virulence determinates, and acid tolerance response were commonly regulated in the 3 acid-stressed cultures. Interestingly, the transcriptional levels of histidine and cell wall biosynthetic operons were upregulated, indicating possible universal response against low pH stress in L. monocytogenes. The opuCABCD operon, coding proteins for compatible solutes transport, and the transcriptional regulator sigL were significantly induced in the organic acids, strongly suggesting key roles during organic acid stress. The present study revealed the complex transcriptional responses of L. monocytogenes towards food-related acidulants and opens the roadmap for more specific and in-depth future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girum Tadesse Tessema
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, P.O. Box 210, N-1431 Ås, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Møretrø
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, P.O. Box 210, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Lars Snipen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Even Heir
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, P.O. Box 210, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Askild Holck
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, P.O. Box 210, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Kristine Naterstad
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, P.O. Box 210, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Lars Axelsson
- Nofima - Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, P.O. Box 210, N-1431 Ås, Norway
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16
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Genome sequence of Mycoplasma iowae strain 695, an unusual pathogen causing deaths in turkeys. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:547-8. [PMID: 22207750 DOI: 10.1128/jb.06297-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma iowae is associated mainly with reduced hatchability in turkeys and is well known for the unusual ability of phenotypic variation in the Mycoplasma surface components as well as a relative resistance to heat, bile salts, and many antimicrobials. A subset of unique genes and a gene cluster responsible for these characteristics could be identified from the genome. Here, we report the first genome sequence of this species.
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Soni KA, Nannapaneni R, Tasara T. The contribution of transcriptomic and proteomic analysis in elucidating stress adaptation responses of Listeria monocytogenes. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011; 8:843-52. [PMID: 21495855 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2010.0746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The foodborne transmission of Listeria monocytogenes requires physiological adaptation to various conditions, including the cold, osmotic, heat, acid, alkaline, and oxidative stresses, associated with food hygiene, processing, and preservation measures. We review the current knowledge on the molecular stress adaptation responses in L. monocytogenes cells as revealed through transcriptome, proteome, genetic, and physiological analysis. The adaptation of L. monocytogenes to stress exposure is achieved through global expression changes in a large number of cellular components. In addition, the cross-protection of L. monocytogenes exposed to different stress environments might be conferred through various cellular machineries that seem to be commonly activated by the different stresses. To assist in designing L. monocytogenes mitigation strategies for ready-to-eat food products, further experiments are warranted to specifically evaluate the effects of food composition, additives, preservatives, and processing technologies on the modulation of L. monocytogenes cellular components in response to specific stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh A Soni
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA
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18
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van der Veen S, Abee T. Contribution of Listeria monocytogenes RecA to acid and bile survival and invasion of human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Int J Med Microbiol 2011; 301:334-40. [PMID: 21273119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes is able to colonize the human gastro-intestinal tract and subsequently cross the intestinal barrier. Thus, for L. monocytogenes to become virulent, it must survive the low pH of the stomach, high bile concentrations in the small intestine, and invade the epithelial cells. In this study, we show that RecA, which is an important factor in DNA repair and the activator of the SOS response, contributes to the resistance against acid and bile and to the ability of L. monocytogenes to adhere and invade human intestine epithelial cells. Activation of recA was shown with a promoter reporter after exposure to low pH and high bile concentrations and during adhesion and invasion of Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells. Furthermore, an in-frame recA deletion mutant showed reduced survival after exposure to low pH and high bile concentrations. This mutant also showed a deficiency in adhesion and invasion of Caco-2 cells. These results suggest that RecA may contribute to the colonization of the human gastro-intestinal tract and crossing of the intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn van der Veen
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Nieuwe Kanaal 9A, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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19
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Merritt ME, Donaldson JR. Effect of bile salts on the DNA and membrane integrity of enteric bacteria. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58:1533-1541. [PMID: 19762477 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.014092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric bacteria are able to resist the high concentrations of bile encountered throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Here we review the current mechanisms identified in the enteric bacteria Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus and Listeria monocytogenes to resist the dangerous effects of bile. We describe the role of membrane transport systems, and their connection with DNA repair pathways, in conferring bile resistance to these enterics. We discuss the findings from recent investigations that indicate bile tolerance is dependent upon being able to resist the detergent properties of bile at both the membrane and DNA level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Merritt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Box GY, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Janet R Donaldson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Box GY, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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Ryan S, Hill C, Gahan CGM. Acid stress responses in Listeria monocytogenes. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2009; 65:67-91. [PMID: 19026862 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)00603-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Ryan
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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