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Ma LM, Lopez N, Zhang G. Draft whole-genome sequences of competitive exclusion Ligilactobacillus salivarius strains for poultry. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0031623. [PMID: 37712698 PMCID: PMC10586096 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00316-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Competitive exclusion (CE) bacteria have been used to control the colonization of chickens by major foodborne pathogens. In this article, we report draft whole-genome sequences of three Ligilactobacillus salivarius strains isolated from chicken gastrointestinal tracts and previously selected as CE for poultry. These genome sequences will provide a foundation for further characterization and understanding of their CE attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Maria Ma
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Institute for Biosecurity and Microbial Forensics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Nicolas Lopez
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Institute for Biosecurity and Microbial Forensics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
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Application of Eugenol in Poultry to Control Salmonella Colonization and Spread. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020151. [PMID: 36851455 PMCID: PMC9962070 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The poultry sector is an essential component of agriculture that has experienced unprecedented growth during the last few decades. It is especially true for the United States, where the average intake of chicken meat increased from 10 pounds (4.5 kg) per person in 1940 to 65.2 pounds (29.6 kg) per person in 2018, while the country produced 113 billion eggs in 2019 alone. Besides providing nutrition and contributing significantly to the economy, chicken is also a natural reservoir of Salmonella, which is responsible for salmonellosis in humans, one of the significant foodborne illnesses around the globe. The increasing use of chicken manure and antibiotics increases the spread of Salmonella and selects for multi-drug resistant strains. Various plant extracts, primarily essential oils, have been investigated for their antimicrobial activities. The multiple ways through which these plant-derived compounds exert their antimicrobial effects make the development of resistance against them unlikely. Eugenol, an aromatic oil primarily found in clove and cinnamon, has shown antimicrobial activities against various pathogenic bacteria. A few reports have also highlighted the anti-Salmonella effects of eugenol in chicken, especially in reducing the colonization by Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium, the primary Salmonella species responsible for human salmonellosis. Besides limiting Salmonella infection in chicken, the supplementation of eugenol also significantly improves intestinal health, improving overall well-being. In this review, we highlight the rising incidences of salmonellosis worldwide and the factors increasing its prevalence. We then propose the usage of eugenol as a natural feed supplement for containing Salmonella in chicken.
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Greene G, Koolman L, Whyte P, Burgess CM, Lynch H, Coffey A, Lucey B, O’Connor L, Bolton D. An Investigation of the Effect of Water Additives on Broiler Growth and the Caecal Microbiota at Harvest. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080932. [PMID: 36015051 PMCID: PMC9412471 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is the most common foodborne pathogen in developed countries and most cases are associated with poultry. This study investigated the effect of three anti-Campylobacter water additives on broiler growth and on the caecal microbiota at harvest using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Mixtures of organic acids (OA) and essential oils (EO) were administered to broilers for the entirety of the production cycle (35 d) and medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) for 5 d immediately before harvest, under commercial conditions. Bird weight gain was significantly (p < 0.001) reduced in broilers receiving the OA and EO treatments. While this was most likely due to reduced water intake and corresponding lower feed consumption, changes to the caecal microbiota may also have contributed. Firmicutes made up over 75% of the bacteria regardless of sample type, while the minor phyla included Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Melainabacteria, and Proteobacteria. There were no significant (p > 0.05) differences in the alpha diversity as measured using ACE, Chao1, and Shannon indices, except for control (water) versus MCFA and OA versus MCFA, using the Wilcox test. In contrast, there was a significant (p < 0.05) difference in beta diversity when the treated were compared to the untreated control and main flock samples, while linear discriminant analysis effect size (LeFSe) identified three OTUs that were present in the control but absent in the treated birds. It was concluded that the water additives tested adversely affected broiler performance, which may, at least in part, be due to changes in the caecal microbiota, assuming that the altered microbiota at day 35 is indicative of a change throughout the production cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Greene
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, D15 DY05 Dublin, Ireland
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Leonard Koolman
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, D15 DY05 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul Whyte
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Helen Lynch
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston, Celbridge, W23 X3PH Kildare, Ireland
| | - Aidan Coffey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
| | - Brigid Lucey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
| | - Lisa O’Connor
- Food Safety Authority of Ireland, George’s Dock, Dublin 1, D01 P2V6 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Declan Bolton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, D15 DY05 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-(1)-8059539
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Szott V, Reichelt B, Friese A, Roesler U. A Complex Competitive Exclusion Culture Reduces Campylobacter jejuni Colonization in Broiler Chickens at Slaughter Age In Vivo. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9040181. [PMID: 35448680 PMCID: PMC9029414 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9040181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diminishing Campylobacter prevalence in poultry flocks has proven to be extremely challenging. To date, efficacious control measures to reduce Campylobacter prevalence are still missing. A potential approach to control Campylobacter in modern poultry productions is to occupy its niche in the mucosal layer by administering live intestinal microbiota from adult chickens to dayold-chicks (competitive exclusion (CE)). Therefore, this in vivo study investigates the efficacy of a complex CE culture to reduce Campylobacter (C.) jejuni colonization in broiler chickens. For this purpose, the complex CE culture was applied twice: once by spray application to day-old chicks immediately after hatching (on the 1st day of life) and subsequently by an additional application via drinking water on the 25th day of life. We observed a consistent and statistically significant reduction of C. jejuni counts in cloacal swabs throughout the entire fattening period. At the end of the trial after necropsy (at 33 days of age), C. jejuni cecal counts also showed a statistically significant decrease of 1 log10 MPN/g compared to the control group. Likewise, colon counts were reduced by 2.0 log10 MPN/g. These results suggest that CE cultures can be considered a practically relevant control strategy to reduce C. jejuni colonization in broiler chickens on poultry farms.
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Bacillus subtilis PS-216 Antagonistic Activities against Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11168 Are Modulated by Temperature, Oxygen, and Growth Medium. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020289. [PMID: 35208741 PMCID: PMC8875091 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As the incidence of Campylobacter jejuni and campylobacteriosis grows, so does the need for a better understanding and control of this pathogen. We studied the interactions of C. jejuni NCTC 11168 and a potential probiotic, Bacillus subtilis PS-216, in cocultures at different starting ratios and temperatures (20 °C, 37 °C, 42 °C), under different atmospheres (aerobic, microaerobic), and in different growth media (Mueller–Hinton, chicken litter medium, chicken intestinal-content medium). Under microaerobic conditions, B. subtilis effectively inhibited the growth of C. jejuni at 42 °C (log reduction, 4.19), even when C. jejuni counts surpassed B. subtilis by 1000-fold in the starting inoculum. This inhibition was weaker at 37 °C (log reduction, 1.63), while no impact on CFUs was noted at 20 °C, which is a temperature nonpermissive of C. jejuni growth. Under aerobic conditions, B. subtilis supported C. jejuni survival. B. subtilis PS-216 inhibited the growth of C. jejuni in sterile chicken litter (4.07 log reduction) and in sterile intestinal content (2.26 log reduction). In nonsterile intestinal content, B. subtilis PS-216 was able to grow, to a lesser extent, compared to Mueller–Hinton media, still showing potential as a chicken probiotic that could be integrated into the chicken intestinal microbiota. This study showed the strong influence of environmental parameters on the variability of C. jejuni and B. subtilis interactions. Furthermore, B. subtilis PS-216 antagonism was strongest against C. jejuni NCTC 11168 under conditions that might represent conditions in the chicken environment (42 °C, microaerobic atmosphere, chicken litter medium).
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Nothaft H, Perez-Muñoz ME, Yang T, Murugan AVM, Miller M, Kolarich D, Plastow GS, Walter J, Szymanski CM. Improving Chicken Responses to Glycoconjugate Vaccination Against Campylobacter jejuni. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:734526. [PMID: 34867850 PMCID: PMC8637857 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.734526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. Human infection typically occurs through the ingestion of contaminated poultry products. We previously demonstrated that an attenuated Escherichia coli live vaccine strain expressing the C. jejuni N-glycan on its surface reduced the Campylobacter load in more than 50% of vaccinated leghorn and broiler birds to undetectable levels (responder birds), whereas the remainder of the animals was still colonized (non-responders). To understand the underlying mechanism, we conducted three vaccination and challenge studies using 135 broiler birds and found a similar responder/non-responder effect. Subsequent genome-wide association studies (GWAS), analyses of bird sex and levels of vaccine-induced IgY responses did not correlate with the responder versus non-responder phenotype. In contrast, antibodies isolated from responder birds displayed a higher Campylobacter-opsonophagocytic activity when compared to antisera from non-responder birds. No differences in the N-glycome of the sera could be detected, although minor changes in IgY glycosylation warrant further investigation. As reported before, the composition of the microbiota, particularly levels of OTU classified as Clostridium spp., Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae are associated with the response. Transplantation of the cecal microbiota of responder birds into new birds in combination with vaccination resulted in further increases in vaccine-induced antigen-specific IgY responses when compared to birds that did not receive microbiota transplants. Our work suggests that the IgY effector function and microbiota contribute to the efficacy of the E. coli live vaccine, information that could form the basis for the development of improved vaccines targeted at the elimination of C. jejuni from poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Nothaft
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Maria Elisa Perez-Muñoz
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Tianfu Yang
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Abarna V M Murugan
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Daniel Kolarich
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, QLD, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Graham S Plastow
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Livestock Gentec, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jens Walter
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Christine M Szymanski
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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Keerthirathne TP, Ross K, Fallowfield H, Whiley H. Examination of Australian backyard poultry for Salmonella, Campylobacter and Shigella spp., and related risk factors. Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 69:13-22. [PMID: 34482641 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, foodborne illness is a significant public health issue in both developed and developing countries. Salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis and shigellosis are common foodborne gastrointestinal illnesses caused by the bacteria Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Shigella spp. respectively. These zoonotic diseases are frequently linked to eggs and poultry products. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of these pathogens in Australian backyard poultry flocks and to determine risk factors for these pathogens. Poultry faeces samples were collected from 82 backyards and screened for Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and Shigella spp. using qPCR. A questionnaire was administered to the backyard poultry owners to assess their knowledge regarding management of poultry and eggs and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to the presence of zoonotic pathogens in the flocks. One composite faecal sample was collected from each backyard (82 samples). Composite sampling here means taking one or more grab samples from a backyard to make up approximately 10 grams. Four per cent of samples, that is 4% backyards tested, were positive for Salmonella spp., 10% were positive for Campylobacter spp. and none were positive for Shigella spp. A higher infection rate was seen in multi-aged flocks (24%) compared with the single-aged flocks (3%). The survey found that many participants were engaging in risky food safety behaviours with 46% of participants responding that they washed their eggs with running water or still water instead of wiping the dirt off with a damp cloth to clean the eggs and 19% stored their eggs at room temperature. This study demonstrated that backyard poultry may pose a potential risk for salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis. Additionally, Australian public health and food safety regulations should be modified and effectively implemented to address the risks associated with backyard poultry husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirstin Ross
- Environmental Health, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Howard Fallowfield
- Environmental Health, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Harriet Whiley
- Environmental Health, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Dauksiene A, Ruzauskas M, Gruzauskas R, Zavistanaviciute P, Starkute V, Lele V, Klupsaite D, Klementaviciute J, Bartkiene E. A Comparison Study of the Caecum Microbial Profiles, Productivity and Production Quality of Broiler Chickens Fed Supplements Based on Medium Chain Fatty and Organic Acids. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030610. [PMID: 33652631 PMCID: PMC7996795 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The ban of growth promoters in poultry farming in the European Union has resulted in the development of alternatives. Among these alternatives, medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) or organic acids (OAs) are considered to be suitable for in-feed use. However, their effect on microbiota modulation and the meat quality of broiler chickens are still under-investigated. The aim of this study was to estimate the influence of MCFAs and OAs supplements on the caecum microbial profiles, productivity and production quality characteristics of broiler chickens. The 42-days experiment was conducted using 900-day-old broiler chickens, allocated into three groups, consisting of 300 birds per group. The results indicated that the addition of OAs results in a more appropriate environment in the caecum for beneficial microorganisms rather than diets supplemented with MCFAs. These positive changes led to a higher efficiency of poultry productivity (higher body weight and lower mortality); however, for most of the analysed broilers’, technological parameters were not considerably influenced by treatments. Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) and organic acids (OAs) supplements on the caecum microbial profiles, productivity and production quality characteristics of broiler chickens (BCs). BC (900 chicks) were attributed to three groups: (i) control; (ii) MCFAs group (BCs fed with feed supplemented with MCFAs); (iii) OAs group (BCs fed with feed supplemented with OAs). Broilers were slaughtered at the end of the trial (42 days old), and the caecum microbial profiles, productivity and production quality characteristics were analysed. Supplementation with OAs resulted in a more appropriate environment in the caecum for beneficial microorganisms than with a diet supplemented with MCFAs. This was supported by data on the presence of higher amounts and an increased species variety of probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium) in the caecum of birds. The above-mentioned changes of the caecum microbiota led to significantly higher villus height (p = 0.003) of the OAs broiler group and significantly lower crypt depth (p = 0.037). Notwithstanding the significant increase of acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric, isovaleric, and valeric acids that were established in caecum samples from the MCFAs group, better parameters of broiler production performance (higher body weight and lower mortality) and carcass traits (higher both thigh and shin muscles with skin and bone weight; both shin muscles without skin and bone weight; abdominal fat yield) were found in the OAs-treated group. For chemical, physical and technological characteristics of breast meat samples, increased yellowness and water holding capacity by 14.7% and 2.3%, respectively, were found in MCFAs group samples. A more appropriate environment in the caecum for beneficial microorganisms could be obtained when BCs were fed with OAs supplement, comparing to MCFAs, and these positive changes were associated with higher efficiency of poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agila Dauksiene
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (P.Z.); (V.S.); (V.L.); (D.K.); (J.K.); (E.B.)
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-685-25327
| | - Modestas Ruzauskas
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania;
- Microbiology and Virology Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Romas Gruzauskas
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu str. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Paulina Zavistanaviciute
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (P.Z.); (V.S.); (V.L.); (D.K.); (J.K.); (E.B.)
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vytaute Starkute
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (P.Z.); (V.S.); (V.L.); (D.K.); (J.K.); (E.B.)
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vita Lele
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (P.Z.); (V.S.); (V.L.); (D.K.); (J.K.); (E.B.)
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dovile Klupsaite
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (P.Z.); (V.S.); (V.L.); (D.K.); (J.K.); (E.B.)
| | - Jolita Klementaviciute
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (P.Z.); (V.S.); (V.L.); (D.K.); (J.K.); (E.B.)
| | - Elena Bartkiene
- Institute of Animal Rearing Technologies, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (P.Z.); (V.S.); (V.L.); (D.K.); (J.K.); (E.B.)
- Department of Food Safety and Quality, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Deng W, Dittoe DK, Pavilidis HO, Chaney WE, Yang Y, Ricke SC. Current Perspectives and Potential of Probiotics to Limit Foodborne Campylobacter in Poultry. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:583429. [PMID: 33414767 PMCID: PMC7782433 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.583429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Poultry has been one of the major contributors of Campylobacter related human foodborne illness. Numerous interventions have been applied to limit Campylobacter colonization in poultry at the farm level, but other strategies are under investigation to achieve more efficient control. Probiotics are viable microbial cultures that can establish in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of the host animal and elicit health and nutrition benefits. In addition, the early establishment of probiotics in the GIT can serve as a barrier to foodborne pathogen colonization. Thus, probiotics are a potential feed additive for reducing and eliminating the colonization of Campylobacter in the GIT of poultry. Screening probiotic candidates is laborious and time-consuming, requiring several tests and validations both in vitro and in vivo. The selected probiotic candidate should possess the desired physiological characteristics and anti-Campylobacter effects. Probiotics that limit Campylobacter colonization in the GIT rely on different mechanistic strategies such as competitive exclusion, antagonism, and immunomodulation. Although numerous research efforts have been made, the application of Campylobacter limiting probiotics used in poultry remains somewhat elusive. This review summarizes current research progress on identifying and developing probiotics against Campylobacter and presenting possible directions for future research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Deng
- Center of Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Dana K. Dittoe
- Center of Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | | | | | - Yichao Yang
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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Commensal Enterobacteriaceae Protect against Salmonella Colonization through Oxygen Competition. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:128-139.e5. [PMID: 30629913 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neonates are highly susceptible to infection with enteric pathogens, but the underlying mechanisms are not resolved. We show that neonatal chick colonization with Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis requires a virulence-factor-dependent increase in epithelial oxygenation, which drives pathogen expansion by aerobic respiration. Co-infection experiments with an Escherichia coli strain carrying an oxygen-sensitive reporter suggest that S. Enteritidis competes with commensal Enterobacteriaceae for oxygen. A combination of Enterobacteriaceae and spore-forming bacteria, but not colonization with either community alone, confers colonization resistance against S. Enteritidis in neonatal chicks, phenocopying germ-free mice associated with adult chicken microbiota. Combining spore-forming bacteria with a probiotic E. coli isolate protects germ-free mice from pathogen colonization, but the protection is lost when the ability to respire oxygen under micro-aerophilic conditions is genetically ablated in E. coli. These results suggest that commensal Enterobacteriaceae contribute to colonization resistance by competing with S. Enteritidis for oxygen, a resource critical for pathogen expansion.
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DEC M, NOWACZEK A, URBAN-CHMIEL R, STĘPIEŃ-PYŚNIAK D, WERNICKI A. Probiotic potential of Lactobacillus isolates of chicken origin with anti-Campylobacter activity. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1195-1203. [PMID: 29877314 PMCID: PMC6115247 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is currently the most frequent zoonosis in humans and the main source of infection is contaminated poultry meat. As chickens are a natural host for Campylobacter species, one strategy to prevent infection in humans is to eliminate these bacteria on poultry farms. A study was conducted to evaluate the probiotic potential of 46 Lactobacillus isolates from chickens faeces or cloacae. All lactobacilli were able to produce active compounds on solid media with antagonistic properties against C. jejuni and C. coli, with L. salivarius and L. reuteri exhibiting particularly strong antagonism. The cell-free culture supernatants had a much weaker inhibitory effect on the growth of Campylobacter, and the neutralization of organic acids caused them to completely lose their inhibitory properties. The ability to produce H2O2 was exhibited by 93% of isolates; most of isolates had a hydrophobic surface, showed excellent survival at pH 2.0 or 1.5, and displayed tolerance to bile; 50% isolates displayed the ability to biofilm formation. Determination of MICs of various antibiotics showed that as much as 80.4% of Lactobacillus isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent. Seven ultimately selected isolates that met all the basic criteria for probiotics may have potential application in reducing Camylobacter spp. in chickens and thus prevent infections in both birds and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta DEC
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases,
Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna NOWACZEK
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases,
Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Renata URBAN-CHMIEL
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases,
Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dagmara STĘPIEŃ-PYŚNIAK
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases,
Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej WERNICKI
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases,
Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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The immune-genes regulation mediated mechanisms of probiotics to control salmonella infection in chicken. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2017. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933917000265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Preharvest food safety in broiler production is a systematic approach to control the introduction, propagation, and dissemination of
Salmonella
and
Campylobacter
from breeder flocks to the end of their progeny (broilers) life cycle. New and revised more stringent performance standards for these pathogens at the processing plant level require continuous evaluation of the preharvest management practices and intervention strategies used by the poultry industry. The implementation of stricter biosecurity plans, vaccination of breeder flocks for
Salmonella
, and usage of feed that is free of animal by-products are some of the measures recommended to control the pathogens. Interventions shown to be effective in experimental settings need to be assessed for their cost-effectiveness and efficiency when applied at the farm level.
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14
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Schneitz C, Hakkinen M. The efficacy of a commercial competitive exclusion product on Campylobacter colonization in broiler chickens in a 5-week pilot-scale study. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1125-8. [PMID: 26944963 PMCID: PMC4957530 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of the commercial competitive exclusion product Broilact against Campylobacter jejuni was evaluated in broiler chickens in a 5-week pilot-scale study. Newly-hatched broiler chicks were brought from a commercial hatchery. After arrival 50 seeder chicks were challenged orally with approximately 10(3) cfu of C. jejuni, wing marked, and placed back in a delivery box and moved to a separate room. The rest of the chicks (contact chicks) were placed in floor pens, 100 chicks per pen. Birds in two pens were treated orally on the day of hatch with the commercial competitive exclusion (CE) product Broilact, and three pens were left untreated. The following day 10 seeder chicks were introduced into the Broilact treated and untreated control pens. One pen was left both untreated and unchallenged (0-control). Each week the ceca of 10 contact chicks and one seeder chick were examined quantitatively for Campylobacter The treatment prevented or significantly reduced the colonization of the challenge organism in the ceca during the two first weeks; the percentage of colonized birds being 0% after the first week and 30% after the second week in the Broilact treated groups but was 100% in the control groups the entire 5-week rearing period. During the third rearing week the proportion of Campylobacter positive birds started to increase in the treated pens, being 80% after the third week and 95 and 90% after the fourth and fifth rearing weeks, respectively. Similarly the average count of Campylobacter in the cecal contents of the Broilact treated chicks started to increase, the difference between the treated and control chicks being 1.4 logs at the end of the rearing period. Although the protective effect was temporary and occurred only during the first two weeks of the rearing period, the results of this study support the earlier observations that CE flora designed to protect chicks from Salmonella may also reduce Campylobacter colonization of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schneitz
- Orion Corporation, P.O.Box 425, 20101 Turku, Finland
| | - M Hakkinen
- Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Mustialankatu 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
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15
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Hu JL, Yu H, Kulkarni RR, Sharif S, Cui SW, Xie MY, Nie SP, Gong J. Modulation of cytokine gene expression by selectedLactobacillusisolates in the ileum, caecal tonsils and spleen ofSalmonella-challenged broilers. Avian Pathol 2015; 44:463-9. [DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1086725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Nishiyama K, Nakazato A, Ueno S, Seto Y, Kakuda T, Takai S, Yamamoto Y, Mukai T. Cell surface-associated aggregation-promoting factor fromLactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 facilitates host colonization and competitive exclusion ofCampylobacter jejuni. Mol Microbiol 2015; 98:712-26. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keita Nishiyama
- Department of Animal Science; School of Veterinary Medicine; Kitasato University; Towada Aomori 034-8628 Japan
| | - Akiko Nakazato
- Department of Animal Science; School of Veterinary Medicine; Kitasato University; Towada Aomori 034-8628 Japan
| | - Shintaro Ueno
- Department of Animal Science; School of Veterinary Medicine; Kitasato University; Towada Aomori 034-8628 Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Seto
- Milk Science Research Institute; Megmilk Snow Brand Co. Ltd.; Kawagoe Saitama 350-1165 Japan
| | - Tsutomu Kakuda
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; School of Veterinary Medicine; Kitasato University; Towada Aomori 034-8628 Japan
| | - Shinji Takai
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; School of Veterinary Medicine; Kitasato University; Towada Aomori 034-8628 Japan
| | - Yuji Yamamoto
- Department of Animal Science; School of Veterinary Medicine; Kitasato University; Towada Aomori 034-8628 Japan
| | - Takao Mukai
- Department of Animal Science; School of Veterinary Medicine; Kitasato University; Towada Aomori 034-8628 Japan
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17
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Agazzi A. The Beneficial Role of Probiotics in Monogastric Animal Nutrition and Health. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.15406/jdvar.2015.02.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Arsi K, Donoghue AM, Woo-Ming A, Blore PJ, Donoghue DJ. Intracloacal inoculation, an effective screening method for determining the efficacy of probiotic bacterial isolates against Campylobacter colonization in broiler chickens. J Food Prot 2015; 78:209-13. [PMID: 25581198 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter is a leading cause of foodborne illness worldwide. It is common in poultry, and human infections are often associated with consumption of contaminated poultry products. One strategy to reduce Campylobacter colonization in poultry is the use of oral probiotics, but this produces variable results, possibly because the probiotics are destroyed in the stomach's acidic environment. Protection (e.g., encapsulation) of isolates may overcome this problem, but there is no assurance that these isolates will have efficacy in the lower gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, screening candidate isolates by directly placing them in the lower intestinal tract via cloacal inoculation may eliminate the time and expense of encapsulating ineffective isolates. Thus, the purpose of this study was to collect bacterial isolates with anti-Campylobacter activity in vitro and evaluate their efficacy in vivo upon either oral or intracloacal administration. Bacterial isolates were collected from healthy birds and were evaluated for efficacy against C. jejuni in vitro. Isolates having generally regarded as safe status and demonstrating in vitro anti-Campylobacter properties were evaluated after oral or intracloacal inoculation into chicks on day 1 (n = 10 birds per isolate per route of administration). On day 7, birds were dosed by oral gavage with a four-strain mixture of wild-type Campylobacter containing at least 1 × 10(7) CFU/ml organisms. On day 14, birds were euthanized and the ceca were collected aseptically for Campylobacter enumeration. When dosed orally, only one isolate had a 1-log reduction in cecal Campylobacter counts, whereas when administered intracloacally, six of these isolates produced a 1- to 3-log reduction in cecal Campylobacter counts in 14-day-old chickens. These results support the strategy of evaluating the efficacy of potential probiotic isolates via cloacal inoculation prior to undergoing the effort of encapsulating isolates for oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Arsi
- Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - A M Donoghue
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - A Woo-Ming
- Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - P J Blore
- Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - D J Donoghue
- Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA.
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19
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Kaakoush NO, Sodhi N, Chenu JW, Cox JM, Riordan SM, Mitchell HM. The interplay between Campylobacter and Helicobacter species and other gastrointestinal microbiota of commercial broiler chickens. Gut Pathog 2014; 6:18. [PMID: 24940386 PMCID: PMC4060860 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-6-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poultry represent an important source of foodborne enteropathogens, in particular thermophilic Campylobacter species. Many of these organisms colonize the intestinal tract of broiler chickens as harmless commensals, and therefore, often remain undetected prior to slaughter. The exact reasons for the lack of clinical disease are unknown, but analysis of the gastrointestinal microbiota of broiler chickens may improve our understanding of the microbial interactions with the host. METHODS In this study, the fecal microbiota of 31 market-age (56-day old) broiler chickens, from two different farms, was analyzed using high throughput sequencing. The samples were then screened for two emerging human pathogens, Campylobacter concisus and Helicobacter pullorum, using species-specific PCR. RESULTS The gastrointestinal microbiota of chickens was classified into four potential enterotypes, similar to that of humans, where three enterotypes have been identified. The results indicated that variations between farms may have contributed to differences in the microbiota, though each of the four enterotypes were found in both farms suggesting that these groupings did not occur by chance. In addition to the identification of Campylobacter jejuni subspecies doylei and the emerging species, C. concisus, C. upsaliensis and H. pullorum, several differences in the prevalence of human pathogens within these enterotypes were observed. Further analysis revealed microbial taxa with the potential to increase the likelihood of colonization by a number of these pathogens, including C. jejuni. CONCLUSION Depletion of these taxa and the addition of taxa that compete with these pathogens, may form the basis of competitive exclusion strategies to eliminate them from the gastrointestinal tract of chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem O Kaakoush
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Nidhi Sodhi
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jeremy W Chenu
- Birling Avian Laboratories, Bringelly, NSW 2556, Australia
| | - Julian M Cox
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia ; Faculty of Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Stephen M Riordan
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Unit, The Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia ; Prince of Wales Clinical School, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Hazel M Mitchell
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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20
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Riazi A, Strong PCR, Coleman R, Chen W, Hirama T, van Faassen H, Henry M, Logan SM, Szymanski CM, MacKenzie R, Ghahroudi MA. Pentavalent single-domain antibodies reduce Campylobacter jejuni motility and colonization in chickens. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83928. [PMID: 24391847 PMCID: PMC3877120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the world, with symptoms ranging from acute diarrhea to severe neurological disorders. Contaminated poultry meat is a major source of C. jejuni infection, and therefore, strategies to reduce this organism in poultry, are expected to reduce the incidence of Campylobacter-associated diseases. We have investigated whether oral administration of C. jejuni-specific single-domain antibodies would reduce bacterial colonization levels in chickens. Llama single-domain antibodies specific for C. jejuni were isolated from a phage display library generated from the heavy chain IgG variable domain repertoire of a llama immunized with C. jejuni flagella. Two flagella-specific single-domain antibodies were pentamerized to yield high avidity antibodies capable of multivalent binding to the target antigen. When administered orally to C. jejuni-infected two-day old chicks, the pentabodies significantly reduced C. jejuni colonization in the ceca. In vitro, the motility of the bacteria was also reduced in the presence of the flagella-specific pentabodies, suggesting the mechanism of action is through either direct interference with flagellar motility or antibody-mediated aggregation. Fluorescent microscopy and Western blot analyses revealed specific binding of the anti-flagella pentabodies to the C. jejuni flagellin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Riazi
- AbCelex Technologies Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philippa C. R. Strong
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Russell Coleman
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wangxue Chen
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tomoko Hirama
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Henk van Faassen
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Henry
- Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Susan M. Logan
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine M. Szymanski
- Centennial Centre for Interdisciplinary Science, Department of Biological Sciences and Alberta Glycomics Centre, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roger MacKenzie
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Centennial Centre for Interdisciplinary Science, Department of Biological Sciences and Alberta Glycomics Centre, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mehdi Arbabi Ghahroudi
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Aguiar VF, Donoghue AM, Arsi K, Reyes-Herrera I, Metcalf JH, de los Santos FS, Blore PJ, Donoghue DJ. Targeting Motility Properties of Bacteria in the Development of Probiotic Cultures AgainstCampylobacter jejuniin Broiler Chickens. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:435-41. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2012.1302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian F. Aguiar
- Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Ann M. Donoghue
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Komala Arsi
- Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | | | - Joel H. Metcalf
- Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | | | - Pamela J. Blore
- Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Dan J. Donoghue
- Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
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22
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N-glycosylation of Campylobacter jejuni surface proteins promotes bacterial fitness. Infect Immun 2013; 81:1674-82. [PMID: 23460522 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01370-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the etiologic agent of human bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. In contrast, despite heavy colonization, C. jejuni maintains a commensal mode of existence in chickens. The consumption of contaminated chicken products is thought to be the principal mode of C. jejuni transmission to the human population. C. jejuni harbors a system for N-linked protein glycosylation that has been well characterized and modifies more than 60 periplasmic and membrane-bound proteins. However, the precise role of this modification in the biology of C. jejuni remains unexplored. We hypothesized that the N-glycans protect C. jejuni surface proteins from the action of gut proteases. The C. jejuni pglB mutant, deficient in the expression of the oligosaccharyltransferase, exhibited reduced growth in medium supplemented with chicken cecal contents (CCC) compared with that of wild-type (WT) cells. Inactivation of the cecal proteases by heat treatment or with protease inhibitors completely restored bacterial viability and partially rescued bacterial growth. Physiological concentrations of trypsin, but not chymotrypsin, also reduced C. jejuni pglB mutant CFU. Live or dead staining indicated that CCC preferentially influenced C. jejuni growth as opposed to bacterial viability. We identified multiple chicken cecal proteases by mass fingerprinting. The use of protease inhibitors that target specific classes indicated that both metalloproteases and serine proteases were involved in the attenuated growth of the oligosaccharyltransferase mutant. In conclusion, protein N-linked glycosylation of surface proteins may enhance C. jejuni fitness by protecting bacterial proteins from cleavage due to gut proteases.
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23
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Robyn J, Rasschaert G, Hermans D, Pasmans F, Heyndrickx M. In vivo broiler experiments to assess anti-Campylobacter jejuni activity of a live Enterococcus faecalis strain. Poult Sci 2013; 92:265-71. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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24
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Mappley LJ, Tchórzewska MA, Nunez A, Woodward MJ, Bramley PM, La Ragione RM. Oral treatment of chickens with Lactobacillus reuteri LM1 reduces Brachyspira pilosicoli-induced pathology. J Med Microbiol 2012; 62:287-296. [PMID: 23161764 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.051862-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian intestinal spirochaetosis (AIS) results from the colonization of the caeca and colon of poultry by pathogenic Brachyspira, notably Brachyspira pilosicoli. Following the ban on the use of antibiotic growth promoters in the European Union in 2006, the number of cases of AIS has increased, which, alongside emerging antimicrobial resistance in Brachyspira, has driven renewed interest in alternative intervention strategies. Lactobacillus-based probiotics have been shown to protect against infection with common enteric pathogens in livestock. Our previous studies have shown that Lactobacillus reuteri LM1 antagonizes aspects of the pathobiology of Brachyspira in vitro. Here, we showed that L. reuteri LM1 mitigates the clinical symptoms of AIS in chickens experimentally challenged with B. pilosicoli. Two groups of 15 commercial laying hens were challenged experimentally by oral gavage with B. pilosicoli B2904 at 18 weeks of age; one group received unsupplemented drinking water and the other received L. reuteri LM1 in drinking water from 1 week prior to challenge with Brachyspira and thereafter for the duration of the study. This treatment regime was protective. Specifically, B. pilosicoli was detected by culture in fewer birds, bird weights were higher, faecal moisture contents were significantly lower (P<0.05) and egg production as assessed by egg weight and faecal staining score was improved (P<0.05). Also, at post-mortem examination, significantly fewer B. pilosicoli were recovered from treated birds (P<0.05), with only mild-moderate histopathological changes observed. These data suggest that L. reuteri LM1 may be a useful tool in the control of AIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Mappley
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 OEX, UK.,Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Monika A Tchórzewska
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 OEX, UK.,Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Alejandro Nunez
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Martin J Woodward
- Pathology Unit, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Peter M Bramley
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 OEX, UK
| | - Roberto M La Ragione
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guilford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.,Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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25
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Neal-McKinney JM, Lu X, Duong T, Larson CL, Call DR, Shah DH, Konkel ME. Production of organic acids by probiotic lactobacilli can be used to reduce pathogen load in poultry. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43928. [PMID: 22962594 PMCID: PMC3433458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotic Lactobacillus can be used to reduce the colonization of pathogenic bacteria in food animals, and therefore reduce the risk of foodborne illness to consumers. As a model system, we examined the mechanism of protection conferred by Lactobacillus species to inhibit C. jejuni growth in vitro and reduce colonization in broiler chickens. Possible mechanisms for the reduction of pathogens by lactobacilli include: 1) stimulation of adaptive immunity; 2) alteration of the cecal microbiome; and, 3) production of inhibitory metabolites, such as organic acids. The Lactobacillus species produced lactic acid at concentrations sufficient to kill C. jejuni in vitro. We determined that lactic acid produced by Lactobacillus disrupted the membrane of C. jejuni, as judged by biophotonics. The spectral features obtained using Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy techniques were used to accurately predict bacterial viability and differentiate C. jejuni samples according to lactic acid treatment. FT-IR spectral features of C. jejuni and Lactobacillus grown in co-culture revealed that the metabolism was dominated by Lactobacillus prior to the killing of C. jejuni. Based on our results, the development of future competitive exclusion strategies should include the evaluation of organic acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Neal-McKinney
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Xiaonan Lu
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Tri Duong
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Charles L. Larson
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Douglas R. Call
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Devendra H. Shah
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael E. Konkel
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Ganan M, Martinez-Rodriguez AJ, Carrascosa A, Vesterlund S, Salminen S, Satokari R. Interaction ofCampylobacterspp. and Human Probiotics in Chicken Intestinal Mucus. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 60:141-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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28
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Doyle MP, Erickson MC. Opportunities for mitigating pathogen contamination during on-farm food production. Int J Food Microbiol 2012; 152:54-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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30
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Oral treatment of chickens with lactobacilli influences elicitation of immune responses. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:1447-55. [PMID: 21734067 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05100-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Commensal microbes in the intestine are in constant interaction with host cells and play a role in shaping the immune system. Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Lactobacillus salivarius are members of the chicken intestinal microbiota and have been shown to induce different cytokine profiles in mononuclear cells in vitro. The objective of the present study was to examine the effects of these bacteria individually or in combination on the induction of antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses in vivo. The birds received lactobacilli weekly via oral gavage starting on day of hatch and subsequently, at 14 and 21 days, were immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBC), keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), Newcastle disease virus vaccine, and infectious bursal disease virus vaccine. Antibody responses in serum were measured weekly for 4 weeks beginning on the day of primary immunization. The cell-mediated immune response was evaluated at 21 days postimmunization by measurement of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production in splenocytes stimulated with inactivated vaccine antigens. L. salivarius-treated birds had significantly more serum antibody to SRBC and KLH than birds that were not treated with probiotics. L. salivarius-treated birds also had decreased cell-mediated immune responses to recall antigen stimulation. L. reuteri treatment did not significantly affect the systemic immune response, while L. acidophilus treatment increased the antibody response to KLH. These results indicate that systemic antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses can be modulated by oral treatment with lactobacilli but that these bacteria may vary in their ability to modulate the immune response.
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31
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Hue O, Allain V, Laisney MJ, Le Bouquin S, Lalande F, Petetin I, Rouxel S, Quesne S, Gloaguen PY, Picherot M, Santolini J, Bougeard S, Salvat G, Chemaly M. Campylobacter contamination of broiler caeca and carcasses at the slaughterhouse and correlation with Salmonella contamination. Food Microbiol 2010; 28:862-8. [PMID: 21569927 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In order to estimate the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. on broiler chicken carcasses and the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in caeca, 58 French slaughterhouses were investigated in 2008. Enumeration of Campylobacter spp. was also performed in order to study the relation between caeca and carcass contamination. A pool of 10 caeca and one carcass were collected from 425 different batches over a 12-month period in 2008. Salmonella was isolated on 32 carcasses leading to a prevalence of 7.5% ([5.0-10.0](95%CI)). The prevalence of Campylobacter was 77.2% ([73.2-81.2](95%CI)) in caeca and 87.5% ([84.4-90.7](95%CI)) on carcasses. No significant correlation was found between Campylobacter and Salmonella. Positive values of Campylobacter were normally distributed and the average level was 8.05 log(10) cfu/g ([7.94-8.16](95%CI)) in caeca and 2.39 cfu/g ([2.30-2.48](95%CI)) on carcasses. A positive correlation (r = 0.59) was found between the mean of Campylobacter in caeca and on carcasses (p < 0.001). Thus, carcasses from batches with Campylobacter-positive caeca had significantly (p < 0.001) higher numbers of Campylobacter per gram than batches with negative caeca. These results show that Campylobacter can be present in both matrices and reduction in caeca could be a possible way to reduce the amount of bacteria on carcasses. Of the 2504 identifications performed, 3 species of Campylobacter (Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter lari) were identified. The main species recovered were C. jejuni and C. coli, which were isolated in 55.3% and 44.5% of positive samples, respectively. These two species were equally represented in caeca but C. jejuni was the most frequently isolated on carcasses with 57.1% and 42.5% of positive carcasses for C. jejuni and C. coli, respectively. This study underlines that target a reduction of Campylobacter on final products requires a decrease of contamination in caeca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Hue
- Anses, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, BP53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
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Effects of lactobacilli on cytokine expression by chicken spleen and cecal tonsil cells. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:1337-43. [PMID: 20668142 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00143-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Lactobacillus salivarius are all normal residents of the chicken gastrointestinal tract. Given the interest in using probiotic bacteria in chicken production and the important role of the microbiota in the development and regulation of the host immune system, the objective of the current study was to examine the differential effects of these bacteria on cytokine gene expression profiles of lymphoid tissue cells. Mononuclear cells isolated from cecal tonsils and spleens of chickens were cocultured with one of the three live bacteria, and gene expression was analyzed via real-time quantitative PCR. All three lactobacilli induced significantly more interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) expression in spleen cells than in cecal tonsil cells, indicating a more inflammatory response in the spleen than in cecal tonsils. In cecal tonsil cells, substantial differences were found among strains in the capacity to induce IL-12p40, IL-10, IL-18, transforming growth factor beta4 (TGF-beta4), and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). In conclusion, we demonstrated that L. acidophilus is more effective at inducing T-helper-1 cytokines while L. salivarius induces a more anti-inflammatory response.
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Callaway TR, Edrington TS, Anderson RC, Byrd JA, Nisbet DJ. Gastrointestinal microbial ecology and the safety of our food supply as related to Salmonella. J Anim Sci 2007; 86:E163-72. [PMID: 17878279 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2007-0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella causes an estimated 1.3 million human foodborne illnesses and more than 500 deaths each year in the United States, representing an annual estimated cost to the economy of approximately $2.4 billion. Salmonella enterica comprises more than 2,500 serotypes. With this genetic and environmental diversity, serotypes are adapted to live in a variety of hosts, which may or may not manifest with clinical illness. Thus, Salmonella presents a multifaceted threat to food production and safety. Salmonella have been isolated from all food animals and can cause morbidity and mortality in swine, cattle, sheep, and poultry. The link between human salmonellosis and host animals is most clear in poultry. During the early part of the 20th century, a successful campaign was waged to eliminate fowl typhoid caused by Salmonella Gallinarum/Pullorum. Microbial ecology is much like macroecology; environmental niches are filled by adapted and specialized species. Elimination of S. Gallinarum cleared a niche in the on-farm and intestinal microbial ecology that was quickly exploited by Salmonella Enteritidis and other serotypes that live in other hosts, such as rodents. In the years since, human salmonellosis cases linked to poultry have increased to the point that uncooked chicken and eggs are regarded as toxic in the zeitgeist. Salmonellosis caused by poultry products have increased significantly in the past 5 yr, leading to a USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service "Salmonella Attack Plan" that aims to reduce the incidence of Salmonella in chickens below the current 19%. The prevalence of Salmonella in swine and cattle is lower, but still poses a threat to food safety and production efficiency. Thus, approaches to reducing Salmonella in animals must take into consideration that the microbial ecology of the animal is a critical factor that should be accounted for when designing intervention strategies. Use of competitive exclusion, sodium chlorate, vaccination, and bacteriophage are all strategies that can reduce Salmonella in the live animal, but it is vital to understand how they function so that we do not invoke the law of unintended consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Callaway
- Agricultural Research Service, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX 77845, USA.
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Zhang G, Ma L, Doyle MP. Salmonellae reduction in poultry by competitive exclusion bacteria Lactobacillus salivarius and Streptococcus cristatus. J Food Prot 2007; 70:874-8. [PMID: 17477255 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-70.4.874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a defined competitive exclusion bacteria (CE) culture that will prevent or substantially reduce Salmonella colonization of poultry. The efficacy of 56 potential CE isolates in preventing or reducing Salmonella colonization in chickens was determined. These potential CE were perorally administered to day-of-hatch chicks at 10(6) to 10(8) CFU per chick, and salmonellae were subsequently administered by gavage 2 days later at 5.5 x 10(3) to 5.0 x 10(4) CFU per chick. Feeding chickens an overnight CE culture of Lactobacillus salivarius strains Salm-9, List40-1,8, or List40-41 reduced Salmonella carriage in cecal contents by 2.10, 2.52, and 2.20 log CFU/g (average of three trials), respectively. The percentages of Salmonella-positive chickens after receiving these treatments were 35, 31, and 35% respectively, compared with 84% for the untreated control. A mixture of these three isolates had a similar effect when compared with the results of the individual isolates. A mixture of Streptococcus cristatus List40-13 and L. salivarius List40-41 reduced Salmonella carriage from 90 to 65% and 88 to 31% in two feeding trials, and by 2.2 and 4 log CFU/g of cecal contents of chickens. In conclusion, CE isolates L. salivarius Salm-9, List40-18, and List40-41 and S. cristatus List40-13 either individually or in combination were effective in significantly preventing Salmonella colonization of chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhang
- Center for Food Safety, 1109 Experiment Street, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia 30223, USA
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