1
|
Borji S, Kadivarian S, Dashtbin S, Kooti S, Abiri R, Motamedi H, Moradi J, Rostamian M, Alvandi A. Global prevalence of Clostridioides difficile in 17,148 food samples from 2009 to 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2023; 42:36. [PMID: 37072805 PMCID: PMC10114346 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-023-00369-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile is an important infectious pathogen, which causes mild-to-severe gastrointestinal infections by creating resistant spores and producing toxins. Spores contaminated foods might be one of the most significant transmission ways of C. difficile-associated infections. This systematic review and meta-analysis study were conducted to investigate the prevalence of C. difficile in food. METHODS Articles that published the prevalence of C. difficile in food in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were retrieved using selected keywords between January 2009 and December 2019. Finally, 17,148 food samples from 60 studies from 20 countries were evaluated. RESULTS The overall prevalence of C. difficile in various foods was 6.3%. The highest and lowest levels of C. difficile contamination were detected to seafood (10.3%) and side dishes (0.8%), respectively. The prevalence of C. difficile was 4% in cooked food, 6.2% in cooked chicken and 10% in cooked seafood. CONCLUSIONS There is still little known concerning the food-borne impact of C. difficile, but the reported contamination might pose a public health risk. Therefore, to improve the food safety and prevent contamination with C. difficile spores, it is necessary to observe hygienic issues during foods preparation, cooking and transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Borji
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sepide Kadivarian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Shirin Dashtbin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Kooti
- Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Ramin Abiri
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Research Institute for Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hamid Motamedi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Jale Moradi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mosayeb Rostamian
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Postal Code: 6714415333, Iran.
| | - Amirhooshang Alvandi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Medical Technology Research Center, Research Institute for Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Postal Code: 6714415333, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abay S, Ahmed EF, Aydin F, Karakaya E, Müştak HK. Presence of Clostridioides difficile in cattle feces, carcasses, and slaughterhouses: Molecular characterization and antibacterial susceptibility of the recovered isolates. Anaerobe 2022; 75:102575. [PMID: 35477095 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2022.102575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to isolate and identify Clostridioides difficile from cattle feces and carcasses, and slaughterhouse samples, and to determine the molecular characteristics and antibacterial susceptibility of the recovered isolates. A total of 220 samples, including 100 cattle fecal samples, 100 cattle carcass surface samples, and 20 slaughterhouse samples were used as the study material. In total, 12 (5.45%) samples, including 11 (11%) cattle fecal samples and 1 (5%) slaughterhouse sample, were found to be positive for C. difficile. On the other hand, all of the carcass samples were negative for C. difficile. A total of 11 (91.66%) isolates, including 10 fecal isolates and 1 slaughterhouse wastewater isolate, were found to be positive for the presence of the toxin genes tcdA and tcdB, whilst 1 fecal isolate was found to be negative for both genes. In addition, 3 different ERIC-PCR profiles were identified in the 11 fecal isolates. The ERIC-PCR profile of the slaughterhouse wastewater isolate was found to be similar to one of the ERIC-PCR profiles obtained from the fecal isolates. All of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. Considering that the agent is a spore-forming bacterium shed in feces, the detection of C. difficile isolates of different genotypes, some carrying toxin genes, suggests that feces and slaughterhouse wastewater carrying this bacterium may pose a risk for the contamination of carcasses. The current study revealed that hygiene conditions should be performed to the maximum extent in slaughterhouses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seçil Abay
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology Kayseri, Turkey.
| | | | - Fuat Aydin
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Emre Karakaya
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Hamit Kaan Müştak
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rodriguez-Palacios A, Mo KQ, Shah BU, Msuya J, Bijedic N, Deshpande A, Ilic S. Global and Historical Distribution of Clostridioides difficile in the Human Diet (1981-2019): Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 21886 Samples Reveal Sources of Heterogeneity, High-Risk Foods, and Unexpected Higher Prevalence Toward the Tropic. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:9. [PMID: 32175321 PMCID: PMC7056907 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile (CD) is a spore-forming bacterium that causes life-threatening intestinal infections in humans. Although formerly regarded as exclusively nosocomial, there is increasing genomic evidence that person-to-person transmission accounts for only <25% of cases, supporting the culture-based hypothesis that foods may be routine sources of CD-spore ingestion in humans. To synthesize the evidence on the risk of CD exposure via foods, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting the culture prevalence of CD in foods between January 1981 and November 2019. Meta-analyses, risk-ratio estimates, and meta-regression were used to estimate weighed-prevalence across studies and food types to identify laboratory and geographical sources of heterogeneity. In total, 21886 food samples were tested for CD between 1981 and 2019 (96.4%, n = 21084, 2007–2019; 232 food-sample-sets; 79 studies; 25 countries). Culture methodology, sample size and type, region, and latitude were sources of heterogeneity (p < 0.05). Although non-strictly-anaerobic methods were reported in some studies, and we confirmed experimentally that improper anaerobiosis of media/sample-handling affects CD recovery in agar (Fisher, p < 0.01), most studies (>72%) employed the same (one-of-six) culture strategy. Because the prevalence was also meta-analytically similar across six culture strategies reported, all studies were integrated using three meta-analytical methods. At the study level (n = 79), the four-decade global cumulative-prevalence of CD in the human diet was 4.1% (95%CI = −3.71, 11.91). At the food-set level (n = 232, mean 12.9 g/sample, similar across regions p > 0.2; 95%CI = 9.7–16.2), the weighted prevalence ranged between 4.5% (95%CI = 3–6%; all studies) and 8% (95%CI = 7–8%; only CD-positive-studies). Risk-ratio ranking and meta-regression showed that milk was the least likely source of CD, while seafood, leafy green vegetables, pork, and poultry carried higher risks (p < 0.05). Across regions, the risk of CD in foods for foodborne exposure reproducibly decreased with Earth latitude (p < 0.001). In conclusion, CD in the human diet is a global non-random-source of foodborne exposure that occurs independently of laboratory culture methods, across regions, and at a variable level depending on food type and latitude. The latitudinal trend (high CD-food-prevalence toward tropic) is unexpectedly inverse to the epidemiological observations of CD-infections in humans (frequent in temperate regions). Findings suggest the plausible hypothesis that ecologically-richer microbiomes in the tropic might protect against intestinal CD colonization/infections despite CD ingestion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rodriguez-Palacios
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Kevin Q Mo
- Human Nutrition, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,College of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
| | - Bhavan U Shah
- Informatics and Assessment Division, Lorain County General Health District, Elyria, OH, United States.,Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Joan Msuya
- Department of Health and Nutrition, World Vision, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Nina Bijedic
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Formal Methods, Information Technologies, University Dzemal Bijedic, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.,Department of Mathematics, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - Abhishek Deshpande
- Medicine Institute Center for Value-Based Care Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sanja Ilic
- Human Nutrition, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Knight DR, Riley TV. Genomic Delineation of Zoonotic Origins of Clostridium difficile. Front Public Health 2019; 7:164. [PMID: 31281807 PMCID: PMC6595230 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is toxin-producing antimicrobial resistant (AMR) enteropathogen historically associated with diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis in hospitalized patients. In recent years, there have been dramatic increases in the incidence and severity of C. difficile infection (CDI), and associated morbidity and mortality, in both healthcare and community settings. C. difficile is an ancient and diverse species that displays a sympatric lifestyle, establishing itself in a range of ecological niches external to the healthcare system. These sources/reservoirs include food, water, soil, and over a dozen animal species, in particular, livestock such as pigs and cattle. In a manner analogous to human infection, excessive antimicrobial exposure, particularly to cephalosporins, is driving the expansion of C. difficile in livestock populations worldwide. Subsequent spore contamination of meat, vegetables grown in soil containing animal feces, agricultural by-products such as compost and manure, and the environment in general (households, lawns, and public spaces) is contributing to a persistent community source/reservoir of C. difficile and the insidious rise of CDI in the community. The whole-genome sequencing era continues to redefine our view of this complex pathogen. The application of high-resolution microbial genomics in a One Health framework (encompassing clinical, veterinary, and environment derived datasets) is the optimal paradigm for advancing our understanding of CDI in humans and animals. This approach has begun to yield critical insights into the genetic diversity, evolution, AMR, and zoonotic potential of C. difficile. In Europe, North America, and Australia, microevolutionary analysis of the C. difficile core genome shows strains common to humans and animals (livestock or companion animals) do not form distinct populations but share a recent evolutionary history. Moreover, for C. difficile sequence type 11 and PCR ribotypes 078 and 014, major lineages of One Health importance, this approach has substantiated inter-species clonal transmission between animals and humans. These findings indicate either a zoonosis or anthroponosis. Moreover, they challenge the existing paradigm and the long-held misconception that CDI is primarily a healthcare-associated infection. In this article, evolutionary, and zoonotic aspects of CDI are discussed, including the anthropomorphic factors that contribute to the spread of C. difficile from the farm to the community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Knight
- Medical, Molecular, and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Thomas V Riley
- Medical, Molecular, and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Candel-Pérez C, Ros-Berruezo G, Martínez-Graciá C. A review of Clostridioides [Clostridium] difficile occurrence through the food chain. Food Microbiol 2019; 77:118-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
6
|
Shaughnessy MK, Snider T, Sepulveda R, Boxrud D, Cebelinski E, Jawahir S, Holzbauer S, Johnston BD, Smith K, Bender JB, Thuras P, Diez-Gonzalez F, Johnson JR. Prevalence and Molecular Characteristics of Clostridium difficile in Retail Meats, Food-Producing and Companion Animals, and Humans in Minnesota. J Food Prot 2018; 81:1635-1642. [PMID: 30198756 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Community-associated Clostridium difficile infection (CA-CDI) now accounts for approximately 50% of CDI cases in central Minnesota; animals and meat products are potential sources. From November 2011 to July 2013, we cultured retail meat products and fecal samples from food-producing and companion animals in central Minnesota for C. difficile by using standard methods. The resulting 51 C. difficile isolates, plus 30 archived local veterinary C. difficile isolates and 208 human CA-CDI case isolates from central Minnesota (from 2012) from the Minnesota Department of Health, were characterized molecularly, and source groups were compared using discriminant analysis. C. difficile was recovered from 0 (0%) of 342 retail meat samples and 51 (9%) of 559 animal fecal samples. Overall, the 81 animal source isolates and 208 human source isolates were highly diverse genetically. Molecular traits segregated extensively in relation to animal versus human origin. Discriminant analysis classified 95% of isolates correctly by source group; only five (2.5%) human source isolates were classified as animal source. These data do not support meat products or food-producing and companion animals as important sources of CA-CDI in the central Minnesota study region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Shaughnessy
- 1 University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.,2 Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, 1 Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417 (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9588-5045 [J.R.J.])
| | - Tim Snider
- 2 Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, 1 Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417 (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9588-5045 [J.R.J.])
| | | | - David Boxrud
- 4 Minnesota Department of Health, 625 Robert Street North, St. Paul, Minnesota 55164-0975
| | - Elizabeth Cebelinski
- 4 Minnesota Department of Health, 625 Robert Street North, St. Paul, Minnesota 55164-0975
| | - Selina Jawahir
- 4 Minnesota Department of Health, 625 Robert Street North, St. Paul, Minnesota 55164-0975
| | - Stacy Holzbauer
- 4 Minnesota Department of Health, 625 Robert Street North, St. Paul, Minnesota 55164-0975.,5 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30329-4027, USA
| | - Brian D Johnston
- 1 University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.,2 Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, 1 Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417 (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9588-5045 [J.R.J.])
| | - Kirk Smith
- 4 Minnesota Department of Health, 625 Robert Street North, St. Paul, Minnesota 55164-0975
| | - Jeff B Bender
- 3 University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Paul Thuras
- 1 University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.,2 Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, 1 Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417 (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9588-5045 [J.R.J.])
| | | | - James R Johnson
- 1 University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.,2 Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, 1 Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417 (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9588-5045 [J.R.J.])
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ersöz ŞŞ, Coşansu S. Prevalence of Clostridium difficile Isolated from Beef and Chicken Meat Products in Turkey. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2018; 38:759-767. [PMID: 30206435 PMCID: PMC6131381 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2018.e14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The concern about the possibility of food can be a vehicle for the transmission
of Clostridium difficile to humans has been raised recently due
to the similarities among the strains isolated from patients, foods and food
animals. In this study, therefore, the prevalence of C.
difficile was investigated in beef and chicken meat products
collected from 57 different butcher shops, markets and fast food restaurants in
Sakarya province of Turkey. Two out of 101 samples (1.98%) was positive for
C. difficile indicating a very low prevalence. The pathogen
was isolated from an uncooked meatball sample and a cooked meat döner
sample, whereas not detected in chicken meat samples. The meatball isolate was
resistant to vancomycin and tetracycline, while the cooked meat döner
isolate was resistant to vancomycin and metronidazole. Both isolates were
sensitive to moxifloxacin and clindamycin. Toxins A and B were not detected.
This study reveals the presence of C. difficile in further
processed beef products in Turkey.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Şeyma Şeniz Ersöz
- Food Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Sakarya University, Esentepe Campus, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Serap Coşansu
- Food Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Sakarya University, Esentepe Campus, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lo Vecchio A, Lancella L, Tagliabue C, De Giacomo C, Garazzino S, Mainetti M, Cursi L, Borali E, De Vita MV, Boccuzzi E, Castellazzi L, Esposito S, Guarino A. Clostridium difficile infection in children: epidemiology and risk of recurrence in a low-prevalence country. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 36:177-185. [PMID: 27696233 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2793-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is increasingly found in children worldwide, but limited data are available from children living in southern Europe. A 6-year retrospective study was performed to investigate the epidemiology, clinical features, treatment, and risk of recurrence in Italy. Data of children with community- and hospital-acquired CDI (CA-CDI and HA-CDI, respectively) seen at seven pediatric referral centers in Italy were recorded retrospectively. Annual infection rates/10,000 hospital admissions were calculated. Logistic regression was used to investigate risk factors for recurrence. A total of 177 CDI episodes was reported in 148 children (83 males, median age 55.3 months), with a cumulative infection rate of 2.25/10,000 admissions, with no significant variability over time. The majority of children (60.8 %) had CA-CDI. Children with HA-CDI (39.2 %) had a longer duration of symptoms and hospitalization (p = 0.003) and a more common previous use of antibiotics (p = 0.0001). Metronidazole was used in 70.7 % of cases (87/123) and vancomycin in 29.3 % (36/123), with similar success rates. Recurrence occurred in 16 children (10.8 %), and 3 (2 %) of them presented a further treatment failure. The use of metronidazole was associated with a 5-fold increase in the risk of recurrence [odds ratio (OR) 5.18, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.1-23.8, p = 0.03]. Short bowel syndrome was the only underlying condition associated with treatment failure (OR 5.29, 95 % CI 1.17-23.8, p = 0.03). The incidence of pediatric CDI in Italy is low and substantially stable. In this setting, there is a limited risk of recurrence, which mainly concerns children treated with oral metronidazole and those with short bowel syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Lo Vecchio
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - L Lancella
- Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, Rome, Italy
| | - C Tagliabue
- Università degli Studi di Milano Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Gaetano Pini 3, Milan, Italy
| | - C De Giacomo
- Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza dell'Ospedale Maggiore 3, Milan, Italy
| | - S Garazzino
- Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, Turin, Italy
| | - M Mainetti
- Hospital of Ravenna, Via Vincenzo Randi 5, Ravenna, Italy
| | - L Cursi
- Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, Rome, Italy
| | - E Borali
- Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Piazza dell'Ospedale Maggiore 3, Milan, Italy
| | - M V De Vita
- Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, Turin, Italy
| | - E Boccuzzi
- Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Piazza Sant'Onofrio 4, Rome, Italy
| | - L Castellazzi
- Università degli Studi di Milano Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Gaetano Pini 3, Milan, Italy
| | - S Esposito
- Università degli Studi di Milano Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Gaetano Pini 3, Milan, Italy
| | - A Guarino
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rodriguez C, Taminiau B, Van Broeck J, Delmée M, Daube G. Clostridium difficile in Food and Animals: A Comprehensive Review. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 932:65-92. [PMID: 27350639 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2016_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Zoonoses are infections or diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans through direct contact, close proximity or the environment. Clostridium difficile is ubiquitous in the environment, and the bacterium is able to colonise the intestinal tract of both animals and humans. Since domestic and food animals frequently test positive for toxigenic C. difficile, even without showing any signs of disease, it seems plausible that C. difficile could be zoonotic. Therefore, animals could play an essential role as carriers of the bacterium. In addition, the presence of the spores in different meats, fish, fruits and vegetables suggests a risk of foodborne transmission. This review summarises the current available data on C. difficile in animals and foods, from when the bacterium was first described up to the present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Rodriguez
- Department of Food Science, University of Liège-Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Avenue de Cureghem 10, bât 43bis Sart-Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - B Taminiau
- Department of Food Science, University of Liège-Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Avenue de Cureghem 10, bât 43bis Sart-Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - J Van Broeck
- Belgian Reference Centre for Clostridium difficile (NRC), Pôle de microbiologie médicale, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Delmée
- Belgian Reference Centre for Clostridium difficile (NRC), Pôle de microbiologie médicale, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Daube
- Department of Food Science, University of Liège-Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Avenue de Cureghem 10, bât 43bis Sart-Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Varshney JB, Very KJ, Williams JL, Hegarty JP, Stewart DB, Lumadue J, Venkitanarayanan K, Jayarao BM. Characterization ofClostridium difficileIsolates from Human Fecal Samples and Retail Meat from Pennsylvania. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2014; 11:822-9. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jyotika B. Varshney
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Katherine J. Very
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Jen L. Williams
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - John P. Hegarty
- Department of Surgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - David B. Stewart
- Department of Surgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeanne Lumadue
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Bhushan M. Jayarao
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|