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Sun Y, Staley ZR, Woodbury B, Riethoven JJ, Li X. Composting reduces the risks of resistome in beef cattle manure at the transcriptional level. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0175223. [PMID: 38445903 PMCID: PMC11022583 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01752-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcriptomic evidence is needed to determine whether composting is more effective than conventional stockpiling in mitigating the risk of resistome in livestock manure. The objective of this study is to compare composting and stockpiling for their effectiveness in reducing the risk of antibiotic resistance in beef cattle manure. Samples collected from the center and the surface of full-size manure stockpiling and composting piles were subject to metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses. While the distinctions in resistome between stockpiled and composted manure were not evident at the DNA level, the advantages of composting over stockpiling were evident at the transcriptomic level in terms of the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), the number of ARG subtypes, and the prevalence of high-risk ARGs (i.e., mobile ARGs associated with zoonotic pathogens). DNA and transcript contigs show that the pathogen hosts of high-risk ARGs included Escherichia coli O157:H7 and O25b:H4, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella enterica. Although the average daily temperatures for the entire composting pile exceeded 55°C throughout the field study, more ARG and ARG transcripts were removed at the center of the composting pile than at the surface. This work demonstrates the advantage of composting over stockpiling in reducing ARG risk in active populations in beef cattle manure.IMPORTANCEProper treatment of manure before land application is essential to mitigate the spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Stockpiling and composting are two commonly used methods for manure treatment. However, the effectiveness of composting in reducing antibiotic resistance in manure has been debated. This work compared the ability of these two methods to reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance in beef cattle manure. Our results demonstrate that composting reduced more high-risk resistance genes at the transcriptomic level in cattle manure than conventional stockpiling. This finding not only underscores the effectiveness of composting in reducing antibiotic resistance in manure but also highlights the importance of employing RNA analyses alongside DNA analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuepeng Sun
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Zachery R. Staley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Bryan Woodbury
- USDA-ARS U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jean-Jack Riethoven
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Nonno R, Peixe L, Skandamis P, Ru G, Simmons M, De Cesare A, Escamez PF, Suffredini E, Ortiz‐Pelaez A, Ordonez AA. Evaluation of alternative methods of tunnel composting (submitted by the European Composting Network) II. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8745. [PMID: 38681740 PMCID: PMC11046411 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Two alternative methods for producing compost in a tunnel, from certain category (Cat.) 3 animal by-products (ABP) and other non-ABP material, were assessed. The first method proposed a minimum temperature of 55°C for 72 h and the second 60°C for 48 h, both with a maximum particle size of 200 mm. The assessment of the Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) exclusively focused on Cat. 3 ABP materials (catering waste and processed foodstuffs of animal origin no longer intended for human consumption). The proposed composting processes were evaluated for their efficacy to achieve a reduction of at least 5 log10 of Enterococcus faecalis and Salmonella Senftenberg (775W, H2S negative) and at least 3 log10 of relevant thermoresistant viruses. The applicant provided a list of biological hazards that may enter the composting process and selected parvoviruses as the indicator of the thermoresistant viruses. The evidence provided by the applicant included: (a) literature data on thermal inactivation of biological hazards; (b) results from validation studies on the reduction of E. faecalis, Salmonella Senftenberg 775W H2S negative and canine parvovirus carried out in composting plants across Europe; (c) and experimental data from direct measurements of reduction of infectivity of murine parvovirus in compost material applying the time/temperature conditions of the two alternative methods. The evidence provided showed the capacity of the proposed alternative methods to reduce E. faecalis and Salmonella Senftenberg 775W H2S negative by at least 5 log10, and parvoviruses by at least 3 log10. The BIOHAZ Panel concluded that the two alternative methods under assessment can be considered to be equivalent to the processing method currently approved in the Commission Regulation (EU) No 142/2011.
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Wu D, Dai S, Feng H, Karunaratne SHPP, Yang M, Zhang Y. Persistence and potential risks of tetracyclines and their transformation products in two typical different animal manure composting treatments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 341:122904. [PMID: 37951528 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Abundant residues of tetracyclines in animal manures and manure-derived organic fertilizers can pose a substantial risk to environments. However, our knowledge on the residual levels and potential risk of tetracyclines and their transformation products (TPs) in manure and manure-derived organic fertilizers produced by different composting treatments is still limited. Herein, the occurrence and distribution of four veterinary tetracyclines (tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, and doxycycline) and ten of their TPs were investigated in paired samples of fresh manure and manure-derived organic fertilizers. Tetracyclines and TPs were frequently detected in manure and manure-derived organic fertilizer samples in ranging from 130 to 118,137 μg·kg-1 and 54.6 to 104,891 μg·kg-1, respectively. Notably, the TPs concentrations of tetracycline and chlortetracycline were comparable to those of the parent compounds, with 4-epimers being always dominant and retained antibacterial potency. Based on paired-sampling strategy, the removal efficiency of tetracyclines and TPs in thermophilic composting was higher than that in manure storage. Toxicological data in the soil environment and the data derived from equilibrium partitioning method, indicated that tetracyclines and some TPs like 4-epitetracycline, 4-epichlortetracycline and isochlortetracycline could pose median to high ecological risk to terrestrial organisms. Total concentrations of TPs in manure-derived organic fertilizers were significantly correlated with the absolute abundance of tet(X) family genes, which provide evidence to evaluate the effects of TPs on the levels of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Among them, the 4-epitetracycline could pose ecological risk and retain antibacterial potency. Our findings emphasize the importance of monitoring and controlling the prevalence of tetracyclines and their TPs in livestock-related environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Henan Institutes of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Shiting Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haodi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | | | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Henan Institutes of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Pires AFA, Ramos TDM, Baron JN, Millner PD, Pagliari PH, Hutchinson M, Haghani V, Aminabadi P, Kenney A, Hashem F, Martínez-López B, Bihn EA, Clements DP, Shade JB, Sciligo AR, Jay-Russell MT. Risk factors associated with the prevalence of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli in manured soils on certified organic farms in four regions of the USA. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1125996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionBiological soil amendments of animal origin (BSAAO), including untreated amendments are often used to improve soil fertility and are particularly important in organic agriculture. However, application of untreated manure on cropland can potentially introduce foodborne pathogens into the soil and onto produce. Certified organic farms follow the USDA National Organic Program (NOP) standards that stipulate a 90- or 120-day interval between application of untreated manure and crop harvest, depending on whether the edible portion of the crop directly contacts the soil. This time-interval metric is based on environmental factors and does not consider a multitude of factors that might affect the survival of the main pathogens of concern. The objective of this study was to assess predictors for the prevalence of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (non-O157 STEC) in soils amended with untreated manure on USDA-NOP certified farms.MethodsA longitudinal, multi-regional study was conducted on 19 farms in four USA regions for two growing seasons (2017–2018). Untreated manure (cattle, horse, and poultry), soil, and irrigation water samples were collected and enrichment cultured for non-O157 STEC. Mixed effects logistic regression models were used to analyze the predictors of non-O157 STEC in the soil up to 180 days post-manure application.Results and discussionResults show that farm management practices (previous use with livestock, presence of animal feces on the field, season of manure application) and soil characteristics (presence of generic E. coli in the soil, soil moisture, sodium) increased the odds of STEC-positive soil samples. Manure application method and snowfall decreased the odds of detecting STEC in the soil. Time-variant predictors (year and sampling day) affected the presence of STEC. This study shows that a single metric, such as the time interval between application of untreated manure and crop harvest, may not be sufficient to reduce the food safety risks from untreated manure, and additional environmental and farm-management practices should also be considered. These findings are of particular importance because they provide multi-regional baseline data relating to current NOP wait-time standards. They can therefore contribute to the development of strategies to reduce pathogen persistence that may contribute to contamination of fresh produce typically eaten raw from NOP-certified farms using untreated manure.
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Ramos TDM, Jay-Russell MT, Millner PD, Baron JN, Stover J, Pagliari P, Hutchinson M, Lilley J, Rowley N, Haghani V, Aminabadi P, Kenney A, Hashem F, Martínez-López B, Bihn EA, Clements DP, Shade JB, Sciligo AR, Pires AFA. Survival and Persistence of Foodborne Pathogens in Manure-Amended Soils and Prevalence on Fresh Produce in Certified Organic Farms: A Multi-Regional Baseline Analysis. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.674767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological soil amendments of animal origin (BSAAOs), including untreated (e.g., raw or aged manure, or incompletely composted manure) and treated animal products (e.g., compost), are used for crop production and as part of soil health management. Application of BSAAO's must be done cautiously, as raw manure commonly contains enteric foodborne pathogens that can potentially contaminate edible produce that may be consumed without cooking. USDA National Organic Program (NOP) certified production systems follow the 90-or 120-day interval standards between applications of untreated BSAAOs and crop harvest, depending on whether the edible portions of the crops are in indirect or direct contact with the soil, respectively. This study was conducted to evaluate the survival of four foodborne pathogens in soils amended with BSAAOs and to examine the potential for bacterial transfer to fresh produce harvested from USDA NOP certified organic farms (19) from four states. Only 0.4% (2/527) of produce samples were positive for L. monocytogenes. Among the untreated manure and compost samples, 18.0% (42/233) were positive for at least one of the tested and culturable bacterial foodborne pathogens. The prevalence of non-O157 STEC and Salmonella in untreated manure was substantially > that of E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes. Of the 2,461 soil samples analyzed in this study, 12.9% (318) were positive for at least one pathogen. In soil amended with untreated manure, the prevalence of non-O157 STEC [7.7% (190) and L. monocytogenes (5.0% (122), was > that of Salmonella (1.1% (26)] or E. coli O157 [0.04% (1)]. Foodborne pathogen prevalence in the soil peaked after manure application and decreased significantly 30 days post-application (dpa). However, non-O157 STEC and L. monocytogenes were recovered from soil samples after 90 and 120 dpa. Results indicate that produce contamination by tested foodborne pathogens was infrequent, but these data should not be generalized outside of the specific wait-time regulations for organic crop production and the farms studied. Moreover, other sources of contamination, e.g., irrigation, wildlife, environmental conditions, cropping and management practices, should be considered. This study also provides multi-regional baseline data relating to current NOP application intervals and development of potential risk mitigation strategies to reduce pathogen persistence in soils amended with BSAAOs. These findings contribute to filling critical data gaps concerning occurrence of fecal pathogens in NOP-certified farming systems used for production of fresh produce in different US regions.
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Stockpiling versus Composting: Effectiveness in Reducing Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and Resistance Genes in Beef Cattle Manure. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0075021. [PMID: 34085860 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00750-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Manure storage methods can affect the concentration and prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in cattle manure prior to land application. The objective of this study was to compare stockpiling and composting with respect to their effectiveness in reducing ARB and ARGs in beef cattle manure in a field-scale study. Field experiments were conducted in different seasons with different bulking agents for composting. For both the winter-spring cycle and the summer-fall cycle, ARB concentrations declined below the limit of quantification rapidly in both composting piles and stockpiles; however, ARB prevalence was significantly greater in the composting piles than in the stockpiles. This was likely due to the introduction of ARB from bulking agents. There was no significant change in ARG concentrations between initial and final concentrations for either manure storage treatment during the winter-spring cycle, but a significant reduction of the ARGs erm(B), tet(O), and tet(Q) over time was observed for both the composting pile and stockpile during the summer-fall cycle. Results from this study suggest that (i) bulking agent may be an important source of ARB and ARGs for composting; (ii) during cold months, the heterogeneity of the temperature profile in composting piles could result in poor ARG reduction; and (iii) during warm months, both stockpiling and composting can be effective in reducing ARG abundance. IMPORTANCE Proper treatment of manure is essential to reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance and protect human health. Stockpiling and composting are two manure storage methods which can reduce antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes, although few field-scale studies have examined the relative efficiency of each method. This study examined the ability of both methods in both winter-spring and summer-fall cycles, while also accounting for heterogeneity within field-scale manure piles. This study determined that bulking agents used in composting could contribute antibiotic-resistant bacteria and resistance genes. Additionally, seasonal variation could hinder the efficacy of composting in colder months due to heterogeneity in temperature within the pile; however, in warmer months, either method of manure storage could be effective in reducing the spread of antibiotic resistance.
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Staley ZR, Tuan CY, Eskridge KM, Li X. Using the heat generated from electrically conductive concrete slabs to reduce antibiotic resistance in beef cattle manure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 768:144220. [PMID: 33736325 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Proper treatment is necessary to reduce antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in livestock manure before land application. Conventional stockpiling suffers unreliable removal efficiency, while composting can be complicated and expensive. The objective of this study was to test the feasibility of a novel heat-based technology, i.e., stockpiling manure on conductive concrete slabs, to inactivate ARB and ARGs in beef cattle manure. In this study, two independent bench-scale trials were conducted. In both trials, samples were taken from manure piles on conductive concrete slabs and regular slabs (i.e., heated and unheated piles). In the heated pile of the first trial, 25.9% and 83.5% of the pile volume met the EPA Class A and Class B biosolids standards, respectively. For the heated pile of the second trial, the two values were 43.9% and 74.2%. In both trials, nearly all forms of the total and resistant Escherichia coli and enterococci were significantly lower in the heated piles than in the unheated piles. Besides, significant reduction of ARGs in heated piles was observed in the first trial. Through this proof-of-concept study, the new technology based on conductive concrete slabs offers an alternative manure storage method to conventional stockpiling and composting with respect to reduce ARB and ARGs in manure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachery R Staley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Christopher Y Tuan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Kent M Eskridge
- Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
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Esperón F, Albero B, Ugarte-Ruíz M, Domínguez L, Carballo M, Tadeo JL, Del Mar Delgado M, Moreno MÁ, de la Torre A. Assessing the benefits of composting poultry manure in reducing antimicrobial residues, pathogenic bacteria, and antimicrobial resistance genes: a field-scale study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:27738-27749. [PMID: 32399873 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The poultry industry in the European Union produces 13 million tons of manure annually, which represents a major health and environmental challenge. Composting is an environmental-friendly technique for the management of manure, but there are few studies about antibiotic residues and antimicrobial resistances at a field scale. The goal of this study was to determine if the composting of poultry manure at a field scale would result in the reduction of antibiotic residues, pathogenic bacteria, and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the final fertilizer product. A 10-week composting of poultry manure spiked with enrofloxacin, doxycycline, and ciprofloxacin was performed. The determination of antibiotics residues and 22 selected ARGs was carried out together with the identification of bacteria by metagenomics. In the case of ciprofloxacin and doxycycline, a 90% decrease was observed after composting for 3 weeks. Sixteen ARGs were detected at the beginning of the experiment; 12 of them decreased from week 0 to week 10 (reduction of 73.7-99.99%). The presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria, such as, Campylobacter coli or commensal bacteria such as Escherichia coli decreases along the composting process. In conclusion, 10-week composting of poultry manure promotes the reduction of antibiotic residues and most of the ARGs and pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Esperón
- Animal Health Research Center (INIA-CISA), Ctra Algete a El Casar s/n, 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Albero
- Department of Environment and Agronomy (INIA), Ctra La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ugarte-Ruíz
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Ada. Puerta de Hierro, s/n, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matilde Carballo
- Animal Health Research Center (INIA-CISA), Ctra Algete a El Casar s/n, 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Tadeo
- Department of Environment and Agronomy (INIA), Ctra La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Del Mar Delgado
- Department of Environment and Agronomy (INIA), Ctra La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Moreno
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Ada. Puerta de Hierro, s/n, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana de la Torre
- Animal Health Research Center (INIA-CISA), Ctra Algete a El Casar s/n, 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Bolton DJ, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman LM, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Peixe L, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Escámez PF, Ortiz‐Peláez A, Ashe S, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A. Evaluation of Alternative Methods of Tunnel Composting (submitted by the European Composting Network). EFSA J 2020; 18:e06226. [PMID: 32774510 PMCID: PMC7404150 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Two alternative methods for the production of compost from certain category 3 animal by-products (catering waste and processed foodstuffs of animal origin) were assessed. The first proposed a minimum temperature of 55°C for 72 h; the second 60°C for 48 h, each with a maximum particle size of 200 mm. The proposed composting processes were assessed by the BIOHAZ Panel for their efficacy to achieve a reduction of 5 log10 of Enterococcus faecalis or Salmonella Senftenberg (775W, H2S negative) and a 3 log10 reduction of the infectivity titre of thermoresistant viruses, such as parvovirus, in the composted material, as set out in Annex V, Chapter 3, Section 2 of Commission Regulation (EU) No 142/2011. The assessment of the BIOHAZ Panel exclusively focused on the ABP raw materials (catering waste and processed foodstuffs) intended for human consumption. The applicant did not provide any validation experiments with direct measurement of the reduction of viability of endogenous indicators or spiked surrogate bacteria. However, from thermal inactivation parameters reported in the literature, it can be concluded that the proposed composting standards can achieve at least a 5 log10 reduction of Enterococcus faecalis or Salmonella Senftenberg 775W. The applicant did not consider thermoresistant viruses as a relevant hazard and therefore did not provide any data from direct measurements of the reduction of infectivity of spiked thermoresistant viruses, nor provide data from validation studies undertaken at national level or data from literature supporting the efficacy of the proposed composting standards on thermoresistant viruses. However, thermoresistant viruses should be considered to be a relevant hazard in this context and validation data should have been provided accordingly. The BIOHAZ Panel considers that the evidence provided by the applicant does not demonstrate that the requirements of Annex V, Chapter 3, Section 2 of Commission Regulation (EU) No 142/2011 are achieved.
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Gurtler JB, Doyle MP, Erickson MC, Jiang X, Millner P, Sharma M. Composting To Inactivate Foodborne Pathogens for Crop Soil Application: A Review. J Food Prot 2018; 81:1821-1837. [PMID: 30320513 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Compost is organic material that has been degraded into a nutrient-stabilized humus-like substance through intense microbial activity, which can provide essential plant nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus) to aid in the growth of fruits and vegetables. Compost can be generated from animal waste feedstocks; these can contain human pathogens, which can be inactivated through the heat and microbial competition promoted during the composting process. Outbreaks of infections caused by bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes on fruit and vegetable commodities consumed raw emphasize the importance of minimizing the risk of pathogenic contamination on produce commodities. This review article investigates factors that affect the reduction and survival of bacterial foodborne pathogens during the composting process. Interactions with indigenous microorganisms, carbon:nitrogen ratios, and temperature changes influence pathogen survival, growth, and persistence in finished compost. Understanding the mechanisms of pathogen survival during the composting process and mechanisms that reduce pathogen populations can minimize the risk of pathogen contamination in the cultivation of fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B Gurtler
- 1 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038 (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5844-7794 [J.B.G.])
| | - Michael P Doyle
- 2 Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, 350 Woodroof Drive, Griffin, Georgia 30223
| | - Marilyn C Erickson
- 2 Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, 350 Woodroof Drive, Griffin, Georgia 30223
| | - Xiuping Jiang
- 3 Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, 217 P & A Building, Clemson, South Carolina 29634
| | - Patricia Millner
- 4 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 201, Beltsville Area Research Center-East, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8585-0308 [M.S.])
| | - Manan Sharma
- 4 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Building 201, Beltsville Area Research Center-East, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8585-0308 [M.S.])
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Abstract
This study was to optimize the detection methods for Clostridium difficile from the animal manure-based composts. Both autoclaved and unautoclaved dairy composts were inoculated with a 12-h old suspension of a non-toxigenic C. difficile strain (ATCC 43593) and then plated on selected agar for vegetative cells and endospores. Six types of enrichment broths supplemented with taurocholate and l-cysteine were assessed for detecting a low level of artificially inoculated C. difficile (ca. 5 spores/g) from dairy composts. The efficacy of selected enrichment broths was further evaluated by isolating C. difficile from 29 commercial compost samples. Our results revealed that using heat-shock was more effective than using ethanol-shock for inducing endospore germination, and the highest endospore count (p < 0.05) was yielded at 60 °C for 25 min. C. difficile agar base, supplemented with 0.1% l-cysteine, 7% defibrinated horse blood, and cycloserine-cefoxitin (CDA-CYS-H-CC agar) was the best medium (p < 0.05) for recovering vegetative cells from compost. C. difficile endospore populations from both types of composts enumerated on both CDA-CYS-H-CC agar supplemented with 0.1% sodium taurocholate (CDA-CYS-H-CC-T agar) and brain heart infusion agar supplemented with 0.5% yeast extract, 0.1% l-cysteine, cycloserine-cefoxitin, and 0.1% sodium taurocholate (BHIA-YE-CYS-CC-T agar) media were not significantly different from each other (p > 0.05). Overall, enrichment of inoculated compost samples in broths containing moxalactam-norfloxacin (MN) produced significantly higher (p < 0.05) spore counts than in non-selective broths or broths supplemented with CC. Enrichment in BHIB-YE-CYS-MN-T broth followed by culturing on an agar containing 7% horse blood and 0.1% taurocholate provided a more sensitive and selective combination of media for detecting a low population of C. difficile from environmental samples with high background microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthu Dharmasena
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Xiuping Jiang
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
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Chen Z, Jiang X. Microbiological Safety of Animal Wastes Processed by Physical Heat Treatment: An Alternative To Eliminate Human Pathogens in Biological Soil Amendments as Recommended by the Food Safety Modernization Act. J Food Prot 2017; 80:392-405. [PMID: 28199147 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Animal wastes have high nutritional value as biological soil amendments of animal origin for plant cultivation in sustainable agriculture; however, they can be sources of some human pathogens. Although composting is an effective way to reduce pathogen levels in animal wastes, pathogens may still survive under certain conditions and persist in the composted products, which potentially could lead to fresh produce contamination. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Food Safety Modernization Act, alternative treatments are recommended for reducing or eliminating human pathogens in raw animal manure. Physical heat treatments can be considered an effective method to inactivate pathogens in animal wastes. However, microbial inactivation in animal wastes can be affected by many factors, such as composition of animal wastes, type and physiological stage of the tested microorganism, and heat source. Following some current processing guidelines for physical heat treatments may not be adequate for completely eliminating pathogens from animal wastes. Therefore, this article primarily reviews the microbiological safety and economic value of physically heat-treated animal wastes as biological soil amendments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
| | - Xiuping Jiang
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
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13
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Simujide H, Aorigele C, Wang CJ, Zhang TH, Manda B. Evaluation of calcium cyanamide addition during co-composting of manure and maize straw in a forced-aeration static-pile system. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2016; 14:18. [PMID: 27800167 PMCID: PMC5080734 DOI: 10.1186/s40201-016-0258-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Composting is one of the most environmentally friendly treatments to inactivate pathogenic organisms or reduce them to acceptable levels. However, even under thermal conditions, some pathogenic organisms such as E. coli could exist for a long time in composting. Such great persistence may increase the possibility of outbreaks of these organisms and further increase the environmental load. Calcium cyanamide (CaCN2) has recently been recognized to have the fungicidal effect on the pathogens of the soilborne diseases. So, the present study determined the effect of CaCN2 addition on composting progress as an antimicrobial agent and an amendment during forced-aeration static-pile composting of cow manure, which was mainly aimed to inhibit the pathogens that had not been inactivated by heat during composting. METHODS The mixtures of dairy cow manure and maize straw with addition of 2 % CaCN2 or no addition were composted for 63 days. The physical, chemical and biological changes in compost mixtures were examined during composting. The data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA procedure from SAS software (version 9.0). RESULTS The results showed that the addition of CaCN2 significantly increased the maximum temperature and lengthened the duration of the thermophilic phase, and increased the percent T-N but decreased C/N ratio. For microbiological test, the addition of CaCN2 shortened the time to inactivate E. coli, and increased the total average population of thermophilic bacteria but did not significantly influence that of mesophilic bacteria. CONCLUSION The results indicated that the addition of CaCN2, at least at the additive content of 2 % could benefit the thermophilic phase and the composting could quickly reach the sanitary standard during the composting of manure with maize straw in a forced-aeration static-pile system. This finding will contribute to solve the feces disposal problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huasai Simujide
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Zhaowuda road, 306, 010018 Hohhot, China
| | - Chen Aorigele
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Zhaowuda road, 306, 010018 Hohhot, China
| | - Chun-Jie Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Zhaowuda road, 306, 010018 Hohhot, China
| | - Tian-Hua Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Zhaowuda road, 306, 010018 Hohhot, China
| | - Bai Manda
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Zhaowuda road, 306, 010018 Hohhot, China
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14
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Manyi-Loh CE, Mamphweli SN, Meyer EL, Makaka G, Simon M, Okoh AI. An Overview of the Control of Bacterial Pathogens in Cattle Manure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13090843. [PMID: 27571092 PMCID: PMC5036676 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13090843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cattle manure harbors microbial constituents that make it a potential source of pollution in the environment and infections in humans. Knowledge of, and microbial assessment of, manure is crucial in a bid to prevent public health and environmental hazards through the development of better management practices and policies that should govern manure handling. Physical, chemical and biological methods to reduce pathogen population in manure do exist, but are faced with challenges such as cost, odor pollution, green house gas emission, etc. Consequently, anaerobic digestion of animal manure is currently one of the most widely used treatment method that can help to salvage the above-mentioned adverse effects and in addition, produces biogas that can serve as an alternative/complementary source of energy. However, this method has to be monitored closely as it could be fraught with challenges during operation, caused by the inherent characteristics of the manure. In addition, to further reduce bacterial pathogens to a significant level, anaerobic digestion can be combined with other methods such as thermal, aerobic and physical methods. In this paper, we review the bacterial composition of cattle manure as well as methods engaged in the control of pathogenic microbes present in manure and recommendations that need to be respected and implemented in order to prevent microbial contamination of the environment, animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy E Manyi-Loh
- Fort Hare Institute of Technology, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.
| | - Sampson N Mamphweli
- Fort Hare Institute of Technology, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.
| | - Edson L Meyer
- Fort Hare Institute of Technology, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.
| | - Golden Makaka
- Department of Physics, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.
| | - Michael Simon
- Fort Hare Institute of Technology, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.
- South Africa Medical Research Council Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.
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15
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Nguyen-The C, Bardin M, Berard A, Berge O, Brillard J, Broussolle V, Carlin F, Renault P, Tchamitchian M, Morris CE. Agrifood systems and the microbial safety of fresh produce: Trade-offs in the wake of increased sustainability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 562:751-759. [PMID: 27110986 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fresh produce has been a growing cause of food borne outbreaks world-wide prompting the need for safer production practices. Yet fresh produce agrifood systems are diverse and under constraints for more sustainability. We analyze how measures taken to guarantee safety interact with other objectives for sustainability, in light of the diversity of fresh produce agrifood systems. The review is based on the publications at the interface between fresh produce safety and sustainability, with sustainability defined by low environmental impacts, food and nutrition security and healthy life. The paths for more sustainable fresh produce are diverse. They include an increased use of ecosystem services to e.g. favor predators of pests, or to reduce impact of floods, to reduce soil erosion, or to purify run-off waters. In contrast, they also include production systems isolated from the environment. From a socio-economical view, sustainability may imply maintaining small tenures with a higher risk of pathogen contamination. We analyzed the consequences for produce safety by focusing on risks of contamination by water, soil, environment and live stocks. Climate change may increase the constraints and recent knowledge on interactions between produce and human pathogens may bring new solutions. Existing technologies may suffice to resolve some conflicts between ensuring safety of fresh produce and moving towards more sustainability. However, socio-economic constraints of some agri-food systems may prevent their implementation. In addition, current strategies to preserve produce safety are not adapted to systems relying on ecological principles and knowledge is lacking to develop the new risk management approaches that would be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Nguyen-The
- UMR408 SQPOV «Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale», INRA, Avignon Université, 84000 Avignon, France.
| | - Marc Bardin
- INRA, UR0407 Plant Pathology, F-84143 Montfavet, France.
| | | | - Odile Berge
- INRA, UR0407 Plant Pathology, F-84143 Montfavet, France.
| | - Julien Brillard
- UMR408 SQPOV «Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale», INRA, Avignon Université, 84000 Avignon, France.
| | - Véronique Broussolle
- UMR408 SQPOV «Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale», INRA, Avignon Université, 84000 Avignon, France.
| | - Frédéric Carlin
- UMR408 SQPOV «Sécurité et Qualité des Produits d'Origine Végétale», INRA, Avignon Université, 84000 Avignon, France.
| | | | | | - Cindy E Morris
- INRA, UR0407 Plant Pathology, F-84143 Montfavet, France.
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16
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Importance of Soil Amendments: Survival of Bacterial Pathogens in Manure and Compost Used as Organic Fertilizers. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 4. [DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.pfs-0010-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Biological soil amendments (BSAs) such as manure and compost are frequently used as organic fertilizers to improve the physical and chemical properties of soils. However, BSAs have been known to be a reservoir for enteric bacterial pathogens such as enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
(EHEC),
Salmonella
spp., and
Listeria
spp. There are numerous mechanisms by which manure may transfer pathogens to growing fruits and vegetables, and several outbreaks of infections have been linked to manure-related contamination of leafy greens. In the United States several commodity-specific guidelines and current and proposed federal rules exist to provide guidance on the application of BSAs as fertilizers to soils, some of which require an interval between the application of manure to soils and the harvest of fruits and vegetables. This review examines the survival, persistence, and regrowth/resuscitation of bacterial pathogens in manure, biosolids, and composts. Moisture, along with climate and the physicochemical properties of soil, manure, or compost, plays a significant role in the ability of pathogens to persist and resuscitate in amended soils. Adaptation of enteric bacterial pathogens to the nonhost environment of soils may also extend their persistence in manure- or compost-amended soils. The presence of antibiotic-resistance genes in soils may also be increased by manure application. Overall, BSAs applied as fertilizers to soils can support the survival and regrowth of pathogens. BSAs should be handled and applied in a manner that reduces the prevalence of pathogens in soils and the likelihood of transfer of food-borne pathogens to fruits and vegetables. This review will focus on two BSAs—raw manure and composted manure (and other feedstocks)—and predominantly on the survival of enteric bacterial pathogens in BSAs as applied to soils as organic fertilizers.
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17
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Xu C, Wang D, Huber A, Weese S, Warriner K. Persistence of Clostridium difficile
in wastewater treatment-derived biosolids during land application or windrow composting. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 120:312-20. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Xu
- Department of Food Science; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - D. Wang
- Department of Food Science; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - A. Huber
- Soil Research Group; Guelph ON Canada
| | - S.J. Weese
- Pathobiology; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - K. Warriner
- Department of Food Science; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
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18
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Stanford K, Reuter T, Gilroyed B, McAllister T. Impacts of sporulation temperature, exposure to compost matrix and temperature on survival of Bacillus cereus
spores during livestock mortality composting. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 118:989-97. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Stanford
- Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development; Lethbridge AB Canada
| | - T. Reuter
- Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development; Lethbridge AB Canada
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19
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Erickson MC, Smith C, Jiang X, Flitcroft ID, Doyle MP. Manure source and age affect survival of zoonotic pathogens during aerobic composting at sublethal temperatures. J Food Prot 2015; 78:302-10. [PMID: 25710145 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Heat is the primary mechanism by which aerobic composting inactivates zoonotic bacterial pathogens residing within animal manures, but at sublethal temperatures, the time necessary to hold the compost materials to ensure pathogen inactivation is uncertain. To determine the influence of the type of nitrogen amendment on inactivation of Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in compost mixtures stored at sublethal temperatures, specific variables investigated in these studies included the animal source of the manure, the initial carbon/nitrogen (C:N) ratio of the compost mixture, and the age of the manure. Salmonella and L. monocytogenes were both inactivated more rapidly in chicken and swine compost mixtures stored at 20°C when formulated to an initial C:N ratio of 20:1 compared with 40:1, whereas a C:N ratio did not have an effect on inactivation of these pathogens in cow compost mixtures. Pathogen inactivation was related to the elevated pH of the samples that likely arises from ammonia produced by the indigenous microflora in the compost mixtures. Indigenous microbial activity was reduced when compost mixtures were stored at 30°C and drier conditions (<10% moisture level) were prevalent. Furthermore, under these drier conditions, Salmonella persisted to a greater extent than L. monocytogenes, and the desiccation resistance of Salmonella appeared to convey cross-protection to ammonia. Salmonella persisted longer in compost mixtures prepared with aged chicken litter compared with fresh chicken litter, whereas E. coli O157:H7 survived to similar extents in compost mixtures prepared with either fresh or aged cow manure. The different responses observed when different sources of manure were used in compost mixtures reveal that guidelines with times required for pathogen inactivation in compost mixtures stored at sublethal temperatures should be dependent on the source of nitrogen, i.e., type of animal manure, present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn C Erickson
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797, USA.
| | - Chris Smith
- Food Safety Net Services, Atlanta Laboratory, 60 Chamisa Road, Suite 201, Covington, Georgia 30016, USA
| | - Xiuping Jiang
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0316, USA
| | - Ian D Flitcroft
- Department of Crops and Soil Science, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797, USA
| | - Michael P Doyle
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797, USA
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20
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Physical covering for control of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. in static and windrow composting processes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:2063-74. [PMID: 25576620 DOI: 10.1128/aem.04002-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of a 30-cm covering of finished compost (FC) on survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. in active static and windrow composting systems. Feedstocks inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 (7.41 log CFU/g) and Salmonella (6.46 log CFU/g) were placed in biosentry tubes (7.5-cm diameter, 30-cm height) at three locations: (i and ii) two opposing sides at the interface between the FC cover layer (where present) and the feedstock material (each positioned approximately 10 cm below the pile's surface) and (iii) an internal location (top) (approximately 30 cm below the surface). On specific sampling days, surviving populations of inoculated E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella, generic E. coli, and coliforms in compost samples were determined. Salmonella spp. were reduced significantly within 24 h in windrow piles and were below the detection limit after 3 and 7 days at internal locations of windrow and static piles containing FC covering, respectively. Likewise, E. coli O157:H7 was undetectable after 1 day in windrow piles covered with finished compost. Use of FC as a covering layer significantly increased the number of days that temperatures in the windrows remained ≥55°C at all locations and in static piles at internal locations. These time-temperature exposures resulted in rapid reduction of inoculated pathogens, and the rate of bacterial reduction was rapid in windrow piles. The sample location significantly influenced the survival of these pathogens at internal locations compared to that at interface locations of piles. Finished compost covering of compost piles aids in the reduction of pathogens during the composting process.
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21
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Reynnells R, Callahan MT, Handy ET, Roberts C, Felton G, Ingram DT, Millner PD, Sharma M. Evaluation of Two Immunomagnetic Separation Techniques for the Detection and Recovery of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from Finished Composts. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-0068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Millner P, Ingram D, Mulbry W, Arikan OA. Pathogen reduction in minimally managed composting of bovine manure. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2014; 34:1992-1999. [PMID: 25151442 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Spread of manure pathogens is of considerable concern due to use of manure for land application. In this study, the effects of four static pile treatment options for bovine manure on die-off of a generic Escherichia coli, E. coli O157:H7 surrogate, Salmonella Senftenberg, Salm. Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes were evaluated. Bovine manure spiked with these bacteria were placed in cassettes at the top, middle, and bottom sections of four static pile treatments that reflect minimal changes in pile construction with and without straw. Temperatures were monitored continuously during the 28 day self-heating period. E. coli and salmonellae were reduced from 8 to 9 log10 CFU g(-1) to undetectable levels (<1.77 log10 MPN g(-1)) at 25-30 cm depths within 7 days in all pile sections except for the manure-only pile in which 3-4 logs of reduction were obtained. No L. monocytogenes initially present at 6.62 log10 CFU g(-1) were recovered from straw-amended piles after 14 days, in contrast with manure-only treatment in which this pathogen was recovered even at 28 days. Decline of target bacterial populations corresponded to exposure to temperatures above 45°C for more than 3 days and amendments of manure with straw to increase thermophilic zones. Use of straw to increase aeration, self-heating capacity, and heat retention in manure piles provides producers a minimal management option for composting that enhances pathogen die-off and thereby reduces risk of environmental spread when manure is applied to land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Millner
- USDA-ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - David Ingram
- USDA-ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Walter Mulbry
- USDA-ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Osman A Arikan
- USDA-ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; Istanbul Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
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23
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Erickson MC, Liao J, Jiang X, Doyle MP. Inactivation of pathogens during aerobic composting of fresh and aged dairy manure and different carbon amendments. J Food Prot 2014; 77:1911-8. [PMID: 25364925 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Two separate studies were conducted to address the condition and the type of feedstocks used during composting of dairy manure. In each study, physical (temperature), chemical (ammonia, volatile acids, and pH), and biological (Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7) parameters were monitored during composting in bioreactors to assess the degree to which they were affected by the experimental variables and, ultimately, the ability of the chemical and physical parameters to predict the fate of pathogens during composting. Compost mixtures that contained either aged dairy manure or pine needles had reduced heat generation; therefore, pathogen reduction took longer than if fresh manure or carbon amendments of wheat straw or peanut hulls were used. Based on regression models derived from these results, ammonia concentration, in addition to heat, were the primary factors affecting the degree of pathogen inactivation in compost mixtures formulated to an initial carbon-nitrogen (C:N) ratio of 40:1, whereas, the pH of the compost mixture along with the amount of heat exposure were most influential in compost mixtures formulated to an initial C:N ratio of 30:1. Further studies are needed to validate these models so that additional criteria in addition to time and temperature can be used to evaluate the microbiological safety of composted manures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn C Erickson
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797, USA.
| | - Jean Liao
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797, USA
| | - Xiuping Jiang
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0316, USA
| | - Michael P Doyle
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797, USA
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24
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Erickson MC, Liao J, Ma L, Jiang X, Doyle MP. Thermal and nonthermal factors affecting survival of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes in animal manure-based compost mixtures. J Food Prot 2014; 77:1512-8. [PMID: 25198842 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of enteric pathogens in animal manures before field application is essential for mitigating the risk of foodborne illness associated with produce. Aerobic composting of manures has been advocated as an effective treatment for reducing pathogen populations, and heat is a major factor contributing to pathogen inactivation. This study was initiated to determine the potential contribution of both thermal and nonthermal (pH, volatile acids, and ammonia) factors to pathogen inactivation during aerobic composting in bioreactors for mixtures containing manure from various sources (dairy, chicken, and swine). The test mixtures were formulated with an initial moisture content of 60% and a C:N ratio of 20:1, using straw and cottonseed meal as amendments. Mixtures were then inoculated with Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes labeled with green fluorescent protein at initial populations of ca. 10(7) CFU/g. Three replicate trials of each treatment were conducted. Temperatures within the bioreactors were recorded at 30-min intervals, and duplicate samples were withdrawn daily from two sampling locations within the bioreactor. Significant regression models were derived relating decreases in pathogen populations to the degree of heat generated in the mixture (cumulative heat) and the pH of the mixture on the day before the pathogen losses were calculated (P < 0.0002). Although pathogens in swine manure compost mixtures were inactivated by the third day of composting, very little heat was generated in these mixtures, which were characterized by significantly higher levels of volatile acids compared with the other two compost mixtures. Therefore, volatile acids could help achieve pathogen inactivation when temperatures are too low such as when heat is lost too quickly at the surface of static compost piles or during winter composting.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Erickson
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797, USA.
| | - J Liao
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797, USA
| | - L Ma
- National Institute of Microbial Forensics and Food and Agricultural Biosecurity, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
| | - X Jiang
- Department of Food, Nutrition, and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-0316, USA
| | - M P Doyle
- Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, Georgia 30223-1797, USA
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