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Azizi S, Hajipour N, Hassanzadeh P, Ketzis J. Effects of irradiation on the survival of Sarcocystis bradyzoites in beef. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1519. [PMID: 38952247 PMCID: PMC11217589 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcocystis is a food-borne zoonotic protozoan whose final hosts are humans, dogs, cats, and other carnivores and intermediate hosts are birds and mammals, especially humans and herbivores. Humans become infected by eating raw and undercooked meat contaminated with bradyzoites or by consuming water or food contaminated with the sporocyst stage of the parasite. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of gamma radiation and electron beam on the survival rate of Sarcocystis bradyzoites in infected beef and to determine the effective dose. METHODS Three replicates of 100 g of infected meat were treated with different doses (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 kGy). As a control, 20 g of contaminated meat was stored separately at 4°C. The viability of the bradyzoites after digestion in pepsin solution was assessed, stained (trypan blue) and unstained, under a stereomicroscope. To assess survival of the bradyzoites, the irradiated meat samples were fed to 30 dogs. After 10 days, faecal samples were examined for sporocysts. RESULTS The results showed that the highest and lowest mortality rate of Sarcocystis bradyzoites in infected organs using electron beam at a dose of 2 kGy were 92.5% and 100%, respectively, and the lowest mortality rate at a dose of 0.5 kGy were 2.5% and 7.89%, respectively. CONCLUSION The results of statistical analysis showed that the mortality rate of Sarcocystis bradyzoites was significant between different doses of gamma ray and electron beam, so that gamma rays were better compared to electron beam in destroying Sarcocystis bradyzoites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saied Azizi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Aquatic, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TabrizTabrizIran
| | - Nasser Hajipour
- Department of Food Hygiene and Aquatic, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TabrizTabrizIran
| | - Parviz Hassanzadeh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Aquatic, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of TabrizTabrizIran
| | - Jennifer Ketzis
- Biomedical SciencesRoss University School of Veterinary MedicineBasseterreSaint Kitts and Nevis
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Yamazaki A, Nagasawa A, Kamata Y. Experimental Evidence of the Diarrheal Activity of Sarcocystis sp. in Sika Deer ( Cervus nippon). Foodborne Pathog Dis 2024; 21:127-133. [PMID: 38010954 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the wild deer population has been increasing in Japan, causing serious feeding-related damage to the agricultural and forestry industries. In conjunction with the government's promotion of hunting for population control, the effective utilization of resources and promotion of the game meat industry as a sixth sector of industrialization are desired by local governments. However, several cases in which patients showed intestinal symptoms such as diarrhea due to the consumption of sika deer meat infected with protozoan Sarcocystis spp. have been reported, and the pathogenic microorganisms found in wild deer should be investigated. In this study, Sarcocystis sp. parasitized Kyushu sika deer (Cervus nippon nippon) in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan, was examined for its enterotoxicity. A phylogenetic analysis based on the sequence of the 18S rRNA gene and cox1 showed that the species was highly homologous to Sarcocystis japonica and/or Sarcocystis sp. HM050622. We attempted to confirm the diarrhea-evoking toxicity of Sarcocystis sp. in sika deer meat, which has been previously reported in human case reports. A mouse ileal loop assay showed that Sarcocystis sp. in sika deer meat induced significant fluid accumulation in the loop at doses of ∼5 × 106 bradyzoites. Western blotting showed that these Sarcocystis parasites possess actin-depolymerizing factor, a diarrhea-evoking factor, similar to Sarcocystis fayeri, which exists in horsemeat. However, the pathogenic conditions of the ileal loop were different from those of similar experiments with S. fayeri. This study suggests that S. japonica parasitizing C. n. nippon may cause diarrhea via a different mechanism from that of S. fayeri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Yamazaki
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | | | - Yoichi Kamata
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Senri Kinran University, Suita, Japan
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da Rosa G, de Freitas Daudt G, Roman IJ, Cargnelutti JF, Sangioni LA, Flores MM, Vogel FSF. Sarcocystis in horses from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: Molecular identification of Sarcocystis bertrami and Sarcocystis neurona in muscle tissues. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 47:100973. [PMID: 38199686 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Horses are intermediate hosts of Sarcocystis spp. capable of forming cysts in their musculature. This study aimed to detect sarcocysts and investigate the presence of nucleic acids from Sarcocystis spp. in samples of striated muscles from horses in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, necropsied at the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of the Federal University of Santa Maria. A total of 108 samples were collected from 24 horses and examined through direct examination. Microscopic tissue cysts were observed in three samples: tongue (2) and esophagus (1) from two animals. Extractions were performed on the found cysts and tissues, even though sarcocystosis detection was not present. DNA samples were subjected to Nested-PCR using Tg18s primers, and the amplified products were subjected to Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) using DdeI and HpaII enzymes. DNA belonging to Sarcocystis spp. was amplified in tissues from 91.7% (22/24) of the equines, and 67.6% (73/108) of the samples tested positive in the Nested-PCR reaction. The tissues with the highest detection frequency were: diaphragm 92.3% (12/13), gluteal muscle 77.2% (17/22), and esophagus 66.7% (4/6). In RFLP, Sarcocystis spp. was detected in 21 tissues from 11/22 equines, and cysts, identified through nucleotide sequencing, were determined to be S. bertrami. S. neurona was identified in 11 samples from 7/22 animals, with co-infection detected in 5/22 cases. The high detection rate indicates a concerning circulation of the protozoan, particularly the zoonotic S. bertrami found in all tissues, which are commonly exported for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilneia da Rosa
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (LADOPAR), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, n° 1000, Prédio 63D, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul CEP 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela de Freitas Daudt
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (LADOPAR), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, n° 1000, Prédio 63D, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Isac Junior Roman
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (LADOPAR), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, n° 1000, Prédio 63D, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia (LABAC), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, n° 1000, Prédio 63D, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Luis Antonio Sangioni
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (LADOPAR), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, n° 1000, Prédio 63D, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul CEP 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Martins Flores
- Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária (LPV), Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul CEP 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Silveira Flôres Vogel
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (LADOPAR), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, n° 1000, Prédio 63D, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul CEP 97105-900, Brazil.
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Amairia S, Jbeli M, Mrabet S, Mahjoubi Jebabli L, Gharbi M. Molecular Prevalence of Sarcocystis spp. and Toxoplasma gondii in Slaughtered Equids in Northern Tunisia. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 129:104894. [PMID: 37506984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Sarcocystis spp. and Toxoplasma gondii are two apicomplexan protozoa that infect a broad range of vertebrates, however, little is known about the infection of equids with these parasites. A total of 184 slaughtered equids from slaughterhouses of Bizerte and Tunis located in Northern Tunisia, were examined for meat infections with Sarcocystis spp. and T. gondii by PCR. The prevalence of infections with Sarcocystis spp. and T. gondii were 38% (95% CI: 31-45) and 39.7% (95% CI: 32.6-46.7), respectively. The highest prevalence of infection with Sarcocystis spp. was observed in donkeys (48.6%; 95% CI: 37.3-60) followed by mules (32.8%; 95%CI: 21.3-44.3), and horses (28.3%; 95% CI: 15.2-41.2) (P = .04). Similarly, the highest prevalence of infection with T. gondii was also observed in donkeys (66.2%; 95% CI: 55.4-77), followed by mules (18.7%; 95%CI: 9.2-28.3), and horses (26.1%; 95%CI: 13.4-38.8) (P < .001). The coinfection prevalence was estimated to be 17.4% (95%CI: 11.9-22.9). Taking into consideration that humans can be infected following consumption of infected equid meat with T. gondii and/or some Sarcocystis species, it is important to assess the risk of human infection. Thus, further studies are needed to better understand the epidemiology of these zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Amairia
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, University of Manouba, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia.
| | - Mounir Jbeli
- Health and Veterinary Control Division, Ministry of Defense, Ksar Saïd Military Base, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Slim Mrabet
- Department of Hygiene, Municipality of Bizerte, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Leila Mahjoubi Jebabli
- Tunis Abattoir, Health, Hygiene and Environment Service, Ministry of Interior, Montfleury, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Gharbi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, University of Manouba, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
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Yamazaki A, Shirafuji Y, Kamata Y. The Relationship Between Epidemiological Factors and the Parasite Load of Sarcocystis in Yezo-Deer ( Cervus nippon yesoensis) in Hokkaido, Japan. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2023; 20:1-6. [PMID: 36520606 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2022.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several cases of gastrointestinal symptoms including diarrhea and vomiting due to the consumption of Sarcocystis-infected venison have been reported in Japan. However, the control of case incidence is difficult, as epidemiological information concerning Sarcocystis in venison in Japan is insufficient. We examined the prevalence and parasite load of Sarcocystis in 89 samples of Yezo-deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) venison in Hokkaido by quantifying the copy numbers of the 18S rRNA gene of Sarcocystis, followed by a statistical analysis that considered the sampling area, age, and sex to clarify the parameters related to the parasite load. The copy numbers per gram of venison in samples ranged from 4.8 to 8.8 log. Wilcoxon rank-sum test, the one-way factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA), Steel-Dwass test, and a two-way factorial ANOVA showed significant differences in the copy numbers among sampling areas, not by age or sex, suggesting that the load of Sarcocystis in wild deer depended on the sampling area in Hokkaido. Notably, more than 80% of Hokkaido venison has a higher gene copy number than the meat that caused Sarcocystis fayeri-food poisoning. This information is expected to contribute to the establishment of hygiene standards for safe venison consumption and the control of gastrointestinal symptom cases due to consumption of Sarcocystis-infected venison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Yamazaki
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Shirafuji
- Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yoichi Kamata
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Senri Kinran University, Suita, Japan
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DOI R, OBA M, FURUYA T, MIZUTANI T, TAKEMAE H. Development of a new quantification method of Sarcocystis cruzi through detection of the acetyl-CoA synthetase gene. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:105-110. [PMID: 36450502 PMCID: PMC9887211 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcocystis cruzi is a member of the genus Sarcocystis, infecting bovine animals such as cattle and bison as intermediate hosts, and canids such as dogs and raccoon dogs as definitive hosts. Acute sarcocystosis of S. cruzi causes occasional symptoms in cattle, including weight loss, reduced milk production, abortions, and death, and similar to other Sarcocystis species can potentially cause food poisoning in humans when raw or undercooked infected cattle meat is consumed. Despite these issues, genetic information on S. cruzi is scarce, and there is no specific quantitative method for the detection and quantification of the parasite in infected cattle. In this study, we aimed to develop a method based on high-throughput sequencing of S. cruzi genome and transcriptome that specifically and quantitatively detects the S. cruzi acetyl-CoA synthetase gene (ScACS). Cardiac muscles were collected from slaughterhouses in Saitama Prefecture to obtain sarcocysts from which DNA and RNA were extracted for the high-throughput sequencing. Using the sequences, we developed a specific quantitative PCR assay which could distinguish S. cruzi ACS from that of Toxoplasma gondii by taking advantage of the differences in their exon/intron organizations and validated the assay with the microscopic counting of the S. cruzi bradyzoites. Thus, this assay will be useful for future studies of S. cruzi pathogenesis in cattle and for the surveillance of infected animals, thereby easing public health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie DOI
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan,Saitama Institute of Public Health, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mami OBA
- Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya FURUYA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya MIZUTANI
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan,Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi TAKEMAE
- Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan,Correspondence to: Takemae H: , Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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Brazilian Horses from Bahia State Are Highly Infected with Sarcocystis bertrami. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243491. [PMID: 36552411 PMCID: PMC9774797 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoan Sarcocystis bertrami (syn. Sarcocystis fayeri) infects horses and has dogs as definitive hosts. Herein we aimed to detect S. bertrami in Brazilian horses destined for human consumption and to determine the frequency of infection in the examined animals. Muscle fragments from 51 horses were collected in a slaughterhouse in Bahia State during three different seasons of the year. Samples from six tissues from each animal were prepared for macroscopic and microscopic evaluation, using tissue grinding, squash and histology. Sarcocystis sp. was observed in 100% of the examined horses. Selected samples were processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Species identification was confirmed using a PCR targeted to the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (cox1). Histological examination revealed sarcocysts with variable sizes and shapes, and dispersed within the muscle fibers. When observed by TEM, the sarcocyst wall was wavy and covered by an electrodense layer. The villar protrusions were digitiform and bent. To our knowledge, this study is the first morphological and molecular confirmation of S. bertrami in horses in Brazil and South America.
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Shams M, Shamsi L, Asghari A, Motazedian MH, Mohammadi-Ghalehbin B, Omidian M, Nazari N, Sadrebazzaz A. Molecular Epidemiology, Species Distribution, and Zoonotic Importance of the Neglected Meat-Borne Pathogen Sarcocystis spp. in Cattle (Bos taurus): A Global Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:1055-1072. [PMID: 35593956 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00563-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcocystis species are diverse apicomplexan parasites, though only two zoonotic species (S. hominis and S. heydorni) circulate between cattle and humans. Due to the importance of cattle in the human food chain and to prevent the consequences of parasitosis in humans, the first global systematic review and meta-analysis on molecular epidemiology, species distribution, and zoonotic significance of Sarcocystis infection in cattle was performed. METHODS For this aim, four international English databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) were systematically searched till 20th September 2021, and random-effect models were drawn to calculate total estimates and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Finally, 44 papers from 21 countries were qualified for this review which examined 8526 cattle regarding Sarcocystis infection, rendering a total prevalence of 62.7% (95% CI 53-71.5%). Globally, 12 Sarcocystis spp. have been reported from cattle, including S. cruzi, S. hominis, S. hirsuta, S. rommeli, S. heydorni, S. bovifelis, S. bovini, S. sinensis, S. gigantea, S. fusiformis, S. hjorti and S. tenella. Among them, S. cruzi (37 studies), S. hominis (22 studies) and S. hirsuta (19 studies) were the 3 most common species, with 76.4% (95% CI 64.8-85%), 30.2% (95% CI 19.3-44%) and 8.7% (95% CI 3.8-18.6%), respectively. However, molecular identification was not performed in 48.4% (95% CI 27.3-70.1%) of the positive samples. CONCLUSION Despite the zoonotic significance of Sarcocystis spp., particularly S. hominis, the epidemiology and distribution of Sarcocystis infection in cattle remains unclear and demands more extensive researches around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Shams
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Laya Shamsi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali Asghari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Motazedian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mostafa Omidian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Naser Nazari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Alireza Sadrebazzaz
- Razi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Mashhad, Iran
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A Review on Alaria alata, Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis spp. in Mammalian Game Meat Consumed in Europe: Epidemiology, Risk Management and Future Directions. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030263. [PMID: 35158587 PMCID: PMC8833328 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In many European countries, game meat consumption is related to the traditional hunting culture. Its demand and consumption are increasing, also due to the growing populations of wild ungulates. However, specific public health issues exist and should be taken into account. This review focuses on the causal agents, epidemiology, potential risk for human health and its management along the supply chain, including parasite detection at slaughtering and inactivation in meat, of three parasites (Alaria alata, Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis spp.), which can be transmitted by the main mammalian game meat species in the EU: wild boar (Sus scrofa), red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), fallow deer (Dama dama), Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), moose (Alces alces), hare (Lepus europaeus) and wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). By presenting the main issues and knowledge gaps, this study aims to contribute to an improved control supporting the risk analysis process. Abstract Game meat is increasingly appreciated and consumed in Europe, also due to the growing population of wild ungulates. In addition to interesting nutritional properties and market opportunities, game meat is characterized by some specific public health issues. This review focuses on the etiology, epidemiology, public health aspects and risk management along the supply chain, including parasite detection at slaughtering and inactivation in meat, of three selected foodborne parasitic hazards (Alaria alata, Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis spp.) in the main mammalian game meat species in the EU: wild boar (Sus scrofa), red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), fallow deer (Dama dama), Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), moose (Alces alces), hare (Lepus europaeus) and wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The presented data point out the main issues, and knowledge gaps as well as the potential for improved control in order to contribute to the risk analysis process. To pursue an effective management of these parasitic zoonoses, awareness raising should involve all figures in the supply chain, including hunters, restaurateurs and consumers. Human behaviour and the lack of knowledge regarding meat borne parasitic zoonoses and the health risks they pose seem to be the most important factors responsible for human infections. However, detection methods, starting from the sampling procedure, should be further developed and standardized in order to improve the collection of accurate and up-to-date epidemiological data.
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Rosenthal BM. Zoonotic Sarcocystis. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:151-157. [PMID: 33626441 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Apicomplexan species in the genus Sarcocystis form tissue cysts, in their intermediate hosts, similar to those established in chronic toxoplasmosis. More than 200 species are known, but just a few are known to threaten human health owing to infection in livestock species. Intestinal sarcocystosis occurs when people consume raw or undercooked beef contaminated with Sarcocystis hominis or S. heydorni or undercooked pork contaminated with S. suihominis. Those infections may cause mild enteritis, but most infections are thought to be asymptomatic. People also become dead-end (intermediate) hosts for non-human Sarcocystis spp. after accidentally ingesting sporocysts, leading to extraintestinal sarcocystosis. The clinical spectrum may range from asymptomatic muscle cysts to a severe, acute, eosinophilic myositis associated with systemic symptoms with peripheral eosinophilia. Most human cases have been described from Southeast Asia, but Sarcocystis parasites have a worldwide distribution, especially where livestock is raised, and human infections in other areas have been described but may be underrecognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Rosenthal
- Animal Parasitic Disease Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture- Agricultural Research Service, 10300, Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States of America.
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Galila EM, Bazh EKA, Elhawary N, Abdellatif HA, Abou-Rawash ARA. Unique report of two Sarcocystis species from Egyptian domestic chicken (Gallus gallus) – new host and locality. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2019-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcocystis is an intracellular protozoan parasite in the phylum Apicomplexa. It is widely distributed all over the world. There are scarce reports about chicken Sarcocystis. From February 2016 to January 2018, a total number of 630 chicken carcasses, intestines and viscera were collected from different chicken markets in Menoufia and Gharbia Governorates, Middle region of the Nile Delta, Egypt and carefully inspected. Macroscopic and microscopic cysts of Sarcocystis spp. were found in the intestinal wall and mesentery of 5 birds. Histopathological sections revealed the presence of two shapes of the macroscopic cysts (oval and kidney shape). Their wall was striated and characterised by the presence of radial septa. It had compartments mostly of hexagonal shape, containing both bradyzoites and metrocytes in the periphery. The bradyzoites were banana-shaped and measured 20–30 × 8–10 μm with centrally or posteriorly located nuclei. Microscopic cysts of Sarcocystis spp. were detected in-between muscle bundles, with variable shapes (spindle and oval).
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Yamazaki A, Shirafuji Y, Kamata Y. Establishment of a Novel Molecular Detection Method for Sarcocystis in Venison. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2020; 18:104-113. [PMID: 33030358 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, horse meat (basashi) contaminated with Sarcocystis spp. caused food poisoning in Japan. An official detection method provided by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW), Japan, was designed to detect Sarcocystis fayeri to diagnose and control outbreaks of basashi food poisoning. In 2011, Sarcocystis-contaminated venison also caused food poisoning. However, the official MHLW detection method was not adequate for detecting Sarcocystis spp. in venison. In this study, we established a novel PCR-based detection method that amplifies 18S rRNA gene based on the conserved region of the sequence in 32 species of Sarcocystis for screening and quantification. Fifty venison samples from three areas in Hokkaido were examined by the MHLW method and the novel detection method. All samples were Sarcocystis spp.-positive. A sequence analysis indicated the presence of a species of Sarcocystis specific to sika deer (Cervus nippon), and not to horses. Another primer pair was designed for a quantitative real-time PCR assay to determine the copy number of the Sarcocystis-18S rRNA gene in parasitized venison. The melting curve analysis revealed high specificity of this assay. The calculated curve demonstrated that this quantitative PCR assay showed R2 value of 0.993 with 10-106 copies. Using this quantitative real-time PCR assay, the gene copy numbers were determined in 50 venison samples. The copy numbers of each sample ranged from 104 to 107 per gram. The copy numbers differed according to the area in Hokkaido. This indicates that the density of Sarcocystis spp. that infect Sika deer in Hokkaido is affected by the area. The novel screening and quantitative PCR method for Sarcocystis in venison was useful for collecting epidemiological information on Sarcocystis in wild Japanese sika deer, which will contribute to improve the safety of venison products in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Yamazaki
- Co-Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Shirafuji
- Co-Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yoichi Kamata
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Life Science, Senri Kinran University, Suita, Japan
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Sarcocystis infection in beef and industrial raw beef burgers from butcheries and retail stores: A molecular microscopic study. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04171. [PMID: 32548332 PMCID: PMC7284071 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcocystis is a genus of eucoccidian parasites, which globally infects humans and various animals. In addition to economic losses in livestock industries, the parasite is a zoonosis that infects humans through contaminated beef and pork with the parasite sarcocysts. Therefore, this study was carried out to assess Sarcocystis contamination in beef and industrial raw beef burger samples from butcheries and retail stores in Tehran, Iran. Overall, 180 samples of 90 beefs and 90 raw industrial beef burgers with at least 80% meat were randomly collected in Tehran, Iran. Samples were studied microscopically after peptic digestion. Furthermore, sample genomic DNAs were used in conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify approximately 900-bp fragments from 18S ribosomal DNA. Of 180 samples, 170 samples (94.4%) were microscopically and 161 samples (89.44%) were molecularly positive for Sarcocystis spp. Eucoccidial DNA fragments were detected in 161 samples (89.4%), including 78 (86.6%) beef and 83 (92.2%) beef burger samples. No significant differences were found between the beef and beef burger infestations by Sarcocystis bradyzoites using statistical analysis (P > 0.05). Statistically significant differences were seen between the sample type and the intensity of parasites in samples (P = 0.003). Furthermore, differences between the conventional PCR results (positive/negative) and the intensity of parasites in samples were statistically significant (P < 0.001). The considerable prevalence of Sarcocystis spp. in beef and beef burger samples reflects high transmission of the parasite in meat producing cattle, which is important due to food hygiene. Although the most prevalent bovine species, S. cruzi, is not a zoonosis, it is highly recommended to follow guidelines on the parasite transmission prevention due to the existence of S. hominis as a zoonotic bovine species.
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Presence of Sarcocystis sybillensis in Japanese sika deer (Cervus nippon) captured in its native territory and its phylogenetic relationship with Sarcocystis nipponi. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2309-2315. [PMID: 32488622 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06730-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The first study reporting the morphological characterization of Sarcocystis sybillensis was performed in 1983; however, without any molecular analysis. Sarcocystis nipponi has been recently described as a species synonymic to S. sybillensis. We reconfirmed the presence of S. sybillensis in Japanese sika deer (Cervus nippon) captured in its native territory; and performed its molecular and phylogenetic characterization. The morphological characteristics of the sarcocysts were consistent with those of S. nipponi and S. sybillensis described in the first report. However, the nucleotide sequence of 18S rRNA gene of S. sybillensis showed only 91.9% identity to that of S. nipponi, suggesting low homology among the concerned Sarcocystis spp. Accordingly, S. sybillensis was found to occupy a clade distinct from that of S. nipponi in a phylogenetic tree of Sarcocystis. Therefore, the present study provides essential information on 18S rRNA-based molecular characterization of S. sybillensis and disproves the existing notion of morphology-based species synonymity of S. sibillensis and S. nipponi. These results also suggest that S. sybillensis belongs to type 2 Sarcocystis.
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15
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Balji Y, Knicky M, Zamaratskaia G. Perspectives and safety of horsemeat consumption. Int J Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Balji
- Department of Veterinary Sanitation S. Seifullin Kazakh AgroTechnical University Zhenis avenue 62 Nur‐Sultan 010011 Kazakhstan
| | - Martin Knicky
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 7024 Uppsala 750 07 Sweden
| | - Galia Zamaratskaia
- Department of Molecular Sciences Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Box 7015 Uppsala 750 07 Sweden
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice Zatisi 728/II Vodnany 389 25 Czech Republic
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Ota T, Nakano Y, Mizuno T, Shiozaki A, Hori Y, Yamanishi K, Hayakawa K, Hayakawa T, Fujimoto T, Nakamoto C, Maejima K, Wada Y, Terasoma F, Ohnishi T. First Case Report of Possible Sarcocystis truncata-induced Food Poisoning in Venison. Intern Med 2019; 58:2727-2730. [PMID: 31118403 PMCID: PMC6794181 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.2817-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with the increase in consumption of raw animal meat, the prevalence of food poisoning is increasing. A 67-year-old Japanese man had eaten raw venison 4 hours prior to the beginning of vomiting. Many white cysts were discovered in the venison, with numerous bradyzoites being detected after the cysts were punctured. The presence of the Sarcocystis spp. 18S rRNA gene was detected by polymerase chain reaction, and Sarcocystis truncata was isolated from the venison. Sarcocystis truncata has not previously been identified in sika deer (Cervus nippon) in Japan. This is the first report of possible Sarcocystis truncata-induced food poisoning following consumption of venison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Ota
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kinan Hospital, Japan
| | - Yoshio Nakano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kinan Hospital, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Kana Hayakawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kinan Hospital, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fumio Terasoma
- Wakayama Prefectural Research Center of Environment and Public Health, Japan
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Passantino G, Lia RP, Latrofa S, Annoscia G, Šlapeta J, Otranto D, Rossi R, Zizzo N. Sarcocystis bertrami in skeletal muscles of donkeys (Equus africanus asinus) from Southern Italy. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 16:100283. [PMID: 31027592 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Among the protozoa of the genus Sarcocystis (Apicomplexa; Sarcocystidae), Sarcocystis bertrami (syn. Sarcocystis fayeri) is an obligate intracellular parasite of donkeys and horses with worldwide distribution. Here, we report the detection of S. bertrami in naturally infected donkeys from southern Italy and describe their structure by light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Protozoal cysts were detected both morphologically and molecularly in skeletal muscles of 28.57% (40/140) donkeys. Mature cysts of S. bertrami were found in skeletal muscle measuring 31-102 μm long and 19-83 μm wide with radially striated thick cyst wall. The high prevalence of infected donkeys suggests that dogs, the definitive hosts of S. bertrami, are contaminating environment with environmentally resistant sporocysts. Considering the increased consumption of raw donkey meat results also suggest a potential risk for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Passantino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Valenzano, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Paolo Lia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Valenzano, Italy
| | - Stefania Latrofa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Valenzano, Italy
| | - Giada Annoscia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Valenzano, Italy
| | - Jan Šlapeta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Valenzano, Italy; School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Valenzano, Italy
| | - Roberta Rossi
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Zizzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Valenzano, Italy
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Sugita-Konishi Y, Kobayashi N, Takasaki K, Kanno T, Itoh M, Riztyan, Futo S, Asakura H, Taira K, Kawakami Y. Detection of Sarcocystis spp. and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in Japanese sika deer meat using a loop-mediated isothermal amplification-lateral flow strip. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:586-592. [PMID: 30814421 PMCID: PMC6483920 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Game meat potentially harbors a number of parasitic and bacterial pathogens that cause
foodborne disease. It is thus important to monitor the prevalence of such pathogens in
game meats before retail and consumption to ensure consumer safety. In particular,
Sarcocystis spp. and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia
coli (STEC) have been reported to be causative agents of food poisoning
associated with deer meat consumption. To examine the prevalence of these microbiological
agents on-site at a slaughterhouse, the rapid, simple and sensitive detection method known
as the “DNA strip” has been developed, a novel tool combining loop-mediated isothermal
amplification and a lateral flow strip. This assay has achieved higher sensitivity and
faster than conventional PCR and is suitable for on-site inspection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Sugita-Konishi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Naoki Kobayashi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Kazuto Takasaki
- FASMAC CO., Ltd., 5-1-2, Midorigaoka, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0041, Japan
| | - Takumi Kanno
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Miku Itoh
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Riztyan
- FASMAC CO., Ltd., 5-1-2, Midorigaoka, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0041, Japan
| | - Satoshi Futo
- FASMAC CO., Ltd., 5-1-2, Midorigaoka, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0041, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Asakura
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kensuke Taira
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kawakami
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
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19
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Honda M, Sawaya M, Taira K, Yamazaki A, Kamata Y, Shimizu H, Kobayashi N, Sakata R, Asakura H, Sugita-Konishi Y. Effects of temperature, pH and curing on the viability of Sarcocystis, a Japanese sika deer (Cervus Nippon centralis) parasite, and the inactivation of their diarrheal toxin. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1337-1344. [PMID: 29973481 PMCID: PMC6115274 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the Sarcocystis parasite in horse and deer meat has been
reported to be a causative agent of acute food poisoning, inducing nausea, vomiting and
diarrhea. Compared with other causative agents, such as bacteria, viruses and other
parasites, in deer meat, the Sarcocystis species parasite, including its
stability under various conditions, is poorly understood. In this study, we assessed the
viability of Sarcocystis spp. and the activity of their diarrhea toxin (a
15-kDa protein) in deer meat under conditions of freezing, cold storage, pH change and
curing. In addition, the heat tolerance was assayed using purified bradyzoites. The
results showed that the species lost viability by freezing at −20, −30 and −80°C for <1
hr, heating at 70°C for 1 min, alkaline treatment (pH 10.0) for 4 days and addition of
salt at 2.0% for <1 day. Immunoblot assays showed that the diarrhea toxin disappeared
together with the loss of viability. However, the parasite survived cooling at 0 and 4°C
and acidification (pH 3.0 and 5.0) for more than 7 days with the diarrhea toxin intact.
These results provide useful information for developing practical applications for the
prevention of food poisoning induced by diarrheal toxin of Sarcocystis
spp. in deer meat during cooking and preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mioko Honda
- Department of Animal Nursing Science, Yamazaki University of Animal Health Technology, 4-7-2 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0364, Japan
| | - Mamoru Sawaya
- Department of Food and Life Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Kensuke Taira
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Akiko Yamazaki
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Iwate, 3-18-8, Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Yoichi Kamata
- Department of Food Design, Faculty of Nutrition, Koshien University, 10-1 Momijigaoka, Takarazuka, Hyogo 665-0006, Japan
| | - Hideki Shimizu
- Kyonan Public Health Department of Yamanashi Prefecture, 771-2 Kajikazawa, Fujikawa, Minamikoma, Yamanashi 400-0601, Japan
| | - Naoki Kobayashi
- Department of Food and Life Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Sakata
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Asakura
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Sugita-Konishi
- Department of Food and Life Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
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20
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Murata R, Suzuki J, Hyuga A, Shinkai T, Sadamasu K. Molecular identification and characterization of Sarcocystis spp. in horsemeat and beef marketed in Japan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:27. [PMID: 29737276 PMCID: PMC5939502 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2018026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Human Sarcocystis infections are known to be caused by the ingestion of raw or undercooked beef or pork containing mature sarcocysts of Sarcocystis hominis or S. suihominis, respectively. In addition, several cases of parasitic food poisoning in Japan have recently been reported after consumption of raw horsemeat containing sarcocysts of S. fayeri. In this study, the presence of sarcocysts in 28 horsemeat and 121 beef samples collected in Tokyo was investigated. Sarcocysts of S. fayeri were found in 16 horsemeat samples. Sarcocysts of S. hominis were not detected in beef samples, while sarcocysts of S. cruzi were detected in 60 beef samples. In addition, S. hirsuta and S. bovini were isolated only from New Zealand beef samples. Bradyzoites in sarcocysts collected from 62/73 sarcocyst-positive refrigerated horsemeat and beef samples were determined to be viable. Molecular analysis of S. fayeri 18S rRNA gene sequences revealed that intraspecific variation among eight individual bradyzoites from a single sarcocyst was as high as 9.8%. In contrast, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (mtDNA cox1) gene sequences from the six fragments of a single sarcocyst were 100% identical. Sarcocysts of S. bovini isolated from beef also exhibited intraspecific variation in 18S rRNA gene sequences and had to be cloned before sequencing, while mtDNA cox1 gene sequences were obtained by direct sequencing. Therefore, we conclude that molecular analysis of the mtDNA cox1 gene is the most useful for identification of Sarcocystis species. This study provides the first published partial sequence of the S. fayeri mtDNA cox1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Murata
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Jun Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Ayako Hyuga
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Takayuki Shinkai
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
| | - Kenji Sadamasu
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1 Hyakunincho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0073, Japan
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Zolfaghari Emameh R, Purmonen S, Sukura A, Parkkila S. Surveillance and diagnosis of zoonotic foodborne parasites. Food Sci Nutr 2017; 6:3-17. [PMID: 29387356 PMCID: PMC5778216 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne parasites are a source of human parasitic infection. Zoonotic infections of humans arise from a variety of domestic and wild animals, including sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses, pigs, boars, bears, felines, canids, amphibians, reptiles, poultry, and aquatic animals such as fishes and shrimp. Therefore, the implementation of efficient, accessible, and controllable inspection policies for livestock, fisheries, slaughterhouses, and meat processing and packaging companies is highly recommended. In addition, more attention should be paid to the education of auditors from the quality control (QC) and assurance sectors, livestock breeders, the fishery sector, and meat inspection veterinarians in developing countries with high incidence of zoonotic parasitic infections. Furthermore, both the diagnosis of zoonotic parasitic infections by inexpensive, accessible, and reliable identification methods and the organization of effective control systems with sufficient supervision of product quality are other areas to which more attention should be paid. In this review, we present some examples of successful inspection policies and recent updates on present conventional, serologic, and molecular diagnostic methods for zoonotic foodborne parasites from both human infection and animal‐derived foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- Department of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology Division of Industrial & Environmental Biotechnology National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB) Tehran Iran
| | - Sami Purmonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences University of Tampere Tampere Finland
| | - Antti Sukura
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences University of Tampere Tampere Finland.,Fimlab Laboratories Ltd and Tampere University Hospital Tampere Finland
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Irikura D, Saito M, Sugita-Konishi Y, Ohnishi T, Sugiyama KI, Watanabe M, Yamazaki A, Izumiyama S, Sato H, Kimura Y, Doi R, Kamata Y. Characterization of Sarcocystis fayeri's actin-depolymerizing factor as a toxin that causes diarrhea. Genes Cells 2017; 22:825-835. [PMID: 28776895 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Raw horsemeat has the potential to induce food poisoning which often presents with diarrheal symptoms. A sample of horsemeat was found to be infected with Sarcocystis fayeri, and a 15-kDa protein isolated from the cysts of S. fayeri was found to clearly show its diarrhea-inducing activity. A nested polymerase chain reaction was used to clone the cDNA of the 15-kDa protein. The deduced amino acid sequence showed homology to actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF). A recombinant 15-kDa protein depolymerized prepolymerized actins in a test tube. The 15-kDa protein possessed conserved amino acid sequences of ADF of Toxoplasma gondii and Eimeria tenella. These characteristics indicate that the 15-kDa protein of S. fayeri belongs to the ADF/cofilin protein family. The recombinant 15-kDa protein evoked fluid accumulation in the looped ileum, resulting in diarrhea, but it did not kill the cultured fibroblast cells, macrophages or intestinal mucosal cells. In addition, the culture supernatant of the macrophages treated with the recombinant 15-kDa protein killed the fibroblast L929 cells. This fact indicates that ADF of S. fayeri induced cytotoxic substances, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, according to the published reports. Although further experiments are needed now to elucidate the enterotoxic mechanism of S. fayeri's ADF, our findings may offer new insight into research on parasites and parasite-instigated food poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Irikura
- HORIBA Ltd., 2 Miyanohigasi, Kisshoin, Minami-ku, Kyoto, 601-8510, Japan
| | - Morihiro Saito
- Kagawa Education Institution of Nutrition, 3-9-21 Chiyoda, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0288, Japan
| | | | - Takahiro Ohnishi
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichi Sugiyama
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | - Maiko Watanabe
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8501, Japan
| | | | - Shinji Izumiyama
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Sato
- Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kimura
- Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Rie Doi
- Saitama Meat Inspection Center, 5-18-24 Kamiochiai, Tyuo-ku, Saitama, 338-0001, Japan
| | - Yoichi Kamata
- Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, 020-8550, Japan
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23
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Molecular confirmation of Sarcocystis fayeri in a donkey. Vet Parasitol 2017; 240:30-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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FURUKAWA MASATO, MINEGISHI YASUTAKA, IZUMIYAMA SHINJI, YAGITA KENJI, MORI HIDETO, UEMURA TAKU, ETOH YOSHIKI, MAEDA ERIKO, SASAKI MARI, ICHINOSE KAZUYA, HARADA SEIYA, KAMATA YOICHI, OTAGIRI MASAKI, SUGITA-KONISHI YOSHIKO, OHNISHI TAKAHIRO. The Development of a Novel, Validated, Rapid and Simple Method for the Detection of Sarcocystis fayeri in Horse Meat in the Sanitary Control Setting. Biocontrol Sci 2016; 21:131-4. [DOI: 10.4265/bio.21.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MASATO FURUKAWA
- Kumamoto Prefectual Institute of Public-Health and Environmental Science
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University
| | | | - SHINJI IZUMIYAMA
- Department of Parasitology, National Insutitute of Infectious Diseases
| | - KENJI YAGITA
- Department of Parasitology, National Insutitute of Infectious Diseases
| | - HIDETO MORI
- Kobe Quarantine Station, Center for Inspection of Imported Food and Infectious Diseases
| | | | - YOSHIKI ETOH
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences
| | - ERIKO MAEDA
- Fukuoka Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences
| | - MARI SASAKI
- Oita Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment
| | | | - SEIYA HARADA
- Kumamoto Prefectual Institute of Public-Health and Environmental Science
| | | | - MASAKI OTAGIRI
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University
- DDS Research Institute, Sojo University
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Sarcocystis fayeri in skeletal muscle of horses with neuromuscular disease. Neuromuscul Disord 2015; 26:85-93. [PMID: 26522989 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports of Sarcocystis fayeri-induced toxicity in people consuming horse meat warrant investigation on the prevalence and molecular characterization of Sarcocystis spp. infection in horses. Sarcocysts in skeletal muscle of horses have been commonly regarded as an incidental finding. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of sarcocysts in skeletal muscle of horses with neuromuscular disease. Our findings indicated that S. fayeri infection was common in young mature horses with neuromuscular disease and could be associated with myopathic and neurogenic processes. The number of infected muscles and number of sarcocysts per muscle were significantly higher in diseased than in control horses. S. fayeri was predominantly found in low oxidative highly glycolytic myofibers. This pathogen had a high glycolytic metabolism. Common clinical signs of disease included muscle atrophy, weakness with or without apparent muscle pain, gait deficits, and dysphagia in horses with involvement of the tongue and esophagus. Horses with myositis were lethargic, apparently painful, stiff, and reluctant to move. Similar to humans, sarcocystosis and cardiomyopathy can occur in horses. This study did not establish causality but supported a possible association (8.9% of cases) with disease. The assumption of Sarcocysts spp. being an incidental finding in every case might be inaccurate.
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