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Drake MJ, Daniel SG, Baker LD, Indugu N, Bittinger K, Dickens C, Zackular JP, Pitta D, Redding LE. Effects of dietary zinc on the gut microbiome and resistome of the gestating cow and neonatal calf. Anim Microbiome 2024; 6:39. [PMID: 39030654 PMCID: PMC11264502 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-024-00326-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace element required in the diet of all species. While the effects of zinc have been studied in growing calves, little is known about the effect of zinc on the microbiota of the gestating cow or her neonatal calf. Understanding factors that shape the gut health of neonatal animals and evaluating the effect of dietary supplements in adult gestating animals is important in promoting animal health and informing feeding practices. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of dietary zinc on the microbiota and resistome of the gestating cow and calf. Gestating cows received standard (40 ppm) or high (205 ppm) dietary zinc levels from dry off to calving. Fecal samples were collected from cows upon enrollment and at calving and from neonatal calves. Fecal samples underwent 16S rRNA sequencing and a subset also underwent shotgun metagenomic sequencing. The effect of zinc supplementation on the diversity and composition of the cow and calf microbiome and resistome was assessed. Alpha and beta diversity and composition of the microbiota were significantly altered over time but not by treatment in the cows, with alpha diversity decreasing and 14 genera found at significantly higher relative abundances at calving compared to enrollment. Levels of 27 antimicrobial resistance genes significantly increased over time. Only a small number of taxa were differentially expressed at calving in treatment and control groups, including Faecalibacterium, Bacteroides, Turicibacter, and Bifidobacterium pseudolongum. No effect of the dam's treatment group was observed on the diversity or composition of the neonatal calf microbiota. The calf resistome, which was relatively rich and diverse compared to the cow, was also unaffected by the dam's treatment group. The impact of high levels of dietary zinc thus appeared to be minimal, with no observed changes in alpha or beta diversity, and few changes in the relative abundance of a small number of taxa and antimicrobial resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jane Drake
- Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA.
| | - Scott G Daniel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Linda D Baker
- Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Nagaraju Indugu
- Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Charlene Dickens
- Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Joseph P Zackular
- Division of Protective Immunity, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Dipti Pitta
- Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Laurel E Redding
- Clinical Studies - New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA
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Hu Y, Wei J, Yuan Y, Wei H, Zhou Y, Xiao N, Xiong J, Ren Z, Peng J, Cui C, Zhou Z. Intervention effects of fructooligosaccharide and astragalus polysaccharide, as typical antibiotic alternatives, on antibiotic resistance genes in feces of layer breeding: advantages and defects. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133172. [PMID: 38071777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Although antibiotic alternatives are widely used in livestock and poultry breeding industry after in-feed antibiotics ban, their intervention effects on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in these food animals' feces remain poorly understood. Here effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and astragalus polysaccharide (APS), as typical antibiotic alternatives in China, on ARGs in layer feces were estimated by performing metagenomic sequencings and fluorescence quantitative PCR. Fructooligosaccharide significantly reduced sum abundance of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) by increasing Lactobacillus clones and reducing Escherichia clones which had relatively higher abundances of ARG subtypes and MGE subtypes in layer feces. However, at least parts of core ARGs and MGEs categories were not reduced by FOS, such as aminoglycosides- and tetracyclines-resistant genes, Tn916, Integrase, and so on. MGEs and microbiome, especially Escherichia genus and Lactobacillus genus, were the key factors affecting ARGs' sum abundance. MGEs had a higher correlation coefficient with ARGs' sum abundance than Escherichia genus and Lactobacillus genus. These findings firstly reveal the defects of antibiotic alternatives in controlling bacterial resistance in livestock and poultry breeding after in-feed antibiotics ban, and more strategies are needed to control pollutions and risks of core ARGs and MGEs in food animals' feces under a special environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Hu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jingjing Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yongze Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuanfei Zhou
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Naidong Xiao
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Juan Xiong
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhuqing Ren
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, WuHan 430070, China
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Changzheng Cui
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhongxin Zhou
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Sciences & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Stapleton GS, Innes GK, Nachman KE, Casey JA, Patton AN, Price LB, Tartof SY, Davis MF. Assessing the difference in contamination of retail meat with multidrug-resistant bacteria using for-consumer package label claims that indicate on-farm antibiotic use practices- United States, 2016-2019. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024:10.1038/s41370-024-00649-y. [PMID: 38374423 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-024-00649-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotic use in food-producing animals can select for antibiotic resistance in bacteria that can be transmitted to people through contamination of food products during meat processing. Contamination resulting in foodborne illness contributes to adverse health outcomes. Some livestock producers have implemented antibiotic use reduction strategies marketed to consumers on regulated retail meat packaging labels ("label claims"). OBJECTIVE We investigated whether retail meat label claims were associated with isolation of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs, resistant to ≥3 classes of antibiotics) from U.S. meat samples. METHODS We utilized retail meat data from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) collected during 2016-2019 for bacterial contamination of chicken breast, ground turkey, ground beef, and pork chops. We used modified Poisson regression models to compare the prevalence of MDRO contamination among meat samples with any antibiotic restriction label claims versus those without such claims (i.e., conventionally produced). RESULTS In NARMS, 62,338 meat samples were evaluated for bacterial growth from 2016-2019. Of these, 24,446 (39%) samples had label claims that indicated antibiotic use was restricted during animal production. MDROs were isolated from 2252 (4%) meat samples, of which 71% (n = 1591) were conventionally produced, and 29% (n = 661) had antibiotic restriction label claims. Compared with conventional samples, meat with antibiotic restriction label claims had a statistically lower prevalence of MDROs (adjusted prevalence ratio: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.61, 0.73). This relationship was consistent for the outcome of any bacterial growth. IMPACT This repeated cross-sectional analysis of a nationally representative retail meat surveillance database in the United States supports that retail meats labeled with antibiotic restriction claims were less likely to be contaminated with MDROs compared with retail meat without such claims during 2016-2019. These findings indicate the potential for the public to become exposed to bacterial pathogens via retail meat and emphasizes a possibility that consumers could reduce their exposure to environmental reservoirs of foodborne pathogens that are resistant to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sean Stapleton
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Center for Livable Future, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Gabriel K Innes
- Yuma Center for Excellence in Desert Agriculture, Yuma, AZ, USA
| | - Keeve E Nachman
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Livable Future, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joan A Casey
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew N Patton
- Geospatial Analysis Lab, University of San Francisco, Harney Science Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lance B Price
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sara Y Tartof
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Meghan F Davis
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology & Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Innes GK, Patton AN, Nachman KE, Casey JA, Stapleton GS, Abraham AG, Price LB, Tartof SY, Davis MF. Distance and destination of retail meat alter multidrug resistant contamination in the United States food system. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21024. [PMID: 38030674 PMCID: PMC10687246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant infections are a global concern, especially those caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, defined as those resistant to more than three drug classes. The animal agriculture industry contributes to the antimicrobial resistant foodborne illness burden via contaminated retail meat. In the United States, retail meat is shipped across the country. Therefore, understanding geospatial factors that influence MDR bacterial contamination is vital to protect consumers and inform interventions. Using data available from the United States Food and Drug Administration's National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS), we describe retail meat shipping distances using processor and retailer locations and investigated this distance as a risk factor for MDR bacteria meat contamination using log-binomial regression. Meat samples collected during 2012-2014 totaled 11,243, of which 4791 (42.61%) were contaminated with bacteria and 835 (17.43%) of those bacteria were MDR. All examined geospatial factors were associated with MDR bacteria meat contamination. After adjustment for year and meat type, we found higher prevalence of MDR contamination among meat processed in the south (relative adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] 1.35; 95% CI 1.06-1.73 when compared to the next-highest region), sold in Maryland (aPR 1.12; 95% CI 0.95-1.32 when compared to the next-highest state), and shipped from 194 to 469 miles (aPR 1.59; 95% CI 1.31-1.94 when compared to meats that traveled < 194 miles). However, sensitivity analyses revealed that New York sold the meat with the highest prevalence of MDR Salmonella contamination (4.84%). In this secondary analysis of NARMS data, both geographic location where products were sold and the shipping distance were associated with microbial contamination on retail meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel K Innes
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Yuma Center for Excellence in Desert Agriculture, Yuma, AZ, USA.
| | - Andrew N Patton
- University of San Francisco Geospatial Analysis Lab, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Keeve E Nachman
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for a Livable Future, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joan A Casey
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - G Sean Stapleton
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alison G Abraham
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Lance B Price
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sara Y Tartof
- Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Meghan F Davis
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Sarkar S, Okafor C. Effect of veterinary feed directive rule changes on tetracycline-resistant and erythromycin-resistant bacteria (Salmonella, Escherichia, and Campylobacter) in retail meats in the United States. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289208. [PMID: 37535600 PMCID: PMC10399851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are a growing public health threat. In 2017 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration implemented Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) rules changes to limit medically important antimicrobial use in food-producing animals, combating antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. The effect of the VFD rule changes on the occurrence of bacteria resistant to medically-important antimicrobials in retail meats is yet to be investigated in the U.S. This study investigates whether the VFD rule changes affected the occurrence of tetracycline-resistant and erythromycin-resistant bacteria (Salmonella, Escherichia, and Campylobacter) in retail meats in the U.S. METHODS Multivariable mixed effect logistic regression models were used to analyze 2002-2019 retail meats surveillance data from the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) in the U.S. Variables included VFD rule changes, meat type, quarter of year, and raising claims. A potential association between these variables and the occurrence of tetracycline-resistant and erythromycin-resistant bacteria (Salmonella, Escherichia, and Campylobacter) in retail meats was estimated. RESULTS Analysis included data regarding tetracycline-resistant Salmonella (n = 8,501), Escherichia (n = 20, 283), Campylobacter (n = 9,682), and erythromycin-resistant Campylobacter (n = 10,446) in retail meats. The odds of detecting tetracycline-resistant Escherichia (OR = 0.60), Campylobacter (OR = 0.89), and erythromycin-resistant Campylobacter (OR = 0.43) in chicken breast significantly decreased after the VFD rule changes, compared to the pre-VFD rule change period. The odds of detecting tetracycline-resistant Salmonella (0.66), Escherichia (OR = 0.56), and Campylobacter (OR = 0.33) in ground turkey also significantly decreased. However, the odds of detecting tetracycline-resistant Salmonella (OR = 1.49) in chicken breast and erythromycin-resistant Campylobacter (OR = 4.63) in ground turkey significantly increased. There was no significant change in the odds of detecting tetracycline-resistant Salmonella and Escherichia in ground beef or pork chops. CONCLUSIONS The implementation of VFD rule changes had a beneficial effect by reducing the occurrence of tetracycline-resistant and erythromycin-resistant bacteria in chicken and ground turkey. Ongoing surveillance of antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial use could complement the implementation of stewardship such as VFD rule in food-producing animals in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamim Sarkar
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Chika Okafor
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
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Association of ISVsa3 with Multidrug Resistance in Salmonella enterica Isolates from Cattle (Bos taurus). Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030631. [PMID: 36985205 PMCID: PMC10051122 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is, globally, an important cause of human illness with beef being a significant attributable source. In the human patient, systemic Salmonella infection requires antibiotic therapy, and when strains are multidrug resistant (MDR), no effective treatment may be available. MDR in bacteria is often associated with the presence of mobile genetic elements (MGE) that mediate horizontal spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. In this study, we sought to determine the potential relationship of MDR in bovine Salmonella isolates with MGE. The present study involved 111 bovine Salmonella isolates obtained collectively from specimens derived from healthy cattle or their environments at Midwestern U.S. feedyards (2000–2001, n = 19), or specimens from sick cattle submitted to the Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center (2010–2020, n = 92). Phenotypically, 33/111 isolates (29.7%) were MDR (resistant to ≥3 drug classes). Based on whole-genome sequencing (WGS; n = 41) and PCR (n = 111), a MDR phenotype was strongly associated (OR = 186; p < 0.0001) with carriage of ISVsa3, an IS91-like Family transposase. In all 41 isolates analyzed by WGS ((31 MDR and 10 non-MDR (resistant to 0–2 antibiotic classes)), MDR genes were associated with carriage of ISVsa3, most often on an IncC type plasmid carrying blaCMY-2. The typical arrangement was floR, tet(A), aph(6)-Id, aph(3″)-Ib, and sul2 flanked by ISVsa3. These results suggest that AMR genes in MDR S. enterica isolates of cattle are frequently associated with ISVsa3 and carried on IncC plasmids. Further research is needed to better understand the role of ISVsa3 in dissemination of MDR Salmonella strains.
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Strong KM, Marasco KL, Invik J, Ganshorn H, Reid-Smith RJ, Waldner CL, Otto SJG, Kastelic JP, Checkley SL. Factors associated with antimicrobial resistant enterococci in Canadian beef cattle: A scoping review. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1155772. [PMID: 37152689 PMCID: PMC10157153 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1155772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health concern, occurring when bacteria evolve to render antimicrobials no longer effective. Antimicrobials have important roles in beef production; however, the potential to introduce AMR to people through beef products is a concern. This scoping review identifies factors associated with changes in the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Enterococcus spp. applicable to the Canadian farm-to-fork beef continuum. Methods Five databases (MEDLINE, BIOSIS, Web of Science, Embase, and CAB Abstracts) were searched for articles published from January 1984 to March 2022, using a priori inclusion criteria. Peer-reviewed articles were included if they met all the following criteria: written in English, applicable to the Canadian beef production context, primary research, in vivo research, describing an intervention or exposure, and specific to Enterococcus spp. Results Out of 804 screened articles, 26 were selected for inclusion. The included articles discussed 37 factors potentially associated with AMR in enterococci, with multiple articles discussing at least two of the same factors. Factors discussed included antimicrobial administration (n = 16), raised without antimicrobials (n = 6), metal supplementation (n = 4), probiotics supplementation (n = 3), pen environment (n = 2), essential oil supplementation (n = 1), grass feeding (n = 1), therapeutic versus subtherapeutic antimicrobial use (n = 1), feeding wet distiller grains with solubles (n = 1), nutritional supplementation (n = 1) and processing plant type (n = 1). Results were included irrespective of their quality of evidence. Discussion Comparability issues arising throughout the review process were related to data aggregation, hierarchical structures, study design, and inconsistent data reporting. Findings from articles were often temporally specific in that resistance was associated with AMR outcomes at sampling times closer to exposure compared to studies that sampled at longer intervals after exposure. Resistance was often nuanced to unique gene and phenotypic resistance patterns that varied with species of enterococci. Intrinsic resistance and interpretation of minimum inhibitory concentration varied greatly among enterococcal species, highlighting the importance of caution when comparing articles and generalizing findings. Systematic Review Registration [http://hdl.handle.net/1880/113592].
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla M. Strong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- AMR—One Health Consortium, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Kayla M. Strong,
| | - Kaitlin L. Marasco
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jesse Invik
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Heather Ganshorn
- Libraries and Cultural Resources, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Richard J. Reid-Smith
- AMR—One Health Consortium, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Cheryl L. Waldner
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Simon J. G. Otto
- AMR—One Health Consortium, Calgary, AB, Canada
- HEAT-AMR (Human-Environment-Animal Transdisciplinary Antimicrobial Resistance) Research Group, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - John P. Kastelic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sylvia L. Checkley
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- AMR—One Health Consortium, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Agga GE, Galloway HO, Netthisinghe AMP, Schmidt JW, Arthur TM. Tetracycline-Resistant, Third-Generation Cephalosporin-Resistant, and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in a Beef Cow-Calf Production System. J Food Prot 2022; 85:1522-1530. [PMID: 35981257 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-22-178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cow-calf production plays a significant role in the beef production chain. However, bacteria in these systems are not typically monitored for antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We determined the baseline level of AMR in fecal bacteria collected from preweaned calves prior to feedlot entry and evaluated the effects of type of graze and age on AMR occurrence. Two grazing experiments (16 cow-calf pairs each) were conducted on tall fescue or wheat. Fecal samples were cultured for the detection of tetracycline-resistant (TETr), third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GCr), and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli. Isolates were characterized for resistance to other antibiotics and resistance mechanisms. Concentrations (P < 0.001) and prevalence (P = 0.007) of TETrE. coli isolates were significantly higher in the calves (5.1 log CFU/g and 93%, respectively) than in the cows (4.4 log CFU/g and 80%, respectively). Wheat grazing did not affect TETr isolates phenotypically; however, it significantly expanded (P = 0.005) the resistant population carrying tet(A) over that carrying tet(B). Fecal prevalence of 3GCr and ESBL-producing isolates was 31.3 and 3.4%, respectively, with no significant effects of age (P = 0.340) or wheat grazing (P = 0.597). All 3GCr and ESBL-producing isolates were multidrug resistant (resistant to at least three antimicrobial classes). 3GCr isolates were positive for blaCMY-2 (73%) or blaCTX-M (27%), and blaCTX-M-15 was the most prevalent gene (94%, n = 17) among the CTX-M-positive isolates. Wheat grazing significantly expanded (P < 0.001) the 3GCr population carrying blaCTX-M and reduced the population carrying blaCMY-2. Five of the seven ESBL-producing isolates were positive for blaCTX-M. Our study revealed age-dependent occurrence of TETrE. coli and that wheat grazing expanded the resistant population carrying certain resistance genes. Cow-calf production is a significant reservoir for antibiotic-resistant bacteria of significant public health importance such as 3GCr and CTX-M ESBL-producing E. coli. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Getahun E Agga
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101
| | - Hunter O Galloway
- Department of Agriculture and Food Science, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101
| | - Annesly M P Netthisinghe
- Department of Agriculture and Food Science, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101
| | - John W Schmidt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
| | - Terrance M Arthur
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
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Morgan BL, Stern MC, Pérez-Stable EJ, Hooper MW, Fejerman L. Adding a One Health approach to a research framework for minority health and health disparities. eLife 2022; 11:76461. [PMID: 35796544 PMCID: PMC9262385 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD) has developed a framework to guide and orient research into health disparities and minority health. The framework depicts different domains of influence (such as biological and behavioral) and different levels of influence (such as individual and interpersonal). Here, influenced by the “One Health” approach, we propose adding two new levels of influence – interspecies and planetary – to this framework to reflect the interconnected nature of human, animal, and environmental health. Extending the framework in this way will help researchers to create new avenues of inquiry and encourage multidisciplinary collaborations. We then use the One Health approach to discuss how the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated health disparities, and show how the expanded framework can be applied to research into health disparities related to antimicrobial resistance and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Morgan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States.,Center for Animal Disease Modeling and Surveillance (CADMS), Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
| | - Mariana C Stern
- Departments of Preventive Medicine and Urology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, United States.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Eliseo J Pérez-Stable
- Office of the Director, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Monica Webb Hooper
- Office of the Director, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Laura Fejerman
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
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10
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Zhang Y, Schmidt JW, Arthur TM, Wheeler TL, Zhang Q, Wang B. A Farm-to-Fork Quantitative Microbial Exposure Assessment of β-Lactam-Resistant Escherichia coli among U.S. Beef Consumers. Microorganisms 2022; 10:661. [PMID: 35336235 PMCID: PMC8952336 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrated quantitative descriptions of the transmission of β-lactam-resistant Escherichia coli (BR-EC) from commercial beef products to consumers are not available. Here, a quantitative microbial exposure assessment model was established to simulate the fate of BR-EC in a farm-to-fork continuum and provide an estimate of BR-EC exposure among beef consumers in the U.S. The model compared the per-serving exposures from the consumption of intact beef cuts, non-intact beef cuts, and ground beef. Additionally, scenario analysis was performed to evaluate the relative contribution of antibiotic use during beef cattle production to the level of human exposure to BR-EC. The model predicted mean numbers of BR-EC of 1.7 × 10-4, 8.7 × 10-4, and 6.9 × 10-1 CFU/serving for intact beef cuts, non-intact beef cuts, and ground beef, respectively, at the time of consumption. Sensitivity analyses using the baseline model suggested that factors related to sectors along the supply chain, i.e., feedlots, processing plants, retailers, and consumers, were all important for controlling human exposure to BR-EC. Interventions at the processing and post-processing stages are expected to be most effective. Simulation results showed that a decrease in antibiotic use among beef cattle might be associated with a reduction in exposure to BR-EC from beef consumption. However, the absolute reduction was moderate, indicating that the effectiveness of restricting antibiotic use as a standalone strategy for mitigating human exposure to BR-EC through beef consumption is still uncertain. Good cooking and hygiene practices at home and advanced safety management practices in the beef processing and post-processing continuum are more powerful approaches for reducing human exposure to antibiotic-resistant bacteria in beef products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjunna Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310013, China;
| | - John W. Schmidt
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA; (J.W.S.); (T.M.A.); (T.L.W.)
| | - Terrance M. Arthur
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA; (J.W.S.); (T.M.A.); (T.L.W.)
| | - Tommy L. Wheeler
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA; (J.W.S.); (T.M.A.); (T.L.W.)
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA;
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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11
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Schmidt JW, Murray SA, Dickey AM, Wheeler TL, Harhay DM, Arthur TM. Twenty-Four-Month Longitudinal Study Suggests Little to No Horizontal Gene Transfer In Situ between Third-Generation Cephalosporin-Resistant Salmonella and Third-Generation Cephalosporin-Resistant Escherichia coli in a Beef Cattle Feedyard. J Food Prot 2022; 85:323-335. [PMID: 34788437 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs) are preferred treatments for serious human Salmonella enterica infections. Beef cattle are suspected to contribute to human 3GC-resistant Salmonella infections. Commensal 3GC-resistant Escherichia coli are thought to act as reservoirs of 3GC resistance because these strains are isolated more frequently than are 3GC-resistant Salmonella strains at beef cattle feedyards. During each of 24 consecutive months, four samples of pen surface material were obtained from five pens (N = 480) at a Nebraska feedyard to determine to the contribution of 3GC-resistant E. coli to the occurrence of 3GC-resistant Salmonella. Illumina whole genome sequencing was performed, and susceptibility to 14 antimicrobial agents was determined for 121 3GC-susceptible Salmonella, 121 3GC-resistant Salmonella, and 203 3GC-resistant E. coli isolates. 3GC-susceptible Salmonella isolates were predominantly from serotypes Muenchen (70.2%) and Montevideo clade 1 (23.1%). 3GC-resistant Salmonella isolates were predominantly from serotypes Montevideo clade 2 (84.3%). One bla gene type (blaCMY-2) and the IncC plasmid replicon were present in 100 and 97.5% of the 3GC-resistant Salmonella, respectively. Eleven bla gene types were detected in the 3GC-resistant E. coli, which were distributed across 42 multilocus sequence types. The blaCMY-2 gene and IncC plasmid replicon were present in 37.9 and 9.9% of the 3GC-resistant E. coli, respectively. These results suggest that 3GC resistance in Salmonella was primarily due the persistence of Salmonella Montevideo clade 2 with very minimal or no contribution from 3GC-resistant E. coli via horizontal gene transfer and that 3GC-resistant E. coli may not be a useful indicator for 3GC-resistant Salmonella in beef cattle production environments. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Schmidt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
| | - Sarah A Murray
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
| | - Aaron M Dickey
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
| | - Tommy L Wheeler
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
| | - Dayna M Harhay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
| | - Terrance M Arthur
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
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12
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Vasquez A, Nydam D, Foditsch C, Warnick L, Wolfe C, Doster E, Morley PS. Characterization and comparison of the microbiomes and resistomes of colostrum from selectively treated dry cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:637-653. [PMID: 34763917 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Professionals in animal agriculture promote prudent use of antimicrobials to address public and animal health concerns, such as reduction of antimicrobial residues and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in products. Few studies evaluate the effect of selective dry-cow therapy on preservation of the milk microbiome or the profile of AMR genes (the resistome) present at freshening. Our objectives were to characterize and compare the microbiomes and resistomes in the colostrum of cows with low somatic cell count that were treated or not treated with intramammary cephapirin benzathine at dry-off. From a larger parent study, cows on a New York dairy farm eligible for dry-off and with histories of somatic cell counts ≤200,000 cells/mL were enrolled to this study (n = 307). Cows were randomly assigned to receive an intramammary antimicrobial and external teat sealant (ABXTS) or sealant only (TS) at dry-off. Composite colostrum samples taken within 4 h of freshening, and quarter milk samples taken at 1 to 7 d in milk were subjected to aerobic culture. The DNA extraction was performed on colostrum from cows with culture-negative samples (ABXTS = 43; TS = 33). The DNA from cows of the same treatment group and parity were pooled (26 pools; ABXTS = 12; TS = 14) for 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing. Separately, the resistome was captured using a custom RNA bait library for target-enriched sequencing. Sequencing reads were aligned to taxonomic and AMR databases to characterize the microbiome and resistome, respectively. The R statistical program was used to tabulate abundances and to analyze differences in diversity measures and in composition between treatment groups. In the microbiome, the most abundant phyla were Firmicutes (68%), Proteobacteria (23%), Actinobacteria (4%), and Bacteroidetes (3%). Shannon and richness diversity means were 0.93 and 14.7 for ABXTS and 0.94 and 13.1 for TS, respectively. Using analysis of similarities (ANOSIM), overall microbiome composition was found to be similar between treatment groups at the phylum (ANOSIM R = 0.005), class (ANOSIM R = 0.04), and order (ANOSIM R = -0.04) levels. In the resistome, we identified AMR gene accessions associated with 14 unique mechanisms of resistance across 9 different drug classes in 14 samples (TS = 9, ABXTS = 5). The majority of reads aligned to gene accessions that confer resistance to aminoglycoside (TS = ABXTS each 35% abundance), tetracycline (TS = 22%, ABXTS = 54%), and β-lactam classes (TS = 15%, ABXTS = 12%). Shannon diversity means for AMR class and mechanism, respectively, were 0.66 and 0.69 for TS and 0.19 and 0.19 for ABXTS. Resistome richness diversity means for class and mechanism were 3.1 and 3.4 for TS and 1.4 and 1.4 for ABXTS. Finally, resistome composition was similar between groups at the class (ANOSIM R = -0.20) and mechanism levels (ANOSIM R = 0.01). Although no critical differences were found between treatment groups regarding their microbiome or resistome composition in this study, a larger sample size, deeper sequencing, and additional methodology is needed to identify more subtle differences, such as between lower-abundance features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Vasquez
- Department of Population Medicine, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853.
| | - Daryl Nydam
- Department of Population Medicine, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Carla Foditsch
- Department of Population Medicine, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Lorin Warnick
- Department of Population Medicine, Cornell College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Cory Wolfe
- Veterinary Education, Research, and Outreach Program, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Canyon 79015
| | - Enrique Doster
- Veterinary Education, Research, and Outreach Program, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Canyon 79015; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80521
| | - Paul S Morley
- Veterinary Education, Research, and Outreach Program, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Canyon 79015
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13
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Nobrega DB, Tang KL, Caffrey NP, De Buck J, Cork SC, Ronksley PE, Polachek AJ, Ganshorn H, Sharma N, Kastelic JP, Kellner JD, Ghali WA, Barkema HW. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes and its association with restricted antimicrobial use in food-producing animals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:561-575. [PMID: 33146719 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is ongoing debate regarding potential associations between restrictions of antimicrobial use and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria. OBJECTIVES To summarize the effects of interventions reducing antimicrobial use in food-producing animals on the prevalence of AMR genes (ARGs) in bacteria from animals and humans. METHODS We published a full systematic review of restrictions of antimicrobials in food-producing animals and their associations with AMR in bacteria. Herein, we focus on studies reporting on the association between restricted antimicrobial use and prevalence of ARGs. We used multilevel mixed-effects models and a semi-quantitative approach based on forest plots to summarize findings from studies. RESULTS A positive effect of intervention [reduction in prevalence or number of ARGs in group(s) with restricted antimicrobial use] was reported from 29 studies for at least one ARG. We detected significant associations between a ban on avoparcin and diminished presence of the vanA gene in samples from animals and humans, whereas for the mecA gene, studies agreed on a positive effect of intervention in samples only from animals. Comparisons involving mcr-1, blaCTX-M, aadA2, vat(E), sul2, dfrA5, dfrA13, tet(E) and tet(P) indicated a reduced prevalence of genes in intervention groups. Conversely, no effects were detected for β-lactamases other than blaCTX-M and the remaining tet genes. CONCLUSIONS The available body of scientific evidence supported that restricted use of antimicrobials in food animals was associated with an either lower or equal presence of ARGs in bacteria, with effects dependent on ARG, host species and restricted drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego B Nobrega
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Mastitis Network, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Karen L Tang
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Niamh P Caffrey
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jeroen De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Susan C Cork
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Paul E Ronksley
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Alicia J Polachek
- W21C Research and Innovation Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Heather Ganshorn
- Libraries and Cultural Resources, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nishan Sharma
- W21C Research and Innovation Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - John P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - James D Kellner
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - William A Ghali
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Mastitis Network, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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14
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Hanlon KE, McCann JC, Miller MF, Brashears MM, Smith CL, Brooks JC, Legako JF. Microbial Profile Evaluation of Beef Steaks From Different Packaging and Retail Lighting Display Conditions. MEAT AND MUSCLE BIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22175/mmb.11711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, meat microbiology research has relied on culture-dependent methods. Amplicon sequencing technology provides a deeper look into the microbial community. This study set out to evaluate the bacterial community of fresh beef longissimus lumborum steaks exposed to retail packaging and display conditions. Four packaging treatments were assigned after fabrication 7 d postmortem: high-oxygen modified atmosphere packaging, overwrapped packages within a carbon monoxide tri-gas flushed motherbag, vacuum rollstock pouches, and traditional overwrap. After a 14-d dark storage, carbon monoxide motherbag overwrapped packages were removed from the motherbag, and packages were distributed to a retail lighting condition for 72 h of retail display: fluorescent, light emitting diode, or darkness. Aerobic plate count and psychrotrophic bacteria were enumerated, in addition to 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing of DNA for microbial profile investigation. Sampling occurred at fabrication (7 d), end of dark storage (20 d), and end of retail display (23 d). The V3–V4 regions of the 16S bacterial ribosomal RNA gene were sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform (Illumina, San Diego, CA). Counts for aerobic plate count bacteria differed by packaging (P = 0.039) but not lighting (P > 0.05). Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the dominate phyla identified but were not affected by packaging or lighting (P > 0.05). Traditional overwrapped packages displayed in darkness and fluorescence had a higher abundance of Carnobacterium compared with those displayed under light emitting diode (P = 0.05). Dark-stored samples had more Pseudomonas compared with fluorescent display, regardless of packaging type (P = 0.03). While packaging and lighting conditions had a minimal impact on the community composition, these data positively contribute to a baseline establishing bacterial community profiles of fresh beef steaks subjected to retail display. This foundation suggests that further work is needed to understand whether shifts are more likely to occur during extended shelf life or in other retail beef display conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark F. Miller
- Texas Tech University Department of Animal and Food Sciences
| | | | - Colton L. Smith
- Texas Tech University Department of Animal and Food Sciences
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15
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Schmidt JW, Vikram A, Doster E, Thomas K, Weinroth MD, Parker J, Hanes A, Geornaras I, Morley PS, Belk KE, Wheeler TL, Arthur TM. Antimicrobial Resistance in U.S. Retail Ground Beef with and without Label Claims Regarding Antibiotic Use. J Food Prot 2021; 84:827-842. [PMID: 33302298 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Antibiotics used during food animal production account for approximately 77% of U.S. antimicrobial consumption by mass. Ground beef products labeled as raised without antibiotics (RWA) are perceived to harbor lower levels of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria than conventional (CONV) products with no label claims regarding antimicrobial use. Retail ground beef samples were obtained from six U.S. cities. Samples with an RWA or U.S. Department of Agriculture Organic claim (n = 299) were assigned to the RWA production system. Samples lacking these claims (n = 300) were assigned to the CONV production system. Each sample was cultured for the detection of five antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Genomic DNA was isolated from each sample, and a quantitative PCR assay was used to determine the abundance of 10 antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. Prevalence of tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli (CONV, 46.3%; RWA, 34.4%; P < 0.01) and erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus (CONV, 48.0%; RWA, 37.5%; P = 0.01) was higher in CONV ground beef. Salmonella was detected in 1.2% of samples. The AMR gene blaCTX-M (CONV, 4.1 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 3.8 log-normalized abundance; P < 0.01) was more abundant in CONV ground beef. The AMR genes mecA (CONV, 4.4 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 4.9 log-normalized abundance; P = 0.05), tet(A) (CONV, 3.9 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 4.5 log-normalized abundance; P < 0.01), tet(B) (CONV, 3.9 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 4.5 log-normalized abundance; P < 0.01), and tet(M) (CONV, 5.4 log-normalized abundance; RWA, 5.8 log-normalized abundance; P < 0.01) were more abundant in RWA ground beef. Although these results suggest that antimicrobial use during U.S. cattle production does not increase human exposure to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria via ground beef, quantitative microbiological risk assessments are required for authoritative determination of the human health impacts of the use of antimicrobial agents during beef production. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Schmidt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933.,https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0494-2436 [J.W.S.]
| | - Amit Vikram
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933
| | - Enrique Doster
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523.,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3820-8988 [E.D.]
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Margaret D Weinroth
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523.,https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8351-395X [M.D.W.]
| | - Jennifer Parker
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Ayanna Hanes
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Ifigenia Geornaras
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523.,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2384-2628 [I.G.]
| | - Paul S Morley
- Veterinary Education, Research, and Outreach Program, Texas A&M University and West Texas A&M University, Canyon, Texas 79016, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8138-2714 [P.S.M.])
| | - Keith E Belk
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Tommy L Wheeler
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933.,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6571-9097 [T.L.W.]
| | - Terrance M Arthur
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933.,https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-0474 [T.M.A.]
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16
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Zhang Y, Schmidt JW, Arthur TM, Wheeler TL, Wang B. A Comparative Quantitative Assessment of Human Exposure to Various Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria among U.S. Ground Beef Consumers. J Food Prot 2021; 84:736-759. [PMID: 33270822 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Consumption of animal-derived meat products is suspected as an important exposure route to antimicrobial resistance, as the presence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) along the beef supply chain is well documented. A retail-to-fork quantitative exposure assessment was established to compare consumers' exposure to various ARB due to the consumption of ground beef with and without "raised without antibiotics" claims and to inform potential exposure mitigation strategies related to consumer practices. The microbial agents evaluated included Escherichia coli, tetracycline-resistant (TETr) E. coli, third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli,Salmonella enterica, TETrS. enterica, third-generation cephalosporin-resistant S. enterica, nalidixic acid-resistant S. enterica, Enterococcus spp., TETrEnterococcus spp., erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The final model outputs were the probability of exposure to at least 0 to 6 log CFU microorganisms per serving of ground beef at the time of consumption. It was estimated that tetracycline resistance was more prevalent in ground beef compared with other types of resistance, among which the predicted average probability of ingesting TETrEnterococcus was highest (6.2% of ingesting at least 0 log CFU per serving), followed by TETrE. coli (3.1%) and TETrSalmonella (0.0001%), given common product purchase preferences and preparation behaviors among beef consumers in the United States. The effectiveness of consumer-related interventions was estimated by simulating the differences in exposure as a result of changes in consumer practices in purchasing, handling, and preparing ground beef. The results indicated that proper use of recommended safe cooking and food preparation practices mitigates ARB exposure more effectively than choosing raised without antibiotics compared with conventional beef. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjunna Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588
| | - John W Schmidt
- Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
| | - Terrance M Arthur
- Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
| | - Tommy L Wheeler
- Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588.,(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0174-2252 [B.W.])
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17
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Locus of Heat Resistance (LHR) in Meat-Borne Escherichia coli: Screening and Genetic Characterization. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02343-20. [PMID: 33483306 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02343-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial resistance to processing treatments poses a food safety concern, as treatment tolerant pathogens can emerge. Occasional foodborne outbreaks caused by pathogenic Escherichia coli have led to human and economic losses. Therefore, this study screened for the extreme heat resistance (XHR) phenotype as well as one known genetic marker, the locus of heat resistance (LHR), in 4,123 E. coli isolates from diverse meat animals at different processing stages. The prevalences of XHR and LHR among the meat-borne E. coli were found to be 10.3% and 11.4%, respectively, with 19% agreement between the two. Finished meat products showed the highest LHR prevalence (24.3%) compared to other processing stages (0 to 0.6%). None of the LHR+ E. coli in this study would be considered pathogens based on screening for virulence genes. Four high-quality genomes were generated by whole-genome sequencing of representative LHR+ isolates. Nine horizontally acquired LHRs were identified and characterized, four plasmid-borne and five chromosomal. Nine newly identified LHRs belong to ClpK1 LHR or ClpK2 LHR variants sharing 61 to 68% nucleotide sequence identity, while one LHR appears to be a hybrid. Our observations suggest positive correlation between the number of LHR regions present in isolates and the extent of heat resistance. The isolate exhibiting the highest degree of heat resistance possessed four LHRs belonging to three different variant groups. Maintenance of as many as four LHRs in a single genome emphasizes the benefits of the LHR in bacterial physiology and stress response.IMPORTANCE Currently, a "multiple-hurdle" approach based on a combination of different antimicrobial interventions, including heat, is being utilized during meat processing to control the burden of spoilage and pathogenic bacteria. Our recent study (M. Guragain, G. E. Smith, D. A. King, and J. M. Bosilevac, J Food Prot 83:1438-1443, 2020, https://doi.org/10.4315/JFP-20-103) suggests that U.S. beef cattle harbor Escherichia coli that possess the locus of heat resistance (LHR). LHR seemingly contributes to the global stress tolerance in bacteria and hence poses a food safety concern. Therefore, it is important to understand the distribution of the LHRs among meat-borne bacteria identified at different stages of different meat processing systems. Complete genome sequencing and comparative analysis of selected heat-resistant bacteria provide a clearer understanding of stress and heat resistance mechanisms. Further, sequencing data may offer a platform to gain further insights into the genetic background that provides optimal bacterial tolerance against heat and other processing treatments.
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18
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Thakali A, MacRae JD. A review of chemical and microbial contamination in food: What are the threats to a circular food system? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 194:110635. [PMID: 33347866 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A circular food system is one in which food waste is processed to recover plant nutrients and returned to the soil to enable the production of more food, rather than being diverted to landfill or incineration. The approach may be used to reduce energy and water use in food production and contribute to the sustainability of the system. Anaerobic digestion and composting are common food waste treatment technologies used to stabilize waste and produce residual materials that can replenish the soil, thus contributing to a circular food system. This approach can only be deemed safe and feasible, however, if food waste is uncontaminated or any contaminants are destroyed during treatment. This review brings together information on several contaminant classes at different stages of the food supply chain, their possible sources, and their fates during composting and digestion. The main aim is to identify factors that could impede the transition towards a safe, reliable and efficient circular food system. We investigated heavy metals, halogenated organic compounds, foodborne pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the food system and their fates during digestion and composting. Production and processing stages were identified as major entry points for these classes of contaminants. Heavy metals and foodborne pathogens pose less risk in a circular system than halogenated organics or antibiotic resistance. Given the diversity of properties among halogenated organic compounds, there is conflicting evidence about their fate during treatment. There are relatively few studies on the fate of ARGs during treatment, and these have produced variable results, indicating a need for more research to clarify their fate in the final products. Repeated land application of contaminated food waste residuals can increase the risk of accumulation and jeopardize the safety of a circular food system. Thus, careful management of the system and research into the fate of the contaminants during treatment is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astha Thakali
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maine, 5711 Boardman Hall, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
| | - Jean D MacRae
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maine, 5711 Boardman Hall, Orono, ME, 04469, USA.
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19
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Sharma L, Nagpal R, Jackson CR, Patel D, Singh P. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria and gut microbiome communities associated with wild-caught shrimp from the United States versus imported farm-raised retail shrimp. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3356. [PMID: 33558614 PMCID: PMC7870836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82823-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In the United States, farm-raised shrimp accounts for ~ 80% of the market share. Farmed shrimp are cultivated as monoculture and are susceptible to infections. The aquaculture industry is dependent on the application of antibiotics for disease prevention, resulting in the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. We aimed to characterize the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and gut microbiome communities in commercially available shrimp. Thirty-one raw and cooked shrimp samples were purchased from supermarkets in Florida and Georgia (U.S.) between March-September 2019. The samples were processed for the isolation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and isolates were characterized using an array of molecular and antibiotic susceptibility tests. Aerobic plate counts of the cooked samples (n = 13) varied from < 25 to 6.2 log CFU/g. Isolates obtained (n = 110) were spread across 18 genera, comprised of coliforms and opportunistic pathogens. Interestingly, isolates from cooked shrimp showed higher resistance towards chloramphenicol (18.6%) and tetracycline (20%), while those from raw shrimp exhibited low levels of resistance towards nalidixic acid (10%) and tetracycline (8.2%). Compared to wild-caught shrimp, the imported farm-raised shrimp harbored distinct gut microbiota communities and a higher prevalence of antibiotic-resistance genes in their gut. The presence of antibiotic-resistant strains in cooked shrimps calls for change in processing for their mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmi Sharma
- grid.255986.50000 0004 0472 0419Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA
| | - Ravinder Nagpal
- grid.255986.50000 0004 0472 0419Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA
| | - Charlene R. Jackson
- grid.463419.d0000 0001 0946 3608Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA USA
| | - Dhruv Patel
- grid.255986.50000 0004 0472 0419Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL USA
| | - Prashant Singh
- grid.255986.50000 0004 0472 0419Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA
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20
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Boomer SM, Kumar S, Dutton BE. A CURE for Meat: Comparing Bacterial Contaminants on Different Ground Beef Sources Emphasizes Process of Science and Quantitative Reasoning. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOLOGY EDUCATION 2021; 22:jmbe-22-67. [PMID: 33953823 PMCID: PMC8060146 DOI: 10.1128/jmbe.v22i1.2237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
To broaden and emphasize the educational benefits of research to more biology majors in a course setting, we developed and assessed a microbiology-focused course-based undergraduate research experience that utilizes culture-based bacterial enumeration to compare contamination present on different ground beef sources (conventional vs. organic). During the final 3 weeks of the quarter, students learned and practiced common microbiology techniques like dilution math, selective and differential media-based identification, and statistical analysis to evaluate data and test hypotheses. Students were assessed primarily via a formal lab report and a lab practical focused on evaluating process of science and quantitative reasoning skills. The majority of students could write hypotheses and describe variables but were challenged when asked to describe the limitations of the experiments that were conducted as part of this research project. Most students could perform Excel-based graphing and a t test, but many could not solve the complex dilution math required for this project. The greatest barriers to skills mastery represented microbiology-focused concepts, like understanding selective media biases and the nuances of multistep viable counting procedures and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Boomer
- Department of Biology, Western Oregon University, Monmouth, OR 97361
| | | | - Bryan E Dutton
- Department of Biology, Western Oregon University, Monmouth, OR 97361
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21
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Schmidt JW, Vikram A, Arthur TM, Belk KE, Morley PS, Weinroth MD, Wheeler TL. Antimicrobial Resistance at Two U.S. Cull Cow Processing Establishments. J Food Prot 2020; 83:2216-2228. [PMID: 32730612 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Culled beef cows (cows that have reached the end of their productive life span in cow-calf operations) and culled dairy cows represent approximately 18% of the cattle harvested in the United States annually, but data on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in these cull cattle are extremely limited. To address this data gap, colon contents were obtained from 180 culled conventional beef cows, 179 culled conventional dairy cows, and 176 culled organic dairy cows (produced without using antimicrobials). Sponge samples were also collected from 181 conventional beef, 173 conventional dairy, and 180 organic dairy cow carcasses. These samples were obtained on 6 days (3 days each at two beef harvest and processing establishments). At one establishment, 30 samples of beef manufacturing trimmings from conventional cows and 30 trim samples from organic dairy cows were acquired. All 1,129 samples were cultured for Escherichia coli, tetracycline-resistant (TETr) E. coli, third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GCr) E. coli, Salmonella, and 3GCrSalmonella. Metagenomic DNA was isolated from 535 colon content samples, and quantitative PCR assays were performed to assess the abundances of the following 10 antimicrobial resistance genes: aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aadA1, blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M, blaKPC-2, erm(B), mecA, tet(A), tet(B), and tet(M). For colon contents, only TETrE. coli (P < 0.01), 3GCrE. coli (P < 0.01), and erm(B) (P = 0.03) levels were higher in conventional than in organic cows. Sampling day also significantly affected (P < 0.01) these levels. Production system did not affect the levels of any measured AMR on carcasses or trim. The human health impact of the few significant AMR differences could not be determined due to the lack of standards for normal, background, safe, or basal values. Study results provide key heretofore unavailable data that may inform quantitative microbial risk assessments to address these gaps. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Schmidt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933.,ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0494-2436 [J.W.S.]
| | - Amit Vikram
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933.,https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5064-8356 [A.V.]
| | - Terrance M Arthur
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933.,https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-0474 [T.M.A.]
| | - Keith E Belk
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523.,ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7171-8824 [K.E.B.]
| | - Paul S Morley
- Veterinary Education, Research, and Outreach (VERO) Program, Texas A&M University and West Texas A&M University, Canyon, Texas 79016, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8138-2714 [P.S.M.])
| | - Margaret D Weinroth
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523.,https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8351-395X [M.D.W.]
| | - Tommy L Wheeler
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933.,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6571-9097 [T.L.W.]
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22
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Doster E, Thomas KM, Weinroth MD, Parker JK, Crone KK, Arthur TM, Schmidt JW, Wheeler TL, Belk KE, Morley PS. Metagenomic Characterization of the Microbiome and Resistome of Retail Ground Beef Products. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:541972. [PMID: 33240224 PMCID: PMC7677504 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.541972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ground beef can be a reservoir for a variety of bacteria, including spoilage organisms, and pathogenic foodborne bacteria. These bacteria can exhibit antimicrobial resistance (AMR) which is a public health concern if resistance in pathogens leads to treatment failure in humans. Culture-dependent techniques are commonly used to study individual bacterial species, but these techniques are unable to describe the whole community of microbial species (microbiome) and the profile of AMR genes they carry (resistome), which is critical for getting a holistic perspective of AMR. The objective of this study was to characterize the microbiome and resistome of retail ground beef products labeled as coming from conventional or raised without antibiotics (RWA) production systems. Sixteen ground beef products were purchased from 6 retail grocery outlets in Fort Collins, CO, half of which were labeled as produced from cattle raised conventionally and half of products were from RWA production. Total DNA was extracted and isolated from each sample and subjected to 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing for microbiome characterization and target-enriched shotgun sequencing to characterize the resistome. Differences in the microbiome and resistome of RWA and conventional ground beef were analyzed using the R programming software. Our results suggest that the resistome and microbiome of retail ground beef products with RWA packaging labels do not differ from products that do not carry claims regarding antimicrobial drug exposures during cattle production. The resistome predominantly consisted of tetracycline resistance making up more than 90% of reads mapped to resistance gene accessions in our samples. Firmicutes and Proteobacteria predominated in the microbiome of all samples (69.6% and 29.0%, respectively), but Proteobacteria composed a higher proportion in ground beef from conventionally raised cattle. In addition, our results suggest that product management, such as packaging type, could exert a stronger influence on the microbiome than the resistome in consumer-ready products. Metagenomic analyses of ground beef is a promising tool to investigate community-wide shifts in retail ground beef. Importantly, however, results from metagenomic sequencing must be carefully considered in parallel with traditional methods to better characterize the risk of AMR in retail products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Doster
- Texas A&M University, VERO Program, Canyon, TX, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Kevin M Thomas
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Maggie D Weinroth
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jennifer K Parker
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Kathryn K Crone
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Terrance M Arthur
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - John W Schmidt
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Tommy L Wheeler
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | - Keith E Belk
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Paul S Morley
- Texas A&M University, VERO Program, Canyon, TX, United States.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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23
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Microbiome-Informed Food Safety and Quality: Longitudinal Consistency and Cross-Sectional Distinctiveness of Retail Chicken Breast Microbiomes. mSystems 2020; 5:5/5/e00589-20. [PMID: 32900871 PMCID: PMC7483511 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00589-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken has recently overtaken beef as the most-consumed meat in the United States. The growing popularity of chicken is accompanied by frequent occurrences of foodborne pathogens and increasing concerns over antibiotic usage. Our study represents a proof-of-concept investigation into the possibility and practicality of leveraging microbiome-informed food safety and quality. Through a longitudinal and cross-sectional survey, we established the chicken microbiome as a robust and multifaceted food microbiology attribute that could provide a variety of safety and quality information and retain systematic signals characteristic of overall processing environments. Microorganisms and their communities on foods are important determinants and indicators of food safety and quality. Despite growing interests in studying food and food-related microbiomes, how effective and practical it is to glean various food safety and quality information from food commodity microbiomes remains underinvestigated. Microbiomes of retail chicken breast from 4 processing establishments in 3 major U.S. broiler production states displayed longitudinal consistency over 7 months and cross-sectional distinctiveness associated with individual processing environments. Packaging type and processing environment but not antibiotic usage and seasonality affected composition and diversity of the microbiomes. Low abundances of antimicrobial resistance genes were found on chicken breasts, and no significant resistome difference was observed between antibiotic-free and conventional products. Benchmarked by culture enrichment, shotgun metagenomics sequencing delivered sensitive and specific detection of Salmonella enterica from chicken breasts. IMPORTANCE Chicken has recently overtaken beef as the most-consumed meat in the United States. The growing popularity of chicken is accompanied by frequent occurrences of foodborne pathogens and increasing concerns over antibiotic usage. Our study represents a proof-of-concept investigation into the possibility and practicality of leveraging microbiome-informed food safety and quality. Through a longitudinal and cross-sectional survey, we established the chicken microbiome as a robust and multifaceted food microbiology attribute that could provide a variety of safety and quality information and retain systematic signals characteristic of overall processing environments.
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24
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Costard S, Pouzou JG, Belk KE, Morley PS, Schmidt JW, Wheeler TL, Arthur TM, Zagmutt FJ. No Change in Risk for Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonellosis from Beef, United States, 2002-2010. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:2108-2117. [PMID: 32818395 PMCID: PMC7454111 DOI: 10.3201/eid2609.190922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Restricting antibiotic use in food production animals is a target for reducing antimicrobial drug–resistant infections in humans. To estimate the probability of antibiotic-resistant nontyphoidal salmonellosis per meal made with beef during 2002–2010, we used US surveillance data. Applying data for nontyphoidal Salmonella in raised-without-antibiotics cattle, we tested the effect of removing antibiotic use from all beef cattle production. We found an average of 1.2 antibiotic-resistant nontyphoidal salmonellosis cases per 1 million beef meals made with beef initially contaminated with antibiotic-resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella at slaughter or retail and 0.031 cases per 1 million meals irrespective of beef contamination status. Neither outcome showed sustained change except for increases in 2003 and 2009 (>98% confidence) when larger or more outbreaks occurred. Switching all beef production to a raised-without-antibiotics system may not have a significant effect on antibiotic-resistant nontyphoidal salmonellosis (94.3% confidence).
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25
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Schmidt JW. SMART Antimicrobial Resistance Goals to Drive Meat Safety Improvement. MEAT AND MUSCLE BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22175/mmb.11218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerns that food-animal production significantly contributes to antibiotic-resistant human infections have persisted for more than 20 years. Most antibiotic resistance concerns are generalized, not specific. By their nature, non- specific concerns are unfalsifiable and can never be scientifically alleviated or remediated. Therefore, antibiotic resistance meat safety improvement begins with defining SMART (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, and Time bound) antibiotic resistance goals. Two SMART goals related to high-priority antibiotic resistance in beef production are described as an example to facilitate scientific goal attainment
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Affiliation(s)
- John William Schmidt
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Meat Safety and Quality Research Unit
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26
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Schmidt JW, Vikram A, Miller E, Jones SA, Arthur TM. In-Feed Tylosin Phosphate Administration to Feedlot Cattle Minimally Affects Antimicrobial Resistance. J Food Prot 2020; 83:350-364. [PMID: 31971461 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The macrolide class antimicrobial tylosin (trade name Tylan) is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for continuous inclusion in feed for liver abscess prevention. To address concerns that this antimicrobial application may threaten human health, a population of feedlot steers was split into a control treatment (n = 42) and a tylosin treatment (n = 42). Feed rations were identical except for the inclusion of tylosin at 60 to 90 mg per head per day. Fecal swab (n = 335), pen surface material (n = 256), feed (n = 56), and water trough (n = 32) samples were obtained over four sample occasions: November (1 day before the start of tylosin inclusion in feed), January (80 days of tylosin in feed), April (167 days), and June (253 days). These samples were cultured for Escherichia coli, tetracycline-resistant E. coli, third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli, Enterococcus, tetracycline-resistant Enterococcus, and erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus. Metagenomic DNA was isolated from each June fecal swab and pen surface material sample. Metagenomic DNA samples were pooled by pen for 14 fecal and 14 pen surface material samples. Quantitative PCR was employed to assess the abundances of the following 10 antimicrobial resistance genes: aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aadA1, blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M, blaKPC-2, erm(B), mecA, tet(A), tet(B), and tet(M). Nasal swab samples (n = 335) were obtained from each steer during each sample period and cultured for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Of these measurements, only January and June mean fecal swab erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus colony counts for tylosin-treated cattle were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than the range of mean values for control treatments. These results suggest that in-feed tylosin through the end of finishing has a narrow and minimal antimicrobial resistance impact. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Schmidt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-0474 [T.M.A.])
| | - Amit Vikram
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-0474 [T.M.A.])
| | - Eric Miller
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-0474 [T.M.A.])
| | - Shuna A Jones
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-0474 [T.M.A.])
| | - Terrance M Arthur
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-0474 [T.M.A.])
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27
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Effects of treatment with enrofloxacin or tulathromycin on fecal microbiota composition and genetic function of dairy calves. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219635. [PMID: 31825967 PMCID: PMC6905572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing concerns with antimicrobial resistance highlights the need for studies evaluating the impacts of antimicrobial use in livestock on antimicrobial resistance using new sequencing technologies. Through shotgun sequencing, we investigated the changes in the fecal microbiome composition and function, with a focus on functions related to antimicrobial resistance, of dairy calves. Heifers 2 to 3 weeks old, which were not treated with antibiotics by the farm before enrollment, were randomly allocated to one of three study groups: control (no treatment), a single treatment of enrofloxacin, or a single treatment of tulathromycin. Fecal samples were collected at days 4, 14, 56 and 112 days after enrollment, and DNA extraction and sequencing was conducted. The effect of antibiotic treatment on each taxon and genetic functional level by time (including Day 0 as a covariate) revealed few changes in the microbiota. At the genus level, enrofloxacin group had higher relative abundance of Blautia, Coprococcus and Desulfovibrio and lower abundance of Bacteroides when compared to other study groups. The SEED database was used for genetic functional analyses, which showed that calves in the enrofloxacin group started with a higher relative abundance of "Resistance to antibiotics and toxic compounds" function on Day 0, however an increase in antibiotic resistance genes after treatment with enrofloxacin was not observed. "Resistance to Fluoroquinolones" and "Erythromycin resistance", of relevance given the study groups, were not statistically different in relative abundance between study groups. "Resistance to fluoroquinolones" increased during the study period regardless of study group. Despite small differences over the first weeks between study groups, at Day 112 the microbiota composition and genetic functional profile was similar among all study groups. In our study, enrofloxacin or tulathromycin had minimal impacts on the microbial composition and genetic functional microbiota of calves over the study period.
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28
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Singer RS, Porter LJ, Thomson DU, Gage M, Beaudoin A, Wishnie JK. Raising Animals Without Antibiotics: U.S. Producer and Veterinarian Experiences and Opinions. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:452. [PMID: 31867349 PMCID: PMC6910073 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ensuring the safety, health, and overall well-being of animals raised for food is both an ethical obligation and a critical component of providing safe food products. The use of antibiotics for maintaining animal health has come under scrutiny in recent years due to the rise of antibiotic resistance globally. Some U.S. producers, especially in the poultry industry, have responded by eliminating their antibiotic use. The number of animals raised without antibiotics (RWA) is growing in the U.S., but there are concerns that RWA practices might negatively impact animal health and welfare. Therefore, the objective of this study was to survey U.S. veterinarians and producers about their experiences and opinions regarding RWA production. Veterinarians, farmers, ranchers, producers, and other stakeholders involved in raising broilers, turkeys, swine, beef cattle or dairy cattle were surveyed. Of the 565 completed responses received, 442 self-reported as practicing veterinarians or producers. Just over half of respondents reported having past or current experience with RWA programs. The main indicated reasons for raising animals without antibiotics were market driven; switching to RWA production was less commonly made for health-related reasons, such as to reduce antibiotic resistance or to improve animal health and welfare. Although respondents felt that RWA production has negative impacts on animal health and welfare, they overwhelmingly (>70%) indicated that the customer (retailer/restaurant/food service) believes that animal and health welfare will be significantly improved. Veterinarians and producers indicated that RWA programs will increase production costs with questionable effect on meat, egg or dairy consumer demand. Many respondents felt that there are times when the RWA label takes priority over animal health and welfare. Respondents generally felt that there was a need for increased auditing/assessment of animal health and welfare in RWA systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall S. Singer
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
- Mindwalk Consulting Group, Falcon Heights, MN, United States
| | - Leah J. Porter
- Mindwalk Consulting Group, Falcon Heights, MN, United States
| | - Daniel U. Thomson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, NY, United States
| | - Mallory Gage
- Gage Group Consulting, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Amanda Beaudoin
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Jennifer K. Wishnie
- Department of Animal Science, California Polytechnic University, San Luis Obispo, CA, United States
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29
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Vikram A, Miller E, Arthur TM, Bosilevac JM, Wheeler TL, Schmidt JW. Food Service Pork Chops from Three U.S. Regions Harbor Similar Levels of Antimicrobial Resistance Regardless of Antibiotic Use Claims. J Food Prot 2019; 82:1667-1676. [PMID: 31532250 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pork products from animals "raised without antibiotics" (RWA) are assumed to harbor lower levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) than conventional (CONV) pork products with no claims regarding use of antimicrobial agents during production. A total of 372 pork chop samples from CONV (n = 190) and RWA (n = 182) production systems were collected over 13 months from three food service suppliers. The following bacteria were cultured: Escherichia coli, tetracycline-resistant (TETr) E. coli, third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GCr) E. coli, Salmonella enterica, TETr Salmonella, 3GCr Salmonella, nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella, Enterococcus spp., TETr Enterococcus, erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Production system did not significantly impact the detection of cultured bacteria (P > 0.05). Metagenomic DNA was isolated from each sample, and equal amounts of metagenomic DNA were pooled by supplier, month, and production system for 75 pooled samples (38 CONV, 37 RWA). Quantitative PCR was used to assess the abundances of the following 10 AMR genes: aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aadA1, blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M, blaKPC-2, erm(B), mecA, tet(A), tet(B), and tet(M). For all 10 AMR genes, abundances did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between production systems. These results suggest that use of antimicrobial agents during swine production minimally impacts the AMR of bacteria in pork chops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Vikram
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-0474 [T.M.A.]; https://orcid/org/0000-0002-6571-9097 [T.L.W.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0494-2436 [J.W.S.])
| | - Eric Miller
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-0474 [T.M.A.]; https://orcid/org/0000-0002-6571-9097 [T.L.W.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0494-2436 [J.W.S.])
| | - Terrance M Arthur
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-0474 [T.M.A.]; https://orcid/org/0000-0002-6571-9097 [T.L.W.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0494-2436 [J.W.S.])
| | - Joseph M Bosilevac
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-0474 [T.M.A.]; https://orcid/org/0000-0002-6571-9097 [T.L.W.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0494-2436 [J.W.S.])
| | - Tommy L Wheeler
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-0474 [T.M.A.]; https://orcid/org/0000-0002-6571-9097 [T.L.W.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0494-2436 [J.W.S.])
| | - John W Schmidt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-0474 [T.M.A.]; https://orcid/org/0000-0002-6571-9097 [T.L.W.]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0494-2436 [J.W.S.])
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Tang KL, Caffrey NP, Nóbrega DB, Cork SC, Ronksley PE, Barkema HW, Polachek AJ, Ganshorn H, Sharma N, Kellner JD, Checkley SL, Ghali WA. Comparison of different approaches to antibiotic restriction in food-producing animals: stratified results from a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4:e001710. [PMID: 31543995 PMCID: PMC6730577 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously reported, in a systematic review of 181 studies, that restriction of antibiotic use in food-producing animals is associated with a reduction in antibiotic-resistant bacterial isolates. While informative, that report did not concretely specify whether different types of restriction are associated with differential effectiveness in reducing resistance. We undertook a sub-analysis of the systematic review to address this question. METHODS We created a classification scheme of different approaches to antibiotic restriction: (1) complete restriction; (2) single antibiotic-class restriction; (3) single antibiotic restriction; (4) all non-therapeutic use restriction; (5) growth promoter and prophylaxis restriction; (6) growth promoter restriction and (7) other/undetermined. All studies in the original systematic review that were amenable to meta-analysis were included into this substudy and coded by intervention type. Meta-analyses were conducted using random effects models, stratified by intervention type. RESULTS A total of 127 studies were included. The most frequently studied intervention type was complete restriction (n=51), followed by restriction of non-therapeutic (n=33) and growth promoter (n=19) indications. None examined growth promoter and prophylaxis restrictions together. Three and seven studies examined single antibiotic-class and single antibiotic restrictions, respectively; these two intervention types were not significantly associated with reductions in antibiotic resistance. Though complete restrictions were associated with a 15% reduction in antibiotic resistance, less prohibitive approaches also demonstrated reduction in antibiotic resistance of 9%-30%. CONCLUSION Broad interventions that restrict global antibiotic use appear to be more effective in reducing antibiotic resistance compared with restrictions that narrowly target one specific antibiotic or antibiotic class. Importantly, interventions that allow for therapeutic antibiotic use appear similarly effective compared with those that restrict all uses of antibiotics, suggesting that complete bans are not necessary. These findings directly inform the creation of specific policies to restrict antibiotic use in food-producing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen L Tang
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Niamh P Caffrey
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Diego B Nóbrega
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Susan C Cork
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul E Ronksley
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alicia J Polachek
- W21C Research and Innovation Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Heather Ganshorn
- Libraries and Cultural Resources, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nishan Sharma
- W21C Research and Innovation Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - James D Kellner
- Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sylvia L Checkley
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - William A Ghali
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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