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Momeni SS, Cao X, Xie B, Rainey K, Childers NK, Wu H. Intraspecies interactions of Streptococcus mutans impact biofilm architecture and virulence determinants in childhood dental caries. mSphere 2024:e0077823. [PMID: 38990043 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00778-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Early childhood dental caries (ECC) is the most common chronic disease among children, especially among low socioeconomic populations. Streptococcus mutans is most frequently associated with initiation of ECC. Although many studies report children with multiple S. mutans strains (i.e., genotypes) have greater odds of developing ECC, studies investigating intraspecies interactions in dental caries are lacking. This study investigates the impact of intraspecies interactions on cariogenic and fitness traits of clinical S. mutans isolates using in vitro and in vivo approaches. Association analysis evaluated if presence of multiple S. mutans genotypes within the first year of colonization was associated with caries. Initially, clinical S. mutans isolates from 10 children were evaluated. S. mutans strains (G09 and G18, most prevalent) isolated from one child were used for subsequent analysis. Biofilm analysis was performed for single and mixed cultures to assess cariogenic traits, including biofilm biomass, intra-polysaccharide, pH, and glucan. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and time-lapse imaging were used to evaluate spatial and temporal biofilm dynamics, respectively. A Drosophila model was used to assess colonization in vivo. Results showed the mean biofilm pH was significantly lower in co-cultured biofilms versus monoculture. Doubling of S. mutans biofilms was observed by CLSM and in vivo colonization in Drosophila for co-cultured S. mutans. Individual strains occupied specific domains in co-culture and G09 contributed most to increased co-culture biofilm thickness and colonization in Drosophila. Biofilm formation and acid production displayed distinct signatures in time-lapsed experiments. This study illuminates that intraspecies interactions of S. mutans significantly impacts biofilm acidity, architecture, and colonization.IMPORTANCEThis study sheds light on the complex dynamics of a key contributor to early childhood dental caries (ECC) by exploring intraspecies interactions of different S. mutans strains and their impact on cariogenic traits. Utilizing clinical isolates from children with ECC, the research highlights significant differences in biofilm architecture and acid production in mixed versus single genotype cultures. The findings reveal that co-cultured S. mutans strains exhibit increased cell density and acidity, with individual strains occupying distinct domains. These insights, enhanced by use of time-lapsed confocal laser scanning microscopy and a Drosophila model, offer a deeper understanding of ECC pathogenesis and potential avenues for targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S Momeni
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Xixi Cao
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Baotong Xie
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Katherine Rainey
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Noel K Childers
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation and Biosciences, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Moghadam MT, Mojtahedi A, Bakhshayesh B, Babakhani S, Ajorloo P, Shariati A, Mirzaei M, Heidarzadeh S, Jazi FM. The Effect of Bacterial Composition Shifts in the Oral Microbiota on Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:167-181. [PMID: 35986539 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666220819140748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurological disorder, despite significant advances in medical science, has not yet been definitively cured, and the exact causes of the disease remain unclear. Due to the importance of AD in the clinic, large expenses are spent annually to deal with this neurological disorder, and neurologists warn of an increase in this disease in elderly in the near future. It has been believed that microbiota dysbiosis leads to Alzheimer's as a multi-step disease. In this regard, the presence of footprints of perturbations in the oral microbiome and the predominance of pathogenic bacteria and their effect on the nervous system, especially AD, is a very interesting topic that has been considered by researchers in the last decade. Some studies have looked at the mechanisms by which oral microbiota cause AD. However, many aspects of this interaction are still unclear as to how oral microbiota composition can contribute to this disease. Understanding this interaction requires extensive collaboration by interdisciplinary researchers to explore all aspects of the issue. In order to reveal the link between the composition of the oral microbiota and this disease, researchers from various domains have sought to explain the mechanisms of shift in oral microbiota in AD in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Taati Moghadam
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mojtahedi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Babak Bakhshayesh
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Center, Poursina Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Sajad Babakhani
- Department of Microbiology, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Ajorloo
- Department of Biology, Sciences and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aref Shariati
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siamak Heidarzadeh
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Faramarz Masjedian Jazi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Azevedo MJ, Garcia A, Costa CF, Ferreira AF, Falcão-Pires I, Brandt BW, Ramalho C, Zaura E, Sampaio-Maia B. The contribution of maternal factors to the oral microbiota of the child: Influence from early life and clinical relevance. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2023; 59:191-202. [PMID: 37415593 PMCID: PMC10320028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mother represents one of the earliest sources of microorganisms to the child, influencing the acquisition and establishment of its microbiota in early life. However, the impact of the mother on the oral microbiota of the child from early life until adulthood remains to unveil. This narrative review aims to: i) explore the maternal influence on the oral microbiota of the child, ii) summarize the similarity between the oral microbiota of mother and child over time, iii) understand possible routes for vertical transmission, and iv) comprehend the clinical significance of this process for the child. We first describe the acquisition of the oral microbiota of the child and maternal factors related to this process. We compare the similarity between the oral microbiota of mother and child throughout time, while presenting possible routes for vertical transmission. Finally, we discuss the clinical relevance of the mother in the pathophysiological outcome of the child. Overall, maternal and non-maternal factors impact the oral microbiota of the child through several mechanisms, although the consequences in the long term are still unclear. More longitudinal research is needed to unveil the importance of early-life microbiota on the future health of the infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Azevedo
- INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Portugal
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andreia Garcia
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO – Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Carolina F.F.A. Costa
- INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Portugal
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Ferreira
- Cardiovascular R&D Centre – UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Falcão-Pires
- Cardiovascular R&D Centre – UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Bernd W. Brandt
- Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carla Ramalho
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- Department of Obstetrics-Gynecology and Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Egija Zaura
- Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Benedita Sampaio-Maia
- INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Portugal
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
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Duque C, Chrisostomo DA, Souza ACA, de Almeida Braga GP, Dos Santos VR, Caiaffa KS, Pereira JA, de Oliveira WC, de Aguiar Ribeiro A, Parisotto TM. Understanding the Predictive Potential of the Oral Microbiome in the Development and Progression of Early Childhood Caries. Curr Pediatr Rev 2023; 19:121-138. [PMID: 35959611 DOI: 10.2174/1573396318666220811124848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early childhood caries (ECC) is the most common chronic disease in young children and a public health problem worldwide. It is characterized by the presence of atypical and fast progressive caries lesions. The aggressive form of ECC, severe early childhood caries (S-ECC), can lead to the destruction of the whole crown of most of the deciduous teeth and cause pain and sepsis, affecting the child's quality of life. Although the multifactorial etiology of ECC is known, including social, environmental, behavioral, and genetic determinants, there is a consensus that this disease is driven by an imbalance between the oral microbiome and host, or dysbiosis, mediated by high sugar consumption and poor oral hygiene. Knowledge of the microbiome in healthy and caries status is crucial for risk monitoring, prevention, and development of therapies to revert dysbiosis and restore oral health. Molecular biology tools, including next-generation sequencing methods and proteomic approaches, have led to the discovery of new species and microbial biomarkers that could reveal potential risk profiles for the development of ECC and new targets for anti-caries therapies. This narrative review summarized some general aspects of ECC, such as definition, epidemiology, and etiology, the influence of oral microbiota in the development and progression of ECC based on the current evidence from genomics, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic studies and the effect of antimicrobial intervention on oral microbiota associated with ECC. CONCLUSION The evaluation of genetic and proteomic markers represents a promising approach to predict the risk of ECC before its clinical manifestation and plan efficient therapeutic interventions for ECC in its initial stages, avoiding irreversible dental cavitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Duque
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Daniela Alvim Chrisostomo
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Amanda Caselato Andolfatto Souza
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Pacheco de Almeida Braga
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Rodrigues Dos Santos
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Karina Sampaio Caiaffa
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Jesse Augusto Pereira
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Warlley Campos de Oliveira
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Apoena de Aguiar Ribeiro
- Division of Diagnostic Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill - Adams School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United State
| | - Thaís Manzano Parisotto
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Microbiology, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, Brazil
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Esra K, Nurhan O, Yilmaz AD, Berrin O. Vertical and Horizontal Transmission of Streptococcus Mutans and Effective Factors: An In Vivo Study. JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ORAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2320206820942694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The degree of vertical (intrafamilial) and horizontal (extrafamilial) transfer of Streptococcus mutans ( S. mutans) to a child shows differences according to cultures. The wrong care habits may result in transfer of S. mutans. The aim of this study was to determine the vertical and horizontal transmission of S. mutans to a child and effective factors. Materials and Methods: Mothers and kindergarten staff of 37 children aged between 4 and 5 years who initially started in two kindergartens (Group 1, n = 19; Group 2, n = 18) were included in this in vivo study according to 95% reliability and 80% theoretical power. Intraoral examination of mothers and children made according to the World Health Organization criteria (dmf-t/DMF-T) was done, following which mothers were asked to fill questionnaire forms including knowledge and attitudes of them about oral/dental health care. 1 mL saliva samples received from children/mothers/staff were examined microbiologically in order to isolate and quantify S. mutans. Arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction analysis was done to determine the genetic characteristics of S. mutans. All examinations were repeated to evaluate the horizontal transmission in the fifth month. Parametric tests ( t-test and two-way analysis of variance) were employed for comparison of the variables that meet the normality assumption and nonparametric tests (Mann–Whitney) were also used. Results: It was observed that there is a statistically significant correlation between mother DMF-T values and mother–child S. mutans similarity level ( P < .05). There is a statistically positive correlation between the habits of using a common fork, spoon, glass, and mother–child similarity level. Conclusion: Vertical and horizontal transfers occurred in Turkish families in order to prevent the transfer of S. mutans; wrong baby care habits that may lead to the transfer of S. mutans, which is the main factor in case of tooth decay, should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kizilci Esra
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ozalp Nurhan
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayca Dilara Yilmaz
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozcelik Berrin
- Department of Pharmaceutic Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Sureda A, Daglia M, Argüelles Castilla S, Sanadgol N, Fazel Nabavi S, Khan H, Belwal T, Jeandet P, Marchese A, Pistollato F, Forbes-Hernandez T, Battino M, Berindan-Neagoe I, D'Onofrio G, Nabavi SM. Oral microbiota and Alzheimer's disease: Do all roads lead to Rome? Pharmacol Res 2019; 151:104582. [PMID: 31794871 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative pathology affecting milions of people worldwide associated with deposition of senile plaques. While the genetic and environmental risk factors associated with the onset and consolidation of late onset AD are heterogeneous and sporadic, growing evidence also suggests a potential link between some infectious diseases caused by oral microbiota and AD. Oral microbiota dysbiosis is purported to contribute either directly to amyloid protein production, or indirectly to neuroinflammation, occurring as a consequence of bacterial invasion. Over the last decade, the development of Human Oral Microbiome database (HOMD) has deepened our understanding of oral microbes and their different roles during the human lifetime. Oral pathogens mostly cause caries, periodontal disease, and edentulism in aged population, and, in particular, alterations of the oral microbiota causing chronic periodontal disease have been associated with the risk of AD. Here we describe how different alterations of the oral microbiota may be linked to AD, highlighting the importance of a good oral hygiene for the prevention of oral microbiota dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, CIBEROBN (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), and IdisBa, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | | | - Nima Sanadgol
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran; Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Tarun Belwal
- Zhejiang University, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Processing, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Philippe Jeandet
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims Cedex 51687, France
| | | | - Francesca Pistollato
- Centre for Health & Nutrition, Universidad Europea del Atlantico, Santander, Spain
| | - Tamara Forbes-Hernandez
- Nutrition and Food Science Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo - Vigo Campus, Vigo, Spain
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Nutrition and Food Science Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo - Vigo Campus, Vigo, Spain; Dept of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy; International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- MEDFUTURE - Research Center for Advanced Medicine, "Iuliu-Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta", 34-36 Republicii Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Grazia D'Onofrio
- Unit of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Casa Sollievo della sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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A Predominant Cariogenic Genotype of Streptococcus mutans in Schoolchildren of Mexico City: A Follow-Up Study. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.82869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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8
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Transmission patterns of Streptococcus mutans demonstrated by a combined rep-PCR and MLST approach. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 22:2847-2858. [PMID: 29476335 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2371-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinical typing methods of the oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans with molecular analysis can be very specific, but expensive. Repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR (rep-PCR) is a relatively inexpensive pre-screening alternative for isolate selection for additional analyses. This study evaluated the prediction accuracy of using rep-PCR to identify S. mutans multilocus sequence typing (MLST) sequence types (ST) among children and their family members. Potential S. mutans strain sources were evaluated for evidence of transmission. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ten dendrograms (rep-PCR), with 20 isolates each of the 10 most common S. mutans genotypes, were generated from different subjects. Using a cut-off of 98% similarity, 7-11 isolates of each genotype were selected for MLST analysis to determine ST match/no-match. RESULTS Overall, rep-PCR was 75% effective at determining MLST ST match/no-match and 90% effective when applied to related individuals. Most genotypes were further differentiated by MLST. MLST ST diversity was greatest for one genotype (genotype 12, G12) and evidence of transmission among children and their family members was identified by rep-PCR and MLST. Younger children (6 months to 4 years old) shared ST with their mothers but 50% of older children (5-9 years old) had ST not identified in their mother. Six ST were shared between different families and probable source members were identified. CONCLUSION This study confirms that rep-PCR offers an affordable option to predict diverse isolates for downstream applications. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Using a combined rep-PCR and MLST approach, it is possible to track probable transmission and strain sources for S. mutans genotypes.
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9
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Sharma N, Bhatia S, Sodhi AS, Batra N. Oral microbiome and health. AIMS Microbiol 2018; 4:42-66. [PMID: 31294203 PMCID: PMC6605021 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2018.1.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral microbiome is diverse in its composition due to continuous contact of oral cavity with the external environment. Temperatures, diet, pH, feeding habits are important factors that contribute in the establishment of oral microbiome. Both culture dependent and culture independent approaches have been employed in the analysis of oral microbiome. Gene-based methods like PCR amplification techniques, random amplicon cloning, PCR-RELP, T-RELP, DGGE and DNA microarray analysis have been applied to increase oral microbiome related knowledge. Studies revealed that microbes from the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, Neisseria, TM7 predominately inhabits the oral cavity. Culture-independent molecular techniques revealed the presence of genera Megasphaera, Parvimonas and Desulfobulbus in periodontal disease. Bacteria, fungi and protozoa colonize themselves on various surfaces in oral cavity. Microbial biofilms are formed on the buccal mucosa, dorsum of the tongue, tooth surfaces and gingival sulcus. Various studies demonstrate relationship between unbalanced microflora and development of diseases like tooth caries, periodontal diseases, type 2 diabetes, circulatory system related diseases etc. Transcriptome-based remodelling of microbial metabolism in health and disease associated states has been well reported. Human diets and habitat can trigger virus activation and influence phage members of oral microbiome. As it is said, "Mouth, is the gateway to the total body wellness, thus oral microbiome influences overall health of an individual".
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, GGDSD College, Sector 32 C Chandigarh, India
| | - Sonu Bhatia
- Department of Biotechnology, GGDSD College, Sector 32 C Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Navneet Batra
- Department of Biotechnology, GGDSD College, Sector 32 C Chandigarh, India
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10
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Villhauer AL, Lynch DJ, Warren JJ, Dawson DV, Blanchette DR, Drake DR. Genotypic characterization and comparison of Streptococcus mutans in American Indian and Southeast Iowa children. Clin Exp Dent Res 2017; 3:235-243. [PMID: 29416899 PMCID: PMC5788224 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Early childhood caries is a complex health care issue that has a multifactorial etiology. One aspect of this etiology is the colonization and propagation of acidogenic bacteria at an early age. There have been several bacterial species associated with caries but 1 common species is Streptococcus mutans. Here, we describe genotypic diversity and commonality of Streptococcus mutans recovered from children representing 2 groups with similar socioeconomic demographics: a Northern Plains American Indian Tribe and a Southeast Iowa population. Forty 36‐month‐old American Indian children were selected from a cohort of 239 mothers and children, and forty 2‐ to 5‐year‐old children from Southeast Iowa were selected to compare the genotypic profiles of Streptococcus mutans recovered from each child's plaque. S. mutans isolates were selected from whole mouth plaque samples; DNA was extracted and amplified via AP‐PCR to show specific genotype patterns. These patterns were compared with GelComparIIv6.5 gel analysis software. We found 18 distinct genotypes from 524 isolates; 13 of which were common between the 2 communities. Five genotypes were unique to only the American Indian children while the Southeast Iowa children harbored no unique genotypes. Although the American Indian children had some genotypes that were not present in the Southeast Iowa children, these were not widely distributed among the community. Furthermore, the levels of genotypic diversity and commonality were similar between the 2 populations. This study sets the groundwork for a comprehensive comparison of genotypes and caries among larger subsections of both populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa L Villhauer
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research University of Iowa, College of Dentistry Iowa USA
| | - David J Lynch
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research University of Iowa, College of Dentistry Iowa USA
| | - John J Warren
- Preventive and Community Dentistry University of Iowa, College of Dentistry Iowa USA
| | - Deborah V Dawson
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research University of Iowa, College of Dentistry Iowa USA
| | - Derek R Blanchette
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research University of Iowa, College of Dentistry Iowa USA
| | - David R Drake
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research University of Iowa, College of Dentistry Iowa USA
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11
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Childers NK, Momeni SS, Whiddon J, Cheon K, Cutter GR, Wiener HW, Ghazal TS, Ruby JD, Moser SA. Association Between Early Childhood Caries and Colonization with Streptococcus mutans Genotypes From Mothers. Pediatr Dent 2017; 39:130-135. [PMID: 28390463 PMCID: PMC5385848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate Streptococcus mutans genotypes (GT) between mother and child (M-C) in a high caries risk cohort to explore the association with early childhood caries (ECC). METHODS Sixty-nine infants (each approximately one year old) had periodic oral examinations (dmfs) and microbial samples collected from dental plaque, saliva, and other oral surfaces. Their mothers had an examination and plaque collected. S mutans isolates were genotyped using repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR (rep-PCR). Statistical analyses were conducted for associations of S mutans in M-C dyads with caries outcomes. RESULTS Twenty-seven S mutans genotypes (GT) from 3,414 isolates were identified. M-C were categorized as GT match (n equals 40) or no-match (n equals 29). When modeling the severity of ECC at 36 months (approximately four years old), the estimated dmfs in the match group was 2.61 times that of the no-match group (P=.014). CONCLUSIONS Colonization of children with Streptococcus mutans genotypes that matched with mothers was shown to be highly associated with early childhood caries. Although the data suggest vertical transmission of S mutans in 40 of 69 children that shared GT with their mother, it is possible that other individuals transmitted the S mutans. Nonetheless, these findings support the importance of the mother's oral microbial status as a contributing influence to their children's oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel K Childers
- Joseph F. Volker professor and Chair, in Department of Pediatric Dentistry, in the School of Dentistry, at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala., USA;,
| | - Stephanie S Momeni
- DART Postdoctoral Scholar, in the School of Dentistry, at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala., USA
| | - Jennifer Whiddon
- Researcher for Laboratory Medicine, in the Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala., USA
| | - Kyounga Cheon
- Instructor, in Department of Pediatric Dentistry, in the School of Dentistry, at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala., USA
| | - Gary R Cutter
- Professor in the Department of Biostatistics, in the School of Public Health, at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala., USA
| | - Howard W Wiener
- Statistician in the Department of Epidemiology, in the School of Public Health, at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala., USA
| | - Tariq S Ghazal
- President, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala., and Graduate Student at the College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - John D Ruby
- Adjunct professor, in Department of Pediatric Dentistry, in the School of Dentistry, at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala., USA
| | - Stephen A Moser
- Professor and section head of Clinical Microbiology, in the Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Ala., USA
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12
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Genetic Diversity and Evidence for Transmission of Streptococcus mutans by DiversiLab rep-PCR. J Microbiol Methods 2016; 128:108-117. [PMID: 27432341 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This two-part study investigated the genetic diversity and transmission of Streptococcus mutans using the DiversiLab repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR (rep-PCR) approach. For children with S. mutans and participating household members, analysis for evidence of unrelated child-to-child as well as intra-familial transmission was evaluated based on commonality of genotypes. A total of 169 index children and 425 household family members from Uniontown, Alabama were evaluated for genetic diversity using rep-PCR. Thirty-four unique rep-PCR genotypes were observed for 13,906 S. mutans isolates. For transmission, 117 child and household isolates were evaluated for shared genotype (by child and by genotype cases, multiple matches possible for each child). Overall, children had 1-9 genotypes and those with multiple genotypes were 2.3 times more likely to have caries experience (decayed, missing and filled teeth/surfaces>0). Only 28% of children shared all genotypes within the household, while 72% had at least 1 genotype not shared with anyone in the household. Children had genotype(s) not shared with any household members in 157 cases. In 158 cases children and household members shared a genotype in which 55% (87/158 cases) were shared with more than one family member. Children most frequently shared genotypes with their mothers (54%; 85/158), siblings (46%; 72/158) and cousins (23%; 37/158). A reference library for S. mutans for epidemiological surveillance using the DiversiLab rep-PCR approach is detailed. The genetic diversity of S. mutans in this population demonstrated frequent commonality of genotypes. Evidence for both child-to-child and intra-familial transmission of S. mutans was observed by rep-PCR.
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13
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Nie M, Chen D, Gao Z, Wu X, Li T. Natural Immunoreactivity of Secretory IgA to Indigenous Strains of Streptococcus mutans From Chinese Spousal Pairs. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016; 9:e24662. [PMID: 27303613 PMCID: PMC4902851 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.24662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dental caries is a well-known biofilm-mediated disease initiated by Streptococcus mutans, which should infect and colonize in a milieu perfused with components of the mucosal immune system. Little is known, however, regarding the relationship between the natural secretory IgA activity and S. mutans of a variety of diverse genotypes. Objectives The current study aimed to use spousal pairs to investigate the natural immunoreactivity of salivary secretory IgA to different genotype strains of S. mutans. Patients and Methods Indigenous strains were characterized from nine spousal pairs using polymerase reaction chain (PCR) and arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR) by genotype monitoring. Unstimulated submandibular/sublingual secretions were collected and the concentrations of secretory IgA were determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Each saliva sample was examined by Western blot to analyze the immunoreactivity of naturally occurring salivary secretory IgA antibodies for his/her own indigenous strain, spouse’s strain and reference strains including S. mutans GS-5 and Ingbritt (C). Results The results showed that naturally induced salivary IgA antibodies against S. mutans were present in all subjects. Almost all subjects had the similar individual immunoblotting profiles to different genotype strains. Conclusions The current study indicated that the immunoreactivity of secretory IgA might have no direct correlation with the colonization of indigenous flora and rejection of exogenous strains in adults. The relationship of microbes, host and dental caries should be in the light of coevolved microecosystem as a whole, but not caused by one factor alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Nie
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, Hubei Province and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
- Corresponding author: Min Nie, The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, Hubei Province and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China. Tel: +86-2787686102, Fax: +86-2787647443, E-mail:
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenyan Gao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, Hubei Province and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyu Wu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, Hubei Province and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Tong Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology, Hubei Province and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
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14
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Freire AL, Zapata S, Mosquera J, Mejia ML, Trueba G. Bacteria associated with human saliva are major microbial components of Ecuadorian indigenous beers (chicha). PeerJ 2016; 4:e1962. [PMID: 27168974 PMCID: PMC4860339 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Indigenous beers (chicha) are part of the indigenous culture in Ecuador. The fermentation process of these beers probably relies on microorganisms from fermented substrates, environment and human microbiota. We analyzed the microbiota of artisanal beers (including a type of beer produced after chewing boiled cassava) using bacterial culture and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene-based tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP). Surprisingly, we found that Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus mutans (part of the human oral microbiota) were among the most abundant bacteria in chewed cassava and in non-chewed cassava beers. We also demonstrated that S. salivarius and S. mutans (isolated from these beers) could proliferate in cassava mush. Lactobacillus sp. was predominantly present in most types of Ecuadorian chicha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L. Freire
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Colegio de Ciencias Biologicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Sonia Zapata
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Colegio de Ciencias Biologicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Juan Mosquera
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Colegio de Ciencias Biologicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Maria Lorena Mejia
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Colegio de Ciencias Biologicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Gabriel Trueba
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Colegio de Ciencias Biologicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
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15
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Zaura E, Nicu EA, Krom BP, Keijser BJF. Acquiring and maintaining a normal oral microbiome: current perspective. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:85. [PMID: 25019064 PMCID: PMC4071637 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral microbiota survives daily physical and chemical perturbations from the intake of food and personal hygiene measures, resulting in a long-term stable microbiome. Biological properties that confer stability in the microbiome are important for the prevention of dysbiosis—a microbial shift toward a disease, e.g., periodontitis or caries. Although processes that underlie oral diseases have been studied extensively, processes involved in maintaining of a normal, healthy microbiome are poorly understood. In this review we present our hypothesis on how a healthy oral microbiome is acquired and maintained. We introduce our view on the prenatal development of tolerance for the normal oral microbiome: we propose that development of fetal tolerance toward the microbiome of the mother during pregnancy is the major factor for a successful acquisition of a normal microbiome. We describe the processes that influence the establishment of such microbiome, followed by our perspective on the process of sustaining a healthy oral microbiome. We divide microbiome-maintenance factors into host-derived and microbe-derived, while focusing on the host. Finally, we highlight the need and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egija Zaura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elena A Nicu
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan P Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bart J F Keijser
- Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences Zeist, Netherlands ; Top Institute Food and Nutrition Wageningen, Netherlands
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16
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Genotypic diversity and virulence traits of Streptococcus mutans isolated from carious dentin after partial caries removal and sealing. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:165201. [PMID: 24578618 PMCID: PMC3918848 DOI: 10.1155/2014/165201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the genotypic diversity and virulence traits of Streptococcus mutans isolated from carious dentin before and after partial dentin caries removal (PDR) and sealing. Carious dentin samples were obtained three months before and after the PDR and cavity sealing. Up to seven isolates of each morphological type of S. mutans were selected and strain identity was confirmed using gtfB primer. Genotyping was performed by arbitrary primer-PCR (AP-PCR). Acidogenesis and acidurance of the genotypes were evaluated as virulence traits. A paired t-test and a Wilcoxon test were used to compare the virulence of genotypes. A total of 48 representative S. mutans isolates were genotyped (31 before and 17 after the sealing). At least one of the genotypes found before the sealing was also found on dentin after the sealing. The number of genotypes found before the sealing ranged from 2 to 3 and after the sealing from 1 to 2 genotypes. No difference was observed in the acidogenesis and acidurance between genotypes isolated before and after the sealing. In conclusion, genotypic diversity of S. mutans decreased after the PDR and sealing, but the virulence traits of S. mutans remained unchangeable.
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17
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Ericson D, Carlsson P, Songpaisan Y, Ellen R. The Legacy of Cariologist Douglas Bratthall, an Inspired Scientist. J Dent Res 2012; 91:909-13. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034512448662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Douglas Bratthall was an inspirational cariologist known for his playful curiosity, thoughtful inquisitiveness, incisive scholarship, and energetic leadership. He became a time, mind, and global traveler who viewed his career path as an exotic safari. This ‘Discovery!’ report identifies where his era’s burning issues have led and how they were shaped by his contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Ericson
- Department of Cariology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - P. Carlsson
- Department of Cariology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Y. Songpaisan
- Visiting Professor, Education and Research Center for Global Oral Health Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
| | - R.P. Ellen
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1G6
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