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Papamichail A, Kourek C, Briasoulis A, Xanthopoulos A, Tsougos E, Farmakis D, Paraskevaidis I. Targeting Key Inflammatory Mechanisms Underlying Heart Failure: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:510. [PMID: 38203681 PMCID: PMC10778956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a major component of heart failure (HF), causing peripheral vasculopathy and cardiac remodeling. High levels of circulating inflammatory cytokines in HF patients have been well recognized. The hallmark of the inflammatory imbalance is the insufficient production of anti-inflammatory mediators, a condition that leads to dysregulated cytokine activity. The condition progresses because of the pathogenic consequences of the cytokine imbalance, including the impact of endothelial dysfunction and adrenergic responsiveness deterioration, and unfavorable inotropic effects on the myocardium. Hence, to develop possible anti-inflammatory treatment options that will enhance the outcomes of HF patients, it is essential to identify the potential pathophysiological mechanisms of inflammation in HF. Inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, adhesion molecules, and acute-phase proteins, are elevated during this process, highlighting the complex association between inflammation and HF. Therefore, these inflammatory markers can be used in predicting prognosis of the syndrome. Various immune cells impact on myocardial remodeling and recovery. They lead to stimulation, release of alarmins and risk-related molecule patterns. Targeting key inflammatory mechanisms seems a quite promising therapy strategy in HF. Cytokine modulation is only one of several possible targets in the fight against inflammation, as the potential molecular targets for therapy in HF include immune activation, inflammation, oxidative stress, alterations in mitochondrial bioenergetics, and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamantia Papamichail
- Medical School of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (C.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Christos Kourek
- Medical School of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (C.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Alexandros Briasoulis
- Medical School of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (C.K.); (A.B.)
| | - Andrew Xanthopoulos
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Larissa, 41110 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Elias Tsougos
- Department of Cardiology, Hygeia Hospital, 15123 Athens, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios Farmakis
- Attikon University Hospital, Medical School of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece;
| | - Ioannis Paraskevaidis
- Medical School of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece; (A.P.); (C.K.); (A.B.)
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2
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Gao Y, Sun Y, Ercan-Sencicek AG, King JS, Akerberg BN, Ma Q, Kontaridis MI, Pu WT, Lin Z. YAP/TEAD1 Complex Is a Default Repressor of Cardiac Toll-Like Receptor Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6649. [PMID: 34206257 PMCID: PMC8268263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that modulate innate immune responses and play essential roles in the pathogenesis of heart diseases. Although important, the molecular mechanisms controlling cardiac TLR genes expression have not been clearly addressed. This study examined the expression pattern of Tlr1, Tlr2, Tlr3, Tlr4, Tlr5, Tlr6, Tlr7, Tlr8, and Tlr9 in normal and disease-stressed mouse hearts. Our results demonstrated that the expression levels of cardiac Tlr3, Tlr7, Tlr8, and Tlr9 increased with age between neonatal and adult developmental stages, whereas the expression of Tlr5 decreased with age. Furthermore, pathological stress increased the expression levels of Tlr2, Tlr4, Tlr5, Tlr7, Tlr8, and Tlr9. Hippo-YAP signaling is essential for heart development and homeostasis maintenance, and YAP/TEAD1 complex is the terminal effector of this pathway. Here we found that TEAD1 directly bound genomic regions adjacent to Tlr1, Tlr2, Tlr3, Tlr4, Tlr5, Tlr6, Tlr7, and Tlr9. In vitro, luciferase reporter data suggest that YAP/TEAD1 repression of Tlr4 depends on a conserved TEAD1 binding motif near Tlr4 transcription start site. In vivo, cardiomyocyte-specific YAP depletion increased the expression of most examined TLR genes, activated the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and predisposed the heart to lipopolysaccharide stress. In conclusion, our data indicate that the expression of cardiac TLR genes is associated with age and activated by pathological stress and suggest that YAP/TEAD1 complex is a default repressor of cardiac TLR genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunan Gao
- Masonic Medical Research Institute, 2150 Bleecker St, Utica, NY 13501, USA; (Y.G.); (Y.S.); (A.G.E.-S.); (M.I.K.)
- Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Masonic Medical Research Institute, 2150 Bleecker St, Utica, NY 13501, USA; (Y.G.); (Y.S.); (A.G.E.-S.); (M.I.K.)
| | - Adife Gulhan Ercan-Sencicek
- Masonic Medical Research Institute, 2150 Bleecker St, Utica, NY 13501, USA; (Y.G.); (Y.S.); (A.G.E.-S.); (M.I.K.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Program on Neurogenetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Justin S. King
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (J.S.K.); (B.N.A.); (Q.M.); (W.T.P.)
| | - Brynn N. Akerberg
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (J.S.K.); (B.N.A.); (Q.M.); (W.T.P.)
| | - Qing Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (J.S.K.); (B.N.A.); (Q.M.); (W.T.P.)
| | - Maria I. Kontaridis
- Masonic Medical Research Institute, 2150 Bleecker St, Utica, NY 13501, USA; (Y.G.); (Y.S.); (A.G.E.-S.); (M.I.K.)
| | - William T. Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (J.S.K.); (B.N.A.); (Q.M.); (W.T.P.)
| | - Zhiqiang Lin
- Masonic Medical Research Institute, 2150 Bleecker St, Utica, NY 13501, USA; (Y.G.); (Y.S.); (A.G.E.-S.); (M.I.K.)
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Khorrami A, Ziaee M, Rameshrad M, Nakhlband A, Maleki-Dizaji N, Garjani A. Oxidized cholesterol exacerbates toll-like receptor 4 expression and activity in the hearts of rats with myocardial infarction. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2020; 12:43-50. [PMID: 32211137 PMCID: PMC7080336 DOI: 10.34172/jcvtr.2020.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The present study examined the effects of high cholesterol and high oxidized-cholesterol diets on the myocardial expression of TLR4 and pro-inflammatory cytokine in rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats were allocated into 6 groups and fed with a normal diet, cholesterol, and oxidized-cholesterol rich diets with or without isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction. TLR4 and MyD 88 expression and levels tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were measured in the heart and serum. Results: Oxidized cholesterol-fed animals had higher serum levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (263 ± 13 ng/dL) than the cholesterol-fed animals (98 ± 8 ng/dL; P < 0.001). A high level of oxidized-LDL caused fibrotic cell formation and enhanced neutrophil infiltration in the absence of MI. Both cholesterol and oxidized-cholesterol upregulated TLR4 mRNA expression and increased TNF-α and IL-6 production in the hearts of rats with MI. In rats fed with oxidized-cholesterol the serum and myocardial levels of TNF-α (653 ± 42 pg/mL, 1375 ± 121 pg/100 mg, respectively) were higher than MI group (358±24 pg/mL, P < 0.001 and 885 ± 56 pg/100 mg, P < 0.01). A significant correlation was seen between TLR4 expression and infarct size. Conclusion: These findings suggest that cardiac TLR4 is preferentially upregulated by oxidized cholesterol in rats. Oxidized cholesterol may have a critical role in cardiac toxicity in the absence of pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Khorrami
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Ziaee
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Rameshrad
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ailar Nakhlband
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasrin Maleki-Dizaji
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Garjani
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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4
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Parisi V, Conte M, Petraglia L, Grieco FV, Bruzzese D, Caruso A, Grimaldi MG, Campana P, Gargiulo P, Paolillo S, Attena E, Russo V, Galasso G, Rapacciuolo A, Perrone Filardi P, Leosco D. Echocardiographic Epicardial Adipose Tissue Thickness for Risk Stratification of Patients With Heart Failure. Front Physiol 2020; 11:43. [PMID: 32116756 PMCID: PMC7013047 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis and progression of heart failure (HF). In this study we aimed to explore the predictive value of echocardiographic EAT thickness on prognosis of a selected population of HF patients. Methods The patient population included n. 69 consecutive patients with systolic HF referred to implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation for primary or secondary prevention. At the time of enrolment, echocardiographic EAT thickness was assessed in all patients along with demographic and clinical data. The study had a median follow-up time of 49.8 months. We assessed the prognostic predictive value of EAT thickness on a composite clinical and arrhythmic outcome including HF related deaths, new hospital admissions for HF worsening, and atrial and life threatening ventricular arrhythmic events. Clinical and arrhythmic outcomes were also evaluated separately. Results At univariate analysis, EAT thickness significantly predicted all the three outcomes considered. Of interest, at multivariate analysis, after adjusting for known risk factor, EAT remained significantly associated to the composite [HR 1.18 (1.09–1.28); p < 0.001], arrhythmic [HR 1.14 (1.03–1.25); p = 0.008], and clinical [HR 1.14 (1.03–1.27); p = 0.010] outcomes. Conclusion Echocardiographic assessment of EAT can predict outcome of HF patients and it is significantly associated with both arrhythmic and clinical events. These preliminary findings pave the way for future and larger studies aimed to definitively recognize the prognostic value of this novel risk marker in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Parisi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maddalena Conte
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Petraglia
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Dario Bruzzese
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Aurelio Caruso
- Department of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Casa di Cura San Michele, Maddaloni, Italy
| | | | - Pasquale Campana
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Gargiulo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Paolillo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Emilio Attena
- Department of Cardiology, San Giuliano Hospital, Giugliano in Campania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Russo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Galasso
- Department of Cardiology, San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona Hospital, Salerno, Italy
| | - Antonio Rapacciuolo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Dario Leosco
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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5
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Ayoub KF, Pothineni NVK, Rutland J, Ding Z, Mehta JL. Immunity, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress in Heart Failure: Emerging Molecular Targets. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2018; 31:593-608. [PMID: 28956198 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-017-6752-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Heart failure (HF) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although various therapies developed over the last two decades have shown improved long term outcomes in patients with established HF, there has been little progress in preventing the adverse cardiac remodeling that initiates HF. To fill the gap in treatment, current research efforts are focused on understanding novel mechanisms and signaling pathways. Immune activation, inflammation, oxidative stress, alterations in mitochondrial bioenergetics, and autophagy have been postulated as important pathophysiological events in this process. An improved understanding of these complex processes could facilitate a therapeutic shift toward molecular targets that can potentially alter the course of HF. METHODS In this review, we address the role of immunity, inflammation, and oxidative stress as well as other novel emerging concepts in the pathophysiology of HF that may have therapeutic implications. CONCLUSION Based on the experimental and clinical studies presented here, we anticipate that a better understanding of the pathophysiology of HF will open the door for new therapeutic targets. A one-size-fits-all approach may not be appropriate for all patients with HF, and further clinical trials utilizing molecular targeting in HF may result in improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karam F Ayoub
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Naga Venkata K Pothineni
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Joshua Rutland
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Zufeng Ding
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jawahar L Mehta
- Division of Cardiology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA. .,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Street, #532, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
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6
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Khoury EE, Kinaneh S, Aronson D, Amir O, Ghanim D, Volinsky N, Azzam Z, Abassi Z. Natriuretic peptides system in the pulmonary tissue of rats with heart failure: potential involvement in lung edema and inflammation. Oncotarget 2018; 9:21715-21730. [PMID: 29774097 PMCID: PMC5955134 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Congestive heart failure (CHF) often leads to progressive cardiac hypertrophy and salt/water retention as evident by peripheral and lung edema. Although the pathogenesis of CHF remains largely unclarified, it is widely accepted that neurohormonal changes and inflammatory processes are profoundly involved in structural and functional deterioration of vital organs including, heart, kidney and lungs. Corin, a cardiac serine protease, is responsible for converting pro-ANP and pro-BNP to biologically active natriuretic peptides (NPs). Although the involvement of corin in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure was extensively studied, the alterations in corin and PCSK6, a key enzyme in the conversion of procorin to corin, have not been studied in the pulmonary tissue. Thus, this study aims at examining the status of PCSK6/Corin in the lung of rats with CHF induced by the creation of aorto-caval fistula (ACF) between the abdominal aorta and vena cava in SD rats. Rats with ACF were divided into 2 subgroups based on the pattern of their daily sodium excretion, compensated and decompensated CHF. Placement of ACF led to cardiac hypertrophy, pulmonary congestion, and renal dysfunction, which were more severe in the decompensated subgroup, despite remarkable elevation of circulatory ANP and BNP levels. Corin mRNA and immunoreactive peptide were detected in pulmonary tissue of all experimental groups. However, the expression and abundance of pulmonary corin significantly increased in the decompensated animals, but not in the compensated ones. Noteworthy, the expression of PCSK6 and ANP/BNP in the pulmonary tissue followed a similar pattern as corin. The upregulation of pulmonary Corin/PCSK6 and NPs were accompanied by local activation of cathepsin L and certain cytokines including IL-6. In light of the anti-inflammatory role of NPs, we postulate that the obtained upregulation of pulmonary PCSK6/Corin along NPs in rats with decompensated CHF may represent a counterbalance response to the inflammatory milieu characterizing CHF especially in severe cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad E Khoury
- Department of Physiology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Safa Kinaneh
- Department of Physiology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Doron Aronson
- Department of Cardiology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Offer Amir
- Department of Cardiology, B Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Lower Galilee, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Zefat, Israel
| | - Diab Ghanim
- Department of Cardiology, B Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Lower Galilee, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Zefat, Israel
| | - Natalia Volinsky
- Department of Cardiology, B Padeh Medical Center, Poriya, Lower Galilee, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Zefat, Israel
| | - Zaher Azzam
- Department of Internal Medicine B, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zaid Abassi
- Department of Physiology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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7
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Jose SS, Bendickova K, Kepak T, Krenova Z, Fric J. Chronic Inflammation in Immune Aging: Role of Pattern Recognition Receptor Crosstalk with the Telomere Complex? Front Immunol 2017; 8:1078. [PMID: 28928745 PMCID: PMC5591428 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related decline in immunity is characterized by stem cell exhaustion, telomere shortening, and disruption of cell-to-cell communication, leading to increased patient risk of disease. Recent data have demonstrated that chronic inflammation exerts a strong influence on immune aging and is closely correlated with telomere length in a range of major pathologies. The current review discusses the impact of inflammation on immune aging, the likely molecular mediators of this process, and the various disease states that have been linked with immunosenescence. Emerging findings implicate NF-κB, the major driver of inflammatory signaling, in several processes that regulate telomere maintenance and/or telomerase activity. While prolonged triggering of pattern recognition receptors is now known to promote immunosenescence, it remains unclear how this process is linked with the telomere complex or telomerase activity. Indeed, enzymatic control of telomere length has been studied for many decades, but alternative roles of telomerase and potential influences on inflammatory responses are only now beginning to emerge. Crosstalk between these pathways may prove to be a key molecular mechanism of immunosenescence. Understanding how components of immune aging interact and modify host protection against pathogens and tumors will be essential for the design of new vaccines and therapies for a wide range of clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Sushama Jose
- Cellular and Molecular Immunoregulation Group (CMI), Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Czechia
| | - Kamila Bendickova
- Cellular and Molecular Immunoregulation Group (CMI), Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Tomas Kepak
- Pediatric Oncology Translational Research (POTR), International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Zdenka Krenova
- Pediatric Oncology Translational Research (POTR), International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Fric
- Cellular and Molecular Immunoregulation Group (CMI), Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), International Clinical Research Center (ICRC), St. Anne’s University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
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Mechanisms contributing to cardiac remodelling. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:2319-2345. [PMID: 28842527 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac remodelling is classified as physiological (in response to growth, exercise and pregnancy) or pathological (in response to inflammation, ischaemia, ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, biomechanical stress, excess neurohormonal activation and excess afterload). Physiological remodelling of the heart is characterized by a fine-tuned and orchestrated process of beneficial adaptations. Pathological cardiac remodelling is the process of structural and functional changes in the left ventricle (LV) in response to internal or external cardiovascular damage or influence by pathogenic risk factors, and is a precursor of clinical heart failure (HF). Pathological remodelling is associated with fibrosis, inflammation and cellular dysfunction (e.g. abnormal cardiomyocyte/non-cardiomyocyte interactions, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, autophagy alterations, impairment of metabolism and signalling pathways), leading to HF. This review describes the key molecular and cellular responses involved in pathological cardiac remodelling.
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9
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Azzam ZS, Kinaneh S, Bahouth F, Ismael-Badarneh R, Khoury E, Abassi Z. Involvement of Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Salt and Water Imbalance in Congestive Heart Failure. Front Immunol 2017; 8:716. [PMID: 28674538 PMCID: PMC5474564 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Congestive heart failure (CHF) has become a major medical problem in the western world with high morbidity and mortality rates. CHF adversely affects several systems, mainly the kidneys and the lungs. While the involvement of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the sympathetic nervous system in the progression of cardiovascular, pulmonary, and renal dysfunction in experimental and clinical CHF is well established, the importance of pro-inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of this clinical setting is still evolving. In this context, CHF is associated with overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6, which are activated in response to environmental injury. This family of cytokines has been implicated in the deterioration of CHF, where it plays an important role in initiating and integrating homeostatic responses both at the myocardium and circulatory levels. We and others showed that angiotensin II decreased the ability of the lungs to clear edema and enhanced the fibrosis process via phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases p38 and p42/44, which are generally involved in cellular responses to pro-inflammatory cytokines. Literature data also indicate the involvement of these effectors in modulating ion channel activity. It has been reported that in heart failure due to mitral stenosis; there were varying degrees of vascular and other associated parenchymal changes such as edema and fibrosis. In this review, we will discuss the effects of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators on the kidneys and the lungs in heart failure; especially their role in renal and alveolar ion channels activity and fluid balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaher S. Azzam
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Internal Medicine “B”, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Safa Kinaneh
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Fadel Bahouth
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Reem Ismael-Badarneh
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Emad Khoury
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zaid Abassi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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10
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So Many Targets ∗. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 69:434-436. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Yang Y, Lv J, Jiang S, Ma Z, Wang D, Hu W, Deng C, Fan C, Di S, Sun Y, Yi W. The emerging role of Toll-like receptor 4 in myocardial inflammation. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2234. [PMID: 27228349 PMCID: PMC4917669 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors involved in cardiovascular diseases. Notably, numerous studies have demonstrated that TLR4 activates the expression of several of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes that play pivotal roles in myocardial inflammation, particularly myocarditis, myocardial infarction, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and heart failure. In addition, TLR4 is an emerging target for anti-inflammatory therapies. Given the significance of TLR4, it would be useful to summarize the current literature on the molecular mechanisms and roles of TLR4 in myocardial inflammation. Thus, in this review, we first introduce the basic knowledge of the TLR4 gene and describe the activation and signaling pathways of TLR4 in myocardial inflammation. Moreover, we highlight the recent progress of research on the involvement of TLR4 in myocardial inflammation. The information reviewed here may be useful to further experimental research and to increase the potential of TLR4 as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.,Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - J Lv
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - S Jiang
- Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Z Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - D Wang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - W Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - C Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - C Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - S Di
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Y Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - W Yi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
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