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Ku YH, Kang JH, Lee H. Effects of Phellinus linteus extract on immunity improvement: A CONSORT-randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30226. [PMID: 36042633 PMCID: PMC9410671 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunity protects the body from external threats and prevents the development of cancer. Biological response modifiers extracted from natural sources are being actively studied, and the immunostimulatory and anticancer effects of various types of fungi have been reported. However, there are no previous clinical studies on the immune-enhancing effect of Phellinus linteus (PL). Lactate dehydrogenase cytotoxicity assay is a prerequisite in order to get approval for using PL as a raw material in functional supplements and medicines in Korea. However, due to the absence of precedent clinical trials, the use of PL in supplements has been hindered. but there is no precedent clinical trial using it. We conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial to confirm the efficacy and safety of PL extract for the improvement of immunity using the lactate dehydrogenase cytotoxicity assay. METHODS A total of 98 subjects were enrolled and randomly assigned to 2 groups. Subjects in the PL and placebo groups received 1000 mg of PL extract and 1000 mg of dextrin per day, respectively (one capsule, twice every day for 8 weeks). The primary outcome measured was the activity of natural killer cells. Secondary outcomes were the levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, IgG1, IgG2, and IgM. Safety was evaluated using laboratory tests. RESULTS NK cell activity was significantly increased in the PL group compared to the placebo group (P < .05). Despite the absence of significant changes in secondary outcomes, there was a tendency for improvement in the PL group. PL extract-related adverse outcomes, particularly in liver and renal function, were not observed. CONCLUSION PL extract may improve immunity and is safe to be consumed orally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ho Ku
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, Cheonan Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Seobuk-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hui Kang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, Cheonan Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Seobuk-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Lee
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, Cheonan Korean Medicine Hospital of Daejeon University, Seobuk-gu, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Hyun Lee, Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, 62, Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (e-mail: )
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Clinical trial to analyze the effects of oral intake of Phellinus linteus (sanghuang) extract on immune function: a study protocol for a randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Trials 2021; 22:849. [PMID: 34838112 PMCID: PMC8627044 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05740-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As the population of Korea ages, interest in healthcare has increased. In particular, there is an increasing demand for immune-function improvement to prevent infectious diseases. Phellinus linteus (PL) has previously been shown to exert immune-enhancing and anticancer effects. We aim to evaluate whether PL mycelium extract, cultured from the PL KCTC0399BP strain, can increase immune function, as measured using blood-test indicators. This clinical trial protocol is designed as the main trial and is based on the results of a pilot study. Methods This clinical trial is a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Ninety-eight participants are enrolled and randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group (PL 1000 mg) and the control group (placebo). Participants are administered with experimental food or placebo for eight weeks. Blood tests are performed before trial initiation and 8 weeks later, at trial completion. Laboratory evaluation items are as follows: natural killer cell activity, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, immunoglobulin (Ig)G1, IgG2, and IgM. We will mainly use the full analysis dataset to statistically analyze the effectiveness of the treatment. Discussion This study evaluates the effects of PL extract on immune function and will contribute to knowledge on the value of PL as an immune-function–boosting functional food. Trial registration Clinical Research Information Service (CRIS) of Korea CRIS-KCT0005460. Registered on 12 October 2020
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Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent primary malignant brain tumour prevalent in humans, that exhibits aggressive cell proliferation and rapid invasion of normal brain tissue. Despite aggressive therapeutic approaches consisting of maximum safe surgical resection followed by radio-chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ), more than 95% of GBM patients die within 5 years after diagnosis. In most cases, the therapy is not able to counteract the growth and invasiveness of the tumour, which relapses after an interval of time that varies from patient to patient. An increasing number of evidence indicates that natural substances exhibited effective anti-tumour functions and might be successfully used in the treatment of GBM. This review summarizes some natural substances: lactoferrin, hispolon, aloe-emodin and tea tree oil; all these show a growth inhibition and synergistic effect when together with TMZ, (the most commonly used alkylating drug for the treatment of glioblastoma) were administered to U87MG glioblastoma cell line in vitro and in murine animal model. U87MG cell growth was monitored by daily cell count after treatments with the substances mentioned above and growth analysis showed that all drugs significantly decrease proliferation of U87MG in a time- and dose-dependent manner. FACS analysis demonstrates a block of cell cycle in S, G2/M or G0/G1 phases. These substances mediate multiple processes including apoptosis by releasing the inducing factor: PARP. Natural compounds, in combination with conventional chemotherapy TMZ, are a powerful approach to improve the effectiveness of brain cancer treatment.
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Arcella A, Oliva MA, Sanchez M, Staffieri S, Esposito V, Giangaspero F, Cantore G. Effects of hispolon on glioblastoma cell growth. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:2113-2123. [PMID: 28618133 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hispolon is a polyphenolic compound isolated from Phellinus linteus which exhibits antitumor activity. Here, we explored the effects of hispolon on human glioblastoma cells U87MG. Cell viability was examined by MTT assay. Growth was investigated by incubating cells with various concentrations of hispolon (25 and 50 µM) for 24, 48 or 72 h and daily cell count. Cell cycle and apoptosis assay were assessed by flow cytometry. Hispolon decreased cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The cell cycle distribution showed that hispolon enhanced the accumulation of the cells in G2/M phase. Hispolon decreased the expression of G1-S transition-related protein cyclin D4 but increased the expression of CDK inhibitor p21. Additionally, hispolon enhanced the expression of p53. Moreover, hispolon treatment was effective on U87MG cells in inhibiting cell viability and inducing cell apoptosis. Our results indicate that hispolon inhibits the cell viability, induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in glioblastoma U87MG cells, and p53 should play a role in hispolon-mediated antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vincenzo Esposito
- I.R.C.C.S. I.N.M. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Felice Giangaspero
- I.R.C.C.S. I.N.M. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
- University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
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Chen H, Tian T, Miao H, Zhao YY. Traditional uses, fermentation, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Phellinus linteus : A review. Fitoterapia 2016; 113:6-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Barrientos RC, Clerigo MM, Paano AMC. Extraction, isolation and MALDI-QTOF MS/MS analysis of β-d-Glucan from the fruiting bodies of Daedalea quercina. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 93:226-234. [PMID: 27543344 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We report for the first time the extraction, isolation, and the proposed structure of a polysaccharide from the fruiting bodies of Daedalea quercina. The monosaccharide composition of D. quercina isolate (DQW1Pa1) was mainly glucose as identified using GC-MS. FTIR-ATR spectroscopy and absolute configuration studies showed that this polysaccharide is a β-d-glucan. Its average molecular weight obtained using size exclusion chromatography was 1.6×104Da, consistent with glucans derived from the order Polyporaceae. MALDI-QTOF MS/MS was carried out to identify the linkage and connectivity of the glucose units. Collision Induced Dissociation (CID) of selected parent ions of different oligosaccharide lengths showed the presence of characteristic glycosidic bond cleavages Bn/Cn, the linear backbone by 1-6 linkage, and the cross-ring fragment, 0,3An. Presence of branching unit was identified from high intensity 0,3A4 fragment and verified from diagnostic ion of [D] and [D-H2O] types. To confirm the linkage assignment obtained using MALDI-QTOF MS/MS, DQW1Pa1 was subjected to methylation analysis. Results showed the presence of 1-3, 1-6, 1- and 1-3-6 linked glucose in the order of decreasing abundance, respectively. The repeating unit of isolate DQW1Pa1 was deduced as 1-3 linked linear glucose backbone with branches composed of three 1-3 linked glucose units connected to backbone by 1-6 linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodell C Barrientos
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila, 1004, Philippines.
| | - Melody M Clerigo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila, 1004, Philippines
| | - Anamy Ma C Paano
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Manila, 1004, Philippines
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Lin CJ, Lien HM, Lin HJ, Huang CL, Kao MC, Chen YA, Wang CK, Chang HY, Chang YK, Wu HS, Lai CH. Modulation of T cell response by Phellinus linteus. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 121:84-88. [PMID: 26092448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phellinus linteus, a species of mushroom, has been shown to contribute to health benefits, such as anti-inflammatory activity and immunomodulatory efficacy. The aim of this study was to analyze the most effective constituents of P. linteus fermented broths, polysaccharides, and to evaluate their immunoregulatory effects on T cells. Four fermented broths (PL1-4) and the dialyzate medium (MD) were prepared from P. linteus mycelia, and the polysaccharide contents of each were analyzed. The P. linteus samples were tested for biological activity in the regulation of T cell activation. In T cells, the production of mitogen-induced interleukin (IL)-2 and cell cycle progression were dose-responsively inhibited by PL3 and MD, primarily through cell-cycle arrest in S phase. PL3 broth, which contained large quantities of polysaccharides, significantly decreased the ratio of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) to interleukin 4 (IL-4) in T cells. Thus, P. linteus fermented broths produced additive effects on the regulation of the Th1/Th2 balance and show promise for the development of immunomodulatory therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, 91 Hsuehshih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Hsiu-Man Lien
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, 1727, Section 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
| | - Hwai-Jeng Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 252 Wu Hsing Street, Taipei City 110, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Lu Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuokuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chuan Kao
- School of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, 91 Hsuehshih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-An Chen
- School of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, 91 Hsuehshih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Kuo Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, 500 Lioufeng Road, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yun Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, 500 Lioufeng Road, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Kuang Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, 289 Jianguo Road, Xindian District, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, 701, Section 3, Zhongyang Road, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Shan Wu
- Department of Nursing, Asia University, 500 Lioufeng Road, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ho Lai
- School of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, 91 Hsuehshih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Asia University, 500 Lioufeng Road, Taichung 41354, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, 259 Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan.
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Konno S, Chu K, Feuer N, Phillips J, Choudhury M. Potent Anticancer Effects of Bioactive Mushroom Extracts (Phellinus linteus) on a Variety of Human Cancer Cells. J Clin Med Res 2014; 7:76-82. [PMID: 25436023 PMCID: PMC4245057 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr1996w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although several therapeutic options are currently available for patients with various cancers, the outcomes are often disappointing and a more effective modality needs to be promptly established. We have been exploring an alternative approach using natural agents and two bioactive mushroom extracts isolated from Phellinus linteus (PL), namely PL-ES and PL-I-ES, were of our interest. As anticancer effects of similar extracts have been reported in several cancers, we investigated whether PL-ES and PL-I-ES might have such anticancer activities on a variety of human cancer cells in vitro. Methods Ten different types of human cancer cell lines, including three metastatic prostate, bladder, kidney, lung, breast, stomach, liver, and brain cancer cells, were employed and tested with PL-ES or PL-I-ES. Cell growth/viability, exertion of oxidative stress, and induction of apoptosis were assessed by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) assay, lipid peroxidation (LPO) assay, and specific enzymatic assay, respectively. Results PL-ES (100 µg/mL) exhibited potent anticancer activity, resulting in a significant (40-80%) growth reduction in all 10 cancer cells at 72 hours. PL-I-ES (100 µg/mL) was effective on only four cancer cells but its higher concentration at 250 µg/mL led to a significant (25-90%) growth reduction in seven cancer cells. LPO assays indicated that such a significant growth reduction by PL-ES (100 µg/mL) or PL-I-ES (100 or 250 µg/mL) could result from cell death due to a cytotoxic effect of oxidative stress (through free radicals). Moreover, enzymatic assays for caspase-3 (Csp-3) and caspase-9 (Csp-9), the pro-apoptotic regulators, showed that both enzymes were significantly activated by PL-ES or PL-I-ES, indicating that cell death due to oxidative stress was more likely associated with apoptosis. Conclusions The present study shows that both PL-ES and PL-I-ES indeed have anticancer effects on a variety of cancer cells, although PL-ES appears to be more potent than PL-I-ES. Such an anticancer effect is presumably attributed to oxidative stress, which will ultimately lead to apoptosis. Therefore, these two bioactive mushroom extracts may have clinical implications in a more effective therapeutic option for a variety of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sensuke Konno
- Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Kevin Chu
- Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas Feuer
- Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - John Phillips
- Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Muhammad Choudhury
- Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
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Lin CJ, Lien HM, Chang HY, Huang CL, Liu JJ, Chang YC, Chen CC, Lai CH. Biological evaluation of Phellinus linteus-fermented broths as anti-inflammatory agents. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 118:88-93. [PMID: 24503424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Phellinus linteus and its constituent hispolon induce potent anti-inflammatory activity in macrophages. Efficient production of the effective constituent and the biological function of P. linteus in the regulation of innate sensing have rarely been investigated. The aim of this study was to efficiently manufacture P. linteus-fermented broth containing the effective constituent, hispolon, and evaluate its immunoregulatory functions in macrophages. Four distinct fermented broths (PL1-4) and the medium dialyzate (MD) were prepared to screen suitable culture conditions for the mycelial growth of P. linteus. The P. linteus-fermented broth exhibited a dose-responsive inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production by murine macrophages. In addition, the P. linteus-fermented broths suppressed macrophage LPS-mediated nuclear factor (NF)-κB activity and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Among the tested samples from P. linteus, PL4 contained vast amounts of hispolon and showed the greatest anti-inflammatory activity in both the RAW264.7 cells and murine primary peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEMs). This study demonstrates that the purification of the effective constituent from P. linteus-fermented broth may enable the production of a potent therapeutic agent for anti-inflammation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, 91 Hsuehshih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Man Lien
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, 1727, Section 4, Taiwan Boulevard, Taichung 40704, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yun Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, 500, Lioufeng Road, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Lu Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuokuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Jin Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, 91 Hsuehshih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chieh Chang
- Department of Optometry, Yuanpei University, 306, Yuanpei Street, Hsinchu 30015, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chang Chen
- School of Management, Feng Chia University, 100, Wenhwa Road, Taichung 40724, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ho Lai
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, 91 Hsuehshih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, 91 Hsuehshih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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Lee JW, Baek SJ, Kim YS. Submerged Culture of Phellinus linteus for Mass Production of Polysaccharides. MYCOBIOLOGY 2008; 36:178-182. [PMID: 23997621 PMCID: PMC3755190 DOI: 10.4489/myco.2008.36.3.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to increase the mycelial production of Phellinus linteus, which exhibits potent anticancer activity, some ingredients of the medium used to culture P. linteus were investigated. The optimal medium composition for the production of Phellinus linteus was determined to be as follows: fructose, 40 g/l; yeast extract, 20 g/l; K2HPO4, 0.46 g/l; KH2PO4, 1.00 g/l; MgSO4·7H2O, 0.50 g/l; FeCl2·62O, 0.01 g/l; MnCl2·4H2O, 0.036 g/l; ZnCl2, 0.03 g/l; and CuSO4·7H2O, 0.005 g/l. The optimal culture conditions were determined to be as follows: temperature, 28℃; initial pH, 5.5; aeration, 0.6 vvm; and agitation, 100 rpm, respectively. Under optimal composition and conditions, the maximum mycelial biomass achieved in a 5 l jar fermentor was 29.9 g/l.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Woo Lee
- Department of Food Processing and Cooking, Kyungbuk College, Yeongjusi 750-712, Korea
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