1
|
Fan X, Monson KR, Peters BA, Whittington JM, Um CY, Oberstein PE, McCullough ML, Freedman ND, Huang WY, Ahn J, Hayes RB. Altered salivary microbiota associated with high-sugar beverage consumption. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13386. [PMID: 38862651 PMCID: PMC11167035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64324-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The human oral microbiome may alter oral and systemic disease risk. Consuming high sugar content beverages (HSB) can lead to caries development by altering the microbial composition in dental plaque, but little is known regarding HSB-specific oral microbial alterations. Therefore, we conducted a large, population-based study to examine associations of HSB intake with oral microbiome diversity and composition. Using mouthwash samples of 989 individuals in two nationwide U.S. cohorts, bacterial 16S rRNA genes were amplified, sequenced, and assigned to bacterial taxa. HSB intake was quantified from food frequency questionnaires as low (< 1 serving/week), medium (1-3 servings/week), or high (> 3 servings/week). We assessed overall bacterial diversity and presence of specific taxa with respect to HSB intake in each cohort separately and combined in a meta-analysis. Consistently in the two cohorts, we found lower species richness in high HSB consumers (> 3 cans/week) (p = 0.027), and that overall bacterial community profiles differed from those of non-consumers (PERMANOVA p = 0.040). Specifically, presence of a network of commensal bacteria (Lachnospiraceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, and Alloprevotella rava) was less common in high compared to non-consumers, as were other species including Campylobacter showae, Prevotella oulorum, and Mycoplasma faucium. Presence of acidogenic bacteria Bifodobacteriaceae and Lactobacillus rhamnosus was more common in high consumers. Abundance of Fusobacteriales and its genus Leptotrichia, Lachnoanaerobaculum sp., and Campylobacter were lower with higher HSB consumption, and their abundances were correlated. No significant interaction was found for these associations with diabetic status or with microbial markers for caries (S. mutans) and periodontitis (P. gingivalis). Our results suggest that soft drink intake may alter the salivary microbiota, with consistent results across two independent cohorts. The observed perturbations of overrepresented acidogenic bacteria and underrepresented commensal bacteria in high HSB consumers may have implications for oral and systemic disease risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Fan
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Kelsey R Monson
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brandilyn A Peters
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Caroline Y Um
- Department of Population Science, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Paul E Oberstein
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Neal D Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wen-Yi Huang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jiyoung Ahn
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard B Hayes
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Miller B, Branscum P. Evaluating the Association Between Artificial Sweetener Intake and Indicators of Stress and Anxiety. COMMUNITY HEALTH EQUITY RESEARCH & POLICY 2023; 43:339-342. [PMID: 34080916 DOI: 10.1177/0272684x211022150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between non-nutritive sweetener (NNS) consumption and stress and anxiety, among a sample of college students. Two-hundred and twenty-seven students from a large mid-western university participated in this cross-sectional study. Students completed an online survey that evaluated NNS using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Stress and anxiety were evaluated using previously validated instruments. Most students reported very low/low/average concern for stress (63.9%), and had low/moderate anxiety (82.3%). Participants experiencing high and very high levels of stress had significantly higher NNS consumption compared to those with a very low and low risk, and concern for stress (p < .046; d = 0.28). There was no difference however for NNS intake and anxiety. Reduction of artificial sweetener intake may be associated with stress levels among college students. However, more research is needed to examine any causal relationship between artificial sweetener intake and stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Miller
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Paul Branscum
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Barajas-Torres GC, Klünder-Klünder M, Garduño-Espinosa J, Parra-Ortega I, Franco-Hernández MI, Miranda-Lora AL. Effects of Carbonated Beverage Consumption on Oral pH and Bacterial Proliferation in Adolescents: A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1776. [PMID: 36362931 PMCID: PMC9696556 DOI: 10.3390/life12111776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugary soft drinks modify salivary pH and favor bacterial proliferation and are associated with the development of caries. Information on the effects of consuming carbonated drinks without sucrose is limited. Methods: In this crossover clinical trial, salivary and dental biofilm pH were determined at 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min after the participants (n = 18) ingested a soft drink with sucrose, a soft drink with aspartame/acesulfame K, carbonated water, and plain water on different days. Dental biofilm cultures were conducted at 0- and 120-min. Results: Salivary pH decreased significantly after ingestion of the sucrose-containing soft drink when compared with the other types of beverages (median difference, -0.3--0.4, p ≤ 0.05), and the greatest difference was found with mineral water. A greater bacterial proliferation (Colony Forming Units [CFU]) was observed after ingestion of the drink with sucrose (↑310 × 103 CFU, p ≤ 0.01), followed by the drink with aspartame/acesulfame K (↑160 × 103 CFU, p ≤ 0.01) and carbonated water (↑60 × 103 CFU, p ≤ 0.05). No significant changes in bacterial proliferation were observed after the consumption of natural water. Conclusions: Ingestion of sucrose-containing soft drinks favors the acidification of salivary pH and the bacterial proliferation of dental biofilm. Although to a lesser extent, soft drinks containing aspartame/acesulfame K also favor bacterial proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Carolina Barajas-Torres
- Departamento de Investigación Clínica, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Dr. Márquez No. 162, Col Doctores, Delegación Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Miguel Klünder-Klünder
- Departamento de Gestión de la Investigación, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Dr. Márquez No. 162, Col Doctores, Delegación Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Juan Garduño-Espinosa
- Dirección de Investigación, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Dr. Márquez No. 162, Col Doctores, Delegación Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Israel Parra-Ortega
- Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Dr. Márquez No. 162, Col Doctores, Delegación Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - María Isabel Franco-Hernández
- Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Dr. Márquez No. 162, Col Doctores, Delegación Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - América Liliana Miranda-Lora
- Unidad de Investigación Epidemiológica en Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Secretaría de Salud, Dr. Márquez No. 162, Col Doctores, Delegación Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lohner S, Toews I, Meerpohl JJ. Health outcomes of non-nutritive sweeteners: analysis of the research landscape. Nutr J 2017; 16:55. [PMID: 28886707 PMCID: PMC5591507 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-017-0278-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food products containing non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) instead of sugar have become increasingly popular in the last decades. Their appeal is obviously related to their calorie-free sweet taste. However, with the dramatic increase in their consumption, it is reasonable and timely to evaluate their potential health benefits and, more importantly, potential adverse effects. The main aim of this scoping review was to map the evidence about health outcomes possibly associated with regular NNS consumption by examining the extent, range, and nature of research activity in this area. METHODS We systematically searched Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane CENTRAL databases for studies on NNSs (artificial sweeteners or natural, non-caloric sweeteners, either used individually or in combination) using text terms with appropriate truncation and relevant indexing terms. All human studies investigating any health outcomes of a NNS intervention or exposure were eligible for inclusion. No studies were excluded based on language, study design or methodological quality. Data for each health outcome were summarized in tabular form and were discussed narratively. RESULTS Finally, we included 372 studies in our scoping review, comprising 15 systematic reviews, 155 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 23 non-randomized controlled trials, 57 cohort studies, 52 case-control studies, 28 cross sectional studies and 42 case series/case reports. In healthy subjects, appetite and short term food intake, risk of cancer, risk of diabetes, risk of dental caries, weight gain and risk of obesity are the most investigated health outcomes. Overall there is no conclusive evidence for beneficial and harmful effects on those outcomes. Numerous health outcomes including headaches, depression, behavioral and cognitive effects, neurological effects, risk of preterm delivery, cardiovascular effects or risk of chronic kidney disease were investigated in fewer studies and further research is needed. In subjects with diabetes and hypertension, the evidence regarding health outcomes of NNS use is also inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS This scoping review identifies the needs for future research to address the numerous evidence gaps related to health effects of NNSs use.It also specifies the research questions and areas where a systematic review with meta-analyses is required for the proper evaluation of health outcomes associated to regular NNSs consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingrid Toews
- Cochrane Germany, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, Freiburg, 79110 Germany
| | - Joerg J. Meerpohl
- Cochrane Germany, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 153, Freiburg, 79110 Germany
- Centre de Recherche Épidémiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cité – U1153, Inserm / Université Paris Descartes, Cochrane France, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, 1 place du Parvis Notre Dame, 75181 Paris, Cedex 04 France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Garg D, Karuna YM, Srikant N, Bhandary M, Nayak AP, Rao A, Suprabha BS. Evaluation of Plaque pH Changes Following Consumption of Health Drinks by Children: A Pilot Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:ZC05-ZC08. [PMID: 28658897 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/24617.9779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With increased trend among people to choose a healthy diet, there is an increased consumption of health drinks by children. Thus, it is important to know their cariogenicity. AIM To evaluate the effect of consumption of health drinks viz., Horlicks, Boost and Complan on plaque pH in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study consisted of four groups: Group I (control)- 10% sucrose solution, Group II- Horlicks, Group III- Boost, Group IV- Complan. Samples of plaque from representative teeth were collected and pH was measured using an electrode outside the mouth. After baseline pH was recorded, children were given their respective drinks and were asked to consume slowly over a period of three to five minutes following swish with 20 ml of the test drink for one minute. The pH was then recorded after 10, 20, 30, 40 and 60 minutes of the post consumption period. Obtained values were subjected to one-way ANOVA test for multiple group comparison followed by Post-Hoc Tukey's test for group wise comparison. RESULTS Twenty minutes after consumption of Complan and Boost, pH was decreased, but not to the critical pH value as in case of sucrose. The pH was found to be slightly increased, 20 minutes post Horlicks consumption. Post 60 minutes consumption of all the drinks including sucrose solution, the pH was increased in comparison to post 20 minutes. However, 60 minutes post consumption of Boost and Horlicks, pH increased above the baseline. CONCLUSION Consumption of health drinks viz., Complan and Boost did not lower the plaque pH to the level of critical pH. Consumption of Horlicks increased the plaque pH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv Garg
- Student, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Y M Karuna
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - N Srikant
- Associate Professor, Department of Oral Pathology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Meghna Bhandary
- Former lecturer, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Anupama P Nayak
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Arathi Rao
- Professor and Head, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - B S Suprabha
- Professor, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Idris AM, Vani NV, Almutari DA, Jafar MA, Boreak N. Analysis of sugars and pH in commercially available soft drinks in Saudi Arabia with a brief review on their dental implications. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2016; 6:S192-S196. [PMID: 28217536 PMCID: PMC5285594 DOI: 10.4103/2231-0762.197190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To determine the amount of sugar and pH in commercially available soft drinks in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. This was further compared with their labeled values in order to inform the regulations. The effects of these drinks on teeth is reviewed. Materials and Methods: Ten brands of popular soft drinks including 6 regular carbonated drinks and 4 energy drinks were obtained from the local markets. Their pH was determined using a pH meter. The amount of total sugar, glucose, fructose, and sucrose was estimated using high performance liquid chromatography (using Dionex ICS 5000 ion chromatography) at the Saudi Food and Drug Authority. Descriptive statistics was done to obtain the mean and standard deviation. Intergroup comparison was performed using independent t-test, and the labeled and estimated values within the group were compared with paired t-test. Results: The labeled and estimated sugar in energy drinks (14.3 ± 0.48 and 15.6 ± 2.3, respectively) were higher than the carbonated drinks (11.2 ± 0.46 and 12.8 ± 0.99), which was statistically significant. In addition, there was a significant difference in the concentration of glucose in energy drinks (5.7 ± 1.7) compared to carbonated drinks (4.1 ± 1.4). The pH of these drinks ranged from 2.4 to 3.2. The differences between the estimated and labeled sugar in carbonated drinks showed statistical significance. Mild variation was observed in total sugar, glucose, fructose, and sucrose levels among different bottles of the same brand of these drinks. Conclusion: The low pH and high sugar content in these drinks are detrimental to dental health. Comparison of the estimated sugar with their labeled values showed variation in most of the brands. Preventive strategies should be implemented to reduce the health risks posed by these soft drinks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohamed Idris
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nandimandalam Venkata Vani
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Dhafi A Almutari
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Jafar
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nezar Boreak
- Department of Restrorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has increased during the past 30 years, and SSB intake is associated with caries. CONCLUSIONS SSBs vary in the quantity and nature of sugars they contain; however, all of the sugars are fermentable by oral bacteria and potentially cariogenic. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Oral health care practitioners should assess patients' SSB intakes by asking questions regarding the quantity, frequency and duration of SSB intake. In response to individual behaviors, practitioners should tailor recommendations when providing anticipatory guidance to help patients decrease their exposure to SSBs for caries prevention. In light of the association between SSB intake and caries risk, as well as the increased consumption of SSBs, all dental practices should assess patients' SSBs intake.
Collapse
|
8
|
ElSalhy M, Honkala S, Söderling E, Varghese A, Honkala E. Relationship between daily habits, Streptococcus mutans, and caries among schoolboys. J Dent 2013; 41:1000-6. [PMID: 23948392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between daily habits, Streptococcus mutans, and caries using International Caries Detection and Assessment System Caries Index (ICDAS CI); and compare it to the DMF index. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Altogether 122 children were examined and interviewed. Saliva and plaque samples were collected and analyzed by Dentocult SM(®) Strip Mutans test. ICDAS CI was calculated by counting all ICDAS caries scores of all surfaces divided by total number of carious teeth. RESULTS ICDAS CI was significantly (p<0.01) and strongly associated with DMFT/dmft (ρ=0.72), DMFS/dmfs (ρ=0.72), total number of carious teeth (DT/dt) (ρ=0.77), enamel caries surfaces (ρ=0.61) and dentine caries surfaces (ρ=0.75). Plaque S. mutans was significantly (p<0.05) correlated with ICDAS CI and DT/dt. Children who brushed once a day or more had significantly lower ICDAS CI (p<0.01). Children who consumed sweets or drank soft drinks more than once a day had significantly higher ICDAS CI (p<0.05). No significant association was found between ICDAS CI and frequency of flossing, use of mouthrinse, or gum chewing. CONCLUSION ICDAS CI seems to have similar trends as DMF indices, but includes more information about the stage, severity, and progress of the caries lesions of the patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed ElSalhy
- Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Kuwait; Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kianoush N, Nguyen KAT, Browne GV, Simonian M, Hunter N. pH gradient and distribution of streptococci, lactobacilli, prevotellae, and fusobacteria in carious dentine. Clin Oral Investig 2013; 18:659-69. [PMID: 23771212 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-013-1009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Caries process comprises acidogenic and aciduric bacteria that are responsible for lowering the pH and subsequent destruction of hydroxyapatite matrix in enamel and dentine. The aim of this study was to identify the correlation between the pH gradient of a carious lesion and proportion and distribution of four bacterial genera; lactobacilli, streptococci, prevotellae, and fusobacteria with regard to total load of bacteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 25 teeth with extensive dentinal caries were sampled in sequential layers. Using quantitative real-time PCR of 16S rRNA gene, we quantified the total load of bacteria as well as the proportion of the above-mentioned genera following pH measurement of each sample with a fine microelectrode. RESULTS We demonstrated the presence of a pH gradient across the lesion with a strong association between the quantity of lactobacilli and the lowest pH range (pH 4.5-5.0; p = 0.003). Streptococci had a tendency to occupy the most superficial aspect of the carious lesion but showed no correlation to any pH value. Prevotellae showed clear preference for the pH range 5.5-6.0 (p = 0.042). The total representation of these four genera did not reach more than one quarter of the total bacterial load in most carious samples. CONCLUSION We revealed differential colonization behavior of bacteria with respect to pH gradient and a lower than expected abundance of lactobacilli and streptococci in established carious lesions. The data indicate the numerical importance of relatively unexplored taxa within the lesion of dentinal caries. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The gradient nature of pH in the lesion as well as colonization difference of examined bacterial taxa with reference to pH provides a new insight in regard to conservative caries management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nima Kianoush
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Center for Oral Health and Westmead Millennium Institute, Sydney, Australia,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|