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Chang RJ, Wang HL, Qin MB, Liang ZH, He JP, Wei YL, Fu HZ, Tang GD. Ghrelin inhibits IKKβ/NF-κB activation and reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine production in pancreatic acinar AR42J cells treated with cerulein. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2021; 20:366-375. [PMID: 32553660 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have provided conflicting results regarding whether the serum ghrelin concentration can reflect the severity of acute pancreatitis (AP). The present study examined the correlation between the serum ghrelin concentration and AP severity in animal models and investigated whether altered ghrelin expression in pancreatic acinar cells influences IKKβ/NF-κB signaling and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. METHODS Mild or severe AP was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of cerulein or retrograde cholangiopancreatic duct injection of sodium taurocholate, respectively. After successful model induction, serum ghrelin, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and IKKβ/NF-κB activation was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Subsequently, stable overexpression or knockdown of ghrelin in AR42J cells was achieved by lentiviral transfection. After transfected cells and control cells were treated with cerulein for 24 h, the TNF-α and IL-1β levels in the supernatants were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the expression levels of p-p65, IKKβ, and p-IKKβ were detected by Western blotting. RESULTS In rat AP models, AP severity was correlated with increased IKKβ/NF-κB activation, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and ghrelin secretion. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β as well as IKKβ/NF-κB signaling activity were increased upon knockdown of ghrelin in the AP acinar cell model and decreased with ghrelin overexpression. CONCLUSIONS Serum ghrelin is related to the severity of AP. Ghrelin may play a protective role in the pathogenesis of AP by inhibiting the pro-inflammatory cytokines and the activation of the IKKβ/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Jie Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China; Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Nanning City, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530022, China
| | - Hui-Lin Wang
- Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Meng-Bin Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Zhi-Hai Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Jia-Ping He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liuzhou General Hospital, Liuzhou 545006, China
| | - Yu-Le Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China
| | - Hong-Zong Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangxi International Zhuang Medical Hospital, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Guo-Du Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China.
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Serum ghrelin and obestatin levels in patients with acne vulgaris: are they important for the severity? Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2019; 36:412-418. [PMID: 31616214 PMCID: PMC6791148 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2019.87445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acne vulgaris (AV) is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit. Recently, three peptide-structured hormones, products of a single gene, have been discovered. These hormones are acylated ghrelin, des-acyl ghrelin and obestatin. Aim To demonstrate the association of serum acylated ghrelin, des-acyl ghrelin, and obestatin levels with acne severity. Material and methods A total of 63 patients grouped as mild (n = 22), moderate (n = 21) and severe (n = 20) acne according to the Global Acne Grading System and 20 medically healthy volunteers were included in the study. Serum ghrelin and obestatin levels obtained from the participants were examined. Results When mean ghrelin, des-acyl-ghrelin and obestatin values of the acne-group (AG) were compared with the control group (CG), they were found be lower in the AG, but were not statistically significant. Among the patient groups, while acylated ghrelin values were highest in the severe AG, des-acyl ghrelin values were highest in mild severe AG and mean obestatin values were highest in moderate severe AG (p > 0.05). When the groups were compared for obestatin values; the highest average value was detected in the CG. However, it was not significant when the groups were compared. Conclusions It has been suggested that there may be a link between acne and the levels of acylated ghrelin, des-acyl ghrelin and obestatin which are decreased in the serum of acne patients. Because of the decrease observed in the levels of these hormones which have antimicrobial features, we suggest that inflammation in acne cannot be suppressed and the reproduction of the microorganisms that play a role in the aetiology of the disease cannot be prevented. The replacement of these hormones at physiologic concentrations may contribute to the acne treatment.
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Stempniewicz A, Ceranowicz P, Warzecha Z. Potential Therapeutic Effects of Gut Hormones, Ghrelin and Obestatin in Oral Mucositis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071534. [PMID: 30934722 PMCID: PMC6479885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy and/or head and neck radiotherapy are frequently associated with oral mucositis. Oral pain, odynophagia and dysphagia, opioid use, weight loss, dehydration, systemic infection, hospitalization and introduction of a feeding tube should be mentioned as the main determinated effect of oral mucositis. Oral mucositis leads to a decreased quality of life and an increase in treatment costs. Moreover, oral mucositis is a life-threatening disease. In addition to its own direct life-threatening consequences, it can also lead to a reduced survival due to the discontinuation or dose reduction of anti-neoplasm therapy. There are numerous strategies for the prevention or treatment of oral mucositis; however, their effectiveness is limited and does not correspond to expectations. This review is focused on the ghrelin and obestatin as potentially useful candidates for the prevention and treatment of chemo- or/and radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Stempniewicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Ceranowicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Zygmunt Warzecha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
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Molecular Ghrelin System in the Pancreatic Acinar Cells: The Role of the Polypeptide, Caerulein and Sensory Nerves. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18050929. [PMID: 28468316 PMCID: PMC5454842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin (GHRL) is an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). Experimental studies showed that GHRL protects the stomach and pancreas against acute damage, but the effect of GHRL on pancreatic acinar cells was still undetermined. Aim: To investigate the effect of GHRL and caerulein on the functional ghrelin system in pancreatic acinar cells taking into account the role of sensory nerves (SN). Methods: Experiments were carried out on isolated pancreatic acinar cells and AR42J cells. Before acinar cells isolation, GHRL was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 50 µg/kg to rats with intact SN or with capsaicin deactivation of SN (CDSN). After isolation, pancreatic acinar cells were incubated in caerulein-free or caerulein containing solution. AR42J cells were incubated under basal conditions and stimulated with caerulein, GHRL or a combination of the above. Results: Incubation of isolated acinar cells with caerulein inhibited GHS-R and GHRL expression at the level of mRNA and protein in those cells. Either in rats with intact SN or with CDSN, administration of GHRL before isolation of acinar cells increased expression of GHRL and GHS-R in those cells and reversed the caerulein-induced reduction in expression of those parameters. Similar upregulation of GHS-R and GHRL was observed after administration of GHRL in AR42J cells. Conclusions: GHRL stimulates its own expression and expression of its receptor in isolated pancreatic acinar cells and AR42J cells on the positive feedback pathway. This mechanism seems to participate in the pancreatoprotective effect of GHRL in the course of acute pancreatitis.
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Chen P, Lv NH. Diagnostic and therapeutic value of Ghrelin in digestive diseases. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:3247-3253. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i20.3247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a 28 amino-acid multi-functional peptide hormone, which was identified as a natural ligand of growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). Ghrelin has been found in the stomach, intestine, pancreas and liver. In recent years, the application value of Ghrelin in digestive system diseases has attracted wide attention, especially in the protection of liver damage, assessment of the severity of pancreatitis, and evaluation of the activity and prognosis of peptic ulcer, gastritis and inflammatory bowel disease, and the occurrence and progression of gastrointestinal cancer. In this paper, we review the recent advance in understanding the role of Ghrelin in digestive diseases.
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Jaworek J, Konturek SJ. Hormonal protection in acute pancreatitis by ghrelin, leptin and melatonin. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:16902-16912. [PMID: 25493003 PMCID: PMC4258559 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i45.16902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is a nonbacterial disease of the pancreas. The severe form of this ailment is characterized by high mortality. Whether acute pancreatitis develops as the severe type or resolves depends on the intensity of the inflammatory process which is counteracted by the recruitment of innate defense mechanisms. It has been shown that the hormones ghrelin, leptin and melatonin are able to modulate the immune function of the organism and to protect the pancreas against inflammatory damage. Experimental studies have demonstrated that the application of these substances prior to the induction of acute pancreatitis significantly attenuated the intensity of the inflammation and reduced pancreatic tissue damage. The pancreatic protective mechanisms of the above hormones have been related to the mobilization of non-specific immune defense, to the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B and modulation of cytokine production, to the stimulation of heat shock proteins and changes of apoptotic processes in the acinar cells, as well as to the activation of antioxidant system of the pancreatic tissue. The protective effect of ghrelin seems to be indirect and perhaps dependent on the release of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1. Leptin and ghrelin, but not melatonin, employ sensory nerves in their beneficial action on acute pancreatitis. It is very likely that ghrelin, leptin and melatonin could be implicated in the natural protection of the pancreatic gland against inflammatory damage because the blood levels of these substances increase in the initial phase of pancreatic inflammation. The above hormones could be a part of the innate resistance system which might remove noxious factors and could suppress or attenuate the inflammatory process in the pancreas.
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Türkoğlu A, Böyük A, Tanrıverdi MH, Gündüz E, Dusak A, Kaplan İ, Gümüş M. The potential role of BMI, plasma leptin, nesfatin-1 and ghrelin levels in the early detection of pancreatic necrosis and severe acute pancreatitis: a prospective cohort study. Int J Surg 2014; 12:1310-3. [PMID: 25448651 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early prediction of disease severity in acute pancreatitis (AP) is crucial. The aim of this study was to investigate the body-mass index (BMI), plasma leptin, nesfatin-1 and ghrelin levels as potential markers predicting peripancreatic necrosis and severity in acute pancreatitis. METHODS In the study period, 97 consecutive patients with AP were prospectively analysed. Severe AP was defined according to the Atlanta Criteria. BMI was also calculated. To measure plasma Leptin, Nesfatin-1 and Ghrelin concentrations, the blood samples were obtained from patients within 24 hours of admission. RESULTS Out of 97 patients, 92(70 females, 22 males) were considered eligible for analysis. Of the 92 patients, 30 patients (32.6%) were assessed as severe pancreatitis. BMI and leptin levels were significantly higher in patients with severe pancreatitis. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of BMI as a predictor for the development of pancreatic necrosis were 0.90(95%CI = 0.56-0.99) and 0.70(95%CI = 0.58-0.79), respectively; with an overall area under curve value of 0.78.The pooled sensitivity and specificity of leptin levels as a predictor for development of pancreatic necrosis were 1(95%CI = 0.69-1) and 0.73(95%CI = 0.62-0.82),respectively; with an overall area under curve value of 0.82.Nesfatin-1 and ghrelin levels showed no significant difference in patients with mild pancreatitis (6.97 ± 0.84 ng/ml and 2.3(1.0-9.9);respectively) and severe pancreatitis (6.74 ± 0.65 ng/ml and 2.0(1.9-9.9); respectively) (p = 0.1923 and 0.8531;respectively). CONCLUSION BMI and plasma leptin levels both were correlated with the severity of pancreatitis. Leptin levels showed better area under the curve, sensitivity and specificity values compared to BMI in prediction of pancreatic necrosis.Nesfatin-1 and ghrelin levels were not found to be predictors of the severity of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Türkoğlu
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, 21280 Diyarbakır, Turkey.
| | - Abdullah Böyük
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, 21280 Diyarbakır, Turkey.
| | | | - Ercan Gündüz
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Turkey.
| | - Abdurrahim Dusak
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Turkey.
| | - İbrahim Kaplan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, Turkey.
| | - Metehan Gümüş
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dicle University, 21280 Diyarbakır, Turkey.
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Guvener M, Ucar HI, Oc M, Pinar A. Plasma leptin levels increase to a greater extent following on-pump coronary artery surgery in type 2 diabetic patients than in nondiabetic patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2012; 96:371-8. [PMID: 22284601 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We aimed to evaluate whether leptin and ghrelin responses to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) are dependent on type 2 diabetes and whether these responses are associated with interleukin-6 (IL-6), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), cortisol and insulin. METHODS We examined stress-response patterns in plasma leptin, ghrelin, hsCRP, IL-6, cortisol and insulin levels before and up to 5 days after cardiopulmonary bypass in 20 patients with type 2 diabetes and 20 patients without diabetes. RESULTS Plasma leptin levels increased significantly in both groups (p<0.05) and rose significantly higher in diabetics when compared with nondiabetic patients (p=0.004). Plasma ghrelin levels increased significantly only in diabetics (p=0.033). Patients with and without diabetes showed significantly elevated serum concentrations of IL-6, hsCRP, cortisol and insulin (p<0.005 for IL-6, hsCRP; p<0.05 for cortisol, insulin) but the difference between the two groups was nonsignificant. Leptin was independently predicted by hsCRP (p<0.05, F=2.9), gender (women p<0.001, F=4.7), body mass index (BMI p<0.0001, F=6.1) whereas ghrelin levels were not associated with any variables in the total patient population. (critical F=2.26, p≤0.05). CONCLUSIONS Acute phase response in diabetics differs by higher leptin levels independent of BMI, gender and IL-6, hsCRP, insulin and cortisol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Guvener
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Başkent University Adana Medical Center, Yüreğir, Adana, Turkey.
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Gastrointestinal Hormone Concentrations Associated With Gastric Feeding in Critically Ill Patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2011; 36:189-96. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607111413770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Baek YH, Lee KN, Jun DW, Yoon BC, Kim JM, Oh TY, Lee OY. Augmenting Effect of DA-9601 on Ghrelin in an Acute Gastric Injury Model. Gut Liver 2011; 5:52-6. [PMID: 21461072 DOI: 10.5009/gnl.2011.5.1.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Acute gastric injury by alcohol or indomethacin has been reported to be prevented by DA-9601, an extract of the herb Artemisia asiatica. Ghrelin, an endogenously produced gastrointestinal peptide hormone, has also been demonstrated to play a role in gastric mucosal defense. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of DA-9601 on ghrelin in an acute gastric injury model induced by alcohol or indomethacin. METHODS A total of 140 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups, a placebo group and a DA-9601-pretreated group. Thirty minutes later, half of the rats in each group received ethanol injury and the other half received indomethacin injury. Levels of serum ghrelin and gastric mucosal ghrelin mRNA were measured by ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively. RESULTS Immediately after ethanol administration, ghrelin increased in both groups pretreated with DA-9601 and placebo. However, the increase occurred more rapidly and was higher in the DA-9601-pretreated rats than in the controls that did not receive DA-9601-pretreatment. Similarly, from 30 minutes to 2 hours after indomethacin administration, the DA-9601-pretreated rats showed a significant increase in serum and gastric mucosal ghrelin concentrations, whereas placebo-pretreated rats showed only a mild increase. CONCLUSIONS DA-9601 potentiates the endogenous production and secretion of ghrelin in acute gastric injury models induced by ethanol or indomethacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Hum Baek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Su J, Tang GD, Yang HY, Qin MB, Liang ZH. Role of ghrelin and NF-κB in the pathogenesis of acute necrotizing pancreatitis-associated liver injury. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:568-574. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i6.568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of ghrelin in the liver of rats with acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) with liver injury and to explore the role of ghrelin and NF-κB in the pathogenesis of ANP-associated liver injury and the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of melatonin against ANP.
METHODS: Seventy-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly and equally divided into control group, ANP group, and melatonin intervention group. Rats of the ANP group and melatonin intervention group were injected with 6% L-Arg (1.5 g/kg) intraperitoneally three times to induce ANP. Rats of the control group were injected with same volume of normal saline. The melatonin intervention group was given 1% melatonin (50 μg/kg) intraperitoneally 0.5 h before the first injection of L-Arg. Rats were sacrificed at 6, 12, and 24 h after the injection of melatonin. Pathological changes in the pancreatic and hepatic tissue were observed and graded under a microscope. The expression of ghrelin and NF-κB mRNAs was evaluated by RT-PCR, while the protein expression of NF-κB was detected by Western blot.
RESULTS: Pancreatic and hepatic pathological scores, serum amylase, and expression of NF-κB mRNA (6 h: 0.74 ± 0.04 vs 0.40 ± 0.05; 12 h: 0.77 ± 0.03 vs 0.40 ± 0.02; 24 h: 0.82 ± 0.04 vs 0.40 ± 0.03, all P = 0.001) and protein in the liver at all time points were significantly higher (24 h: 0.48 ± 0.07 vs 0.6 ± 0.04, P < 0.05), and ghrelin mRNA expression was significantly lower in the ANP group than in the control group (6 h: 0.39 ± 0.04 vs 0.66 ± 0.03; 12 h: 0.14 ± 0.37 vs 0.30 ± 0.05; 24 h: 0.22 ± 0.02 vs 0.59 ± 0.05, all P < 0.05). Pancreatic pathological scores, hepatic pathological scores, serum amylase, and expression of NF-κB mRNA(6 h: 0.50 ± 0.05 vs 0.74 ± 0.04, 12 h: 0.54 ± 0.04 vs 0.77 ± 0.03, 24 h: 0.57 ± 0.03 vs 0.82 ± 0.04, all P < 0.05) and protein were decreased (24 h: 0.32 ± 0.04 vs 0.48 ± 0.07, P < 0.05), and ghrelin mRNA expression was elevated (6 h: 0.54 ± 0.03 vs 0.39 ± 0.04, 12 h: 0.40 ± 0.09 vs 0.30 ± 0.05, 24 h: 0.39 ± 0.04 vs 0.22 ± 0.02, all P < 0.05) in the melatonin intervention group compared with in the ANP group.
CONCLUSION: The expression of ghrelin may be related to the severity of ANP with liver injury. NF-κB may also be involved in the pathogenesis of ANP with liver injury. Exogenous melatonin can reduce ANP possibly by up-regulating ghrelin expression and down-regulating NF-κB expression.
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