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Duda-Chodak A, Tarko T. Possible Side Effects of Polyphenols and Their Interactions with Medicines. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062536. [PMID: 36985507 PMCID: PMC10058246 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are an important component of plant-derived food with a wide spectrum of beneficial effects on human health. For many years, they have aroused great interest, especially due to their antioxidant properties, which are used in the prevention and treatment of many diseases. Unfortunately, as with any chemical substance, depending on the conditions, dose, and interactions with the environment, it is possible for polyphenols to also exert harmful effects. This review presents a comprehensive current state of the knowledge on the negative impact of polyphenols on human health, describing the possible side effects of polyphenol intake, especially in the form of supplements. The review begins with a brief overview of the physiological role of polyphenols and their potential use in disease prevention, followed by the harmful effects of polyphenols which are exerted in particular situations. The individual chapters discuss the consequences of polyphenols’ ability to block iron uptake, which in some subpopulations can be harmful, as well as the possible inhibition of digestive enzymes, inhibition of intestinal microbiota, interactions of polyphenolic compounds with drugs, and impact on hormonal balance. Finally, the prooxidative activity of polyphenols as well as their mutagenic, carcinogenic, and genotoxic effects are presented. According to the authors, there is a need to raise public awareness about the possible side effects of polyphenols supplementation, especially in the case of vulnerable subpopulations.
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2
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Digestive enzyme supplementation in prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, and enzyme foods. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00605-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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3
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Feng L, Deng Y, Song S, Sun Y, Cui J, Ma X, Jin L, Wang Y, James TD, Wang C. Visual Identification of Trichosporon asahii, a Gut Yeast Associated with Obesity, Using an Enzymatic NIR Fluorescent Probe. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11216-11223. [PMID: 35920602 PMCID: PMC9386680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Lipase found in the gut microbiota participates in the
digestion
and absorption of dietary fats. As such, the gut microbiota is involved
in the regulation of the host metabolism, affecting the levels of
lipids and free fatty acids, ultimately resulting in obesity. In this
study, an enzymatic activatable near-infrared fluorescent probe, DDAO-C6, was developed for visually sensing endogenous lipase
from gut microbes. Using DDAO-C6, a cultivated intestinal
yeast strain was rapidly identified from human feces that exhibited
high lipase expression and was identified as Trichosporon
asahii Y2. We then determined that the colonization
of the gut of mice with T. asahii Y2
increased lipase activity in the digestive tract and promoted obesity
and hyperlipidemia when the mice were fed high fat diets. Above all,
the present research resulted in a fluorescence visualization tool
for the functional investigation of gut microbiota associated with
obesity and disorders of lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Feng
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China.,Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Ying Deng
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Shufan Song
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yanqiu Sun
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jingnan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaochi Ma
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China.,Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Lingling Jin
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Tony D James
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | - Chao Wang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China.,Dalian Key Laboratory of Metabolic Target Characterization and Traditional Chinese Medicine Intervention, College of Pharmacy, College of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
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4
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Tack J, Tornblom H, Tan V, Carbone F. Evidence-Based and Emerging Dietary Approaches to Upper Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction. Am J Gastroenterol 2022; 117:965-972. [PMID: 35417429 PMCID: PMC9169754 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Food ingestion is a major symptom trigger in functional esophageal and gastroduodenal disorders and gastroparesis. This review summarizes current knowledge and identifies areas of research on the role of food factors and the opportunities for dietary intervention in these disorders. While many patients experiencing functional esophageal and gastroduodenal disorders identify specific food items as symptom triggers, available data do not allow the identification of specific nutrient groups that are more likely to induce symptoms. In functional dyspepsia (FD), recent studies have shown the potential efficacy of a diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols, although the underlying mechanism of action is unclear. Reports of favorable responses to gluten elimination in patients with FD are confounded by the concomitant benefit of reduced intake of fructans, fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols present in wheat. Emerging data based on a 6-food elimination diet and confocal laser endomicroscopic evaluation of mucosal responses to food proteins suggest a role for duodenal allergic reactions in FD symptom generation. In patients with gastroparesis, a low-residue diet has been shown to improve symptoms. Novel dietary approaches under evaluation are the Mediterranean diet and the heating/cooling diet approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Tack
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leuven University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Rome Foundation for Disorders of Gut Brain Interactions (DGBIs), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hans Tornblom
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Victoria Tan
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Florencia Carbone
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leuven University Hospitals, Leuven, Belgium
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5
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Menden A, Crynen S, Mathura V, Paris D, Crawford F, Mullan M, Ait-Ghezala G. Novel, natural allosteric inhibitors and enhancers of Candida rugosa lipase activity. Bioorg Chem 2021; 109:104732. [PMID: 33639364 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) is an enzyme commonly used in medicinal and biotechnological applications. Allosteric modulators of CRL could aid in modifying lipase-related diseases as well as improving biotechnological processes. Thus, a combinatorial approach of computational in-silico and high-throughput in-vitro screening was used to identify allosteric modulators of CRL. The screening of natural product libraries resulted in 132 compounds of which 53 were tested in-vitro. Subsequently, four inhibitors and three enhancers were identified of which rutin and cynaroside represented the strongest inhibitors of CRL activity (IC50: 227 ± 26 µM and 446 ± 15 µM, respectively) and NP-008496 the strongest enhancer (EC50: 425 ± 18 µM). All three compounds were predicted to bind the same allosteric site suggesting a common mechanism. Therefore, the present study demonstrated a reliable work-flow, identified an allosteric site of CRL and determined inhibitors and enhancers with numerous potential medical and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Menden
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Ave, Sarasota, FL, 34243, United States; Open University, Walton Hall, Kents Hill, Milton-Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom.
| | - Stefan Crynen
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Ave, Sarasota, FL, 34243, United States; Open University, Walton Hall, Kents Hill, Milton-Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
| | | | - Daniel Paris
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Ave, Sarasota, FL, 34243, United States; Open University, Walton Hall, Kents Hill, Milton-Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Crawford
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Ave, Sarasota, FL, 34243, United States; Open University, Walton Hall, Kents Hill, Milton-Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Mullan
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Ave, Sarasota, FL, 34243, United States; Open University, Walton Hall, Kents Hill, Milton-Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
| | - Ghania Ait-Ghezala
- Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Ave, Sarasota, FL, 34243, United States; Open University, Walton Hall, Kents Hill, Milton-Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
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6
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Wilson PB. 'I think I'm gonna hurl': A Narrative Review of the Causes of Nausea and Vomiting in Sport. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:E162. [PMID: 31277403 PMCID: PMC6680692 DOI: 10.3390/sports7070162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise-associated gastrointestinal (GI) distress can negatively impact athletic performance and interfere with exercise training. Although there are a few universal underlying causes of GI distress, each symptom often has its own unique triggers and, therefore, its own prevention and management strategies. One of the most troubling GI symptoms an athlete can experience during training and competition is nausea/vomiting. The prevalence of nausea varies with several factors, two of the most important being exercise intensity and duration. Relatively brief, high-intensity exercise (e.g., sprinting, tempo runs) and ultra-endurance exercise are both associated with more frequent and severe nausea. The potential causes of nausea in sport are numerous and can include catecholamine secretion, hypohydration, heat stress, hyponatremia, altitude exposure, excessive fluid/food consumption, hypertonic beverage intake, pre-exercise intake of fatty- or protein-rich foods (especially in close proximity to exercise), prolonged fasting, various supplements (caffeine, sodium bicarbonate, ketones), certain drugs (antibiotics, opioids), GI infections, and competition-related anxiety. Beyond directly addressing these aforementioned causes, antiemetic drugs (e.g., ondansetron) may also be useful for alleviating nausea in some competitive situations. Given the commonness of nausea in sport and its potential impact on exercise performance, athletes and sports medicine practitioners should be aware of the origins of nausea and strategies for dealing with this troublesome gut complaint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick B Wilson
- Human Movement Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA.
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7
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Majeed M, Majeed S, Nagabhushanam K, Arumugam S, Pande A, Paschapur M, Ali F. Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of a Multienzyme Complex in Patients with Functional Dyspepsia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. J Med Food 2018; 21:1120-1128. [PMID: 30156436 PMCID: PMC6249666 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.4172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a highly prevalent disorder having nonspecific symptoms and varied pathophysiology. Its treatment remains a challenge as therapeutic options are limited, unsatisfactory, and elusive. Thus, safety and efficacy of DigeZyme®, a proprietary multienzyme complex (MEC), was evaluated as a dietary supplement in FD patients. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study, 40 patients were randomly assigned (1:1 ratio) to receive either MEC (50 mg, TID; n = 20) or placebo (n = 20) for 60 days. Reports of adverse or serious adverse events (AEs), abnormal results of vital signs, abnormal findings during physical examination, and abnormal laboratory investigations were monitored closely. Efficacy measures were change in Short-Form Leeds Dyspepsia Questionnaire (SF-LDQ), Nepean Dyspepsia Index-Short Form (NDI-SF), Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Clinical Global Impression Severity Rating Scale (CGI-S), and Glasgow Dyspepsia Severity Score (GDSS) at baseline and follow-up visits on day 15, 30, and 60. Supplementation with MEC was associated with statistically significant differences (P value ranging from .0401 to .0033) in all efficacy parameters compared with placebo. The between-group comparison also revealed that MEC supplement had a significantly greater effect (P < .001) versus placebo. No investigation product-related AEs were reported. There were no clinically significant abnormalities in physical findings and no statistically significant changes in biochemical and hematological parameters, vital signs, body weight, and body mass index observed between the two groups at baseline and follow-up visits. MEC supplementation represents an effective and safe alternative to manage dyspepsia symptoms in FD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Majeed
- 1 Sami Labs Limited , Bangalore, Karnataka, India .,2 Sabinsa Corporation , East Windsor, New Jersey, USA.,3 Sabinsa Corporation , Payson, Utah, USA.,4 ClinWorld Private Limited , Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shaheen Majeed
- 1 Sami Labs Limited , Bangalore, Karnataka, India .,2 Sabinsa Corporation , East Windsor, New Jersey, USA.,3 Sabinsa Corporation , Payson, Utah, USA
| | | | | | - Anurag Pande
- 2 Sabinsa Corporation , East Windsor, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Furqan Ali
- 1 Sami Labs Limited , Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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8
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Martin H, Cordiner SB, McGhie TK. Kiwifruit actinidin digests salivary amylase but not gastric lipase. Food Funct 2018; 8:3339-3345. [PMID: 28849829 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00914c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Kiwifruit contains the cysteine proteinase actinidin whose strong activity allows kiwifruit to be used as a meat tenderiser. This raises the possibility digestive enzymes, also proteins, are themselves susceptible to degradation by actinidin. Salivary amylase and gastric lipase are exposed to the highest concentrations of actinidin whereas duodenal enzymes are less likely to be inactivated by actinidin due to dilution and inactivation of actinidin by gastric juice. The saliva of six volunteers was exposed to Actinidia deliciosa homogenate and then examined for loss of the starch digesting enzyme, alpha-amylase. In agreement with the known distribution of salivary amylase concentration in saliva, the range of amylase activity within the group of volunteers varied by around 100 fold. Within 5 minutes of incubation of 3 parts saliva to one part green kiwifruit at 37 °C, approximately 85% of the amylase activity was lost. The use of E-64, a selective inhibitor of cysteine proteinases, confirmed that the loss of amylase function was due to actinidin. Amylase protein degradation was followed by SDS-PAGE and western blotting. Recombinant human gastric lipase resisted digestion with kiwifruit even after 30 minutes incubation and remained functionally active after this time period. However, both mountain papaya and pineapple extracts degraded gastric lipase fully during a 30 minutes digestion period. Under conditions where cooked starch is consumed along with kiwifruit it is possible that starch digestion may be retarded whereas lipid digestion in the stomach is unlikely to be affected by kiwifruit consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Martin
- Plant and Food Research, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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9
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Steingoetter A, Buetikofer S, Curcic J, Menne D, Rehfeld JF, Fried M, Schwizer W, Wooster TJ. The Dynamics of Gastric Emptying and Self-Reported Feelings of Satiation Are Better Predictors Than Gastrointestinal Hormones of the Effects of Lipid Emulsion Structure on Fat Digestion in Healthy Adults-A Bayesian Inference Approach. J Nutr 2017; 147:706-714. [PMID: 28228504 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.237800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Limited information exists on the relation between fat emulsion structure and its effect on the release of gastrointestinal hormones and feelings of satiation.Objective: We investigated the impact of fat emulsion droplet size, gravitational and acid stability, and redispersibility on gastrointestinal responses and sought to deduce the relative importance of the hormones ghrelin, cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1, and peptide YY (PYY) in controlling fat emptying and related satiation.Methods: Within a randomized, double-blind, 4-armed crossover study, an extensive data set was generated by MRI of gastric function, analysis of hormone profiles, and ratings of satiation in healthy participants [10 women and 7 men with a mean ± SD age of 25 ± 7 y and body mass index (in kg/m2) of 22 ± 1] after intake of 4 different fat emulsions. Iterative Bayesian model averaging variable selection was used to investigate the influence of hormone profiles in controlling fat emulsion emptying and satiation.Results: The emulsion structure had a distinct effect on the gastric emptying (primary outcome), gastrointestinal hormone profiles, and ratings of satiation (secondary outcomes). Gravitational and acid stability were stronger modulators of fat emptying and hormone profiles than were emulsion droplet size or redispersibility. Cholecystokinin and PYY were most strongly affected by fat emulsion instability and droplet size. Although both hormones were relevant predictors of gastric emptying, only PYY was identified as a relevant predictor of satiation.Conclusions: This work indicates that evenly dispersed, stable, small-emulsion droplets within the stomach lead to prolonged gastric distension, longer ghrelin suppression, and accelerated fat sensing (cholecystokinin and PPY), triggering prolonged feelings of satiation. It suggests that the effects of emulsion instability and droplet size on energy consumption are best studied by assessing changes in gastric emptying and ratings of satiation rather than changes in venous hormone profiles. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01253005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Steingoetter
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; .,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Buetikofer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jelena Curcic
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark; and
| | - Michael Fried
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Werner Schwizer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Park SY, Rew JS. Is Lipase Supplementation before a High Fat Meal Helpful to Patients with Functional Dyspepsia? Gut Liver 2016; 9:433-4. [PMID: 26087858 PMCID: PMC4477985 DOI: 10.5009/gnl15206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Young Park
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, ChonnamNational University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jong-Sun Rew
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, ChonnamNational University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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