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Haveman LYF, Vugts DJ, Windhorst AD. State of the art procedures towards reactive [ 18F]fluoride in PET tracer synthesis. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2023; 8:28. [PMID: 37824021 PMCID: PMC10570257 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-023-00203-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful, non-invasive preclinical and clinical nuclear imaging technique used in disease diagnosis and therapy assessment. Fluorine-18 is the predominant radionuclide used for PET tracer synthesis. An impressive variety of new 'late-stage' radiolabeling methodologies for the preparation of 18F-labeled tracers has appeared in order to improve the efficiency of the labeling reaction. MAIN BODY Despite these developments, one outstanding challenge into the early key steps of the process remains: the preparation of reactive [18F]fluoride from oxygen-18 enriched water ([18O]H2O). In the last decade, significant changes into the trapping, elution and drying stages have been introduced. This review provides an overview of the strategies and recent developments in the production of reactive [18F]fluoride and its use for radiolabeling. CONCLUSION Improved, modified or even completely new fluorine-18 work-up procedures have been developed in the last decade with widespread use in base-sensitive nucleophilic 18F-fluorination reactions. The many promising developments may lead to a few standardized drying methodologies for the routine production of a broad scale of PET tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizeth Y F Haveman
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J Vugts
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam (CCA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Neuroscience Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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2
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Abstract
18F-Labeling methods for the preparation of 18F-labeled molecular probes can be classified into electrophilic fluorination, nucleophilic fluorination, metal-F coordination, and 18F/19F isotope exchange. Isotope exchange-based 18F-labeling methods demonstrate mild conditions featuring water resistance and facile high-performance liquid chromatography-free purification in direct 18F-labeling of substrates. This paper systematically reviews isotope exchange-based 18F-labeling methods sorted by the adjacent atom bonding with F, i.e., carbon and noncarbon atoms (Si, B, P, S, Ga, Fe, etc.). The respective isotope exchange mechanism, radiolabeling condition, radiochemical yield, molar activity, and stability of the 18F-product are mainly discussed for each isotope exchange-based 18F-labeling method as well as the cutting-edge application of the corresponding 18F-labeled molecular probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Shengji Lv
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zhaobiao Mou
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zhenru Zhang
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Taotao Dong
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Zijing Li
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
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3
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Bratteby K, Shalgunov V, Battisti UM, Petersen IN, van den Broek SL, Ohlsson T, Gillings N, Erlandsson M, Herth MM. Insights into Elution of Anion Exchange Cartridges: Opening the Path toward Aliphatic 18F-Radiolabeling of Base-Sensitive Tracers. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1556-1566. [PMID: 34661074 PMCID: PMC8506604 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
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Aliphatic nucleophilic
substitution (SN2) with [18F]fluoride is the
most widely applied method to prepare 18F-labeled positron
emission tomography (PET) tracers. Strong
basic conditions commonly used during 18F-labeling procedures
inherently limit or prohibit labeling of base-sensitive scaffolds.
The high basicity stems from the tradition to trap [18F]fluoride
on anion exchange cartridges and elute it afterward with basic anions.
This sequence is used to facilitate the transfer of [18F]fluoride from an aqueous to an aprotic organic, polar reaction
medium, which is beneficial for SN2 reactions. Furthermore,
this sequence also removes cationic radioactive contaminations from
cyclotron-irradiated [18O]water from which [18F]fluoride is produced. In this study, we developed an efficient
elution procedure resulting in low basicity that permits SN2 18F-labeling of base-sensitive scaffolds. Extensive
screening of trapping and elution conditions (>1000 experiments)
and
studying their influence on the radiochemical yield (RCY) allowed
us to identify a suitable procedure for this. Using this procedure,
four PET tracers and three synthons could be radiolabeled in substantially
higher RCYs (up to 2.5-fold) compared to those of previously published
procedures, even from lower precursor amounts. Encouraged by these
results, we applied our low-basicity method to the radiolabeling of
highly base-sensitive tetrazines, which cannot be labeled using state-of-art
direct aliphatic 18F-labeling procedures. Labeling succeeded
in RCYs of up to 20%. We believe that our findings facilitate PET
tracer development by opening the path toward simple and direct SN2 18F fluorination of base-sensitive substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klas Bratteby
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Barngatan 3, 22242 Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Physiology Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vladimir Shalgunov
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Physiology Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Umberto Maria Battisti
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Nyman Petersen
- Department of Clinical Physiology Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara Lopes van den Broek
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tomas Ohlsson
- Department of Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Barngatan 3, 22242 Lund, Sweden
| | - Nic Gillings
- Department of Clinical Physiology Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Erlandsson
- Department of Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Barngatan 3, 22242 Lund, Sweden
| | - Matthias M Herth
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Physiology Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Bratteby K, Shalgunov V, Herth MM. Aliphatic 18 F-Radiofluorination: Recent Advances in the Labeling of Base-Sensitive Substrates*. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2612-2622. [PMID: 34169672 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aliphatic fluorine-18 radiolabeling is the most commonly used method to synthesize tracers for PET-imaging. With an increasing demand for 18 F-radiotracers for clinical applications, new labeling strategies aiming to increase radiochemical yields of established tracers or, more importantly, to enable 18 F-labeling of new scaffolds have been developed. In recent years, increased attention has been focused on the direct aliphatic 18 F-fluorination of base-sensitive substrates in this respect. This minireview gives a concise overview of the recent advances within this field and aims to highlight the advantages and limitations of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klas Bratteby
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Barngatan 3, 222 42, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vladimir Shalgunov
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias Manfred Herth
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Zhao C, Liu C, Tang J, Xu Y, Xie M, Chen Z. An Efficient Automated Radiosynthesis and Bioactivity Confirmation of VMAT2 Tracer [ 18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 22:265-273. [PMID: 31165386 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-019-01379-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to optimize the radiolabeling method of [18F]fluoropropyl-(+)-dihydrotetrabenazine ([18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ) to fulfill the demand of preclinical and clinical application. PROCEDURES Optimized labeling conditions were performed by altering the molar ratio of precursor to base (P/B), base species, solvents, reaction temperature, reaction time, and precursor concentration through manual radiosynthesis of [18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ. The conditions with the highest radiochemical yield (RCY) were applied to automated radiosynthesis, and the crude product was purified with a Sep-Pak Plus C18 cartridge. Quality control and stability of [18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ were carried out by HPLC. In vitro cellular uptake and blocking assays were conducted in human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. In vivo imaging with small animal positron emission tomography (microPET) was performed with Sprague-Dawley rats. RESULTS Under the optimized conditions (P/K2CO3 = 1:8, heating at 120 °C for 3 min in dimethyl sulfoxide), an RCY of 88.7 % was obtained with 1.0 mg precursor. The optimized reaction conditions were successfully applied to an automated module and gave a high activity yield (AY) of 30-55 % in about 40 min with a > 99.0 % radiochemical purity (RCP) and a > 44.4 GBq/μmol molar activity (Am). Stability test displayed that the RCP retained > 98.0 % in 8 h in saline and in phosphate buffer saline (PBS, pH 7.4). In vitro cellular uptake assay showed accumulation of [18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ in SH-SY5Y cells, which could be significantly inhibited by vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) inhibitor DTBZ. MicroPET images of rat brain displayed that the striatum showed the highest uptake with a standardized uptake value (SUV) of 3.91 ± 0.30 at ~ 70 min. Co-injection with DTBZ (1.0 mg/kg) resulted in a 75 % decrease of the striatal SUV, confirming the specificity of [18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ to VMAT2. CONCLUSIONS We obtained an optimized radiolabeling method of [18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ and successfully applied it to a commercial available module. The automated synthesis gave a high AY and RCP of [18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ with high and specific binding to VMAT2, facilitating its routine application for VMAT2 tracing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Chunyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Yingjiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Minhao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Zhengping Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China. .,Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, 214063, China.
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6
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Lee BS, Chu SY, Jung WJ, Jeong HJ, Lee K, Kim MH, Kim MH, Chi DY, Ahn H, Lee YJ, Lee KC, Lim SM. 18 F-labeled 1,2,3-triazole-linked Glu-urea-Lys-based PSMA ligands have good pharmacokinetic properties for positron emission tomography imaging of prostate cancer. Prostate 2020; 80:1383-1393. [PMID: 32960990 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is increasingly recognized as an excellent target for prostate cancer imaging and therapy. Finding compounds with a high target-to-nontarget ratio are an important challenge in the development of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents. In this study, we attempted to find a suitable compound from a simply-synthesized compound library. METHOD 18 F-labeling was achieved in a two-step synthesis consisting of [18 F]fluorination of azido sulfonates followed by copper(I)-catalyzed click ligation. In vitro binding experiment and in vivo studies were carried out using isogenic PSMA+ PC3-PIP and PSMA- PC3-flu cells and 22RV1 cells. [125 I]MIP-1095 was used to measure the binding affinities of compounds through a competitive binding assay, and [18 F]DCFPyL was used for a comparative assessment of compounds. Radiation dosimetry data were obtained using OLINDA/EXM software. RESULTS Nine novel PSMA ligands were synthesized by the combination of three azido compounds and three terminal acetylene-containing Glu-urea-Lys compounds. Among them, compound 6f having a pyridine moiety showed a high binding affinity of 6.51 ± 0.19 nM (Ki ). 18 F-labeled compounds were obtained at moderate yields within 70 to 75 minutes (including high-performance liquid chromatography purification). Compound [18 F]6c had the lowest log P of -2.693. MicroPET/computed tomography (CT) images were acquired from 22RV1 cell xenograft mice after injecting [18 F]6c, [18 F]6f, and [18 F]6i. Additional microPET/CT experiments of [18 F]6c and [18 F]6f were performed using PSMA+ PC3-PIP and PSMA- PC3-flu cell-bearing mice. [18 F]6c was selected for further studies because it was found to have high uptake in tumors and rapid renal clearance, resulting in great tumor-to-nontumor ratios and distinct tumor images with very low background activity. Human dosimetry estimation of [18 F]6c using OLINDA/EXM software was calculated, resulting in an effective dose of 4.35 × 10-3 mSv/MBq. CONCLUSIONS [18 F]6c showed significant tumor uptake, a high tumor-to-nontumor ratio, and good radiation dosimetry results, suggesting further development as a potential diagnostic PET agent for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Se Lee
- Research Institute of Labeling, FutureChem Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Chu
- Research Institute of Labeling, FutureChem Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon Jung Jung
- Research Institute of Labeling, FutureChem Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Jin Jeong
- Research Institute of Labeling, FutureChem Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyongkyu Lee
- Research Institute of Labeling, FutureChem Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hwan Kim
- Research Institute of Labeling, FutureChem Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hyun Kim
- Research Institute of Labeling, FutureChem Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Yoon Chi
- Research Institute of Labeling, FutureChem Co., Ltd., Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesu Ahn
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jin Lee
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyo Chul Lee
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Moo Lim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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7
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Automated synthesis of the 16α-[18F]fluoroestradiol ([18F]FES): minimization of precursor amount and resulting benefits. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2020-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The 16α-[18F]Fluoroestradiol ([18F]FES) is an established PET radiotracer for estrogen positive (ER+) breast cancer. Although the radiosynthesis is well-described, the majority of the published methods suffer from modest or irreproducible yields and time-intensive purification procedures. In view of the considerable clinical applications, development of a more efficient and faster synthesis of [18F]FES still remains a task of a significant practical importance. [18F]FES was produced by a direct nucleophilic radiofluorination of 3-O-methoxymethyl-16,17-O-sulfuryl-16-epiestriol (MMSE), followed by acidic hydrolysis using HCl/CH3CN. [18F]Fluoride retained on a QMA carb cartridge (46 mg) was eluted by solution of 1.2 mg of tetrabutylammonium tosylate (TBAOTs) in EtOH. After fluorination reaction (0.3 mg MMSE, 1 ml of CH3CN/100 °C, 5 min) [18F]FES was isolated by single-cartridge SPE purification using OASIS WAX 3cc, elution accomplished with aqueous ethanol of different concentrations. On а GE TRACERlab FX N Pro automated module [18F]FES (formulated in normal saline with 5% EtOH) was obtained in 33 ± 3% yield (n = 5, non-decay corrected) within 32 min. Reduction of precursor amount, exclusion of azeotropic drying step and simplification of purification make the suggested method readily adaptable to various automated synthesizers and offers significant cost decrease.
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8
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Orlovskaya V, Antuganov D, Fedorova O, Timofeev V, Krasikova R. Tetrabutylammonium tosylate as inert phase-transfer catalyst: The key to high efficiency SN2 radiofluorinations. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 163:109195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Inkster JAH, Akurathi V, Sromek AW, Chen Y, Neumeyer JL, Packard AB. A non-anhydrous, minimally basic protocol for the simplification of nucleophilic 18F-fluorination chemistry. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6818. [PMID: 32321927 PMCID: PMC7176689 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61845-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorine-18 radiolabeling typically includes several conserved steps including elution of the [18F]fluoride from an anion exchange cartridge with a basic solution of K2CO3 or KHCO3 and Kryptofix 2.2.2. in mixture of acetonitrile and water followed by rigorous azeotropic drying to remove the water. In this work we describe an alternative "non-anhydrous, minimally basic" ("NAMB") technique that simplifies the process and avoids the basic conditions that can sometimes limit the scope and efficiency of [18F]fluoride incorporation chemistry. In this approach, [18F]F- is eluted from small (10-12 mg) anion-exchange cartridges with solutions of tetraethylammonium bicarbonate, perchlorate or tosylate in polar aprotic solvents containing 10-50% water. After dilution with additional aprotic solvent, these solutions are used directly in nucleophilic aromatic and aliphatic 18F-fluorination reactions, obviating the need for azeotropic drying. Perchlorate and tosylate are minimally basic anions that are nevertheless suitable for removal of [18F]F- from the anion-exchange cartridge. As proof-of-principle, "NAMB" chemistry was utilized for the synthesis of the dopamine D2/D3 antagonist [18F]fallypride.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A H Inkster
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - V Akurathi
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - A W Sromek
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Basic Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Y Chen
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Basic Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - J L Neumeyer
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Basic Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - A B Packard
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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10
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Wang L, Yao S, Tang R, Zhu H, Zhang L, Gong J, Chen Q, Collier TL, Xu H, Liang SH. A concisely automated synthesis of TSPO radiotracer [ 18 F]FDPA based on spirocyclic iodonium ylide method and validation for human use. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2020; 63:119-128. [PMID: 31895476 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine-18 labeled N,N-diethyl-2-(2-(4-(2-fluoroethoxy)phenyl)-5,7-dimethylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl)acetamide ([18 F]FDPA) is a potent and selective radiotracer for positron-emission tomography (PET) imaging of the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO). Our previous in vitro and in vivo evaluations have proven that this tracer is promising for further human translation. Our study addresses the need to streamline the automatic synthesis of this radiotracer to make it more accessible for widespread clinical evaluation and application. Here, we successfully demonstrate a one-step radiolabeling of [18 F]FDPA based on a novel spirocyclic iodonium ylide (SCIDY) precursor using tetra-n-butyl ammonium methanesulfonate (TBAOMs), which has demonstrated the highest radiochemical yields and molar activity from readily available [18 F]fluoride ion. The nucleophilic radiofluorination was completed on a GE TRACERlab FX2 N synthesis module, and the formulated [18 F]FDPA was obtained in nondecay corrected (n.d.c) radiochemical yields of 15.6 ± 4.2%, with molar activities of 529.2 ± 22.5 GBq/μmol (14.3 ± 0.6 Ci/μmol) at the end of synthesis (60 minutes, n = 3) and validated for human use. This methodology facilitates efficient synthesis of [18 F]FDPA in a commercially available synthesis module, which would be broadly applicable for routine production and widespread clinical PET imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shaobo Yao
- Department of PET/CT Diagnostic, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruikun Tang
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Quality Control, Guangzhou Atom Hightech Radiopharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Honghao Zhu
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Gong
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiusong Chen
- Department of PET/CT Diagnostic, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Thomas Lee Collier
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Advion Inc., New York, USA
| | - Hao Xu
- Center of Cyclotron and PET Radiopharmaceuticals, Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Steven H Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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11
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A fully automated azeotropic drying free synthesis of O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)- -tyrosine ([18F]FET) using tetrabutylammonium tosylate. Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 152:135-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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12
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Stimson DHR, Qiao Z, Reutens DC, Venkatachalam TK, Bhalla R. Investigation on the impact of three different quaternary methyl ammonium cartridges on the radiosynthetic yields of [ 18 F]fluoromethyl tosylate. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2019; 62:588-595. [PMID: 31236995 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Our recent investigations for the radiosynthesis of [18 F]fluoromethyl tosylate have highlighted that choice of quaternary methyl ammonium (QMA) cartridge used during the radiosynthesis can significantly impact the radiochemical yields. Often the details of the QMA cartridge used in fluourine-18 syntheses are not fully described. However, our studies demonstrate that the type, the size, and nature (method by which it has been conditioned) of the QMA cartridge used during the radiosynthesis can make a significant impact in the labelling efficiency. This paper investigates the use of three QMA cartridges and demonstrates that radiochemical yield (decay corrected) of [18 F]fluoromethyl tosylate can increase from 46% to 60% by simply changing the QMA cartridge (and leaving all other reagents and labelling conditions exactly the same). These learnings may be applied to improve the radiochemical yields of a number of [18 F]-fluorinated tracers (and synthons), where the labelling step is base-sensitive to increase the radiochemical yield, thereby significantly benefiting the radiochemistry and nuclear medicine community. This paper also highlights the necessity of the radiochemistry community to ensure the details of QMA cartridges used in fluorine-18 chemistry are fully and accurately described, since this will improve the translation of radiochemical methods from one laboratory to another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damion H R Stimson
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zheng Qiao
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David C Reutens
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Rajiv Bhalla
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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13
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Chao PH, Lazari M, Hanet S, Narayanam MK, Murphy JM, van Dam RM. Automated concentration of [ 18F]fluoride into microliter volumes. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 141:138-148. [PMID: 30243135 PMCID: PMC6502507 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Concentration of [18F]fluoride has been mentioned in literature, however, reports have lacked details about system designs, operation, and performance. Here, we describe in detail a compact, fast, fully-automated concentration system based on a micro-sized strong anion exchange cartridge. The concentration of radionuclides enables scaled-up microfluidic synthesis. Our system can also be used to provide highly concentrated [18F]fluoride with minimal water content. We demonstrate how the concentrator can produce varying concentrations of [18F]fluoride for the macroscale synthesis of N-boc-5-[18F]fluoroindole without an azeotropic drying process, while enabling high starting radioactivity. By appropriate choice of solid-phase resin, flow conditions, and eluent solution, we believe this approach can be extended beyond [18F]fluoride to other radionuclides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip H Chao
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mark Lazari
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sebastian Hanet
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Maruthi Kumar Narayanam
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jennifer M Murphy
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - R Michael van Dam
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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14
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15
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Antuganov D, Zykov M, Timofeeva K, Antuganova Y, Orlovskaya V, Krasikova R. Effect of Pyridine Addition on the Efficiency of Copper-Mediated Radiofluorination of Aryl Pinacol Boronates. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii Antuganov
- Federal Almazov North-West Medical Research Centre; PET Centre; 197341 2 Akkuratova street St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Michail Zykov
- Federal Almazov North-West Medical Research Centre; PET Centre; 197341 2 Akkuratova street St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Ksenija Timofeeva
- Federal Almazov North-West Medical Research Centre; PET Centre; 197341 2 Akkuratova street St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Yulija Antuganova
- Federal Almazov North-West Medical Research Centre; PET Centre; 197341 2 Akkuratova street St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Victoriya Orlovskaya
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of Human Brain; Russian Academy of Science; Laboratory of Radiochemisty; 197376 9 Ak. Pavlova st. St. Petersburg Russia
| | - Raisa Krasikova
- N.P. Bechtereva Institute of Human Brain; Russian Academy of Science; Laboratory of Radiochemisty; 197376 9 Ak. Pavlova st. St. Petersburg Russia
- St.-Petersburg State University; 199034 Universitetskaya Emb., 13B St. Petersburg Russia
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16
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Mossine AV, Brooks AF, Ichiishi N, Makaravage KJ, Sanford MS, Scott PJH. Development of Customized [ 18F]Fluoride Elution Techniques for the Enhancement of Copper-Mediated Late-Stage Radiofluorination. Sci Rep 2017; 7:233. [PMID: 28331174 PMCID: PMC5427906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00110-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In a relatively short period of time, transition metal-mediated radiofluorination reactions have changed the PET radiochemistry landscape. These reactions have enabled the radiofluorination of a wide range of substrates, facilitating access to radiopharmaceuticals that were challenging to synthesize using traditional fluorine-18 radiochemistry. However, the process of adapting these new reactions for automated radiopharmaceutical production has revealed limitations in fitting them into the confines of traditional radiochemistry systems. In particular, the presence of bases (e.g. K2CO3) and/or phase transfer catalysts (PTC) (e.g. kryptofix 2.2.2) associated with fluorine-18 preparation has been found to be detrimental to reaction yields. We hypothesized that these limitations could be addressed through the development of alternate techniques for preparing [18F]fluoride. This approach also opens the possibility that an eluent can be individually tailored to meet the specific needs of a metal-catalyzed reaction of interest. In this communication, we demonstrate that various solutions of copper salts, bases, and ancillary ligands can be utilized to elute [18F]fluoride from ion exchange cartridges. The new procedures are effective for fluorine-18 radiochemistry and, as proof of concept, have been used to optimize an otherwise base-sensitive copper-mediated radiofluorination reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Mossine
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Allen F Brooks
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Naoko Ichiishi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Katarina J Makaravage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Interdepartmental Program in Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, 428 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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17
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Vaidyanathan G, McDougald D, Choi J, Pruszynski M, Koumarianou E, Zhou Z, Zalutsky MR. N-Succinimidyl 3-((4-(4-[(18)F]fluorobutyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-5-(guanidinomethyl)benzoate ([(18)F]SFBTMGMB): a residualizing label for (18)F-labeling of internalizing biomolecules. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:1261-71. [PMID: 26645790 PMCID: PMC4720566 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02258d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Residualizing labeling methods for internalizing peptides and proteins are designed to trap the radionuclide inside the cell after intracellular degradation of the biomolecule. The goal of this work was to develop a residualizing label for the (18)F-labeling of internalizing biomolecules based on a template used successfully for radioiodination. N-Succinimidyl 3-((4-(4-[(18)F]fluorobutyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-5-(bis-Boc-guanidinomethyl)benzoate ([(18)F]SFBTMGMB-Boc2) was synthesized by a click reaction of an azide precursor and [(18)F]fluorohexyne in 8.5 ± 2.8% average decay-corrected radiochemical yield (n = 15). An anti-HER2 nanobody 5F7 was labeled with (18)F using [(18)F]SFBTMGMB ([(18)F]RL-I), obtained by the deprotection of [(18)F]SFBTMGMB-Boc2, in 31.2 ± 6.7% (n = 5) conjugation efficiency. The labeled nanobody had a radiochemical purity of >95%, bound to HER2-expressing BT474M1 breast cancer cells with an affinity of 4.7 ± 0.9 nM, and had an immunoreactive fraction of 62-80%. In summary, a novel residualizing prosthetic agent for labeling biomolecules with (18)F has been developed. An anti-HER2 nanobody was labeled using this prosthetic group with retention of affinity and immunoreactivity to HER2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Vaidyanathan
- Department of Radiology and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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18
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Lindner S, Rensch C, Neubaur S, Neumeier M, Salvamoser R, Samper V, Bartenstein P. Azeotropic drying free [18F]FDG synthesis and its application to a lab-on-chip platform. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:729-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc07106b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
[18F]FDG was prepared using a cartridge-based drying technique for [18F]fluoride. The application to a lab-on-chip platform demonstrates a proof of concept towards reduced hardware complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Lindner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
- University Hospital Munich LMU
- 81377 Munich
- Germany
| | - C. Rensch
- GE Global Research
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
| | - S. Neubaur
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
- University Hospital Munich LMU
- 81377 Munich
- Germany
| | - M. Neumeier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
- University Hospital Munich LMU
- 81377 Munich
- Germany
| | | | - V. Samper
- GE Global Research
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
| | - P. Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
- University Hospital Munich LMU
- 81377 Munich
- Germany
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19
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Abstract
The role of fluorine in drug design and development is expanding rapidly as we learn more about the unique properties associated with this unusual element and how to deploy it with greater sophistication. The judicious introduction of fluorine into a molecule can productively influence conformation, pKa, intrinsic potency, membrane permeability, metabolic pathways, and pharmacokinetic properties. In addition, (18)F has been established as a useful positron emitting isotope for use with in vivo imaging technology that potentially has extensive application in drug discovery and development, often limited only by convenient synthetic accessibility to labeled compounds. The wide ranging applications of fluorine in drug design are providing a strong stimulus for the development of new synthetic methodologies that allow more facile access to a wide range of fluorinated compounds. In this review, we provide an update on the effects of the strategic incorporation of fluorine in drug molecules and applications in positron emission tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric P Gillis
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Kyle J Eastman
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Matthew D Hill
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - David J Donnelly
- Discovery Chemistry Platforms, PET Radiochemical Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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20
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Sergeev ME, Morgia F, Lazari M, Wang C, van Dam RM. Titania-catalyzed radiofluorination of tosylated precursors in highly aqueous medium. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:5686-94. [PMID: 25860121 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b02659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nucleophilic radiofluorination is an efficient synthetic route to many positron-emission tomography (PET) probes, but removal of water to activate the cyclotron-produced [(18)F]fluoride has to be performed prior to reaction, which significantly increases overall radiolabeling time and causes radioactivity loss. In this report, we demonstrate the possibility of (18)F-radiofluorination in highly aqueous medium. The method utilizes titania nanoparticles, 1:1 (v/v) acetonitrile-thexyl alcohol solvent mixture, and tetra-n-butylammonium bicarbonate as a phase-transfer agent. Efficient radiolabeling is directly performed with aqueous [(18)F]fluoride without the need for a drying/azeotroping step to significantly reduce radiosynthesis time. High radiochemical purity of the target compound is also achieved. The substrate scope of the synthetic strategy is demonstrated with a range of aromatic, aliphatic, and cycloaliphatic tosylated precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim E Sergeev
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Federica Morgia
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Mark Lazari
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Christopher Wang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - R Michael van Dam
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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21
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Schjoeth-Eskesen C, Hansen PR, Kjaer A, Gillings N. Efficient regioselective ring opening of activated aziridine-2-carboxylates with [(18)f]fluoride. ChemistryOpen 2015; 4:65-71. [PMID: 25861572 PMCID: PMC4380955 DOI: 10.1002/open.201402081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aziridines can undergo a range of ring-opening reactions with nucleophiles. The regio- and stereochemistry of the products depend on the substituents on the aziridine. Aziridine ring-opening reactions have rarely been used in radiosynthesis. Herein we report the ring opening of activated aziridine-2-carboxylates with [18F]fluoride. The aziridine was activated for nucleophilic attack by substitution of various groups on the aziridine nitrogen atom. Fluorine-18 radiolabelling was followed by ester hydrolysis and removal of the activation group. Totally regioselective ring opening and subsequent deprotection was achieved with tert-butyloxycarbonyl- and carboxybenzyl-activated aziridines to give α-[18F]fluoro-β-alanine in good radiochemical yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schjoeth-Eskesen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ø (Denmark) ; Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ø (Denmark)
| | - Paul Robert Hansen
- Department of Drug Design & Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen Ø (Denmark)
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ø (Denmark) ; Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen Blegdamsvej 3B, 2100 Copenhagen Ø (Denmark)
| | - Nic Gillings
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen Ø (Denmark)
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22
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Brizet B, Goncalves V, Bernhard C, Harvey PD, Denat F, Goze C. DMAP-BODIPY Alkynes: A Convenient Tool for Labeling Biomolecules for Bimodal PET-Optical Imaging. Chemistry 2014; 20:12933-44. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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Gao M, Xu J, Wang M, Zheng QH. Facile and high-yield synthesis of N-(4-diethylamino)benzyl-4-[¹¹C]methoxy-N-(p-tolyl)benzenesulfonamide as a new potential PET selective CB2 radioligand. Appl Radiat Isot 2014; 90:181-6. [PMID: 24768996 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The reference standard N-(4-diethylamino)benzyl-4-methoxy-N-(p-tolyl)benzenesulfonamide (3c) (CB2, Ki=0.5 nM; CB1, Ki=1297 nM; selectivity CB1/CB2=2594) and its corresponding precursor N-(4-diethylamino)benzyl-4-hydroxy-N-(p-tolyl)benzenesulfonamide (3d) were synthesized from 4-(diethylamino)benzaldehyde and p-toluidine in 3 steps with 75-84% overall chemical yield. The target tracer N-(4-diethylamino)benzyl-4-[(11)C]methoxy-N-(p-tolyl)benzenesulfonamide ([(11)C]3c) was synthesized from the phenol hydroxyl precursor by O-[(11)C]-methylation with [(11)C]CH3OTf, followed by HPLC combined with SPE purification in 40-50% decay corrected radiochemical yields with 370-740 GBq/μmol specific activity at the end of bombardment (EOB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhang Gao
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1345 West 16th Street, L3-202, Indianapolis, IN 46202-2111, USA
| | - Julie Xu
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1345 West 16th Street, L3-202, Indianapolis, IN 46202-2111, USA
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1345 West 16th Street, L3-202, Indianapolis, IN 46202-2111, USA
| | - Qi-Huang Zheng
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1345 West 16th Street, L3-202, Indianapolis, IN 46202-2111, USA.
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24
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Lee SJ, Hyun JS, Oh SJ, Yu KH, Ryu JS. Development of a new precursor-minimizing base control method and its application for the automated synthesis and SPE purification of [18F]fluoromisonidazole ([18F]FMISO). J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 56:731-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ju Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; 388-1 Pungnap-dong, Songpa-gu Seoul 138-736 Korea
| | - Ji Suk Hyun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; 388-1 Pungnap-dong, Songpa-gu Seoul 138-736 Korea
- Department of Chemistry; Dong Guk University; Seoul Korea
| | - Seung Jun Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; 388-1 Pungnap-dong, Songpa-gu Seoul 138-736 Korea
| | - Kook Hyun Yu
- Department of Chemistry; Dong Guk University; Seoul Korea
| | - Jin Sook Ryu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Asan Medical Center; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; 388-1 Pungnap-dong, Songpa-gu Seoul 138-736 Korea
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25
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Rensch C, Jackson A, Lindner S, Salvamoser R, Samper V, Riese S, Bartenstein P, Wängler C, Wängler B. Microfluidics: a groundbreaking technology for PET tracer production? Molecules 2013; 18:7930-56. [PMID: 23884128 PMCID: PMC6270045 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18077930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Application of microfluidics to Positron Emission Tomography (PET) tracer synthesis has attracted increasing interest within the last decade. The technical advantages of microfluidics, in particular the high surface to volume ratio and resulting fast thermal heating and cooling rates of reagents can lead to reduced reaction times, increased synthesis yields and reduced by-products. In addition automated reaction optimization, reduced consumption of expensive reagents and a path towards a reduced system footprint have been successfully demonstrated. The processing of radioactivity levels required for routine production, use of microfluidic-produced PET tracer doses in preclinical and clinical imaging as well as feasibility studies on autoradiolytic decomposition have all given promising results. However, the number of microfluidic synthesizers utilized for commercial routine production of PET tracers is very limited. This study reviews the state of the art in microfluidic PET tracer synthesis, highlighting critical design aspects, strengths, weaknesses and presenting several characteristics of the diverse PET market space which are thought to have a significant impact on research, development and engineering of microfluidic devices in this field. Furthermore, the topics of batch- and single-dose production, cyclotron to quality control integration as well as centralized versus de-centralized market distribution models are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rensch
- GE Global Research, Freisinger Landstrasse 50, Garching bei Munich 85748, Germany; E-Mails: (R.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Alexander Jackson
- GE Healthcare, Life Sciences, The Grove Centre, White Lion Rd., Amersham HP7 9LL, UK; E-Mails: (A.J.); (S.R.)
| | - Simon Lindner
- University Hospital Munich, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany; E-Mails: (S.L.); (P.B.); (C.W.)
| | - Ruben Salvamoser
- GE Global Research, Freisinger Landstrasse 50, Garching bei Munich 85748, Germany; E-Mails: (R.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Victor Samper
- GE Global Research, Freisinger Landstrasse 50, Garching bei Munich 85748, Germany; E-Mails: (R.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Stefan Riese
- GE Healthcare, Life Sciences, The Grove Centre, White Lion Rd., Amersham HP7 9LL, UK; E-Mails: (A.J.); (S.R.)
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- University Hospital Munich, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany; E-Mails: (S.L.); (P.B.); (C.W.)
| | - Carmen Wängler
- University Hospital Munich, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians-University, Munich 81377, Germany; E-Mails: (S.L.); (P.B.); (C.W.)
- Biomedical Chemistry, Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
| | - Björn Wängler
- Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Department of Clinical Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Mannheim 68167, Germany
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26
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Choi JY, Kim CH, Ryu YH, Seo YB, Truong P, Kim EJ, Choi TH, Kang J, Lee M, Kim DG, Lee JD, Jeon TJ. Optimization of the radiosynthesis of [18F]MEFWAY for imaging brain serotonin 1A receptors by using the GE TracerLab FXFN-Promodule. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 56:589-94. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yong Choi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital; Seoul 135-720 Korea
| | - Chul Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology; Brain Research Institute, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul 120-752 Korea
| | - Young Hoon Ryu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital; Seoul 135-720 Korea
| | - Young Beom Seo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital; Seoul 135-720 Korea
| | - Phong Truong
- Global Radiopharmacy Molecular Imaging Technologies; GE Healthcare; Husbyborg 15024 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Eun Jung Kim
- Department of Molecular Imaging; Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences; Seoul 139-706 Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Choi
- Department of Molecular Imaging; Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences; Seoul 139-706 Korea
| | - JeeHae Kang
- Swarthmore College; 500 College Avenue Swarthmore; PA 19081 USA
| | - Minkyung Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital; Seoul 135-720 Korea
| | - Dong Goo Kim
- Department of Pharmacology; Brain Research Institute, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine; Seoul 120-752 Korea
| | - Jong Doo Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital; Seoul 135-720 Korea
| | - Tae Joo Jeon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital; Seoul 135-720 Korea
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27
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Lee SJ, Oh SJ, Chi DY, Moon DH, Ryu JS. High Yielding [18F]Fluorination Method by Fine Control of the Base. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.7.2177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Svadberg A, Wickstrøm T, Hjelstuen OK. Degradation of acetonitrile in eluent solutions for [18F]fluoride PET chemistry: impact on radiosynthesis of [18F]FACBC and [18F]FDG. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Svadberg
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmacy; University of Tromsø; Tromsø N-9037; Norway
| | - Torild Wickstrøm
- Medical Diagnostics R&D; GE Healthcare; PO Box 4220; Oslo N-0401; Norway
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