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Peters BC, Gabriels RL, Schmid AA, Pan Z, Merritt T, Hoffman A, Hepburn S. The feasibility of occupational therapy using Zones of Regulation™ Concepts in an equine environment. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1401222. [PMID: 39290298 PMCID: PMC11405308 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1401222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The current paper aimed to assess the feasibility of a modified intervention protocol named "Occupational Therapy using Zones of Regulation Concepts in an Equine Environment" (OT-ZOR Equine). Methods A single arm A-B feasibility study was conducted, involving 14 autistic youth ages 6-13 years who first received 10-weeks of occupational therapy without horses (OT-ZOR Clinic) followed by 10-weeks of OT-ZOR Equine. Results All participants completed the study and attended 95% of OT-ZOR Equine sessions. Occupational therapists maintained 91% fidelity to the OT-ZOR Equine intervention protocol and there were no serious adverse events. All participants' caregivers and study occupational therapists rated being satisfied or very satisfied with the OT-ZOR Equine intervention. Youth demonstrated improved self-regulation following participation in the OT-ZOR Clinic and OT-ZOR Equine interventions. However, participants' social functioning only improved after OT-ZOR Equine. Discussion This study demonstrated that OT-ZOR Equine is feasible to implement, acceptable to recipients and providers, and may offer additive benefits in social functioning compared to occupational therapy intervention without horses. The current study provides a foundation for future efficacy research aimed at quantifying additive benefits of integrating horses into occupational therapy for autistic youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Caitlin Peters
- Temple Grandin Equine Center, Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Robin L Gabriels
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Arlene A Schmid
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Zhaoxing Pan
- Biostatistics Core of Children's Hospital Colorado Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Tamara Merritt
- Hearts & Horses, Inc. Director of Program Innovation and Research, Loveland, CO, United States
| | - Arielle Hoffman
- Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Susan Hepburn
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Cleary M, West S, Thapa DK, Hungerford C, McLean L, Johnston-Devin C, Kornhaber R. A Scoping Review of Equine-Assisted Therapies on the Mental Health and Well-Being of Autistic Children and Adolescents: Exploring the Possibilities. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2024; 45:948-960. [PMID: 39042874 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2024.2364236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Animals are increasingly being utilized to assist with therapies for people with various health conditions. Horses are often used as a mechanism of engagement and development for autistic children and adolescents. Horses offer a unique opportunity for interaction as the child or adolescent can physically ride and interact with the animal, thus creating a therapy that involves contact that is different to other animals. Benefits derived from equine-assisted therapies can be physical, social, behavioral, emotional, sensory, and cognitive. However, a current and specific research gap exists in understanding the potential mental health impacts of horse riding on autistic children and adolescents, as perceived and experienced by their parents, carers, and horse-riding service providers. This scoping review examined research on parents' and service providers' perceptions of the benefits of horse-related therapies, with a particular focus on perceptions of positive mental health impacts. A comprehensive electronic search across PubMed, Scopus and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature identified 16 articles from 15 studies which met the inclusion criteria. Findings included non-mental health-related benefits (as perceived by parents and service providers), mental health-related benefits (as perceived by parents and service providers), benefits for those other than the child/adolescent, and limitations of equine-assisted therapies. With the increased use of equine therapy, and the mounting evidence of its positive impacts on mental health, it is timely to expand research on how to better harness interventions and maximize the mental health benefits for autistic children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Cleary
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Sciences, CQUniversity, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sancia West
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Sciences, CQUniversity, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Deependra Kaji Thapa
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Sciences, CQUniversity, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health - Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Catherine Hungerford
- School of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Sciences, CQUniversity, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Loyola McLean
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Westmead Psychotherapy Program for Complex Traumatic Disorders, Parramatta, Australia
- Western Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Rachel Kornhaber
- School of Nursing, Paramedicine and Healthcare Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia
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Aewerdieck LM, Martin RA, Graham FP, Hay-Smith J. Exploring In-Session Engagement in Equine-Assisted Services for Children and Youth Experiencing Disability: A Scoping Review. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE 2024. [PMID: 38976484 DOI: 10.1089/jicm.2024.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Aims: The purpose of this review was to identify and describe the evidence about children and youth engagement during equine-assisted services (EAS). Methods: Five databases (Scopus, Web of Science, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and MEDLINE) were systematically searched. Included studies reported research about EAS conducted in children and youth and presented findings about in-session engagement or associated concepts such as motivation, involvement, and participation. Extracted data (study type, equine intervention, population, and the studies' key focus) were summarized descriptively, followed by inductive content analysis of the main mechanisms proposed to influence engagement. Results: In total, 30 studies were identified; however, only three centered on rider engagement as the primary focus of research. Other publications addressed in-session engagement within service descriptions or results and discussion sections. Three mechanisms that influence engagement within EAS were derived: (1) the unique EAS landscape, (2) the horse-child relationship and (3) the provider-child relationship. The literature primarily referred to horses as the most important factor influencing child and youth engagement in EAS sessions. Little attention was given to the influence of service providers', parents', or child preferences on engagement. Conclusions: The child/youth-parent-provider relational triad and specific strategies to improve rider engagement within EAS sessions warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena M Aewerdieck
- Department of Medicine, Rehabilitation Teaching and Research Unit, University of Otago Wellington, Wellington South, New Zealand
| | - Rachelle A Martin
- Department of Medicine, Rehabilitation Teaching and Research Unit, University of Otago Wellington, Wellington South, New Zealand
| | - Fiona P Graham
- Department of Medicine, Rehabilitation Teaching and Research Unit, University of Otago Wellington, Wellington South, New Zealand
| | - Jean Hay-Smith
- Department of Medicine, Rehabilitation Teaching and Research Unit, University of Otago Wellington, Wellington South, New Zealand
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Xiao N, Bagayi V, Yang D, Huang X, Zhong L, Kiselev S, Bolkov MA, Tuzankina IA, Chereshnev VA. Effectiveness of animal-assisted activities and therapies for autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1403527. [PMID: 38895710 PMCID: PMC11184216 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1403527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Given the rising interest in complementary therapeutic strategies for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), this research aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the impact of animal-assisted activities and therapies (AAAT) on various ASD symptoms. Methods A meticulous search of databases, including Scopus and PubMed, was conducted to gather relevant research on AAAT for ASD. This process led to the selection of 45 studies encompassing 1,212 participants. The chosen studies were then subjected to a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of AAAT in alleviating core ASD symptoms. Results The meta-analysis revealed significant improvements in several core ASD symptoms due to AAAT. Notably, there were improvements in social communication (MD = -4.96, 95% CI [-7.49, -2.44]), irritability (MD = -2.38, 95% CI [-4.06, -0.71]), hyperactivity (MD = -4.03, 95% CI [-6.17, -1.89]), and different word usage skills (MD = 20.48, 95% CI [7.41, 33.55]). However, social awareness (MD = -1.63, 95% CI [-4.07, 0.81]), social cognition (MD = -3.60, 95% CI [-9.36, 2.17]), social mannerisms (MD = -0.73, 95% CI [-2.55, 1.09]), social motivation (MD = -1.21, 95% CI [-2.56, 0.13]), lethargy (MD = -1.12, 95% CI [-3.92, 1.68]), and stereotypical behaviors (MD = -0.23, 95% CI [-1.27, 0.80]) did not significantly improve. Conclusion The study demonstrates the potential of AAAT in improving certain core symptoms of ASD, such as social communication, irritability, hyperactivity, and word usage skills. However, the effectiveness of AAAT in other ASD symptom domains remains uncertain. The research is limited by the absence of long-term follow-up data and a high risk of bias in existing studies. Therefore, while the findings indicate the promise of AAAT in specific areas, caution is advised in generalizing its efficacy across all ASD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningkun Xiao
- Department of Immunochemistry, Institution of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Laboratory for Brain and Neurocognitive Development, Department of Psychology, Institution of Humanities, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Vaishnavi Bagayi
- Laboratory for Brain and Neurocognitive Development, Department of Psychology, Institution of Humanities, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Dandan Yang
- Guang’an District Women and Children’s Hospital, Guangan, China
| | - Xinlin Huang
- Laboratory for Brain and Neurocognitive Development, Department of Psychology, Institution of Humanities, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Lei Zhong
- Doctoral Department, Russian Sports University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Kiselev
- Laboratory for Brain and Neurocognitive Development, Department of Psychology, Institution of Humanities, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Bolkov
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Irina A. Tuzankina
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Valery A. Chereshnev
- Department of Immunochemistry, Institution of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
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Pugh HK, Heatwole Shank KS. Multispecies Occupations Involving Equines: An Action-Oriented Inquiry to Inform Occupational Therapy Practitioners. OTJR-OCCUPATION PARTICIPATION AND HEALTH 2024; 44:196-204. [PMID: 37853726 DOI: 10.1177/15394492231203724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Research related to human-animal engagement often fails to address the complexity and nuance present in occupations and occupational therapy services that incorporate animals. The goal of this research was to develop a basic understanding of multispecies occupations (MSO) involving humans and equines, focusing on the action-oriented processes and transactions during socialization in outdoor, non-therapeutic contexts. We employed a multi-modal qualitative design with interviews and videography with n = 6 horse-human dyads, creating opportunities to understand and represent engagement beyond anthropocentric norms. Findings included a variety of dyad-specific features of occupation, including processes of embodied communication, the presence of behavioral synchrony, and perceptions of attunement arising from these processes. Examining MSO via a multi-modal inquiry offers new perspectives about the nature and experience of such occupations and supports a deeper understanding of potential mechanisms of change when animals are incorporated in occupational therapy interventions and practice.
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Badin L, Bailly N, Pennequin V. Implementation of equine-assisted intervention for older adults with Alzheimer's disease residing in a nursing home: Brakes and levers. Int J Older People Nurs 2024; 19:e12587. [PMID: 37983644 DOI: 10.1111/opn.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although research on equine-assisted intervention (EAI) for older adults is beginning to be published, no scientific study has examined the various elements that can limit or facilitate the implementation of EAI with older adults suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD) residing in nursing homes. The aim of this study was to identify the possible brakes and levers of implementing EAI with AD patients. A focus on professional affiliation was conducted. METHOD The survey was posted online on 2 February 2021 via the Sphinx software. As this study was aimed at gerontology professionals working in nursing homes, they were contacted through various specialized social networks. A total of 663 people answered the survey. RESULTS The results indicate that for 45% of the participants, the main brake to implementing EAI is related to the institutional burden. As for the levers, 29% of the people indicated that it would mainly be beneficial due to the cognitive stimulation that EAI would provide. People who were not familiar with EAI reported more brakes to its implementation. Finally, it was observed that the caregivers were those who put forward the most levers for the implementation of EAI with AD patients living in nursing homes. CONCLUSION Thus, this study allows us to understand some of the reasons why nursing homes are reluctant to set up EAI. Communication on this subject is currently a lever to be developed. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE By highlighting the brakes and levers on the implementation of EAIs, we are able to identify suitable guidelines for developing this type of intervention in nursing homes, which could be used as a complement to nursing care to help Alzheimer's patients overcome physical or psychological health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Badin
- Psychology, EA2114, PAVEA Laboratory, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Nathalie Bailly
- Psychology, EA2114, PAVEA Laboratory, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Valérie Pennequin
- Psychology, EA2114, PAVEA Laboratory, University of Tours, Tours, France
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Hill J, Mensforth S, Waldby L, Fleming J, Quinlan T, Driscoll C. Canine-Assisted Occupational Therapy for Children within a Student-Led University Clinic: The Influence on Child Engagement from the Perspectives of Student and Parent Participants. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2023; 44:444-459. [PMID: 37872764 DOI: 10.1080/01942638.2023.2273281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Animal-assisted therapy has gained increased attention in occupational therapy. Yet there remains minimal education opportunities available. In addition to supporting student learning, student-led clinics have the potential to provide a valuable, cost-effective health service to the community. This study aimed to explore the potential benefits to the children clients participating in a student-led, canine-assisted occupational therapy pediatric clinic from the perspectives of the students and parents. METHOD Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine occupational therapy students, and five parents to describe their experience. Transcripts were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS Participants emphasized how the presence of the therapy dog supported child engagement within the therapy session. Ways in which participants believed the therapy dog influenced the children's engagement were described within three themes. The first highlighted the importance of the relationship between the children and the therapy dog. The second described how this relationship facilitated a sense of safety within the sessions. The third captured how this sense of safety supported the children's participation within their meaningful occupations. CONCLUSIONS Parents and students involved in the canine-assisted occupational therapy clinic perceived that canine-assisted therapy was supportive of child engagement in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hill
- The University of Queensland, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Occupational Therapy, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sophie Mensforth
- The University of Queensland, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Occupational Therapy, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lucy Waldby
- The University of Queensland, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Occupational Therapy, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jennifer Fleming
- The University of Queensland, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Occupational Therapy, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Teresa Quinlan
- The University of Queensland, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Occupational Therapy, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carlie Driscoll
- The University of Queensland, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Occupational Therapy, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Ranieri A, Mennitti C, Falcone N, La Monica I, Di Iorio MR, Tripodi L, Gentile A, Vitale M, Pero R, Pastore L, D’Argenio V, Scudiero O, Lombardo B. Positive effects of physical activity in autism spectrum disorder: how influences behavior, metabolic disorder and gut microbiota. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1238797. [PMID: 38025444 PMCID: PMC10681626 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1238797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social interactions and communication skills impairments that include intellectual disabilities, communication delays and self-injurious behaviors; often are present systemic comorbidities such as gastrointestinal disorders, obesity and cardiovascular disease. Moreover, in recent years has emerged a link between alterations in the intestinal microbiota and neurobehavioral symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder. Recently, physical activity and exercise interventions are known to be beneficial for improving communication and social interaction and the composition of microbiota. In our review we intend to highlight how different types of sports can help to improve communication and social behaviors in children with autism and also show positive effects on gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Mennitti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Noemi Falcone
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria La Monica
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Di Iorio
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Lorella Tripodi
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gentile
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Vitale
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Pero
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucio Pastore
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria D’Argenio
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Olga Scudiero
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Lombardo
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore, Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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Nieforth LO, Schwichtenberg AJ, O’Haire ME. Animal-Assisted Interventions for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review of the Literature from 2016 to 2020. REVIEW JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2023; 10:255-280. [PMID: 37313251 PMCID: PMC10259834 DOI: 10.1007/s40489-021-00291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the last five years, the literature on animal-assisted intervention (AAI) for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has doubled in size from 42 studies prior to 2015 to 85 studies (cumulative total assessed in 2020). Horses remain the most commonly researched animal for AAI, followed by dogs. The most commonly researched outcome was social interaction, across 21 studies. Though the quantity of studies has increased, issues with methodological rigor remain. Results highlight the need for a continued focus on methodological rigor as well as refining the structure of animal-assisted interventions, addressing the welfare needs of the animals involved, and continuing to establish an evidence base of both significant and nonsignificant findings for AAI for individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne O. Nieforth
- Center for the Human Animal Bond, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - A. J. Schwichtenberg
- Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Burr M, Buntich J, Gonzalez M, Miranda S, Vu T. Robotic animal-assisted therapy as a complementary therapy in clinical practice: Exploring animal-assisted intervention professional perspectives. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2023; 52:101767. [PMID: 37196538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2023.101767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND and Purpose: Animal-Assisted Therapy (AAT) is a therapy that incorporates animals to improve the motor, social, behavioral, and/or cognitive functioning of participants. AAT has been shown to be a beneficial intervention for a wide range of populations. Although, researchers have suggested concerns in implementing AAT. The purpose of this study is to gain insight into the perspectives of therapists who incorporate AAT into their programs and to explore benefits and ethical considerations within the field of AAT. This study also aims to seek possible implications for robotic animal-assisted therapy (RAAT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Professionals from the Association of Animal-Assisted Intervention Professionals (AAAIP) were recruited, along with members from multiple AAT private and public Facebook groups. Participants completed an anonymous online semi-structured survey, exploring their experience with and perspectives on both AAT and RAAT. Fourteen participants' responses were analyzed using Dedoose software to identify common themes in the responses. RESULTS The results of this study provide various perspectives from professionals in different settings on the benefits of AAT, concerns about AAT, and the implication for the utilization of RAAT. The data indicated that most of the participants have not incorporated RAAT into practice. However, many of the participants believed that RAAT can be an alternative or preparatory intervention when interaction with live animals is not possible. The data collected further contributes to an emerging niche setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macy Burr
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences, 700 Windy Point Dr, San Marcos, CA, 92069, USA.
| | - Jordan Buntich
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Stanbridge University, 2041 Business Center Dr, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
| | - Marissa Gonzalez
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Stanbridge University, 2041 Business Center Dr, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
| | - Stephanie Miranda
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Stanbridge University, 2041 Business Center Dr, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
| | - Tuyen Vu
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Stanbridge University, 2041 Business Center Dr, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
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Potvin-Bélanger A, Vincent C, Freeman A, Flamand VH. Impact of hippotherapy on the life habits of children with disabilities: a systematic review. Disabil Rehabil 2022; 44:8161-8175. [PMID: 35043743 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2021.2012847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim was to document the effects of hippotherapy on the 12 life habits of children with various disabilities. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic review using PRISMA guidelines was conducted to identify relevant studies. Five databases were consulted. Inclusion criteria were: 2-to-18 years old; therapy provided by a PT, OT or SLP/SLT; variables relevant to life habits as defined by the Human Development Model - Disability Creation Process. Quality was analyzed using a quantitative studies critical review form developed by the McMaster University Occupational Therapy Evidence-Based Practice Research Group. Levels of evidence were evaluated using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine guidelines. RESULTS The investigations' overall quality ratings were excellent (n = 5 studies), acceptable (n = 10) and poor (n = 8); the evidence levels were 2/high (n = 2), 3/moderate (n = 3) and 4/low (n = 18). This systematic review suggests an observable connection between hippotherapy and improvements in three habits (mobility, communication, interpersonal relationships). CONCLUSION The findings provide support for hippotherapy as a therapy with a positive impact on three categories of life habits. Further research is warranted for education, housing, nutrition, personal care and recreation (only 3 studies), as well as community and spiritual life, employment, physical fitness and psychological well-being and responsibility (no studies). Implications for rehabilitationOccupational, physical and speech language therapists must continue to intervene with children with developmental delays related to various diagnoses as demonstrated by 15 studies involving hippotherapy rated from acceptable to excellent quality.Given improvements, therapists should pursue hippotherapy in mobility, communication, interpersonal relationships, as established specifically by five studies with moderate to high evidence.Given three studies in hippotherapy, therapists are encouraged to document improvement in other life habits such as education, housing, nutrition, personal care and recreation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Potvin-Bélanger
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (CIRRIS), Quebec City, Canada
| | - Claude Vincent
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (CIRRIS), Quebec City, Canada.,Rehabilitation Department (Faculty of Medicine), Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Andrew Freeman
- Rehabilitation Department (Faculty of Medicine), Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Véronique H Flamand
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (CIRRIS), Quebec City, Canada.,Rehabilitation Department (Faculty of Medicine), Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
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12
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Equine-Assisted Services: an overview of current scientific contributions on efficacy and outcomes on humans and horses. J Vet Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lin XB, Lim CG, Lee TS. Social Deficits or Interactional Differences? Interrogating Perspectives on Social Functioning in Autism. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:823736. [PMID: 35546922 PMCID: PMC9084456 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.823736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Social dysfunction is a key characteristic of autism. Determining and treating autism-related social deficits have been challenging. The medical model views interpersonal difficulties in autism as a localized set of deficits to be managed, whereas the neurodiversity movement calls for the accommodation of differences by the larger community. One common assumption underlying these perspectives is a misalignment in social behaviors between autistic individuals and neurotypicals. This paper reviews and interrogates current perspectives on social functioning in autism to uncover the intricacies of such a notion. Even though extant literature has alluded to a misalignment in social behaviors between autistic and neurotypical individuals, it is uncertain where this disparity lies. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangting Bernice Lin
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Choon Guan Lim
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tih-Shih Lee
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Psychiatry, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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Preliminary Efficacy of Occupational Therapy in an Equine Environment for Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:4114-4128. [PMID: 34557985 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify appropriate outcome measures and assess preliminary efficacy of occupational therapy in an equine environment (OTee HORSPLAY) for youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Twenty-four youth with ASD aged 6-13 were randomized to 10 weeks of OTee HORSPLAY or to a waitlist control condition, occupational therapy in a garden. Youth demonstrated significantly improved goal attainment and social motivation, and decreased irritability after OTee HORSPLAY. When compared to the subset of participants who completed the waitlist control condition, the OTee HORSPLAY group still demonstrated significant improvements in goal attainment. This study provides preliminary evidence that horses can be integrated into occupational therapy for youth with ASD to improve social and behavioral goals.
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Effectiveness of Equine-Assisted Activities and Therapies for Improving Adaptive Behavior and Motor Function in Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10081726. [PMID: 33923582 PMCID: PMC8073280 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine-assisted activities and therapies (EAAT) have been suggested to improve adaptive behavior, and possibly motor function, in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study investigated the effects of EAAT on adaptive behavior and motor function in 15 children with ASD (13 males) aged 7–15 years as well as the impact of EAAT on the magnitude of stress in the parent–child system and the evolution in the child interaction with both the trained therapist and the therapeutic animal through the 20 weekly sessions of EAAT. EAAT were associated with greater adaptive behavior and coordination (all p ≤ 0.01) as well as a progressive improvement in the child’s abilities to respond to the increasing complexity of such form of positive behavioral support (all p < 0.001). However, EAAT did not prove to be effective in reducing parental distress. Collectively, preliminary evidence presented here may have important public health implications and gives reason to hope that EAAT could possibly be an effective option in ASD, warranting further investigation of its potential benefits in clinical trials among larger samples.
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Wood W, Alm K, Benjamin J, Thomas L, Anderson D, Pohl L, Kane M. Optimal Terminology for Services in the United States That Incorporate Horses to Benefit People: A Consensus Document. J Altern Complement Med 2020; 27:88-95. [PMID: 33252244 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2020.0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To recommend (1) the adoption of optimal terminology for referring to services in the United States that incorporate horses and other equines to benefit people, and (2) the discontinuation of especially problematic terminology. Design: A diverse multidisciplinary consortium of individuals, including representatives of relevant national organizations, participated in an inclusive, systematic, and comprehensive 2-year consensus-building process. Results: Twelve specific types of services were identified that relate to one of three broad areas of professional work: therapy, learning, or horsemanship. Related to the area of therapy, five distinct types of therapies were identified: counseling, occupational therapy, physical therapy, psychotherapy, and speech-language pathology. Therapy-first language is recommended that foregrounds the exact therapy (e.g., physical therapy) and adds precise equine-related descriptors as warranted (e.g., physical therapy using equine movement). Related to the area of learning, three distinct types of nontherapy services were identified. The recommended terminology for referring to these services is equine-assisted learning in education, equine-assisted learning in organizations, and equine-assisted learning in personal development. Related to the area of horsemanship, four distinct types of nontherapy services were identified. The recommended terminology for referring to these services is adaptive equestrian sports, adaptive riding or therapeutic riding, driving, and interactive vaulting. The plural term, equine-assisted services, is recommended as a concise shorthand for easily referencing multiple services that differ from each other, yet share the horse as a common thread. Terms recommended for discontinuation include equine therapy, equine-assisted activities and therapies, equine-assisted therapy, equestrian therapy, hippotherapist, hippotherapy clinic (program), horse therapy, horseback riding therapy, and therapy riding. The consensus-building process culminated in extensive but not unanimous endorsements of all terminology recommendations. Conclusions: Terminology recommended for adoption clearly describes and distinguishes 12 distinct types of services. Terminology recommended for discontinuation was found to be ambiguous, misleading, no longer useful, or to have adversely affected stakeholders. It is hoped that all recommendations will prove useful and serve to enhance the professionalism and viability of specific identified services. It is also hoped that improved precision and clarity in terminology for naming specific services will advance their future scientific development and reliable measurement of effectiveness. Not all terminology-related challenges were resolved, however, and new challenges will likely arise as services continue to evolve and diversify. Significant impacts, if any, of the terminology recommendations herein merit ongoing monitoring and the question of optimal terminology merits revisiting in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Wood
- Departments of Animal Sciences and Occupational Therapy, Temple Grandin Equine Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kathy Alm
- Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship International, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Joann Benjamin
- American Hippotherapy Association, Inc., Denver, CO, USA
| | - Lynn Thomas
- Equine Assisted Growth and Learning Association, Spanish Fork, UT, USA
| | | | - Lissa Pohl
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Equine Experiential Education Association, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Michele Kane
- Hearts & Horses, Inc., Loveland, CO, USA.,My Heroes, LLC., Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Kalmbach D, Wood W, Peters BC. Parental Perspectives of Occupational Therapy in an Equine Environment for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Occup Ther Health Care 2020; 34:230-252. [PMID: 32302239 DOI: 10.1080/07380577.2020.1751903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the qualitative phase of a mixed methods study of occupational therapy in an equine environment for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The study's quantitative phase found that this intervention improved the occupational performance, social motivation, social communication, and self-regulation of some children with ASD. The study's qualitative phase, reported herein, subsequently aimed to describe parental perspectives on children's experiences of the intervention and its influences on everyday life. Using a qualitative descriptive research approach, five parents participated in two rounds of semi-structured interviews. Interview data were analyzed using theoretical thematic analysis. Although parents expressed some concerns about the intervention, overall they found the intervention to be appropriate and acceptable. Next research steps include creation of a manual for the intervention and assessment of feasibility across a broader range of practice sites, occupational therapists, children with ASD, and their parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Kalmbach
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Wendy Wood
- Departments of Animal Sciences and Occupational Therapy, Temple Grandin Equine Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - B Caitlin Peters
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Peters BC, Fields BE, Erdman EA. Hippotherapy Practice and Safety Patterns in the United States: A Descriptive Survey Study. J Altern Complement Med 2020; 26:743-749. [PMID: 32551824 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2020.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The use of equine movement as a therapy tool in a plan of care, or hippotherapy, has grown considerably over the past three decades. However, there is little evidence of safety rates and related practice patterns to guide key stakeholders such as clients, therapists, the health care team, and third-party payers. The purpose of this article is to describe the safety and practice patterns of contemporary use of hippotherapy. Design: A survey was distributed to occupational therapy (OT), physical therapy (PT), and speech-language pathology clinicians who incorporate hippotherapy into their practice. The survey included questions about clinicians' practice patterns, safety procedures, and rates of safety incidents. Results: Results indicate that hippotherapy is most often used by PT and OT clinicians for pediatric clients. Use of hippotherapy varies by geographic location, and frequency and duration vary widely. Clinicians most often contract their services to a program that provides a facility and horses. Recommended safety practices are widely adopted, and rates of safety incidents requiring basic first aid (0.05% of sessions) or off-site care (0.01% of sessions) are low. Emergency dismounts are frequently practiced and often effective in preventing an incident. Conclusions: Although there are inherent risks to incorporating horses into a therapeutic plan of care, these risks appear to be well managed by recommended safety practices. Results of this study can (1) help clinicians to make informed decisions regarding practice and safety procedures, (2) provide evidence of safety practices and incident rates to clients, members of the health care team, and third-party payers, and (3) maximize safety for clients who participate in hippotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Caitlin Peters
- Department of Animal Sciences, Temple Grandin Equine Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Beth E Fields
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ellen A Erdman
- Institute for Physical Therapy Education, Widener University, Chester, PA, USA
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Hill JR, Ziviani J, Driscoll C. "The connection just happens": Therapists' perspectives of canine-assisted occupational therapy for children on the autism spectrum. Aust Occup Ther J 2020; 67:550-562. [PMID: 32510649 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1630.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The inclusion of a therapy dog has been suggested as a means of facilitating therapy engagement for children on the autism spectrum within occupational therapy sessions. The aim of this study was to seek an understanding of possible benefits and challenges of this practice from the perspectives of occupational therapists, trained in canine-assisted therapy. METHOD This study adopted an interpretive descriptive design. Six therapists participated in a semi-structured, telephone interview to describe their experience of working as canine-assisted occupational therapists with children on the autism spectrum. An inductive thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. RESULTS Two overarching themes emerged. The first captured how therapists incorporated their therapy dog into sessions to accelerate children's initial motivation to engage within the therapy process. Specifically, therapists discussed how involving their therapy dog facilitated the development of a secure relationship, supported autonomous task involvement and increased children's sense of confidence. Second, they identified challenges inherent in their practice, such as the therapist's ability to maintain a goal-directed focus when including a therapy dog. Beyond the challenges within their own practice sessions, therapists reflected on issues thought to impact the occupational therapy profession since starting practice as a canine-assisted occupational therapist. CONCLUSION Findings from this study contribute to the current understanding of how occupational therapists incorporate therapy dogs into their practice with children on the autism spectrum. The specific challenges noted by the therapists highlighted the importance of canine-assisted occupational therapy being viewed as an advanced scope of practice within Australia and, therefore, the need for training and practice guidelines to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rachel Hill
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Jenny Ziviani
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Carlie Driscoll
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
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20
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Canine Assisted Occupational Therapy for Children on the Autism Spectrum: A Pilot Randomised Control Trial. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 50:4106-4120. [PMID: 32266682 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Children on the autism spectrum frequently display difficulties engaging with people and with functional tasks. A pilot, randomised control trial was completed to explore the impact of canine assisted occupational therapy on the on-task behaviours and goal attainment of autistic children when compared to occupational therapy sessions as usual. Twenty-two children between the ages of 4, and 6 years and 11 months, were randomly placed in either the treatment group (n-11) or waitlist control group (n = 11). Results showed that although there was a positive trend for on-task behaviour and goal attainment within the treatment group, results were not statistically significant. These results support the need for further research in the area of canine assisted occupational therapy for autistic children.
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Hill JR, Ziviani J, Driscoll C. Canine-assisted occupational therapy for children on the autism spectrum: Parents' perspectives. Aust Occup Ther J 2020; 67:427-436. [PMID: 32201966 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1630.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Canine-assisted therapy is thought to facilitate the engagement of children on the autism spectrum within therapy sessions. There is limited research, however, about how canine-assisted occupational therapy with children on the autism spectrum enhances their engagement in therapy and therapy outcomes. The aim of this study was to gain the perspectives of parents who observed and participated in occupational therapy sessions, with canine assistance, with their children on the autism spectrum. METHOD This study was guided by a qualitative interpretive description design. A total of 10 parents participated in one semi-structured interview to describe their experience of canine-assisted occupational therapy with their child. Inductive thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. RESULTS Four themes emerged which described parents' experiences of canine-assisted occupational therapy with their children on the autism spectrum, these were: therapist qualities, goal-directed (canine-assisted) therapy, emotional safety, and therapy engagement. Parents described that the inclusion of the therapy dog appeared to provide emotional safety within the sessions facilitating rapport building between their child and the therapist. However, parents indicated that the inclusion of the therapy dog alone was not sufficient to facilitate therapy engagement for their children. The skills and qualities of the therapist as well as the provision of goal-directed therapy were considered essential for children's engagement. CONCLUSION The findings from this study contribute to our understanding of the impact of canine-assisted occupational therapy for children on the autism spectrum. This sparsely researched area requires more evaluation to ensure best practice canine-assisted occupational therapy for children on the autism spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rachel Hill
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Jenny Ziviani
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Carlie Driscoll
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
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Kishor M, Reddy V. Role of pet therapy in Indian mental health services and its implication on COVID-19. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH & ALLIED SCIENCES 2020; 9:382. [DOI: 10.4103/ijhas.ijhas_176_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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Hill J, Ziviani J, Driscoll C, Cawdell-Smith J. Canine-assisted occupational therapy for children on the autism spectrum: Challenges in practice. Br J Occup Ther 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0308022619858851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Statement of context: Canine-assisted occupational therapy for children on the autism spectrum has been proposed as a means of enhancing goal-directed interventions, yet there remain no clear guidelines of its safe and ethical practice. Critical reflection on practice: Introducing a therapy dog into occupational therapy practices with children on the autism spectrum was found to require a complex and multifaceted set of skills requiring additional training to support the safety and wellbeing of both the client and the therapy dog. Implications for practice: Canine-assisted occupational therapy with children on the autism spectrum requires clear practice guidelines, as well as continuing professional development opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hill
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jenny Ziviani
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Carlie Driscoll
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Judy Cawdell-Smith
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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24
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Tan VXL, Simmonds JG. Parent Perceptions of Psychosocial Outcomes of Equine-Assisted Interventions for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 48:759-769. [PMID: 29196865 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This research explored parents' perceptions of the psychosocial outcomes of their children's experience of receiving equine-assisted interventions (EAI). Participants were the parents of six children (aged 3-14) diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Five semi-structured interviews were conducted and the transcript data was analysed using Interpretative phenomenological analysis. Four super-ordinate themes emerged from the analysis: (1) child's improved self-concept and enhanced emotional well-being, (2) child's improved self-regulatory ability, (3) social benefits for the child, and (4) unexpected outcomes. EAI was perceived by the parents as having several levels of psychosocial benefits for their children. These benefits may also extend to parents and family through ecopsychological and "flow on" effects associated with the children's involvement in EAI programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Xue-Ling Tan
- Psychology Programs, Faculty of Education, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Trzmiel T, Purandare B, Michalak M, Zasadzka E, Pawlaczyk M. Equine assisted activities and therapies in children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and a meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med 2018; 42:104-113. [PMID: 30670226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The multifactorial nature of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is the reason why complementary and alternative methods of treatment are sought in order to support the classic approach. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of Equine-Assisted Activities and Therapies (EAAT) in ASD patients based on a review of the literature. METHODS A review of the literature and a meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. PUBMED, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov and PEDro databases were searched until July 20, 2017. Only articles published in English, in a journal with a review process, after 1999, with a control group or presentation of comparative pre-/post-therapy results in ASD patients, and clear inclusion/exclusion criteria were considered. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies (QATQS).The meta-analysis of three studies was conducted. RESULTS A total of 15 studies with 390 participants (aged: 3-16 years) were included. The interaction between psychosocial functioning and EAAT was investigated in most studies. Improvement was reported in the following domains: socialization, engagement, maladaptive behaviors, and shorter reaction time in problem-solving situations after EAAT. The meta-analysis revealed no statistically significant differences for the investigated effects. CONCLUSIONS Despite the need for further, more standardized research, the results of the studies included in this review allow us to conclude that EAAT may be a useful form of therapy in children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Trzmiel
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland.
| | - Barbara Purandare
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - Michał Michalak
- Department of Computer Science and Statistics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - Ewa Zasadzka
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - Mariola Pawlaczyk
- Department of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
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Can Canine-Assisted Interventions Affect the Social Behaviours of Children on the Autism Spectrum? A Systematic Review. REVIEW JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40489-018-0151-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Tan VXL, Simmonds JG. Equine-Assisted Interventions for Psychosocial Functioning in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Literature Review. REVIEW JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40489-018-0143-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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28
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Srinivasan SM, Cavagnino DT, Bhat AN. Effects of Equine Therapy on Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review. REVIEW JOURNAL OF AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 2018; 5:156-175. [PMID: 30319932 DOI: 10.1007/s40489-018-0130-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Literature on effects of equine therapy in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has grown in recent times. Equine therapy is an alternative multimodal intervention that involves utilizing a horse to enhance core impairments in ASD. Recent systematic reviews in this area have several limitations including inclusion of populations other than ASD, assessment of a variety of animal-assisted interventions other than equine therapy, and a failure to conduct quantitative analyses to provide accurate effect size estimates. We conducted a focused systematic review to address these limitations. Our review suggested that equine therapy has beneficial effects on behavioral skills and to some extent on social communication in ASD. The evidence for positive effects of equine therapy on perceptuo-motor, cognitive, and functional skills is currently limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha M Srinivasan
- IDC School of Design, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Anjana N Bhat
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 540 S College Ave., Newark, DE, 19713
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