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Lin K, Wang S, Xu X, Yu L, Pan R, Zheng M, Yang J, Guo J. Assessment of the correlation between supracrestal gingival tissue dimensions and other periodontal phenotypes components via the digital registration method: a cross‑sectional study in a Chinese population. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:408. [PMID: 38561756 PMCID: PMC10985880 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Supracrestal gingival tissue dimensions (SGTDs) has been considered to be an essential element of periodontal phenotype (PP) components. This study aimed to explore the relationship between SGTDs and other PP components by digital superposition method that integrated cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) with intraoral scanning. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Stomatology Hospital of Fujian Medical University. Participants were recruited based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data obtained from the digital scanner (TRIOS 3, 3Shape, Denmark) and CBCT images were imported into the TRIOS software (Implant Studio, 3Shape, Denmark) for computing relevant parameters. The significant level was set at 0.05. RESULTS A total of 83 participants with 498 maxillary anterior teeth were finally included. The mean values of supracrestal gingival height (SGH) and the distance from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to the crest of the alveolar ridge (CEJ-ABC) on the buccal site were significantly higher than palatal SGH (SGH-p) and palatal CEJ-ABC (CEJ-ABC-p). Men exhibited taller CEJ-ABC and SGH-p than women. Additionally, tooth type was significantly associated with the SGH, SGH-p and CEJ-ABC-p. Taller SGH was associated with wider crown, smaller papilla height (PH), flatter gingival margin, thicker bone thickness (BT) and gingival thickness (GT) at CEJ, the alveolar bone crest (ABC), and 2 mm apical to the ABC. Smaller SGH-p displayed thicker BT and GT at CEJ, the ABC, and 2 and 4 mm apical to the ABC. Higher CEJ-ABC showed lower interproximal bone height, smaller PH, flatter gingival margin, thinner GT and BT at CEJ, and 2 mm apical to the ABC. Smaller CEJ-ABC-p displayed thicker BT at CEJ and 2 and 4 mm apical to the ABC. On the buccal, thicker GT was correlated with thicker BT at 2 and 4 mm below the ABC. CONCLUSION SGTDs exhibited a correlation with other PP components, especially crown shape, gingival margin and interdental PH. The relationship between SGTDs and gingival and bone phenotypes depended on the apico-coronal level evaluated. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was approved by the Biomedical Research Ethics Committee of Stomatology Hospital of Fujian Medical University (approval no. 2023-24).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijin Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Siyi Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
- The Affiliated Hospital (Group) of Putian University, Putian, 351100, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Rui Pan
- Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Minqian Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
- Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
- Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
| | - Jin Yang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
- Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
- Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
| | - Jianbin Guo
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
- Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
- Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China.
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Carneiro VMDA, Gomes AMS, Marinho MU, de Melo GS, Kasabji F, An TL, Stefani CM, Guimarães MDCM, Andrade CAS. Dental and periodontal dimensions stability after esthetic clinical crown lengthening surgery: a 12-month clinical study. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:76. [PMID: 38180519 PMCID: PMC10769982 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05458-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the stability of periodontal tissues 3 (T3), 6 (T6), and 12 (T12) months after esthetic crown lengthening (ACL) and the possible correlations between changes in those structures. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty individuals were evaluated through clinical assessment, photography, and tomography. Measurements included gingival margin (GM), clinical crown length (CCL), interdental papilla height (PH) and width (PW), gingival thickness (GT), bone thickness (BT), probing depth (PD), distance between alveolar crest and GM, distance between alveolar crest and cementoenamel junction. Nonparametric and correlation statistics were performed (p < 0.05). RESULTS CCL at T0 was 7.42 ± 0.70 mm and increased to 9.48 ± 0.49 mm immediately after ACL, but it decreased to 8.93 ± 0.65 mm at T12. PD decreased 0.60 mm from T0 to T6, and it increased 0.39 mm from T6 to T12. BT decreased 0.20 mm, while GT increased 0.29 mm from T0 to T12. Both PW and PH showed enlargement in T12. A positive moderate correlation was found between CCL/T0 and CCL/T12, GT/T0 and AC-GM/T12, BT/T0 and GT/T12. A few negative moderate correlations were PD/T0 and CCL/T12, PD/T0 and PH/T0, PD/T0 and BT/T12. CONCLUSIONS ACL procedure was effective. Although some rebound occurred, that was not clinically important. PD tended to reestablish its original length, partially due to a migration of GM during the healing period. Besides, a thickening of supracrestal soft tissues was observed. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The present study centers on the factors influencing the stability of periodontal tissues after esthetic crown lengthening, underscoring the procedure's influence on esthetics and biology and the need for careful treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Martins de Araújo Carneiro
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Odontologia, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília-DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Andressa Meireles Seabra Gomes
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Odontologia, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília-DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Mônica Umpierre Marinho
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Odontologia, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília-DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Simino de Melo
- Faculdade de Medicina e Odontologia, Departamento de Periodontia, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Rua Dr. José Rocha Junqueira 13, Campinas-SP, 13045-755, Brazil
| | - Feras Kasabji
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Debrecen, Kassai Út 26, 4028, Debrecen, Hajdú-Bihar, Hungary
| | - Tien-Li An
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Odontologia, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília-DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Cristine Miron Stefani
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Odontologia, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília-DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Maria do Carmo Machado Guimarães
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Odontologia, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília-DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Soares Andrade
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Debrecen, Kassai Út 26, 4028, Debrecen, Hajdú-Bihar, Hungary.
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Nalbantoğlu AM, Yanık D. Revisiting the measurement of keratinized gingiva: a cross-sectional study comparing an intraoral scanner with clinical parameters. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2023; 53:362-375. [PMID: 37524382 PMCID: PMC10627736 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2204320216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between gingival thickness (GT) and keratinized gingiva width (KGW), papilla height (PH), and crown ratio (CR) by employing transgingival probing and an intraoral scanner (IOS). METHODS This cross-sectional study examined 360 maxillary anterior teeth from 60 patients. GT was assessed using transgingival probing with an endodontic spreader. KGW, CR, and PH were measured using an IOS. One-way analysis of variance, the Student's t-test, and Spearman correlation coefficients were employed for statistical analysis. RESULTS Higher GT was significantly associated with thinner KGW in the central region (P=0.019). There was no statistically significant difference in GT between teeth (P=0.06). PH was lower in lateral teeth than in canines (P=0.047), with a PH of 2.99 mm in lateral teeth. The KGW was narrower in canines than in central teeth (P=0.007). A moderate correlation was observed between KGW and PH in the central region (P=0.01), while a weak negative correlation was found between KGW and CR (P=0.043). CONCLUSIONS A moderate negative correlation was found between GT and KGW, as well as between PH and KGW in central teeth. In contrast, a weak negative correlation existed between CR and KGW. The PH (2.99 mm) was lower in lateral teeth than in canines. The traditional paradigm, which suggests a positive correlation between KGW and GT, was re-evaluated by measuring KGW using an IOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Mert Nalbantoğlu
- Department of Periodontology, Antalya Bilim University, Faculty of Dentistry, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Deniz Yanık
- Department of Endodontics, Antalya Bilim University, Faculty of Dentistry, Antalya, Turkey.
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Abdelhafez RS, Mustafa NM. Determining the periodontal phenotype-Probe transparency versus actual: A diagnostic study. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2023; 35:1001-1007. [PMID: 36891868 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Assessment of the validity of the transparency of the periodontal probe as a tool for determining the periodontal phenotype. MATERIALS AND METHODS The periodontal phenotype was assessed at the six upper anterior teeth of 75 subjects using two methods. One is through assessing the transparency of the periodontal probe upon insertion into the gingival sulcus. The second method was through the assessment and clustering of the width of keratinized gingiva clinically and the gingival and buccal plate thickness on Cone Beam Computed Tomography scan. RESULTS The probe transparency approach correctly identified thick periodontal phenotype in most cases (41 out of 43 [95%]). However, this was not the case for thin periodontal phenotype; probe transparency approach identified 64% of the thin sites (261 out of 407) and misclassified nearly one third of the patients. CONCLUSION The probe transparency approach is a valid approach in identifying the phenotype in subjects with thick phenotype but not in subjects with thin phenotype. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The definition of periodontal phenotype has recently changed. Accurate designation has been shown to affect treatment outcomes especially esthetic ones in different disciplines of dentistry. Probe transparency is commonly used by clinicians and researchers. Assessment of the validity of this method based on the most recent definition and compared to actual assessment of bone and gingival thickness is of great clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Sami Abdelhafez
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Noor Mohammad Mustafa
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Couso-Queiruga E, Barboza EP, Avila-Ortiz G, Gonzalez-Martin O, Chambrone L, Rodrigues DM. Relationship between supracrestal soft tissue dimensions and other periodontal phenotypic features: A cross-sectional study. J Periodontol 2023; 94:944-955. [PMID: 36797817 DOI: 10.1002/jper.22-0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine the association between periodontal supracrestal soft tissue dimensions (PSSTDs) and other phenotypic features in non-molar maxillary teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult subjects in need of comprehensive dental treatment were recruited. Periodontal phenotypic variables (i.e., facial and palatal gingival thickness [GT], alveolar bone thickness [BT], and PSSTDs, namely distance from the gingival margin to the bone crest defined as periodontal supracrestal tissue height [PSTH] and distance from the cementoenamel junction to the bone crest [CEJ-BC]) were recorded using cone-beam computed tomography scans. Standardized intraoral photographs were obtained to assess facial keratinized tissue width (KTW) and other anatomical parameters (i.e., tooth type, gingival architecture, and interproximal papilla height). RESULTS The study sample was constituted of 87 participants that contributed with a total of 522 maxillary anterior teeth. Differences in mean values of PSSTDs, KTW, GT, and BT were observed between tooth types and sex. Males exhibited a thicker GT and BT, and taller PSTH and KTW compared to females. Shorter CEJ-BC was associated with shorter PSTH, wider KTW, and thicker GT and BT. Shorter PSTH was associated with thicker facial BT. Notably, BT and GT were positively correlated at both facial and palatal sites, meaning that the thicker the gingival phenotype, the thicker the bone morphotype. Facial BT and facial GT were positively correlated with KTW. A flat gingival architecture was associated with the thick periodontal phenotype. Square teeth had shorter CEJ-BC, wider KTW, and thicker GT. CONCLUSIONS Periodontal phenotypic features vary across and within subjects, between facial and palatal sites at different apico-coronal levels, and as a function of sex and tooth type. The shorter the PSSTDs, the wider the KTW and the thicker the GT and BT. PSSTDs, particularly PSTH, should be considered an integral component of the periodontal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Couso-Queiruga
- Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eliane Porto Barboza
- Department of Dental Clinic, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Avila-Ortiz
- Private Practice, Atelier Dental Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Oscar Gonzalez-Martin
- Private Practice, Atelier Dental Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Periodontology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leandro Chambrone
- Evidence-Based Hub, Interdisciplinary Research Center Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz-Cooperative of Higher Education, Caparica, Almada, Portugal
- Unit of Basic Oral Investigation (UIBO), School of Dentistry, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diogo Moreira Rodrigues
- Department of Periodontology, National Institute of Dental Sciences (INCO 25), Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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AlAli F, Atieh MA, Hannawi H, Jamal M, Harbi NA, Alsabeeha NHM, Shah M. Anterior Maxillary Labial Bone Thickness on Cone Beam Computed Tomography. Int Dent J 2023; 73:219-227. [PMID: 35527034 PMCID: PMC10023538 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The objective of this research was to measure the labial bone thickness (LBT) in relation to the 6 anterior maxillary teeth at different levels along the long axis and the distance between cementoenamel junction and bone crest (CEJ-BC) based on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans retrieved from patients of Arab ethnicity and identify any association with patients' characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 100 CBCT scans were evaluated by one calibrated examiner. The thickness of the labial bone was measured perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth at 1, 3, and 5 mm from the alveolar crest (LBT-1, LBT-3, and LBT-5, respectively) and CEJ-BC using a medical imaging viewer. RESULTS CBCT scans of 58 female patients and 42 male patients with a mean age of 39.7 ± 9.5 years were included. A high variation of CEJ-BC was observed (range, 0.55-3.90 mm). Statistically significant higher CEJ-BC values were associated with men and increased age (>50 years). The overall means of LBT-1 were 0.76 ± 0.26, 0.79 ± 0.26, and 0.83 ± 0.37 mm; LBT-3: 0.92 ± 0.36, 1.05 ± 0.46, and 1.03 ± 0.48 mm; LBT-5: 1.17 ± 0.52, 0.80 ± 0.45, and 0.81 ± 0.40 mm for central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines, respectively. The LBT was <1 mm in 74.2% of all maxillary anterior teeth, with central incisors showing the highest predilection (85% with LBT <1 mm). No significant association between LBT and patient characteristics was observed. CONCLUSIONS The CEJ-BC distance is greater in men and increases with age, particularly in those aged 50 years and older. The LBT in the 6 maxillary anterior teeth is predominantly thin (<1 mm) and has no correlation to age or sex. An increased LBT was observed at a 3-mm level when compared with LBT-1 and LBT-5. Such variability should be taken into consideration when planning for implant placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawaghi AlAli
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Momen A Atieh
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Haifa Hannawi
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Emirates Health Services, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamad Jamal
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | - Maanas Shah
- Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
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Rodrigues DM, Chambrone L, Montez C, Luz DP, Barboza EP. Current landmarks for gingival thickness evaluation in maxillary anterior teeth: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:1363-1389. [PMID: 36786957 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-04898-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify and report the current landmarks used for measuring gingival thickness (GT) in healthy maxillary anterior teeth. MATERIAL AND METHODS The protocol of this Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020-compliant systematic review was registered in PROSPERO. A literature search was conducted to identify articles that met the eligibility criteria published up to 2022. The methods of assessing gingival thickness and the landmarks adopted on the studies were described. Primary outcomes were identified, and the frequency of reporting in the selected articles was calculated. Additionally, risk-of-bias assessments were performed for individual articles. RESULTS Fifty-eight articles (34 with low risk of bias and 24 with medium risk of bias) were selected. A total of 3638 individuals had their gingival thickness measured. Thirty-nine different landmarks were adopted in the studies. Fifty-six articles with 22 landmarks were included in the meta-analysis. A higher heterogeneity was found between the studies (GT ranged from 0.48 to 2.59 mm, mean GT 1.074; 95% CI: 1.024-1.104). The 3 most used landmarks were 2 mm from gingival margin (10 studies, mean GT 1.170 mm, 95% CI: 1.085-1.254), bone crest (9 studies, mean GT 1.01 mm; 95% CI: 0.937-1.083), and cemento-enamel junction (7 studies, mean GT 1.172 mm; 95% CI: 1.105, 1.239). CONCLUSIONS Within the limits of this study, a large heterogeneity in GT was found, and there was no consensus on the ideal landmark for GT measurement. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The landmark 2 mm from gingival margin, located at attached gingiva, can be used for GT measurement by clinical and image-based devices. This is an important step for a quantitative instead of a qualitative evaluation of phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leandro Chambrone
- Evidence-Based Hub, Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Caparica, Portugal.,Department of Periodontics, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.,Unit of Basic Oral Investigation (UIBO), Universidad El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Caroline Montez
- Graduate Program, Fluminense Federal University School of Dentistry, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Diogo Pereira Luz
- Post Graduate Program, Fluminense Federal University School of Dentistry, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Eliane Porto Barboza
- Department of Dental Clinic, Fluminense Federal University School of Dentistry, Rua Mario Santos Braga, 28 - Centro, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, CEP, 24020-140, Brazil.
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Soft- and Hard-Tissue Thicknesses in Patients with Different Vertical Facial Patterns and the Transverse Deficiencies, An Integrated CBCT-3D Digital Model Analysis. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041383. [PMID: 36835918 PMCID: PMC9961717 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Different vertical facial patterns may present different bone and gingival thicknesses at the molar level and can be influenced by the dental compensations that manifest in the presence of transverse bone discrepancies. A retrospective analysis was made of 120 patients divided into three groups according to their vertical facial patterns (mesofacial, dolichofacial or brachyfacial). Each group in turn was divided into two subgroups according to the presence or absence of transverse discrepancies assessed by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The bone and gingival measurements were made integrating a CBCT-3D digital model of the patient dentition. In the brachyfacial patients, the distance from the palatine root to the cortical bone corresponding to the right upper first molar was significantly greater (1.27 mm) than in the dolichofacial (1.06 mm) and mesofacial (1.03 mm) (p < 0.05) patients. The brachyfacial and mesofacial patients with transverse discrepancies presented a greater distance from the mesiobuccal root of the left upper first molar and from the palatine root to the cortical bone, while in the dolichofacial individuals the distances were shorter (p < 0.05); The presence of transverse bone discrepancies in brachyfacial and mesofacial patients without posterior cross-bite implies a better dentoalveolar expansion prognosis than in dolichofacial individuals.
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CBCT analysis of crestal soft tissue thickness before implant placement and its relationship with cortical bone thickness. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:593. [PMID: 36496410 PMCID: PMC9741784 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02629-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of crestal soft tissue thickness and its influence in peri-implant tissue health has been evaluated in few clinical studies. Cone beam computed tomography imaging offers a unique opportunity to investigate variations in crestal soft tissue thickness. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the possible correlation between crestal soft tissue thickness and hard tissue measurements on CBCT images, and to compare crestal soft tissue thickness among different patients and edentulous site groups. METHODS CBCT images of partially edentulous adult patients treated at ECU School of Dental Medicine were evaluated. 267 patients with 321 edentulous sites were included. Demographic data were collected from electronic health records. Cross-sectional CBCT images at the center of each edentulous site were used to measure soft tissue and hard tissue parameters. Linear mixed models were used to compare crestal soft tissue thickness and hard tissue measurements by gender, age groups, and edentulous sites. Pearson correlation was applied to evaluate the correlation between crestal soft tissue thickness and different hard tissue measurements. Association between crestal soft tissue thickness and independent variables (gender, age groups, edentulous sites) was evaluated using repeated measure logistic regression, while the crestal soft tissue thickness was dichotomized by a threshold of 2 mm. RESULTS Mean age of patients included was 60 (range 21-85 years). Female to male ratio was 1.07. Mean crestal soft tissue thickness of all non-grafted native bone sites was 2.17 mm. Mean thickness of cortical bone at alveolar crest was 0.94 mm. Thickness of buccal and lingual cortical plates 5 mm apical to alveolar crest were 1.17 mm and 1.58 mm, respectively. Pearson's correlation showed moderate positive correlation among hard tissue measurements, but weak correlation between soft tissue thickness and hard tissue measurements. Anterior sites [OR = 3.429 (1.100-10.69)] and maxillary posterior sites [OR = 1.937 (1.077-3.482)] had higher odds of presenting with more than 2 mm of soft tissue at the alveolar crest. CONCLUSION More than half of the patients had crestal soft tissues at edentulous sites thicker than 2 mm. Thickness of crestal soft tissue was not significantly associated with hard tissue measurements. Edentulous anterior sites and maxillary posterior sites presented with thicker crestal soft tissue at alveolar crest as compared to mandibular posterior sites.
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Rodrigues DM, Petersen RL, de Moraes JR, Barboza EP. Gingival landmarks and cutting points for gingival phenotype determination: A clinical and tomographic cross-sectional study. J Periodontol 2022; 93:1916-1928. [PMID: 35451505 DOI: 10.1002/jper.21-0615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This cross-sectional study assessed the role of gingival landmarks (GLs) and cutting points (CPs) for gingival phenotype (GP) determination. METHODS Six maxillary anterior teeth (70 subjects) were evaluated using soft tissue cone-beam computed tomography (ST-CBCT). Gingival thickness was measured at different GLs: 1) tissue zone (gingival margin [GM], 1 and 2 mm apical to GM, cemento-enamel junction, above the bone crest); 2) bone zone (buccal bone crest [BBC], 1, 2, and 3 mm apical to BBC). CPs of 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, and 1.5 mm were used to discriminate between thin and thick GP. The clinical determination of GP was made based on transparency of the periodontal probe (TRAN). RESULTS The prevalence of thin and thick GP depended on the GL and CP. Considering the CP (1 mm), thin GP at the tissue zone ranged from 99% at the GM to 10.2% above the bone crest. In the bone zone, thick GP ranged from 28% at the BBC to 6% at 3 mm apical to the BBC. The predictability of a correct assessment of GP by TRAN compared with ST-CBCT was influenced by the GLs and CPs. A slight agreement (kappa <0.2) and low accuracy (area under the curve <0.7) were found between methods. CONCLUSIONS The determination of thin and thick GPs is related to the gingival landmarks and CPs. Further studies are required for a well-defined treatment protocol considering different gingival landmarks in tissue and bone zones. An ST-CBCT may be useful for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Rodrigo de Moraes
- Department of Statistics, Federal Fluminense University, Statistics and Mathematics Institute, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Eliane Porto Barboza
- Department of Dental Clinic, Federal Fluminense University School of Dentistry, Niterói, Brazil
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11
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Montanha-Andrade K, Crusoé-Rebello IM, Barreto M, Neves FS, Santos JND, Cury PR. Assessment of the relationship between tooth inclination and gingival and alveolar bone dimensions using computed tomography of the maxillary anterior teeth: a cross-sectional study. Dental Press J Orthod 2022; 27:e222136. [PMID: 36169497 PMCID: PMC9507018 DOI: 10.1590/2177-6709.27.4.e222136.oar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between tooth inclination and gingival and bone dimensions in maxillary anterior teeth. METHODS This cross-sectional study included cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 160 maxillary anterior teeth (30 individuals). Tooth inclination, gingival and bone thickness, and distances from cementoenamel junction to alveolar bone crest and gingival margin were measured in the labial surface. The correlations were analyzed using Pearson and partial correlation tests (p≤0.05). RESULTS In the central incisors, tooth inclination was positively and significantly related to apical bone thickness (R = 0.34, p= 0.001). In the canines, tooth inclination was negatively and significantly related to cervical bone thickness (R = - 0.34, p= 0.01) and positively associated to apical bone thickness (R = 0.36, p= 0.01) and to gingival margin-cementoenamel junction distance (R = 0.31, p= 0.03). In the lateral incisors, tooth inclination was not associated with gingival or bone dimensions. CONCLUSIONS In the central incisors, the greater the labial tooth inclination, the greater is the apical bone thickness. In the canines, the greater the labial tooth inclination, the smallest is the cervical bone thickness, the greater is the apical bone thickness, and the greater is the gingival margin. Gingival and bone dimensions should be assessed when planning orthodontic treatment involving buccal movement of central incisors and canines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ieda Margarida Crusoé-Rebello
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Radiologia Dentomaxilofacial (Salvador/BA, Brazil)
| | - Mauricio Barreto
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Departamento de Implantologia (Salvador/BA, Brazil)
| | - Frederico Sampaio Neves
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Radiologia Dentomaxilofacial (Salvador/BA, Brazil)
| | - Jean Nunes Dos Santos
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Patologia Oral (Salvador/BA, Brazil)
| | - Patricia Ramos Cury
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Departamento de Periodontia (Salvador/BA, Brazil)
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12
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Wang L, Ruan Y, Chen J, Luo Y, Yang F. Assessment of the relationship between labial gingival thickness and the underlying bone thickness in maxillary anterior teeth by two digital techniques. Sci Rep 2022; 12:709. [PMID: 35027640 PMCID: PMC8758691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04721-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to noninvasively assess the relationship between the labial gingival thickness (GT) and the underlying bone thickness (BT) of maxillary anterior teeth by two digital techniques. A total of 30 periodontally healthy participants with 172 maxillary anterior teeth were enrolled. GT and BT were measured at 2, 4 and 6 mm apical to the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) by two digital techniques: M1—cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and M2—digital intraoral scanning (DIS) combined with CBCT. The Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated to determine the correlation between GT and BT. A significant negative correlation was identified between GT and BT at 2 mm apical to the CEJ for central incisors (CI), lateral incisors (LI), and canines (CA) both by M1 and M2, while a weak negative correlation at 4 mm apical to the CEJ was observed by M1 for CA. No significant correlation was found at other sites by both M1 and M2. The labial BT was < 1 mm in most cases (85% of CI; 97% of LI; and 90% of CA). Within the limitation of this study, it was concluded that GT and BT seemed to be negatively correlated at 2 mm apical to the CEJ. Therefore, caution is warranted when implant restoration at the esthetic area of the anterior teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhong Wang
- Health Management Center, Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Ruan
- Department of Stomatology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Health Management Center, Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxiao Luo
- Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- Health Management Center, Department of Stomatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Stomatology, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Lu JW, Shi X, Huang SH, Yan XZ, Hu CJ, Shi MY, Luo LJ. A novel cone-beam CT scanning technique for measuring periodontal soft tissues in the esthetic area. J Oral Sci 2022; 64:212-217. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.22-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-wei Lu
- Department of Periodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration
| | - Xiong Shi
- Department of Radiology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration
| | - Shi-hui Huang
- Department of Periodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration
| | - Xiang-zhen Yan
- Department of Periodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration
| | - Cong-jiao Hu
- Department of Periodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration
| | - Ming-yan Shi
- Department of Periodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration
| | - Li-jun Luo
- Department of Periodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration
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14
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Anegundi RV, Shenoy SB, Punj A. Gingival biotype as an indicator for the buccal bone thickness - a systematic review of the literature. Evid Based Dent 2021:10.1038/s41432-021-0206-y. [PMID: 34815554 DOI: 10.1038/s41432-021-0206-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Introduction A relationship between thin gingiva and thin buccal bone has been proposed but concrete evidence for this is lacking. This study was undertaken to assess the reliability of measuring gingival thickness in estimating the buccal bone thickness.Objectives To answer the following PICO question: do periodontally healthy individuals exhibit any correlation between gingival biotype and buccal/labial/facial bone thickness?Data sources and selection An electronic search was performed in PubMed and Embase databases. English language articles that have met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected. Only observational studies were considered. Since the studies have demonstrated heterogeneity, conducting a meta-analysis was not possible, so the results were synthesised using a vote counting method and narrative synthesis.Data synthesis After screening the titles and abstracts, 13 studies which met the study criteria were included in the systematic review. Out of these 13 studies, nine studies assessed only the maxillary anterior/premolars; one study assessed the mandibular anterior, and three studies assessed both maxillary and mandibular anterior/premolars.Conclusions The findings of this systematic review indicated that the gingival biotype may be a reliable indicator for estimating the thickness of buccal bone in maxillary anterior. However, its relation to the buccal bone thickness in mandible is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Vamsi Anegundi
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Periodontics, Nitte (Deemed to be University), AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Santhosh B Shenoy
- Additional Professor, Department of Periodontics, Nitte (Deemed to be University), AB Shetty Memorial Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India.
| | - Anahita Punj
- Senior Lecturer, Army College of Dental Sciences, Secunderabad, Telangana, India
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15
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Shafizadeh M, Amid R, Tehranchi A, Motamedian SR. Evaluation of the association between gingival phenotype and alveolar bone thickness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Oral Biol 2021; 133:105287. [PMID: 34768057 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2021.105287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that evaluated the association between gingival phenotype (GP) and the underlying alveolar bone thickness (ABT). DESIGN An electronic search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, ProQuest, and Web of Science. The following inclusion criteria were applied: English original studies that compared the ABT in periodontally healthy patients presenting thin versus thick GPs. Studies that evaluated the correlation between gingival thickness (GT) and ABT were also included. Pooled mean difference (95% confidence interval) was estimated using random-effects maximum likelihood model meta-analysis. RESULTS From a total of 1427 retrieved articles, 17 were included. The majority of eight studies that compared the ABT between thick and thin GPs, reported a significantly greater ABT associated with a thick phenotype. Based on the meta-analysis results of six studies, the mean difference between the two phenotypes (0.33 mm) was statistically significant (P < 0.01). The majority of ten studies that investigated the correlation between GT and ABT evidenced a significant positive correlation (r = 0.11 -0.49). The association was more evident in the crestal areas and decreased toward the apex. CONCLUSIONS There is contradictory evidence concerning the correlation between soft and hard tissue thickness; however, the meta-analysis revealed a significantly thicker alveolar plate in the presence of a thick phenotype. Since the evaluation of GP could be simply performed using a periodontal probe, such a relationship could provide clinical perspective at the initial examination. This is particularly beneficial in procedures affecting periodontal structures, including immediate implant placement and orthodontic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziyeh Shafizadeh
- Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Amid
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azita Tehranchi
- Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Reza Motamedian
- Dentofacial Deformities Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, and Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Shafizadeh M, Tehranchi A, Shirvani A, Motamedian SR. Alveolar bone thickness overlying healthy maxillary and mandibular teeth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Orthod 2021; 19:389-405. [PMID: 34366263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review and meta-analyse the Alveolar Bone Thickness (ABT) overlying healthy teeth. The secondary objective was to review the association of ABT with gender, age, and smoking. MATERIALS AND METHODS The PubMed, Embase, Scopus, ProQuest, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were searched up to July 2020. English articles (sample size≥10) which had used CT or CBCT to measure the ABT at clearly defined reference points were included. The maximum likelihood approach meta-analysis was used to estimate the means (95% CIs). RESULTS A total of 68 articles were included. The meta-analysis results were as follows: In the anterior maxilla, the mean labial plate thickness ranged from 0.42-1.75mm, while it was thicker for the posterior teeth (0.78-4.31mm). The palatal plate thickness ranged from 0.97-8.13mm. In the anterior mandible, the thickness of labial and lingual plates ranged from 0.4-3.71mm and 0.38-5.44mm, respectively. The alveolar bone was thicker for the posterior teeth both at the labial (0.66-6.31mm) and lingual (2.31-7.77mm) sides. Meta-regression revealed a significant relationship between gender and ABT at several points. There was a controversy regarding the association of ABT with age. No significant difference was evidenced between smokers and non-smokers. CONCLUSIONS This study presents a clear image of the alveolar bone structure. Since it has pooled ABT values from various populations, outcomes could be acknowledged as global averages. Therefore, it could provide perspective for several dental procedures, including orthodontic treatments and immediate implant placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marziyeh Shafizadeh
- Dentofacial Deformities Research Centre, Research Institute for Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azita Tehranchi
- Dentofacial Deformities Research Centre, Research Institute for Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Shirvani
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Centre, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Evin, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Reza Motamedian
- Dentofacial Deformities Research Centre, Research Institute for Dental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Evin, Tehran, Iran; Virtual School of Medical Education and Management, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Evin, Tehran, Iran.
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17
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A Cross-Sectional Study of Labial Bone and Covering Soft Tissue in Maxillary Anterior Segment: A Dilemma in Orthodontics. Int J Dent 2021; 2021:5553301. [PMID: 34335771 PMCID: PMC8289589 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5553301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purposes The thickness of the buccal bone and its covering gingiva is pivotal in determining the prognosis of implant therapy as well as fixed orthodontic appliances, especially nonextraction treatments. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the buccal bone thickness and covering soft tissue in the maxillary anterior segment. Methods This study measured the hard tissue thickness at 2 and 5 mm more apical from the crest and at the root apical apex, as well as the distance from the CEJ to the alveolar crest, using 80 CBCT images divided into three age groups. In addition, the distance from free gingiva to alveolar crest and from free gingiva to CEJ was measured. The acquired data then was analyzed using an ANOVA, t-test, and Pearson correlation to investigate any associations or statistically significant differences between parameters. Results The highest mean soft tissue thickness at the 5 mm level was for central incisors and the least for canine. The highest mean thickness of soft tissue at the crest level and its 2 mm apical level was related to central incisors and the lowest mean thickness at these levels was related to canine. Analysis of hard tissue variables showed the lower thickness of hard tissue at higher ages compared to the young patients group, but the thickness of the soft tissue increases with age. Conclusion The highest mean thickness of the buccal hard tissue in the maxillary anterior segment was in lateral and central incisors. Also, the most prominent thickness of the labial soft tissue was in the central and lateral incisors at levels close to the crest.
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18
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López-Jarana P, Díaz-Castro CM, Falcão A, Falcão C, Ríos-Santos JV, Fernández-Palacín A, Herrero-Climent M. Height difference between the vestibular and palatal walls and palatal width: a cone beam computed tomography approach. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:118. [PMID: 33722235 PMCID: PMC7958492 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-01322-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study was to measure two parameters involved in tri-dimensional implant planning: the position of the buccal and palatal bone wall and the palatal thickness. Methods Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images (Planmeca ProMax 3D) of 403 teeth (208 upper teeth and 195 lower teeth) were obtained from 49 patients referred to the Dental School of Seville from January to December 2014. The height difference between the palatal and buccal walls was measured on the most coronal point of both walls. The thickness of the palatal wall was measured 2 mm from the most coronal point of the palatal wall. Results The mean values in the maxilla were 1.7 ± 0.9 mm for central and lateral incisors, 2.2 ± 1.7 mm for canines, 1.6 ± 0.9 mm for premolars and 1.9 ± 1.5 mm for molars. In the lower jaw, the mean values were 1.3 ± 0.8 mm for incisors, 1.7 ± 1.2 mm for canines, 2.3 ± 1.3 mm for premolars, and 2.6 ± 1.7 mm for molars. In the upper jaw, more than 55% of maxillary teeth (excluding second premolars and molars) presented mean height differences greater than 1 mm. In the mandible, more than 60% of incisors showed a buccal bone thickness of 1 mm from the apical to lingual aspect. All teeth except the second premolar presented a buccal wall located more than 1 mm more apically than the lingual bone wall. Conclusions The buccal bone wall is located more apically (greater than 1 mm) than the palatal or lingual table in most of the cases assessed. The thickness of the palatal or lingual table is also less than 2 mm in the maxilla and mandible, except in the upper canines and premolars and the lower molars.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A Falcão
- Porto Dental Institute, Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Dentistry Oporto University (FMDUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - C Falcão
- Health Sciences Faculty, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal
| | - J V Ríos-Santos
- School of Dentistry, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Avicena S/N, 41009, Seville, Spain.
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19
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Sun M, Liu X, Xia T, Meng H. Non-invasive evaluation of labial gingival and alveolar crest thickness in the maxillary anterior teeth region by 15-MHz B-mode ultrasonography. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:10. [PMID: 33407377 PMCID: PMC7789343 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-020-01377-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knowledge of gingival thickness (GT) and alveolar crest thickness (ACT) is essential when performing surgical and non-surgical procedures in the maxillary anterior teeth region. This study aimed at evaluating the GT and ACT in the maxillary anterior teeth region using 15-MHz B-mode Ultrasonic (US). Methods A total of 300 teeth from 50 healthy participants, comprising 25 women and 25 men, aged between 18 and 35 years were analyzed. We measured labial periodontal tissue structures of maxillary anterior teeth, including GT and ACT, at 3 mm apical to the gingival margin (GT3) and the crestal level, respectively. The GT and ACT measurements were correlated. Results The mean labial GT3 of the maxillary central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines were 1.24 ± 0.03 mm, 1.21 ± 0.03 mm and 1.11 ± 0.03 mm, respectively. Canine GT3 was significantly thin than those in the central and lateral incisors (P < 0.05). With regards to labial ACT, we recorded 0.79 ± 0.03 mm, 0.76 ± 0.02 mm and 0.73 ± 0.02 mm for maxillary central incisors, lateral incisors and canines, respectively. There were no significant differences in ACT of maxillary anterior teeth (P > 0.05). GT3 of men was greater than that of women (P < 0.05). In addition, GT and ACT were positively correlated (r = 0.32, P < 0.01). Conclusion 15-MHz B-mode US is an effective tool for measuring labial GT and ACT of anterior teeth. There are sex-associated differences in GT3 and the correlation between the GT3 and ACT of anterior teeth is moderately positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Sun
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics and Treatment, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital and Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Liuxian Street, Nanshan district, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Xia
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital and Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Liuxian Street, Nanshan district, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - He Meng
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital and Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Liuxian Street, Nanshan district, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
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20
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Kim YJ, Park JM, Cho HJ, Ku Y. Correlation analysis of periodontal tissue dimensions in the esthetic zone using a non-invasive digital method. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2021; 51:88-99. [PMID: 33913632 PMCID: PMC8090792 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2003460173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Direct intraoral scanning and superimposing methods have recently been applied to measure the dimensions of periodontal tissues. The aim of this study was to analyze various correlations between labial gingival thickness and underlying alveolar bone thickness, as well as clinical parameters among 3 tooth types (central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines) using a digital method. Methods In 20 periodontally healthy subjects, cone-beam computed tomography images and intraoral scanned files were obtained. Measurements of labial alveolar bone and gingival thickness at the central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines were performed at points 0–5 mm from the alveolar crest on the superimposed images. Clinical parameters including the crown width/crown length ratio, keratinized gingival width, gingival scallop, and transparency of the periodontal probe through the gingival sulcus were examined. Results Gingival thickness at the alveolar crest level was positively correlated with the thickness of the alveolar bone plate (P<0.05). The central incisors revealed a strong correlation between labial alveolar bone thickness at 1 and 2 mm, respectively, inferior to the alveolar crest and the thickness of the gingiva at the alveolar crest line (G0), whereas G0 and labial bone thickness at every level were positively correlated in the lateral incisors and canines. No significant correlations were found between clinical parameters and hard or soft tissue thickness. Conclusions Gingival thickness at the alveolar crest level revealed a positive correlation with labial alveolar bone thickness, although this correlation at identical depth levels was not significant. Gingival thickness, at or under the alveolar crest level, was not associated with the clinical parameters of the gingival features, such as the crown form, gingival scallop, or keratinized gingival width.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jeong Kim
- Department of Periodontology, Seoul National University Gwanak Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Man Park
- Department of Prosthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jae Cho
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Public Oral Health, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ku
- Department of Periodontology and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.
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21
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Kuralt M, Gašperšič R, Fidler A. 3D
computer‐aided treatment planning in periodontology: A novel approach for evaluation and visualization of soft tissue thickness. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2020; 32:457-462. [DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marko Kuralt
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and EndodonticsUniversity Medical Centre, Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Rok Gašperšič
- Department of Oral Medicine and PeriodontologyUniversity Medical Centre, Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Aleš Fidler
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and EndodonticsUniversity Medical Centre, Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
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22
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Wang D, Jin J, Qi W, Lin G, Sun P, He F. The two-dimensional size of peri-implant soft tissue in the anterior maxilla and some relevance: A 1- to 7-year cross-sectional study. J Clin Periodontol 2020; 47:509-517. [PMID: 31944341 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study measured the two-dimensional size of soft and hard tissues and analysed some relevance between them. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ninety-six maxillary anterior implants with a follow-up time 1-7 years postoperatively were evaluated. We superimposed the CBCT data of 72 patients with the optical scan data, followed by the measurements of the thickness and the height of soft and bone tissues. The shoulder of the implant was the reference point for all vertical measurements. RESULTS At the level of implant shoulder, the mid-buccal mean thickness of soft tissue was 1.83 ± 0.76 mm, and on the palatal side, it was 4.00 ± 1.22 mm. The mean height of mid-buccal and mid-palatal gingiva was 4.16 ± 1.07 mm and 4.27 ± 1.07 mm. The buccal and palatal vertical bone wall peak was 0.41 ± 0.73 mm and 0.22 ± 0.57 mm coronal to the implant shoulder, and the marginal bone loss was -0.28 ± 0.76 mm and -0.84 ± 1.41 mm. Correlation analysis showed that the soft tissue thickness was negatively correlated with the bone thickness at 0 mm on the buccal side and at 0/2/4 mm on the palatal side apical towards from implant shoulder. The gingival height was significantly positively correlated with bone peak height and marginal bone height. CONCLUSION Soft and hard tissues were basically negatively correlated in the horizontal direction. Sites with little marginal bone loss or high bone peak positively correlated with higher soft tissue levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, Hangzhou, China.,The Third Dental Center, Hospital of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiali Jin
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenting Qi
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guofen Lin
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, Hangzhou, China.,Department of General Dentistry, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, Hangzhou, China.,Department of General Dentistry, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fuming He
- Department of Prosthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Stomatology, Hangzhou, China
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Ramanauskaite A, Becker K, Kassira HC, Becker J, Sader R, Schwarz F. The dimensions of the facial alveolar bone at tooth sites with local pathologies: a retrospective cone-beam CT analysis. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 24:1551-1560. [PMID: 31414272 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-03057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of various local pathologies on facial alveolar bone dimensions at tooth sites. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cone-beam computed tomography images of 60 patients were analyzed. Healthy teeth and teeth with local pathologies (i.e., endodontically treated, periodontally diseased teeth, and teeth with periapical lesions) were included. The thickness of the facial alveolar bone was measured at five locations: (1) the bone crest (W0), (2) 25% (W25), (3) 50% (W50), (4) 75% (W75) of the distance from the bone crest to the root apex (A), and (5) in the A region (W100). The results were considered statistically significant at p < 0.0008 (adjustment according to the statistical correction for multiple testing). RESULTS A total of 1174 teeth (707 healthy and 467 with the local pathologies) were assessed. Periodontally diseased maxillary premolars and anterior teeth in the mandible in the W0 position, as well as maxillary molars in the W25 position, tended to have a lower facial bone thickness when compared to the healthy teeth (0.68 mm vs. 0.84 mm, p = 0.008; 0.47 mm vs. 0.55 mm, p = 0.004; and 1.27 mm vs. 1.72 mm; p = 0.009, respectively). In contrast, the observed tendency pointed towards thicker facial bone wall for the periodontally diseased mandibular anterior teeth in the W50 position (0.74 vs. 0.52, p = 0.001). Healthy maxillary molars tended to display a thicker facial alveolar bone compared to the teeth with local pathologies in the W25, W50, and W75 positions (p = 0.001, p = 0.005, and p = 0.004, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The present analysis has indicated that local pathologies are commonly associated with a compromised socket morphology. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The facial bone thickness was particularly reduced at periodontally diseased teeth, which may challenge implant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ausra Ramanauskaite
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implantology, Carolinum Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7; Building 29, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
- Department of Oral Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - K Becker
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implantology, Carolinum Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7; Building 29, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Orthodontics, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - J Becker
- Department of Oral Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - R Sader
- Department for Oral, Cranio-Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Medical Center of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Haus 29, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - F Schwarz
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implantology, Carolinum Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7; Building 29, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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koç A, Kavut İ, Uğur M. Assessment of Buccal Bone Thickness in the Anterior Maxilla: A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study. CUMHURIYET DENTAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.7126/cumudj.494676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Sanz-Martín I, Encalada C, Sanz-Sánchez I, Aracil J, Sanz M. Soft tissue augmentation at immediate implants using a novel xenogeneic collagen matrix in conjunction with immediate provisional restorations: A prospective case series. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2018; 21:145-153. [DOI: 10.1111/cid.12696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolina Encalada
- Section of Graduate Periodontology; University Complutense; Madrid Spain
| | - Ignacio Sanz-Sánchez
- Section of Graduate Periodontology; University Complutense; Madrid Spain
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group; University Complutense; Madrid Spain
| | - Javier Aracil
- Section of Graduate Periodontology; University Complutense; Madrid Spain
| | - Mariano Sanz
- Section of Graduate Periodontology; University Complutense; Madrid Spain
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group; University Complutense; Madrid Spain
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26
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López-Jarana P, Díaz-Castro CM, Falcão A, Falcão C, Ríos-Santos JV, Herrero-Climent M. Thickness of the buccal bone wall and root angulation in the maxilla and mandible: an approach to cone beam computed tomography. BMC Oral Health 2018; 18:194. [PMID: 30463614 PMCID: PMC6249849 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-018-0652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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27
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Kim SH, Lee JB, Kim MJ, Pang EK. Combining virtual model and cone beam computed tomography to assess periodontal changes after anterior tooth movement. BMC Oral Health 2018; 18:180. [PMID: 30382854 PMCID: PMC6211447 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-018-0635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Orthodontic force may affect not only periodontal ligaments, but also the alveoloar bone and the gingiva according to the type of tooth movements. The authors assessed changes in gingival thickness (GT) and alveolar bone thickness (ABT) after orthodontic treatment using a new method. Methods This study included 408 teeth (208 central incisors, 200 lateral incisors) from the upper and lower 4 anterior teeth of 52 patients who had completed orthodontic treatment. GT and ABT were measured using virtual casts fabricated from impressions and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Two sectioned images of every tooth axis were acquired by partitioning each tooth with a line connecting the midpoint of the incisal edge to the midpoint of the cementoenamel junction in the virtual models and the root apex in CBCT images. After superimposing the two sectioned images, GT and ABT were measured before and after orthodontic tooth movement. Correlations between GT and ABT before and after treatment, and changes in GT and ABT associated with sex, tooth arch, tooth position, orthognathic surgery, and tooth inclination and rotation were assessed. Results Before orthodontic treatment, GT and ABT were significantly correlated. Patients who underwent orthognathic surgery exhibited an increase in GT thickness compared with those who did not. ABT was significantly decreased in proclined teeth and in rotated teeth. Conclusions GT and ABT can be affected by the nature of tooth movement and can be accurately assessed by comparing sectioned CBCT images and virtual models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hyun Kim
- Department of Clinical Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Bin Lee
- Department of Periodontology, Mokdong Hospital, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Ji Kim
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Pang
- Department of Periodontology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, 1071 Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 07985, Republic of Korea.
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Assessment of Periodontal Biotype in a Young Chinese Population using Different Measurement Methods. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11212. [PMID: 30046153 PMCID: PMC6060136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29542-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal biotype is used to describe the morphological characteristics of periodontal tissues and is closely related to periodontal health and prognosis of many dental treatments. This study was undertaken to explore the periodontal biotype distribution in a young Chinese population and to evaluate the accuracy of different methods for gingival thickness (GT) measurement. A total of 372 teeth from 31 periodontally healthy subjects were included. GT was measured simultaneously by probe transparency, transgingival probing and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Some other anatomic parameters, including crown width/crown length ratio, attached gingival width, labial bone thickness and papilla volume were recorded for periodontal biotype classification. As found by probe transparency, the gingivae of 222 teeth (59.68%) were thick, while those of 150 teeth (40.32%) were thin. The mean GT of included subjects was 1.03 ± 0.31 mm as measured by transgingival probing and 1.03 ± 0.24 mm as measured by CBCT. Four groups were identified by cluster analysis. Thick-flap biotype, average-scalloped biotype, average-flap biotype and thin-scalloped biotype comprised 137 teeth (36.83%), 96 teeth (25.81%), 39 teeth (10.48%) and 100 teeth (26.88%), respectively. These results demonstrate that the most common periodontal biotype in this young Chinese population was the thick-flap type with low aesthetic risk.
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Joshi A, Suragimath G, Zope SA, Ashwinirani SR, Varma SA. Comparison of Gingival Biotype between different Genders based on Measurement of Dentopapillary Complex. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:ZC40-ZC45. [PMID: 29207831 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/30144.10575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clinical and aesthetic outcomes after periodontal or implant surgical procedures are determined by anatomical and morphological characteristics of the gingiva like width of keratinized gingiva, thickness of gingiva and alveolar bone. Therefore, the knowledge of gingival biotype plays an important role in modifying the dental therapeutic procedures for the desired outcome and predictability. AIM The aim of the present study was to assess and compare the gingival biotype among genders by clinical, photographic and radiographic parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 800 subjects (400 males and 400 females) were considered for the study. Width of keratinized gingiva (GW), transparency of the periodontal probe through the sulcus (TRAN) were assessed clinically; Crown Width/Crown Length ratio (CW/CL) and Papillary Height (PH) were assessed photographically; Gingival Thickness (GT1, GT2, GT3) and Alveolar bone Thickness (AT1, AT2, AT3) were assessed radiographically. The obtained data was correlated to compare the gingival biotype between males and females. The collected data was statistically analysed using Pearson correlation coefficient (r) with the corresponding 95% confidence interval. RESULTS The TRAN at GT1, GT2 and GT3 as well as at AT1, AT2 and AT3 showed a very strong positive correlation in males (r>0.8) as compared to females (r<0.8). A very strong positive correlation was observed between GT1, GT2, GT3 and AT1, AT2, AT3 in males (r>0.9) as compared to females (r<0.7). CONCLUSION There are definite differences in the gingival biotype among different genders with predominance of a thin gingival biotype with reduced alveolar bone thickness in females as compared to males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Joshi
- Postgraduate Student, Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Sciences, KIMSDU, Karad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Girish Suragimath
- Professor and Head, Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Sciences, KIMSDU, Karad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sameer Anil Zope
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Sciences, KIMSDU, Karad, Maharashtra, India
| | - S R Ashwinirani
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, School of Dental Sciences, KIMSDU, Karad, Maharashtra, India
| | - Siddhartha A Varma
- Reader, Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Sciences, KIMSDU, Karad, Maharashtra, India
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