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Chen Y, Feng S, Li Y, Zhang C, Chao G, Zhang S. Gut microbiota and intestinal immunity-A crosstalk in irritable bowel syndrome. Immunology 2024; 172:1-20. [PMID: 38174581 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), one of the most prevalent functional gastrointestinal disorders, is characterized by recurrent abdominal pain and abnormal defecation habits, resulting in a severe healthcare burden worldwide. The pathophysiological mechanisms of IBS are multi-factorially involved, including food antigens, visceral hypersensitivity reactions, and the brain-gut axis. Numerous studies have found that gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal immunity play an important role in the development of IBS in crosstalk with multiple mechanisms. Therefore, based on existing evidence, this paper elaborates that the damage and activation of intestinal mucosal immunity and the disturbance of gut microbiota are closely related to the progression of IBS. Combined with the application prospect, it also provides references for further in-depth exploration and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuyan Feng
- The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guanqun Chao
- Department of General Practice, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Leite G, de Freitas Germano J, Morales W, Weitsman S, Barlow GM, Parodi G, Pimentel ML, Villanueva-Millan MJ, Sanchez M, Ayyad S, Rezaie A, Mathur R, Pimentel M. Cytolethal distending toxin B inoculation leads to distinct gut microtypes and IBS-D-like microRNA-mediated gene expression changes in a rodent model. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2293170. [PMID: 38108386 PMCID: PMC10730147 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2293170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D), associated with increased intestinal permeability, inflammation, and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, can be triggered by acute gastroenteritis. Cytolethal distending toxin B (CdtB) is produced by gastroenteritis-causing pathogens and may underlie IBS-D development, through molecular mimicry with vinculin. Here, we examine the effects of exposure to CdtB alone on gut microbiome composition, host intestinal gene expression, and IBS-D-like phenotypes in a rat model. CdtB-inoculated rats exhibited increased anti-CdtB levels, which correlated with increased stool wet weights, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL2) and predicted microbial metabolic pathways including inflammatory responses, TNF responses, and diarrhea. Three distinct ileal microbiome profiles (microtypes) were identified in CdtB-inoculated rats. The first microtype (most like controls) had altered relative abundance (RA) of genera Bifidobacterium, Lactococcus, and Rothia. The second had lower microbial diversity, higher Escherichia-Shigella RA, higher absolute E. coli abundance, and altered host ileal tissue expression of immune-response and TNF-response genes compared to controls. The third microtype had higher microbial diversity, higher RA of hydrogen sulfide (H2S)-producer Desulfovibrio, and increased expression of H2S-associated pain/serotonin response genes. All CdtB-inoculated rats exhibited decreased ileal expression of cell junction component mRNAs, including vinculin-associated proteins. Significantly, cluster-specific microRNA-mRNA interactions controlling intestinal permeability, visceral hypersensitivity/pain, and gastrointestinal motility genes, including several previously associated with IBS were seen. These findings demonstrate that exposure to CdtB toxin alone results in IBS-like phenotypes including inflammation and diarrhea-like stool, decreased expression of intestinal barrier components, and altered ileal microtypes that influenced changes in microRNA-modulated gene expression and predicted metabolic pathways consistent with specific IBS-D symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Leite
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Walter Morales
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stacy Weitsman
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gillian M Barlow
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gonzalo Parodi
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maya L Pimentel
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Maritza Sanchez
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Ayyad
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ali Rezaie
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruchi Mathur
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark Pimentel
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Chen H, Ang CJ, Crowder MK, Brieher WM, Blanke SR. Revisiting bacterial cytolethal distending toxin structure and function. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1289359. [PMID: 38035327 PMCID: PMC10682658 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1289359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytolethal distending toxins (CDTs) are intracellular-acting bacterial genotoxins generated by a diverse group of mucocutaneous human pathogens. CDTs must successfully bind to the plasma membrane of host cells in order to exert their modulatory effects. Maximal toxin activity requires all three toxin subunits, CdtA, CdtB, and CdtC, which, based primarily on high-resolution structural data, are believed to preassemble into a tripartite complex necessary for toxin activity. However, biologically active toxin has not been experimentally demonstrated to require assembly of the three subunits into a heterotrimer. Here, we experimentally compared concentration-dependent subunit interactions and toxin cellular activity of the Campylobacter jejuni CDT (Cj-CDT). Co-immunoprecipitation and dialysis retention experiments provided evidence for the presence of heterotrimeric toxin complexes, but only at concentrations of Cj-CdtA, Cj-CdtB, and Cj-CdtC several logs higher than required for Cj-CDT-mediated arrest of the host cell cycle at the G2/M interface, which is triggered by the endonuclease activity associated with the catalytic Cj-CdtB subunit. Microscale thermophoresis confirmed that Cj-CDT subunit interactions occur with low affinity. Collectively, our data suggest that at the lowest concentrations of toxin sufficient for arrest of cell cycle progression, mixtures of Cj-CdtA, Cj-CdtB, and Cj-CdtC consist primarily of non-interacting, subunit monomers. The lack of congruence between toxin tripartite structure and cellular activity suggests that the widely accepted model that CDTs principally intoxicate host cells as preassembled heterotrimeric structures should be revisited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Chen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Claire J. Ang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Molly K. Crowder
- Department of Microbiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - William M. Brieher
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Steven R. Blanke
- Department of Microbiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Biomedical and Translational Sciences Department, Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
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Qu Y, Park SH, Dallas DC. The Role of Bovine Kappa-Casein Glycomacropeptide in Modulating the Microbiome and Inflammatory Responses of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Nutrients 2023; 15:3991. [PMID: 37764775 PMCID: PMC10538225 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder marked by chronic abdominal pain, bloating, and irregular bowel habits. Effective treatments are still actively sought. Kappa-casein glycomacropeptide (GMP), a milk-derived peptide, holds promise because it can modulate the gut microbiome, immune responses, gut motility, and barrier functions, as well as binding toxins. These properties align with the recognized pathophysiological aspects of IBS, including gut microbiota imbalances, immune system dysregulation, and altered gut barrier functions. This review delves into GMP's role in regulating the gut microbiome, accentuating its influence on bacterial populations and its potential to promote beneficial bacteria while inhibiting pathogenic varieties. It further investigates the gut microbial shifts observed in IBS patients and contemplates GMP's potential for restoring microbial equilibrium and overall gut health. The anti-inflammatory attributes of GMP, especially its impact on vital inflammatory markers and capacity to temper the low-grade inflammation present in IBS are also discussed. In addition, this review delves into current research on GMP's effects on gut motility and barrier integrity and examines the changes in gut motility and barrier function observed in IBS sufferers. The overarching goal is to assess the potential clinical utility of GMP in IBS management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyao Qu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (Y.Q.); (S.H.P.)
- Nutrition Program, College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Si Hong Park
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (Y.Q.); (S.H.P.)
| | - David C. Dallas
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; (Y.Q.); (S.H.P.)
- Nutrition Program, College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Kato I, Minkevitch J, Sun J. Oncogenic potential of Campylobacter infection in the gastrointestinal tract: narrative review. Scand J Gastroenterol 2023; 58:1453-1465. [PMID: 37366241 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2023.2228954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of zoonotic gastroenteritis. The other emerging group of Campylobacters spp. are part of human oral commensal, represented by C. concisus (CC), which has been recently linked to non-oral conditions. Although long-term gastrointestinal (GI) complications from these two groups of Campylobacters have been previously reviewed individually, overall impact of Campylobacter infection on GI carcinogenesis and their inflammatory precursor lesions has not been assessed collectively. AIMS To evaluate the available evidence concerning the association between Campylobacter infection/colonization and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), reflux esophagitis/metaplasia colorectal cancer (CRC) and esophageal cancer (EC). METHODS We performed a comprehensive literature search of PubMed for relevant original publications and systematic reviews/meta-analyses of epidemiological and clinical studies. In addition, we gathered additional information concerning microbiological data, animal models and mechanistic data from in vitro studies. RESULTS Both retrospective and prospective studies on IBD showed relatively consistent increased risk associated with Campylobacter infection. Despite lack of supporting prospective studies, retrospective studies based on tissue/fecal microbiome revealed consistent enrichment of Campylobacter in CRC samples. Studies on EC precursor lesions (esophagitis and metaplasia) were generally supportive for the association with Campylobacter, while inconsistent observations on EC. Studies on both IBD and EC precursors suggested the predominant role of CC, but studies on CRC were not informative of species. CONCLUSIONS There is sufficient evidence calling for concerted effort in unveiling direct and indirect connection of this organism to colorectal and esophageal cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Kato
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Julia Minkevitch
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, IL, USA
- UIC Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Ganji L, Shirazi MH, Ebrahimi-Daryani N, Eslami P, Rahbar M, Zali MR, Alebouyeh M. Carriage of CdtB Encoding Campylobacter spp., Salmonella enterica, and Yersinia entercolitica in Patients with Gastroenteritis and Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:5522-5528. [PMID: 35357609 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-022-07468-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) is one of the bacterial toxins that present in a variety of gram-negative human pathogens, such as E. coli, Salmonella spp., and Campylobacter spp. CDT is composed of three subunits encoded by three adjacent genes, including cdtA, cdtB, and cdtC. cdtB has been shown to have toxic activity and cause DNA damage in host cells. Despite its presence in different bacterial species, the role of CdtB in acute and chronic infections, such as gastroenteritis and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), is unclear. To analyze this correlation, we studied the prevalence of cdtB among different enteropathogenic bacteria in patients with gastroenteritis and IBS compared with healthy people. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 230 stool samples were collected from patients with gastroenteritis, IBS, and healthy people. The presence of CdtB encoding bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp., Yersinia entercolitica, Providencia alkalifacience, and Salmonella enterica, was examined by polymerase chain reaction using genus-specific primers. RESULTS Out of 230 stool samples, CdtB encoding Campylobacter spp. were found in 34.6% (52/150), 6.25% (5/80), and 4% (2/50) of the patients with gastroenteritis, IBS, and the control group, respectively. Carriage of CdtB encoding Salmonella enterica was characterized among 5.3% (8/150) of the patients with gastroenteritis and 17.5% (14/80) of the IBS patients. Although none of the patients carried CdtB encoding E. coli and Providencia spp., cdtB of Y. enterocolitica was detected in one of the patients with gastroenteritis (0.6%). Statistical analysis showed significant correlation between infection with CdtB encoding Campylobacter spp. and IBS-D subtype. No significant correlation was found between infection with CdtB encoding bacteria and other clinical and demographic data. CONCLUSION Our results confirmed a relatively higher frequency of CdtB encoding bacteria in the intestine of patients with gastroenteritis and those with IBS compared with healthy individuals. Regarding the frequency of CdtB encoding Salmonella and Campylobacter bacteria, it was proposed that infection with these enteropathogens could be considered a risk factor for the development or progression of IBS among Iranian patients. Further studies are needed to establish this involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Ganji
- Health Reference Laboratory Research Center, Reference Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Shirazi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasser Ebrahimi-Daryani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Eslami
- Department of Microbiology, Central Laboratory, Milad Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rahbar
- Health Reference Laboratory Research Center, Reference Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Alebouyeh
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Markelova NN, Semenova EF, Sineva ON, Sadykova VS. The Role of Cyclomodulins and Some Microbial Metabolites in Bacterial Microecology and Macroorganism Carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911706. [PMID: 36233008 PMCID: PMC9570213 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of bacteria that colonize the human body produce toxins and effectors that cause changes in the eukaryotic cell cycle—cyclomodulins and low-molecular-weight compounds such as butyrate, lactic acid, and secondary bile acids. Cyclomodulins and metabolites are necessary for bacteria as adaptation factors—which are influenced by direct selection—to the ecological niches of the host. In the process of establishing two-way communication with the macroorganism, these compounds cause limited damage to the host, despite their ability to disrupt key processes in eukaryotic cells, which can lead to pathological changes. Possible negative consequences of cyclomodulin and metabolite actions include their potential role in carcinogenesis, in particular, with the ability to cause DNA damage, increase genome instability, and interfere with cancer-associated regulatory pathways. In this review, we aim to examine cyclomodulins and bacterial metabolites as important factors in bacterial survival and interaction with the host organism to show their heterogeneous effect on oncogenesis depending on the surrounding microenvironment, pathological conditions, and host genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia N. Markelova
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, ul. Bolshaya Pirogovskaya, 11, 119021 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (N.N.M.); (V.S.S.)
| | - Elena F. Semenova
- Institute of Biochemical Technology, Ecology and Pharmacy, V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, 295007 Simferopol, Russia
| | - Olga N. Sineva
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, ul. Bolshaya Pirogovskaya, 11, 119021 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera S. Sadykova
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, ul. Bolshaya Pirogovskaya, 11, 119021 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (N.N.M.); (V.S.S.)
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Vita AA, Zwickey H, Bradley R. Associations between food-specific IgG antibodies and intestinal permeability biomarkers. Front Nutr 2022; 9:962093. [PMID: 36147305 PMCID: PMC9485556 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.962093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing translational evidence suggests that intestinal permeability may be a contributing factor to systemic inflammatory events and numerous pathologies. While associations between IgE-mediated food allergies and increased intestinal permeability have been well-characterized, the relationship between IgG-mediated food sensitivities and intestinal permeability is not well-described in the literature. Thus, we tested for associations between intestinal permeability biomarkers and food-specific IgG antibodies in 111 adults, with and without gastrointestinal symptoms. All biomarkers and food-specific IgG antibodies were measured via ELISA. The intestinal permeability biomarkers anti-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and anti-occludin IgG and IgA antibodies, but not anti-vinculin or anti-CdtB IgG antibodies, were significantly and positively associated with IgG-mediated food sensitivities. These significant relationships were attenuated by adjusting for the severity of wheat, dairy, and egg reactions. The results of this study support strong associations between titers of food-specific IgG antibodies and intestinal permeability biomarkers in adults, to the extent that the presence of multiple IgG antibodies to food, and increasing IgG food titers, can be considered indicative of increased antibodies to LPS and occludin. Notably, neither IgG titers to wheat, eggs, and dairy, nor permeability biomarkers, were increased in symptomatic participants compared to those without symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Adorno Vita
- Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR, United States
- *Correspondence: Alexandra Adorno Vita,
| | - Heather Zwickey
- Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Ryan Bradley
- Helfgott Research Institute, National University of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR, United States
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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OUP accepted manuscript. Pathog Dis 2022; 80:6521441. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Vasapolli R, Schulz C, Schweden M, Casèn C, Kirubakaran GT, Kirste KH, Macke L, Link A, Schütte K, Malfertheiner P. Gut microbiota profiles and the role of anti-CdtB and anti-vinculin antibodies in patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID). Eur J Clin Invest 2021; 51:e13666. [PMID: 34390492 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distinct faecal microbiota profiles are reported to be associated with various subtypes of IBS. Circulating antibodies to cytolethal distending toxin B (CdtB) and vinculin are proposed as biomarkers to identify post-infectious IBS. The aim of our study was to analyse serum levels of anti-CdtB and anti-vinculin antibodies in patients with different functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) and their correlation with the composition of faecal microbiome. METHODS The study cohort comprised 65 prospectively recruited individuals: 15 with diarrhoea-type-IBS (IBS-D), 13 with constipation-type-IBS (IBS-C), 15 with functional dyspepsia (FD) and 22 healthy controls. FGID subgroups were defined according to Rome III criteria. Serum levels of anti-CdtB and anti-vinculin antibodies were measured by ELISA. Faecal microbiome composition analysis and assessment of dysbiosis were performed by GA-map® Dysbiosis Test. RESULTS Positivity rate either for anti-CdtB or anti-vinculin antibodies was higher in the IBS-C group (76.9%) compared to IBS-D (40.0%), FD (60%) and healthy (63.6%) groups. Dysbiosis was more frequent in subjects positive for anti-CdtB antibodies and in IBS-C patients, who showed an increased amount of opportunistic/pro-inflammatory bacteria and reduced gut protective bacteria. IBS-C patients showed a high inter-individual variation of bacterial communities compared to other FGID subgroups and healthy individuals, whereas microbial profiles of patients with IBS-D and FD were overlapping with those of healthy controls. No bacteria markers showed significant differences between FGID subgroups and healthy controls. CONCLUSION Neither anti-CdtB/anti-vinculin antibodies nor faecal microbial profiles allowed to discriminate between specific FGID subgroups. Dysbiosis was more frequent in patients presenting with anti-CdtB antibodies and in IBS-C patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Vasapolli
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine II, Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Schulz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine II, Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Schweden
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Lukas Macke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Link
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schütte
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Niels-Stensen-Kliniken, Marienhospital, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Peter Malfertheiner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine II, Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Zaki MES, Elhammady D, Foda Salama M, Abdelsalam M, Osman AOB. Study of Antibodies to Cytolethal Distending Toxin B (CdtB) and Antibodies to Vinculin in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome. F1000Res 2021; 10:303. [PMID: 34754418 PMCID: PMC8546732 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.52086.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder, categorized into various subtypes. Post-infection IBS may be attributed to the release of cytolethal distending toxin B (CdtB), which cross-reacts with the adhesion protein vinculin responsible for normal intestinal contractility. Objective: This study aims to identify anti-CdtB and anti-vinculin levels in IBS patients compared to healthy control. Subjects and methods: This retrospective case-control study was conducted on 100 subjects with IBS, as determined by a questionnaire based on Rome III criteria, recruited from the outpatient clinics of the Tropical Medicine at Mansoura University Hospital from January 2019 to January 2020. Results: The optical density (OD) results of the anti-vinculin and anti-CdtB levels were significantly elevated in patients with IBS (1.58±0.496 OD, 2.47±0.60 OD) when compared to control subjects (1.13±0.249 OD, 2.1±0.24 OD), respectively with P=0.001 for both. Anti-vinculin level was significantly higher in the IBS-D subtype than the other subtypes (P=0.001) while, Anti-CdtB was significantly elevated in IBS-C, IBS-D subgroups compared to control subjects (P=0.001). Conclusion: Findings of the present study support the hypothesis that IBS results from post-infectious disorders initiated by bacterial enteritis. A hypothesis could be applied to all IBS subgroups. On the other hand. These biomarkers might reflect the post-infectious state's severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mona Foda Salama
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Abdelsalam
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Internal Medicine Department,, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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12
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Zaki MES, Elhammady D, Foda Salama M, Abdelsalam M, Osman AOB. Study of Antibodies to Cytolethal Distending Toxin B (CdtB) and Antibodies to Vinculin in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome. F1000Res 2021; 10:303. [PMID: 34754418 PMCID: PMC8546732 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.52086.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder, categorized into various subtypes. Post-infection IBS may be attributed to the release of cytolethal distending toxin B (CdtB), which cross-reacts with the adhesion protein vinculin responsible for normal intestinal contractility. Objective: This study aims to identify anti-CdtB and anti-vinculin levels in IBS patients compared to healthy control. Subjects and methods: This retrospective case-control study was conducted on 100 subjects with IBS, as determined by a questionnaire based on Rome III criteria, recruited from the outpatient clinics of the Tropical Medicine at Mansoura University Hospital from January 2019 to January 2020. Results: Anti-vinculin and anti-CdtB levels were significantly elevated in patients with IBS (1.58±0.496, 2.47±0.60) when compared to control subjects (1.13±0.249ng/ml, 2.1±0.24 ng/ml), respectively with P=0.001 for both. Anti-vinculin level was significantly higher in the IBS-D subtype than the other subtypes (P=0.001) while, Anti-CdtB was significantly elevated in IBS-C, IBS-D subgroups compared to control subjects (P=0.001). Conclusion: Findings of the present study support the hypothesis that IBS results from post-infectious disorders initiated by bacterial enteritis. A hypothesis could be applied to all IBS subgroups. On the other hand. These biomarkers might reflect the post-infectious state's severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mona Foda Salama
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Abdelsalam
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Internal Medicine Department,, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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13
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Zaki MES, Elhammady D, Foda Salama M, Abdelsalam M, Osman AOB. Study of Antibodies to Cytolethal Distending Toxin B (CdtB) and Antibodies to Vinculin in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome. F1000Res 2021; 10:303. [PMID: 34754418 PMCID: PMC8546732 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.52086.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder, categorized into various subtypes. Post-infection IBS may be attributed to the release of cytolethal distending toxin B (CdtB), which cross-reacts with the adhesion protein vinculin responsible for normal intestinal contractility. Objective: This study aims to identify anti-CdtB and anti-vinculin levels in IBS patients compared to healthy control. Subjects and methods: This retrospective case-control study was conducted on 100 patients with IBS, as determined by a questionnaire based on Rome IV criteria, recruited from the outpatient clinics of the Tropical Medicine at Mansoura University Hospital from January 2019 to January 2020. Results: Anti-vinculin and anti-CdtB levels were significantly elevated in patients with IBS (1.58±0.496ng/ml, 2.47±0.60ng/ml) when compared to control subjects (1.13±0.249ng/ml, 2.1±0.24 ng/ml), respectively with P=0.001 for both. Anti-vinculin level was significantly higher in the IBS-D subtype than the other subtypes (P=0.001) while, Anti-CdtB was significantly elevated in IBS-C, IBS-D subgroups compared to control subjects (P=0.001). Conclusion: Findings of the present study support the hypothesis that IBS results from post-infectious disorders initiated by bacterial enteritis. A hypothesis could be applied to all IBS subgroups. On the other hand. These biomarkers might reflect the post-infectious state's severity. These findings need further extensive longitudinal studies in patients with IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mona Foda Salama
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Abdelsalam
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Internal Medicine Department,, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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14
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Zaki MES, Elhammady D, Foda Salama M, Abdelsalam M, Osman AOB. Study of Antibodies to Cytolethal Distending Toxin B (CdtB) and Antibodies to Vinculin in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome. F1000Res 2021; 10:303. [PMID: 34754418 PMCID: PMC8546732.2 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.52086.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common gastrointestinal disorder, categorized into various subtypes. Post-infection IBS may be attributed to the release of cytolethal distending toxin B (CdtB), which cross-reacts with the adhesion protein vinculin responsible for normal intestinal contractility. Objective: This study aims to identify anti-CdtB and anti-vinculin levels in IBS patients compared to healthy control. Subjects and methods: This retrospective case-control study was conducted on 100 subjects with IBS, as determined by a questionnaire based on Rome IV criteria, recruited from the outpatient clinics of the Tropical Medicine at Mansoura University Hospital from January 2019 to January 2020. Results: Anti-vinculin and anti-CdtB levels were significantly elevated in patients with IBS (1.58±0.496ng/ml, 2.47±0.60ng/ml) when compared to control subjects (1.13±0.249ng/ml, 2.1±0.24 ng/ml), respectively with P=0.001 for both. Anti-vinculin level was significantly higher in the IBS-D subtype than the other subtypes (P=0.001) while, Anti-CdtB was significantly elevated in IBS-C, IBS-D subgroups compared to control subjects (P=0.001). Conclusion: Findings of the present study support the hypothesis that IBS results from post-infectious disorders initiated by bacterial enteritis. A hypothesis could be applied to all IBS subgroups. On the other hand. These biomarkers might reflect the post-infectious state's severity. These findings need further extensive longitudinal studies in patients with IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mona Foda Salama
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Abdelsalam
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Internal Medicine Department,, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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15
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Gahamanyi N, Song DG, Yoon KY, Mboera LEG, Matee MI, Mutangana D, Amachawadi RG, Komba EVG, Pan CH. Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles, Virulence Genes, and Genetic Diversity of Thermophilic Campylobacter Species Isolated From a Layer Poultry Farm in Korea. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:622275. [PMID: 33859624 PMCID: PMC8043113 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.622275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermophilic Campylobacter species are among the major etiologies of bacterial enteritis globally. This study aimed at assessing the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles, virulence genes, and genetic diversity of thermophilic Campylobacter species isolated from a layer poultry farm in South Korea. One hundred fifty-three chicken feces were collected from two layer poultry farms in Gangneung, South Korea. The Campylobacter species were isolated by cultural techniques, while PCR and sequencing were used for species confirmation. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for six antimicrobials [ciprofloxacin (CIP), nalidixic acid (NAL), sitafloxacin (SIT), erythromycin (ERY), tetracycline (TET), and gentamicin (GEN)] was carried out by broth microdilution. Three AMR and nine virulence genes were screened by PCR. Genotyping was performed by flaA-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Of the 153 samples, Campylobacter spp. were detected in 55 (35.9%), with Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli being 49 (89.1%) and six (10.9%), respectively. High-level resistance was observed for CIP (100%), NAL (100%), and TET (C. jejuni, 93.9%; C. coli: 83.3%). No resistance was observed for SIT. The missense mutation (C257T) in gyrA gene was confirmed by sequencing, while the tet(O) gene was similar to known sequences in GenBank. The rate of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains was 8.2%, and they all belonged to C. jejuni. All Campylobacter isolates possessed five virulence genes (cdtB, cstII, flaA, cadF, and dnaJ), but none possessed ggt, while the rates for other genes (csrA, ciaB, and pldA) ranged between 33.3 and 95.9%. The flaA-RFLP yielded 26 flaA types (C. jejuni: 21 and C. coli: five), while the MLST showed 10 sequence types (STs) for C. jejuni and three STs for C. coli, with CC-607 (STs 3611) and CC-460 (ST-460) being predominant. Among the 10 STs of C. jejuni, three were newly assigned. The findings of this study highlight the increased resistance to quinolones and TET, the virulence potential, and the diverse genotypes among Campylobacter strains isolated from the layer poultry farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Gahamanyi
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung, South Korea
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Dae-Geun Song
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Kye-Yoon Yoon
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung, South Korea
| | - Leonard E. G. Mboera
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Mecky I. Matee
- School of Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Raghavendra G. Amachawadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Erick V. G. Komba
- SACIDS Foundation for One Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Cheol-Ho Pan
- Natural Product Informatics Research Center, KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Gangneung, South Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
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16
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Morales W, Triantafyllou K, Parodi G, Weitsman S, Park SC, Rezaie A, Pichetshote N, Lin E, Pimentel M. Immunization with cytolethal distending toxin B produces autoantibodies to vinculin and small bowel bacterial changes in a rat model of postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13875. [PMID: 32436301 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent data substantiate the importance of acute gastroenteritis in the development of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). An animal model of postinfectious IBS determined the importance of cytolethal distending toxin B (CdtB) during live Campylobacter jejuni infection and its development of autoimmunity to vinculin. In this study, we examine whether subcutaneous exposure to CdtB alone is sufficient to produce the postinfectious IBS effect and autoimmunity. METHODS Sixty adult Sprague Dawley rats were randomized into 2 groups to receive subcutaneous injection of either CdtB or vehicle and administered a booster injection of the same product 3 weeks later. Serum was collected for anti-CdtB and anti-vinculin titers. Duodenal and ileal luminal contents for total eubacterial qPCR, and ileal bowel segments were harvested for vinculin and ileal expression. In a second experiment, 4 adult, Sprague Dawley rats were injected with either Cy7-labeled anti-CdtB and anti-vinculin antibodies were injected into the tail vein and imaged to determine organ localization of the antibodies. KEY RESULTS Rats that received CdtB increased in serum anti-CdtB after injection. CdtB exposure also precipitated significant elevation in anti-vinculin antibodies (P < .001). This was associated with a reduction in intestinal vinculin expression (P < .001) that negatively correlated with serum anti-CdtB levels. CdtB exposure was also associated with greater levels of duodenal (P < .001) and ileal (P < .01) bacteria by qPCR that positively correlated with anti-CdtB levels. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Rats injected with CdtB developed a postinfectious IBS-like phenotype and autoimmunity to vinculin with corresponding reduction in intestinal vinculin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Morales
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Konstantinos Triantafyllou
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, 2nd Department of Internal Medicine - Propaedeutic, Research Institute and Diabetes Center, Medical School, Attikon University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gonzalo Parodi
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stacy Weitsman
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sung Chul Park
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ali Rezaie
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nipaporn Pichetshote
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eugenia Lin
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark Pimentel
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is an extremely common and often very debilitating chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder. Despite its prevalence, significant associated healthcare costs, and quality-of-life issues for affected individuals, our understanding of its etiology remained limited. However, it is now evident that microbial factors play key roles in IBS pathophysiology. Acute gastroenteritis following exposure to pathogens can precipitate the development of IBS, and studies have demonstrated changes in the gut microbiome in IBS patients. These changes may explain some of the symptoms of IBS, including visceral hypersensitivity, as gut microbes exert effects on the host immune system and gut barrier function, as well as the brain-gut axis. Microbial differences also appear to underlie the two main functional categories of IBS: diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) is associated with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, which can be diagnosed by a positive hydrogen breath test, and constipation-predominant IBS (IBS-C) is associated with increased levels of methanogenic archaea, which can be diagnosed by a positive methane breath test. Mechanistically, the pathogens that cause gastroenteritis and trigger subsequent IBS development produce a common toxin, cytolethal distending toxin B (CdtB), and antibodies raised against CdtB cross-react with the cytoskeletal protein vinculin and impair gut motility, facilitating bacterial overgrowth. In contrast, methane gas slows intestinal contractility, which may facilitate the development of constipation. While antibiotics and dietary manipulations have been used to relieve IBS symptoms, with varying success, elucidating the specific mechanisms by which gut microbes exert their effects on the host may allow the development of targeted treatments that may successfully treat the underlying causes of IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Pimentel
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Anthony Lembo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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18
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Chey WD, Shah ED, DuPont HL. Mechanism of action and therapeutic benefit of rifaximin in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: a narrative review. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2020; 13:1756284819897531. [PMID: 32047534 PMCID: PMC6984424 DOI: 10.1177/1756284819897531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder with a multifactorial pathophysiology. The gut microbiota differs between patients with IBS and healthy individuals. After a bout of acute gastroenteritis, postinfection IBS may result in up to approximately 10% of those affected. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is more common in patients with IBS than in healthy individuals, and eradication of SIBO with systemic antibiotics has decreased symptoms of IBS in some patients with IBS and SIBO. The nonsystemic (i.e. low oral bioavailability) antibiotic rifaximin is indicated in the United States and Canada for the treatment of adults with IBS with diarrhea (IBS-D). The efficacy and safety of 2-week single and repeat courses of rifaximin have been demonstrated in randomized, placebo-controlled studies of adults with IBS. Rifaximin is widely thought to exert its beneficial clinical effects in IBS-D through manipulation of the gut microbiota. However, current studies indicate that rifaximin induces only modest effects on the gut microbiota of patients with IBS-D, suggesting that the efficacy of rifaximin may involve other mechanisms. Indeed, preclinical data reveal a potential role for rifaximin in the modulation of inflammatory cytokines and intestinal permeability, but these two findings have not yet been examined in the context of clinical studies. The mechanism of action of rifaximin in IBS is likely multifactorial, and further study is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D. Chey
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Division of Gastroenterology, Michigan Medicine, 3912 Taubman Center, SPC 5362, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5362, USA
| | - Eric D. Shah
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Herbert L. DuPont
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences and Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
- Mary W. Kelsey Chair in Medical Sciences, Division of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School Houston, TX, USA
- Kelsey Research Foundation, Houston, TX, USA
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19
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Verster KI, Wisecaver JH, Karageorgi M, Duncan RP, Gloss AD, Armstrong EE, Price DK, Menon AR, Ali ZM, Whiteman NK. Horizontal Transfer of Bacterial Cytolethal Distending Toxin B Genes to Insects. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 36:2105-2110. [PMID: 31236589 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer events have played a major role in the evolution of microbial species, but their importance in animals is less clear. Here, we report horizontal gene transfer of cytolethal distending toxin B (cdtB), prokaryotic genes encoding eukaryote-targeting DNase I toxins, into the genomes of vinegar flies (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae). We found insect-encoded cdtB genes are most closely related to orthologs from bacteriophage that infect Candidatus Hamiltonella defensa, a bacterial mutualistic symbiont of aphids that confers resistance to parasitoid wasps. In drosophilids, cdtB orthologs are highly expressed during the parasitoid-prone larval stage and encode a protein with ancestral DNase activity. We show that cdtB has been domesticated by diverse insects and hypothesize that it functions in defense against their natural enemies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten I Verster
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | | | - Marianthi Karageorgi
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Rebecca P Duncan
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Andrew D Gloss
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Donald K Price
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV
| | - Aruna R Menon
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Zainab M Ali
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Noah K Whiteman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
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20
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Takakura W, Pimentel M. Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth and Irritable Bowel Syndrome - An Update. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:664. [PMID: 32754068 PMCID: PMC7366247 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is one manifestation of gut microbiome dysbiosis and is highly prevalent in IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome). SIBO can be diagnosed either by a small bowel aspirate culture showing ≥103 colony-forming units (CFU) per mL of aspirate, or a positive hydrogen lactulose or glucose breath test. Numerous pathogenic organisms have been shown to be increased in subjects with SIBO and IBS, including but not limited to Enterococcus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella. In addition, Methanobrevibacter smithii, the causal organism in a positive methane breath test, has been linked to constipation predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-C). As M. smithii is an archaeon and can overgrow in areas outside of the small intestine, it was recently proposed that the term intestinal methanogen overgrowth (IMO) is more appropriate for the overgrowth of these organisms. Due to gut microbiome dysbiosis, patients with IBS may have increased intestinal permeability, dysmotility, chronic inflammation, autoimmunity, decreased absorption of bile salts, and even altered enteral and central neuronal activity. As a consequence, SIBO and IBS share a myriad of symptoms including abdominal pain, distention, diarrhea, and bloating. Furthermore, gut microbiome dysbiosis may be associated with select neuropsychological symptoms, although more research is needed to confirm this connection. This review will focus on the role of the gut microbiome and SIBO in IBS, as well as novel innovations that may help better characterize intestinal overgrowth and microbial dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Takakura
- Department of Medicine, Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mark Pimentel
- Department of Medicine, Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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21
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Morales W, Rezaie A, Barlow G, Pimentel M. Second-Generation Biomarker Testing for Irritable Bowel Syndrome Using Plasma Anti-CdtB and Anti-Vinculin Levels. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:3115-3121. [PMID: 31152332 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05684-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ELISA testing for anti-CdtB and anti-vinculin can discriminate patients with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D) from those with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, recent findings suggest the antigens can suffer from epitope instability. AIM This study aimed to assess effects of incorporating epitope stabilization on test characteristics for distinguishing IBS-D from IBD subjects. METHODS Plasma samples from IBS-D subjects from a large-scale clinical trial and subjects with endoscopically active IBD without concurrent immunomodulator therapy were used. After epitope stabilization, CdtB and vinculin were used in ELISA testing. Optical density readings were compared between IBS-D and IBD subjects. RESULTS Samples from 100 IBS-D and 31 IBD (22 UC and 9 CD) subjects were tested. IBS-D subjects had higher anti-CdtB titers (P = 0.0001) and higher anti-vinculin titers (P = 0.004) than IBD subjects. The specificities of anti-CdtB and anti-vinculin to differentiate IBS-D from IBD were 93.5% and 90.9%, respectively, with sensitivities of 43.0% and 52.2%, respectively. The positive likelihood ratios of identifying IBS-D with anti-CdtB and anti-vinculin were 6.7 and 5.7, respectively. Assuming a pretest probability of 57% for diagnosis of IBS-D in patients with abdominal pain and change in bowel habits, testing positive for both antibodies resulted in a posttest probability of > 98%. CONCLUSIONS Performing epitope stabilization for CdtB and vinculin enhances the test characteristics of ELISAs for anti-CdtB and anti-vinculin in discriminating IBS-D from IBD. Measurement of anti-CdtB and anti-vinculin with this second-generation methodology may further advance our understanding of the role of immunity in functional bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Morales
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8730 Alden Drive, Suite 240E, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Ali Rezaie
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8730 Alden Drive, Suite 240E, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Gillian Barlow
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8730 Alden Drive, Suite 240E, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Mark Pimentel
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8730 Alden Drive, Suite 240E, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
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22
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Barbara G, Grover M, Bercik P, Corsetti M, Ghoshal UC, Ohman L, Rajilić-Stojanović M. Rome Foundation Working Team Report on Post-Infection Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:46-58.e7. [PMID: 30009817 PMCID: PMC6309514 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The existence of postinfection irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) has been substantiated by epidemiology studies conducted in diverse geographic and clinical settings. However, the available evidence has not been well summarized, and there is little guidance for diagnosis and treatment of PI-IBS. The ROME Foundation has produced a working team report to summarize the available evidence on the pathophysiology of PI-IBS and provide guidance for diagnosis and treatment, based on findings reported in the literature and clinical experience. METHODS The working team conducted an evidence-based review of publication databases for articles describing the clinical features (diagnosis), pathophysiology (intestinal sensorimotor function, microbiota, immune dysregulation, barrier dysfunction, enteroendocrine pathways, and genetics), and animal models of PI-IBS. We used a Delphi-based consensus system to create guidelines for management of PI-IBS and a developed treatment algorithm based on published findings and experiences of team members. RESULTS PI-IBS develops in about 10% of patients with infectious enteritis. Risk factors include female sex, younger age, psychological distress during or before acute gastroenteritis, and severity of the acute episode. The pathogenesis of PI-PBS appears to involve changes in the intestinal microbiome as well as epithelial, serotonergic, and immune system factors. However, these mechanisms are incompletely understood. There are no evidence-based, effective pharmacologic strategies for treatment of PI-IBS. We provide a consensus-based treatment algorithm, based on clinical presentation and potential disease mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Based on a systematic review of the literature and team experience, we summarize the clinical features, pathophysiology (from animal models and human studies), and progression of PI-IBS. Based on these findings, we present an algorithm for diagnosis and treatment of PI-IBS based on team consensus. We also propose areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Barbara
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Madhusudan Grover
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Premysl Bercik
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maura Corsetti
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Uday C Ghoshal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Lena Ohman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mirjana Rajilić-Stojanović
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Shariati A, Fallah F, Pormohammad A, Taghipour A, Safari H, Chirani AS, Sabour S, Alizadeh-Sani M, Azimi T. The possible role of bacteria, viruses, and parasites in initiation and exacerbation of irritable bowel syndrome. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:8550-8569. [PMID: 30480810 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a prolonged and disabling functional gastrointestinal disorder with the incidence rate of 18% in the world. IBS could seriously affect lifetime of patients and cause high economic burden on the community. The pathophysiology of the IBS is hardly understood, whereas several possible mechanisms, such as visceral hypersensitivity, irregular gut motility, abnormal brain-gut relations, and the role of infectious agents, are implicated in initiation and development of this syndrome. Different studies demonstrated an alteration in B-lymphocytes, mast cells (MC), T-lymphocytes, and cytokine concentrations in intestinal mucosa or systemic circulation that are likely to contribute to the formation of the IBS. Therefore, IBS could be developed in those with genetic predisposition. Infections' role in initiation and exacerbation of IBS has been investigated by quite several clinical studies; moreover, the possible role of some pathogens in development and exacerbation of this disease has been described. It appears that the main obligatory pathogens correspond with the IBS disease, Clostridium difficile, Escherichia coli, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, Campylobacter concisus, Campylobacter jejuni, Chlamydia trachomatis, Helicobacter pylori, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, and viruses, particularly noroviruses. A number of pathogenic parasites (Blastocystis, Dientamoeba fragilis, and Giardia lamblia) may also be involved in the progression and exacerbation of the disease. Based on the current knowledge, the current study concludes that the most common bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens may be involved in the development and progression of IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Shariati
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Fallah
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Pormohammad
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Taghipour
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Safari
- Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Salami Chirani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Sabour
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardebil University of Medical Science, Ardebil, Iran
| | - Mahmood Alizadeh-Sani
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Taher Azimi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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24
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Cash BD. Understanding and Managing IBS and CIC in the Primary Care Setting. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2018; 14:3-15. [PMID: 30279636 PMCID: PMC6158925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brooks D Cash
- Chief of the Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Visiting Professor of Medicine University of Texas McGovern Medical School Houston, Texas
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25
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Cao YN, Feng LJ, Liu YY, Jiang K, Zhang MJ, Gu YX, Wang BM, Gao J, Wang ZL, Wang YM. Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supernatant on serotonin transporter expression in rats with post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:338-350. [PMID: 29391756 PMCID: PMC5776395 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i3.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG supernatant (LGG-s) on the expression of serotonin transporter (SERT) in rats with post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS).
METHODS Campylobacter jejuni 81-176 (1010 CFU/mL) was used to induce intestinal infection to develop a PI-IBS model. After evaluation of the post-infectious phase by biochemical tests, DNA agarose gel electrophoresis, abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) test, and the intestinal motility test, four PI-IBS groups received different concentrations of LGG-s for 4 wk. The treatments were maintained for 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 or 4.0 wk during the experiment, and the colons and brains were removed for later use each week. SERT mRNA and protein levels were detected by real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively.
RESULTS The levels of SERT mRNA and protein in intestinal tissue were higher in rats treated with LGG-s than in control rats and PI-IBS rats gavaged with PBS during the whole study. Undiluted LGG-s up-regulated SERT mRNA level by 2.67 times compared with the control group by week 2, and SERT mRNA expression kept increasing later. Double-diluted LGG-s was similar to undiluted-LGG-s, resulting in high levels of SERT mRNA. Triple-diluted LGG-s up-regulated SERT mRNA expression level by 6.9-times compared with the control group, but SERT mRNA expression decreased rapidly at the end of the second week. At the first week, SERT protein levels were basically comparable in rats treated with undiluted LGG-s, double-diluted LGG-s, and triple-diluted LGG-s, which were higher than those in the control group and PBS-treated PI-IBS group. SERT protein levels in the intestine were also comparable in rats treated with undiluted LGG-s, double-diluted LGG-s, and triple-diluted LGG-s by the second and third weeks. SERT mRNA and protein levels in the brain had no statistical difference in the groups during the experiment.
CONCLUSION LGG-s can up-regulate SERT mRNA and protein levels in intestinal tissue but has no influence in brain tissue in rats with PI-IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Li-Juan Feng
- Department of Functional Division, Xingtai People’s Hospital, Xingtai 054031, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Kui Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Mao-Jun Zhang
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yi-Xin Gu
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Bang-Mao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jia Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ze-Lan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yu-Ming Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
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26
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Xiong R, Li W, Li Y, Zheng K, Zhang T, Gao M, Li Y, Hu L, Hu C. Er Shen Wan extract reduces diarrhea and regulates AQP 4 and NHE 3 in a rat model of spleen-kidney Yang deficiency-induced diarrhea. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 98:834-846. [PMID: 29571254 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Er Shen Wan (ESW), a traditional Chinese medicinal formula comprised of Psoraleae Fructus (Babchi seeds, from Psoralea corylifolia Linn.) and Myristicae Semen (Nutmeg, from Myristica fragrans Houtt.), is widely used to treat spleen-kidney Yang deficiency (SKYD)-induced diarrhea. Previous studies have demonstrated preliminarily that the petroleum ether extract of ESW (ESWP) exhibits significant anti-diarrheal activity. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-diarrhea activity of ESWP and to explore the underlying mechanisms with respect to fluid metabolism in a rat model of SKYD-induced diarrhea. MATERIALS AND METHODS A high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) approach was developed and validated for qualitative and quantitative analyses of the main constituents of ESWP. SKYD model rats were established and treated with an effective dose (3.5?g/kg) of the extract for two weeks. Anti-diarrheal activity and stool properties were observed. After the experiment, the appearance and histology of the intestines were evaluated. Serum levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) were also determined. Furthermore, to characterize the regulation of aquaporin-4 (AQP 4) and Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3 (NHE 3) in the colon, quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blotting (WB) were employed to detect mRNA and protein expression levels. RESULTS In the rat models, oral ESWP administration significantly reduced the diarrhea score and the number and weight of wet stools. Jejunal and ileac histological damage was impeded, and the histology score decreased. Serum VIP levels were significantly decreased, in contrast to NPY levels. In addition, AQP 4 and NHE 3 expression levels increased significantly. CONCLUSIONS These results showed that ESWP's anti-diarrheal effect might at least partially involve the regulation of hormones intimately involved in maintaining fluid and electrolyte levels, as well as by increasing AQP 4 and NHE 3 expression levels and enhancing the absorption of Na+ and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xiong
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, PR China
| | - Wenbing Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, PR China; Sichuan Neo-Green Pharmaceutical Technology Development Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610081, PR China
| | - Yidan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, PR China
| | - Kaixuan Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, PR China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, PR China
| | - Mingyang Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, PR China
| | - Yun Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Lin Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, PR China
| | - Changjiang Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, PR China; Sichuan Neo-Green Pharmaceutical Technology Development Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610081, PR China.
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Tziatzios G, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Papanikolaou IS, Pimentel M, Dimitriadis GD, Triantafyllou K. Is small intestinal bacterial overgrowth involved in the pathogenesis of functional dyspepsia? Med Hypotheses 2017; 106:26-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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28
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Rezaie A, Park SC, Morales W, Marsh E, Lembo A, Kim JH, Weitsman S, Chua KS, Barlow GM, Pimentel M. Assessment of Anti-vinculin and Anti-cytolethal Distending Toxin B Antibodies in Subtypes of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:1480-1485. [PMID: 28451914 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4585-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies to cytolethal distending toxin B (CdtB) and vinculin are novel biomarkers that rule-in and differentiate irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea (IBS-D) from other causes of diarrhea and healthy controls. AIM To determine whether these antibodies can also diagnose and differentiate other IBS subtypes. METHODS Subjects with IBS-D based on Rome III criteria (n = 2375) were recruited from a large-scale multicenter clinical trial (TARGET 3). Healthy subjects without gastrointestinal (GI) diseases or symptoms (n = 43) and subjects with mixed IBS (IBS-M) (n = 25) or IBS with constipation (IBS-C) (n = 30) were recruited from two major medical centers. Plasma levels of anti-CdtB and anti-vinculin antibodies in all subjects were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Optical densities of ≥1.68 and ≥2.80 were considered positive for anti-vinculin and anti-CdtB, respectively. Plasma levels of anti-CdtB and anti-vinculin antibodies were highest in IBS-D and lowest in IBS-C and healthy controls (P < 0.001). Levels in IBS-C subjects were not statistically different from controls (P > 0.1). Positivity for anti-CdtB or anti-vinculin resulted in a statistically significant negative gradient from IBS-D (58.1%) to IBS-M (44.0%), IBS-C (26.7%), and controls (16.3%) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Anti-CdtB and anti-vinculin titers and positivity rates differ in IBS subtypes, with higher antibody levels and positivity rates in IBS-D and IBS-M, and lower levels in IBS-C subjects that are similar to those in healthy controls. These antibodies appear useful in the diagnosis of IBS-M and IBS-D, but not IBS-C. Furthermore, these findings suggest that IBS-C is pathophysiologically distinct from subtypes with diarrheal components (i.e., IBS-M and IBS-D).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rezaie
- GI Motility Program, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8730 Alden Drive, Thalians Bldg, #E226, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
| | - Sung Chul Park
- GI Motility Program, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8730 Alden Drive, Thalians Bldg, #E226, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Walter Morales
- GI Motility Program, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8730 Alden Drive, Thalians Bldg, #E226, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Emily Marsh
- GI Motility Program, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8730 Alden Drive, Thalians Bldg, #E226, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Anthony Lembo
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jae Hak Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, The Graduate School of Dongguk University, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Stacy Weitsman
- GI Motility Program, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8730 Alden Drive, Thalians Bldg, #E226, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Kathleen S Chua
- GI Motility Program, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8730 Alden Drive, Thalians Bldg, #E226, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Gillian M Barlow
- GI Motility Program, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8730 Alden Drive, Thalians Bldg, #E226, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Mark Pimentel
- GI Motility Program, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8730 Alden Drive, Thalians Bldg, #E226, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
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Rezaie A, Pimentel M, Cohen E. Autoimmunity as a Potential Cause of Post-Infectious Gut Dysmotility: A Longitudinal Observation. Am J Gastroenterol 2017; 112:656-657. [PMID: 28381845 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2017.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rezaie
- GI Motility Program, Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mark Pimentel
- GI Motility Program, Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Erica Cohen
- GI Motility Program, Division of Gastroenterology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Meza-Segura M, Zaidi MB, Maldonado-Puga S, Huerta-Cantillo J, Chavez-Dueñas L, Navarro-Garcia F, Estrada-Garcia T. Cytolethal distending toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains causing severe diarrhoea in young Mexican children. JMM Case Rep 2017; 4:e005079. [PMID: 28348804 PMCID: PMC5361634 DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.005079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Cytolethal distending toxins (CDTs), encoded by cdt genes, have DNase activity leading to cellular and nuclear distension, resulting in irreversible cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of target cells. cdt-positive Escherichia coli strains have been isolated from children with diarrhoea. There is, however, scant information on the prevalence and clinical presentation of diarrhoeal disease caused by these strains. Furthermore, toxin production of cdt-positive strains is rarely confirmed. We report five young children with diarrhoea caused by CDT-producing E. coli in whom stools were negative for other bacterial or enteric pathogens. Case presentation. On admission to hospital, all children presented watery diarrhoea with high stool output (range 7–20 stools/24 h); five had fever of 38 °C or more and four presented vomiting. Dehydration was present in four patients, one of whom had hypovolaemic shock; one child also presented hyponatraemia and hypokalaemia. In two children, cdt-positive strains were classified as typical and atypical enteropathogenic E. coli, and the remaining three harboured cdt-positive strains that did not belong to any diarrhoeagenic pathogroup. One cdt-positive strain from each case was characterized by a CDT cytotoxic assay and a cdt type-specific PCR. All strains produced the characteristic cellular intoxication due to CDT. Two strains carried the cdt-I, one cdt-III, one cdt-IV, and one concurrently had cdt-I, cdt-II and cdt-III genes. Conclusion. Our results suggest that CDT-producing E. coli strains are an infrequent, albeit significant, cause of severe diarrhoeal illness in children. Future research should measure the true burden of cdt-positive E. coli diarrhoea among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Meza-Segura
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mussaret Bano Zaidi
- Infectious Diseases Research Unit, Hospital General O'Horan, Merida, Mexico.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA
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Barlow GM, Rezaie A, Lin E, Pimentel M. A definitive blood test for post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome? Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 10:1197-1199. [PMID: 27682513 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2016.1242411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gillian M Barlow
- a GI Motility Program , Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Ali Rezaie
- a GI Motility Program , Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Eugenia Lin
- a GI Motility Program , Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Mark Pimentel
- a GI Motility Program , Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles , CA , USA
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32
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Schoenfeld PS. Advances in IBS 2016: A Review of Current and Emerging Data. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2016; 12:1-11. [PMID: 28070176 PMCID: PMC5210026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is characterized by chronic intermittent abdominal pain and associated diarrhea (IBS-D), constipation (IBS-C), or both. IBS can significantly impact patient function and quality of life. The diagnosis of IBS is based on the presence of characteristic symptoms, the exclusion of concerning features, and selected tests to exclude organic diseases that can mimic IBS. The pathophysiology of IBS remains incompletely understood, and new contributing factors have been identified over the past decade. Altered gut immune activation, intestinal permeability, and the intestinal and colonic microbiome may be important factors. Poorly absorbed carbohydrates have been implicated in triggering IBS symptoms. Increasing evidence supports the benefit of a diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs). Although there are several randomized controlled trials of probiotics in IBS, they are typically poorly designed and have not consistently demonstrated efficacy. Until recently, there were few effective treatments for IBS-D. Data from recent clinical trials support the use of rifaximin, eluxadoline, and peppermint oil. Options for the treatment of IBS-C include lubiprostone and linaclotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip S Schoenfeld
- Professor of Medicine Director of the GI Epidemiology Training Program University of Michigan School of Medicine Ann Arbor, Michigan
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34
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Del Bel Belluz L, Guidi R, Pateras IS, Levi L, Mihaljevic B, Rouf SF, Wrande M, Candela M, Turroni S, Nastasi C, Consolandi C, Peano C, Tebaldi T, Viero G, Gorgoulis VG, Krejsgaard T, Rhen M, Frisan T. The Typhoid Toxin Promotes Host Survival and the Establishment of a Persistent Asymptomatic Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005528. [PMID: 27055274 PMCID: PMC4824513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial genotoxins, produced by several Gram-negative bacteria, induce DNA damage in the target cells. While the responses induced in the host cells have been extensively studied in vitro, the role of these effectors during the course of infection remains poorly characterized. To address this issue, we assessed the effects of the Salmonella enterica genotoxin, known as typhoid toxin, in in vivo models of murine infection. Immunocompetent mice were infected with isogenic S. enterica, serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) strains, encoding either a functional or an inactive typhoid toxin. The presence of the genotoxic subunit was detected 10 days post-infection in the liver of infected mice. Unexpectedly, its expression promoted the survival of the host, and was associated with a significant reduction of severe enteritis in the early phases of infection. Immunohistochemical and transcriptomic analysis confirmed the toxin-mediated suppression of the intestinal inflammatory response. The presence of a functional typhoid toxin further induced an increased frequency of asymptomatic carriers. Our data indicate that the typhoid toxin DNA damaging activity increases host survival and favours long-term colonization, highlighting a complex cross-talk between infection, DNA damage response and host immune response. These findings may contribute to understand why such effectors have been evolutionary conserved and horizontally transferred among Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Del Bel Belluz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Riccardo Guidi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ioannis S. Pateras
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Laura Levi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Boris Mihaljevic
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Syed Fazle Rouf
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Wrande
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marco Candela
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Turroni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Nastasi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Clarissa Consolandi
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Research Council, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Clelia Peano
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Italian National Research Council, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Toma Tebaldi
- Centre for Integrative Biology University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Vassilis G. Gorgoulis
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Institute for Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Thorbjørn Krejsgaard
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikael Rhen
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Teresa Frisan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Development and validation of a biomarker for diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome in human subjects. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126438. [PMID: 25970536 PMCID: PMC4430499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is diagnosed through clinical criteria after excluding “organic” conditions, and can be precipitated by acute gastroenteritis. Cytolethal distending toxin B (CdtB) is produced by bacteria that cause acute gastroenteritis, and a post-infectious animal model demonstrates that host antibodies to CdtB cross-react with vinculin in the host gut, producing an IBS-like phenotype. Therefore, we assessed circulating anti-CdtB and anti-vinculin antibodies as biomarkers for D-IBS in human subjects. Subjects with D-IBS based on Rome criteria (n=2375) were recruited from a large-scale multicenter clinical trial for D-IBS (TARGET 3). Subjects with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (n=142), subjects with celiac disease (n=121), and healthy controls (n=43) were obtained for comparison. Subjects with IBD and celiac disease were recruited based on the presence of intestinal complaints and histologic confirmation of chronic inflammatory changes in the colon or small intestine. Subjects with celiac disease were also required to have an elevated tTG and biopsy. All subjects were aged between 18 and 65 years. Plasma levels of anti-CdtB and anti-vinculin antibodies were determined by ELISA, and compared between groups. Anti-CdtB titers were significantly higher in D-IBS subjects compared to IBD, healthy controls and celiac disease (P<0.001). Anti-vinculin titers were also significantly higher in IBS (P<0.001) compared to the other groups. The area-under-the-receiver operating curves (AUCs) were 0.81 and 0.62 for diagnosis of D-IBS against IBD for anti-CdtB and anti-vinculin, respectively. Both tests were less specific in differentiating IBS from celiac disease. Optimization demonstrated that for anti-CdtB (optical density≥2.80) the specificity, sensitivity and likelihood ratio were 91.6%, 43.7 and 5.2, respectively, and for anti-vinculin (OD≥1.68) were 83.8%, 32.6 and 2.0, respectively. These results confirm that anti-CdtB and anti-vinculin antibodies are elevated in D-IBS compared to non-IBS subjects. These biomarkers may be especially helpful in distinguishing D-IBS from IBD in the workup of chronic diarrhea.
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Autoimmunity Links Vinculin to the Pathophysiology of Chronic Functional Bowel Changes Following Campylobacter jejuni Infection in a Rat Model. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:1195-205. [PMID: 25424202 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3435-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute gastroenteritis can precipitate irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in humans. Cytolethal distending toxin is common to all pathogens causing gastroenteritis. Its active subunit, CdtB, is associated with post-infectious bowel changes in a rat model of Campylobacter jejuni infection, including small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). AIM To evaluate the role of host antibodies to CdtB in contributing to post-infectious functional sequelae in this rat model. METHODS Ileal tissues from non-IBS human subjects, C. jejuni-infected and control rats were immunostained with antibodies to CdtB, c-Kit, S-100, PGP 9.5 and vinculin. Cytosolic and membrane proteins from mouse enteric neuronal cell lysates were immunoprecipitated with anti-CdtB and analyzed by mass spectrometry. ELISAs were performed on rat cardiac serum using CdtB or vinculin as antigens. RESULTS Anti-CdtB antibodies bound to a cytosolic protein in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and myenteric ganglia in C. jejuni-infected and naïve rats and human subjects. Mass spectrometry identified vinculin, confirmed by co-localization and ELISAs. Anti-CdtB antibodies were higher in C. jejuni-infected rats (1.27 ± 0.15) than controls (1.76 ± 0.12) (P < 0.05), and rats that developed SIBO (2.01 ± 0.18) vs. rats that did not (1.44 ± 0.11) (P = 0.019). Vinculin expression levels were reduced in C. jejuni-infected rats (0.058 ± 0.053) versus controls (0.087 ± 0.023) (P = 0.0001), with greater reductions in rats with two C. jejuni infections (P = 0.0001) and rats that developed SIBO (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Host anti-CdtB antibodies cross-react with vinculin in ICC and myenteric ganglia, required for normal gut motility. Circulating antibody levels and loss of vinculin expression correlate with number of C. jejuni exposures and SIBO, suggesting that effects on vinculin are important in the effects of C. jejuni infection on the host gut.
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Yang B, Zhou XC, Lan C. Impact of the alterations in the interstitial cells of Cajal on intestinal motility in post-infection irritable bowel syndrome. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:2735-40. [PMID: 25484117 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.3039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are basic components of gastrointestinal motility. However, changes in ICC and their role in post‑infection irritable bowel syndrome (PI‑IBS) remain to be elucidated. To observe the impact of alterations in the ICC on intestinal motility in a PI‑IBS mouse model, female C57BL\6 mice were infected by the oral administration of 400 Trichinella spiralis larvae. The abdominal withdrawal reflex, intestine transportation time (ITT), grain numbers, Bristol scores, wet/dry weights and the percentage water content of the mice feces every 2 h were used to assess changes in the intestinal motor function. The intestines were excised and sectioned for pathological and histochemical examination. These intestines were also used to quantify the protein and mRNA expression of c‑kit. The C57BL\6 mouse can act as a PI‑IBS model at day 56 post‑infection. Compared with the control mice, the ITT was shorter, the grain numbers, Bristol scores, wet weights and water contents of the mice feces were higher and the dry weights were unchanged in the PI‑IBS mice. The protein and mRNA expression levels of c‑kit were upregulated in the entire PI‑IBS mouse intestines. Following immunohistochemical staining, the increased number of c‑kit‑positive cells were detected predominantly in the submucosa and myenteron. These results suggested that the alterations of the ICC resulted in the changes of the intestinal motility patterns in the PI‑IBS mouse models induced by Trichinella spiralis infection, which may be the main mechanism underlying intestinal motility disorders in PI‑IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Chun Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Lan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hainan Provincial People's Hospital, Haikou, Hainan 400016, P.R. China
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Huizinga JD, Chen JH. Interstitial cells of Cajal: update on basic and clinical science. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2014; 16:363. [PMID: 24408748 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-013-0363-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The basic science and clinical interest in the networks of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) keep growing, and here, research from 2010 to mid-2013 is highlighted. High-resolution gastrointestinal manometry and spatiotemporal mapping are bringing exciting new insights into motor patterns, their function and their myogenic and neurogenic origins, as well as the role of ICC. Critically important knowledge is emerging on the partaking of PDGFRα+ cells in ICC pacemaker networks. Evidence is emerging that ICC and PDGFRα+ cells have unique direct roles in muscle innervation. Chronic constipation is associated with loss and injury to ICC, which is stimulating extensive research into maintenance and repair of ICC after injury. In gastroparesis, high-resolution electrical and mechanical studies are beginning to elucidate the pathophysiological role of ICC and the pacemaker system in this condition. Receptors and ion channels that play a role in ICC function are being discovered and characterized, which paves the way for pharmacological interventions in gut motility disorders through ICC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan D Huizinga
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, HSC-3N8, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8N 3Z5,
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Bezine E, Vignard J, Mirey G. The cytolethal distending toxin effects on Mammalian cells: a DNA damage perspective. Cells 2014; 3:592-615. [PMID: 24921185 PMCID: PMC4092857 DOI: 10.3390/cells3020592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is produced by many pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria and is considered as a virulence factor. In human cells, CDT exposure leads to a unique cytotoxicity associated with a characteristic cell distension and induces a cell cycle arrest dependent on the DNA damage response (DDR) triggered by DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). CDT has thus been classified as a cyclomodulin and a genotoxin. Whereas unrepaired damage can lead to cell death, effective, but improper repair may be detrimental. Indeed, improper repair of DNA damage may allow cells to resume the cell cycle and induce genetic instability, a hallmark in cancer. In vivo, CDT has been shown to induce the development of dysplastic nodules and to lead to genetic instability, defining CDT as a potential carcinogen. It is therefore important to characterize the outcome of the CDT-induced DNA damage and the consequences for intoxicated cells and organisms. Here, we review the latest results regarding the host cell response to CDT intoxication and focus on DNA damage characteristics, cell cycle modulation and cell outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Bezine
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France.
| | - Julien Vignard
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France.
| | - Gladys Mirey
- INRA, UMR1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, F-31027 Toulouse, France.
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Grover M, Camilleri M, Smith K, Linden DR, Farrugia G. On the fiftieth anniversary. Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome: mechanisms related to pathogens. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:156-67. [PMID: 24438587 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal (GI) infections resulting from bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens predispose to postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) and other functional GI disorders. Existing literature supports the role of enterochromaffin cell hyperplasia, serotonin synthesis and reuptake, impaired barrier function, altered immune activation, and potentially mast cell activation in the pathophysiology of PI-IBS. PURPOSE The objective of this review was to summarize from the literature the characteristics of the pathogens commonly implicated in PI-IBS, their acute enteritis phases, and the changes seen in the postinfectious phase that may contribute toward development of IBS. A limitation of our current understanding is that the postinfectious GI sequelae reported in prior studies followed epidemic diarrheal outbreaks often involving more than one pathogen, or the studies focused on highly selected, tertiary referral patients. Understanding the mechanisms, natural history, and optimized management of individuals suffering PI-IBS following the more typical sporadic infection requires larger studies of PI-IBS following GI infections encountered in community settings. These studies should include genetic, physiological, and molecular studies to provide more generalizable information that can ultimately be used to diagnose, manage, and potentially prevent the development of PI-IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grover
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Koh KH, Kim SW, Lee SY, Lee HJ, Yu HM, Jeon BJ, Kwon DH, Lee ST. A case of parasite invasion of the intestinal tract: a missed diagnosis in irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Endosc 2013; 46:671-4. [PMID: 24340264 PMCID: PMC3856272 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2013.46.6.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a gastrointestinal disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain and altered bowel habits in the absence of any organic cause. As the clinical manifestations are very diverse and associated with nonspecific symptoms, research seeking to identify organic causes to rule out IBS and to enable differential diagnosis is required. A 24-year-old man was referred to our hospital for specialized management of IBS. He had a 7-month history of intermittent epigastric and lower abdominal pain. On the basis of clinical examination, he was diagnosed with IBS and administered medication at a primary clinic. However, his symptoms did not improve after treatment. We performed capsule endoscopy at our hospital and identified a parasite (Ancylostoma duodenale) in the proximal jejunum. We therefore report a case of parasitic infection found by additional examination while evaluating symptoms associated with a previous diagnosis of refractory IBS.
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He X, Cui LH. Role of intestinal infection in pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2013; 21:3323-3329. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v21.i31.3323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional digestive disorder characterized by abdominal pain/discomfort and changes in bowel habit (diarrhea and/or constipation). Its etiology and pathogenesis are still not completely clear. In recent years, the relationship between intestinal infection and IBS has attracted increasing attention, since intestinal infection may play a role in the pathogenesis of IBS. This article will review the role of intestinal infection in the pathogenesis of IBS.
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