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Bianco F, Eisenman ST, Colmenares Aguilar MG, Bonora E, Clavenzani P, Linden DR, De Giorgio R, Farrugia G, Gibbons SJ. Expression of RAD21 immunoreactivity in myenteric neurons of the human and mouse small intestine. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13429. [PMID: 30069982 PMCID: PMC6150808 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RAD21 is a double-strand-break repair protein and component of the cohesin complex with key roles in cellular functions. A RAD21 loss-of-function mutation was found in cases of chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) with associated enteric neuronal loss. Analysis of RAD21 expression in the enteric nervous system is lacking, thus we aimed to characterize RAD21 immunoreactivity (IR) in myenteric ganglia. METHODS Double labeling immunofluorescence in mouse and human jejunum was used to determine colocalization of RAD21 with HuC/D, PGP9.5, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), neuropeptide Y (NPY), choline acetyl transferase (ChAT), Kit, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRα), and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) IRs. RESULTS A subset of PGP9.5- and HuC/D-IR neuronal cell bodies and nerve fibers in the myenteric plexus of human and mouse small intestine also displayed cytoplasmic RAD21-IR Cytoplasmic RAD21-IR was found in 43% of HuC/D-IR neurons in adult and neonatal mice but did not colocalize with nNOS. A subset of ChAT-positive neurons had cytoplasmic RAD21-IR Punctate RAD21-IR was restricted to the nucleus in most cell types consistent with labeling of the cohesin complex. Cytoplasmic RAD21-IR was not detected in interstitial cells of Cajal, fibroblast-like cells or glia. Subsets of neurons in primary culture exhibited cytoplasmic RAD21-IR Suppression of RAD21 expression by shRNA knockdown abolished RAD21-IR in cultured neurons. CONCLUSIONS Our data showing cytoplasmic RAD21 expression in enteric neurons provide a basis toward understanding how mutations of this gene may contribute to altered neuronal function/survival thus leading to gut-motor abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bianco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - S T Eisenman
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - M G Colmenares Aguilar
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - E Bonora
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - P Clavenzani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (DIMEVET), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - D R Linden
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - R De Giorgio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Nuovo Arcispedale S.Anna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - G Farrugia
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - S J Gibbons
- Enteric NeuroScience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Peters S, Edogawa S, Sundt W, Dyer R, Dalenberg D, Mazzone A, Singh R, Moses N, Weber C, Linden DR, MacNaughton WK, Turner JR, Camilleri M, Katzka D, Farrugia G, Grover M, Grover M. Constipation-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome Females Have Normal Colonic Barrier and Secretory Function. Am J Gastroenterol 2017; 112:913-923. [PMID: 28323272 PMCID: PMC5502210 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2017.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to determine whether constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-C) is associated with changes in intestinal barrier and secretory function. METHODS A total of 19 IBS-C patients and 18 healthy volunteers (all females) underwent saccharide excretion assay (0.1 g 13C mannitol and 1 g lactulose), measurements of duodenal and colonic mucosal barrier (transmucosal resistance (TMR), macromolecular and Escherichia coli Bio-Particle translocation), mucosal secretion (basal and acetylcholine (Ach)-evoked short-circuit current (Isc)), in vivo duodenal mucosal impedance, circulating endotoxins, and colonic tight junction gene expression. RESULTS There were no differences in the in vivo measurements of barrier function between IBS-C patients and healthy controls: cumulative excretion of 13C mannitol (0-2 h mean (s.e.m.); IBS-C: 12.1 (0.9) mg vs. healthy: 13.2 (0.8) mg) and lactulose (8-24 h; IBS-C: 0.9 (0.5) mg vs. healthy: 0.5 (0.2) mg); duodenal impedance IBS-C: 729 (65) Ω vs. healthy: 706 (43) Ω; plasma mean endotoxin activity level IBS-C: 0.36 (0.03) vs. healthy: 0.35 (0.02); and in colonic mRNA expression of occludin, zonula occludens (ZO) 1-3, and claudins 1-12 and 14-19. The ex vivo findings were consistent, with no group differences: duodenal TMR (IBS-C: 28.2 (1.9) Ω cm2 vs. healthy: 29.8 (1.9) Ω cm2) and colonic TMR (IBS-C: 19.1 (1.1) Ω cm2 vs. healthy: 17.6 (1.7) Ω cm2); fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran (4 kDa) and E. coli Bio-Particle flux. Colonic basal Isc was similar, but duodenal basal Isc was lower in IBS-C (43.5 (4.5) μA cm-2) vs. healthy (56.9 (4.9) μA cm-2), P=0.05. Ach-evoked ΔIsc was similar. CONCLUSIONS Females with IBS-C have normal colonic barrier and secretory function. Basal duodenal secretion is decreased in IBS-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Peters
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - S Edogawa
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - W Sundt
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - R Dyer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - D Dalenberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - A Mazzone
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - R Singh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - N Moses
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - C Weber
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - DR Linden
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - WK MacNaughton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - JR Turner
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Camilleri
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - D Katzka
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - G Farrugia
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - M Grover
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Madhusudan Grover
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Suagee-Bedore JK, Wimbush K, Linden DR, Splan RK. 0806 Feeding a small amount of hay before concentrate neutralizes the effects of high starch diets on inflammation in horses. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jam2016-0806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Linden DR, Titgemeyer EC, Olson KC, Anderson DE. Effects of gestation and lactation on forage intake, digestion, and passage rates of primiparous beef heifers and multiparous beef cows. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:2141-51. [PMID: 24663177 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Angus-cross cows (n = 13; 8 pregnant, BW 610 ± 24 kg, and 5 nonpregnant, BW 571 ± 23 kg) and heifers (n = 13; 8 pregnant, BW 511 ± 40 kg, and 5 nonpregnant, BW 451 ± 60 kg) were individually fed chopped warm-season grass hay (5.5% CP, 67% NDF) for ad libitum intake and soybean meal (46% CP) at 450 g/d. Intake was measured daily, and DM digestibility, digesta passage rate, and plasma glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) concentrations were measured every 14 d from 49 d prepartum to 49 d postpartum. Prepartum DMI (% of BW) increased over time for pregnant heifers through 2 wk prepartum before declining but did not change over time for pregnant cows. Dry matter digestibility decreased with advancing gestation (P < 0.001); pregnant animals had greater digestibility than nonpregnant cows and heifers (P = 0.02). Digestibility was not influenced by age (P = 0.99). Pregnant cows and heifers had faster digesta passage rates than their nonpregnant counterparts (P = 0.02). Pregnant animals had lower plasma glucose (P < 0.001). Plasma BHBA concentrations were greater in pregnant animals than in nonpregnant animals (P < 0.001) but were not influenced by age (P = 0.27) or time prepartum (P = 0.98). Postpartum DMI (% of BW) was greater for lactating heifers than other groups (age × lactation status; P = 0.05) and increased over time (P < 0.001). Diet digestibility increased with time postpartum (P < 0.001), and heifers had greater digestibility than cows from 3 to 7 wk postpartum but not at 1 wk postpartum (age × time; P = 0.02). Postpartum passage rate was not influenced by age or lactation status (P > 0.23). Lactating animals had lower plasma glucose and greater plasma BHBA concentrations postpartum than nonlactating animals (P < 0.001). Calves from mature cows grew faster than calves from heifers (age × time; P < 0.001). These data show that although primiparous beef heifers have similar DM digestibility, passage rates, and plasma glucose and BHBA concentrations, intake patterns differ between heifers and cows. Although DMI (% of BW) and digestibility did not differ between pregnant beef heifers and pregnant mature cows, the DMI (% of BW) was greater for lactating primiparous cows (heifers) than for lactating multiparous cows. Even with their postpartum increase in DMI, primiparous beef heifers were not able to consume adequate amounts of the warm-season forage to support their requirements for maintenance, growth, and lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Linden
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
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Grover M, Camilleri M, Smith K, Linden DR, Farrugia G. On the fiftieth anniversary. Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome: mechanisms related to pathogens. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014; 26:156-67. [PMID: 24438587 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal (GI) infections resulting from bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens predispose to postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) and other functional GI disorders. Existing literature supports the role of enterochromaffin cell hyperplasia, serotonin synthesis and reuptake, impaired barrier function, altered immune activation, and potentially mast cell activation in the pathophysiology of PI-IBS. PURPOSE The objective of this review was to summarize from the literature the characteristics of the pathogens commonly implicated in PI-IBS, their acute enteritis phases, and the changes seen in the postinfectious phase that may contribute toward development of IBS. A limitation of our current understanding is that the postinfectious GI sequelae reported in prior studies followed epidemic diarrheal outbreaks often involving more than one pathogen, or the studies focused on highly selected, tertiary referral patients. Understanding the mechanisms, natural history, and optimized management of individuals suffering PI-IBS following the more typical sporadic infection requires larger studies of PI-IBS following GI infections encountered in community settings. These studies should include genetic, physiological, and molecular studies to provide more generalizable information that can ultimately be used to diagnose, manage, and potentially prevent the development of PI-IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grover
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Sha L, Linden DR, Farrugia G, Szurszewski JH. Effect of endogenous hydrogen sulfide on the transwall gradient of the mouse colon circular smooth muscle. J Physiol 2013; 592:1077-89. [PMID: 24366262 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.266841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A transwall gradient in resting membrane potential (RMP) exists across the circular muscle layer in the mouse colon. This gradient is dependent on endogenous generation of CO. H2S is also generated in muscle layers of the mouse colon. The effect of endogenously generated H2S on the transwall gradient is not known. The aim was to investigate the role of endogenous H2S. Our results showed that the CSE inhibitor dl-propargylglycine (PAG, 500 μm) had no effect on the transwall gradient. However, in preparations pretreated with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA, 200 μm) and in nNOS-knockout (KO) mouse preparations, PAG shifted the transwall gradient in the depolarizing direction. In CSE-KO-nNOS-KO mice, the gradient was shifted in the depolarizing direction. Endogenous generation of NO was significantly higher in muscle preparations of CSE-KO mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice. The amplitude of NO-mediated slow inhibitory junction potentials (S-IJPs) evoked by electric field stimulation was significantly higher in CSE-KO mouse preparations compared to the amplitude of S-IJPs in wild-type mouse preparations. CSE was present in all submucosal ganglion neurons and in almost all myenteric ganglion neurons. Eleven per cent of CSE positive neurons in the submucosal plexus and 50% of CSE positive neurons in the myenteric plexus also contained nNOS. Our results suggest that endogenously generated H2S acts as a stealth hyperpolarizing factor on smooth muscle cells to maintain the CO-dependent transwall gradient and inhibits NO production from nNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sha
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA. E-mail:
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Linden DR, Furne J, Stoltz GJ, Abdel-Rehim MS, Levitt MD, Szurszewski JH. Sulphide quinone reductase contributes to hydrogen sulphide metabolism in murine peripheral tissues but not in the CNS. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:2178-90. [PMID: 21950400 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01681.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hydrogen sulphide (H(2) S) is gaining acceptance as a gaseous signal molecule. However, mechanisms regarding signal termination are not understood. We used stigmatellin and antimycin A, inhibitors of sulphide quinone reductase (SQR), to test the hypothesis that the catabolism of H(2) S involves SQR. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH H(2) S production and consumption were determined in living and intact mouse brain, liver and colonic muscularis externa using gas chromatography and HPLC. Expressions of SQR, ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 (Ethe1) and thiosulphate transferase (TST; rhodanese) were determined by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. KEY RESULTS In the colonic muscularis externa, H(2) (35) S was catabolized to [(35) S]-thiosulphate and [(35) S]-sulphate, and stigmatellin reduced both the consumption of H(2) (35) S and formation of [(35) S]-thiosulphate. Stigmatellin also enhanced H(2) S release by the colonic muscularis externa. In the brain, catabolism of H(2) (35) S to [(35) S]-thiosulphate and [(35) S]-sulphate, which was stigmatellin-insensitive, partially accounted for H(2) (35) S consumption, while the remainder was captured as unidentified (35) S that was probably bound to proteins. Levels of mRNA encoding SQR were higher in the colonic muscularis externa and the liver than in the brain. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data support the concept that termination of endogenous H(2) S signalling in the colonic muscularis externa occurs via catabolism to thiosulphate and sulphate partially via a mechanism involving SQR. In the brain, it appears that H(2) S signal termination occurs partially through protein sequestration and partially through catabolism not involving SQR. As H(2) S has beneficial effects in animal models of human disease, we suggest that selective inhibition of SQR is an attractive target for pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Linden
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Aubel NA, Jaeger JR, Drouillard JS, Schlegel MD, Pacheco LA, Linden DR, Bolte JW, Higgins JJ, Olson KC. Effects of mineral-supplement delivery system on frequency, duration, and timing of supplement use by beef cows grazing topographically rugged, native rangeland in the Kansas Flint Hills. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:3699-706. [PMID: 21666005 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of mineral-supplement delivery system on patterns of supplement use by grazing beef cows were measured in 2 studies. Study 1 was conducted on 4 pastures grazed by pregnant, mature beef cows (BW = 562 ± 38 kg) from February to May. Study 2 was conducted on 4 pastures grazed by lactating beef cows (BW = 579 ± 54 kg) and their calves from May to September. Treatments were mineral delivered in salt-based, granular form (salty) or mineral provided in a low-protein, cooked, molasses-based block (sweet); both were fed ad libitum. The salty supplement was supplied to cattle via a covered mineral feeder; the sweet supplement was supplied via an open-topped barrel. Both salty and sweet supplements were deployed in each pasture. No additional salt was supplied to cattle. Forage use in the vicinity of each supplement-deployment site and the frequency and duration of herd visits to each supplement-deployment site were measured during four 14-d periods during study 1 and seven 14-d periods during study 2. Supplements were moved to new locations within pastures at the beginning of each period. Consumption of the sweet supplement was greater than salty during each data-collection period in study 1; however, relative differences in consumption diminished over time (treatment × time, P = 0.03). In study 2, sweet consumption was greater than salty in periods 1, 6, and 7 but was not different from salty during periods 2, 3, 4, and 5 (treatment × time, P < 0.01). Increased consumption of the sweet supplement in study 1 translated to greater frequency of herd visits to supplement-deployment sites compared with the salty sites (2.82 vs. 2.47 herd visits/d; P = 0.02) and longer herd visits to supplement-deployment sites compared with the salty sites (125.7 vs. 54.9 min/herd visit; P < 0.01). The frequency of herd visits to mineral feeding sites in study 2 was similar (P > 0.10) between treatments for periods 1 through 6; however, herds visited the sweet sites more often than salty during period 7 (P < 0.01). Herd visits to the sweet sites were longer than those to the salty sites in study 2 (83.8 vs. 51.4 min/herd visit; P < 0.01). Forage disappearance within 100 m of supplement-deployment sites was not influenced (P ≥ 0.54) by treatment in either study. Results were interpreted to suggest that the sweet supplement influenced the location of grazing cattle more strongly than the salty supplement and may be more effective for luring cattle into specific areas of pasture during the winter, spring, and early fall but not during summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Aubel
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA
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Sha L, Farrugia G, Linden DR, Szurszewski JH. The transwall gradient across the mouse colonic circular muscle layer is carbon monoxide dependent. FASEB J 2010; 24:3840-9. [PMID: 20543114 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-156232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastric and small intestinal circular smooth muscle layers have a transwall resting membrane potential (RMP) gradient that is dependent on release of carbon monoxide (CO) from interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs). Our aim was to determine whether a RMP gradient exists in the mouse colon and whether the gradient is CO dependent. Microelectrodes were used to record RMPs from muscle cells at different depths of the circular muscle layer from wild-type and heme oxygenase-2-knockout (HO-2-KO) mice. A transwall RMP gradient was present in wild-type mice. The CO scavenger oxyhemoglobin (20 μM) and the heme oxygenase inhibitor chromium mesoporphyrin IX (CrMP, 5 μM) abolished the transwall gradient. The gradient was absent in HO-2-KO mice. Tetrodotoxin (1 μM) caused a significant depolarization in circular smooth muscle cells throughout the circular muscle layer and abolished the transwall gradient. Removal of the submucosal neurons abolished the gradient. The majority of submucosal neurons contained HO-2 immunoreactivity (HO-2-IR), while ICCs did not. These data show for the first time that a transwall gradient exists across the circular smooth muscle layer of the mouse colon, that the gradient is due to CO, and that the source of CO is the submucosal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sha
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Hughes PA, Brierley SM, Martin CM, Brookes SJH, Linden DR, Blackshaw LA. Post-inflammatory colonic afferent sensitisation: different subtypes, different pathways and different time courses. Gut 2009; 58:1333-41. [PMID: 19324867 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2008.170811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intestinal infection evokes hypersensitivity in a subgroup of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) long after healing of the initial injury. Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rodents likewise results in delayed maintained hypersensitivity, regarded as a model of some aspects of IBS. The colon and rectum have a complex sensory innervation, comprising five classes of mechanosensitive afferents in the splanchnic and pelvic nerves. Their plasticity may hold the key to underlying mechanisms in IBS. Our aim was therefore to determine the contribution of each afferent class in each pathway towards post-inflammatory visceral hypersensitivity. DESIGN TNBS was administered rectally and mice were studied after 7 (acute) or 28 (recovery) days. In vitro preparations of mouse colorectum with attached pelvic or splanchnic nerves were used to examine the mechanosensitivity of individual colonic afferents. RESULTS Mild inflammation of the colon was evident acutely which was absent at the recovery stage. TNBS treatment did not alter proportions of the five afferent classes between treatment groups. In pelvic afferents little or no difference in response to mechanical stimuli was apparent in any class between control and acute mice. However, major increases in mechanosensitivity were recorded from serosal afferents in mice after recovery, while responses from other subtypes were unchanged. Both serosal and mesenteric splanchnic afferents were hypersensitive at both acute and recovery stages. CONCLUSIONS Colonic afferents with high mechanosensory thresholds contribute to inflammatory hypersensitivity, but not those with low thresholds. Pelvic afferents become involved mainly following recovery from inflammation, whereas splanchnic afferents are implicated during both inflammation and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Hughes
- Nerve-Gut Research Laboratory, Hanson Institute, Frome Road, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia
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Abstract
Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors are therapies for psychological and bowel disorders, but produce adverse effects in the non-targeted system. To determine whether human serotonin-selective reuptake transporter (SERT) transcripts in the intestine are different from the brain, rapid amplification of cDNA ends, primer extension and RT-PCR assays were used to evaluate SERT transcripts from each region. Potential SLC6A4 gene promoter constructs were evaluated with a secreted alkaline phosphatase reporter assay. A novel transcript of the human SLC6A4 gene was discovered that predominates in the intestine, and differs from previous transcripts in the 5'-untranslated region. The distinct transcriptional start site and alternate promoter suggest that gastrointestinal SERT can be differentially regulated from brain SERT, may explain why the polymorphism in the previously identified promoter is associated with affective disorders, but not associated with gastrointestinal dysfunction, and suggest the intriguing possibility of the development of site-specific therapeutics for SERT regulation in the treatment of multiple disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Linden
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Krauter EM, Strong DS, Brooks EM, Linden DR, Sharkey KA, Mawe GM. Changes in colonic motility and the electrophysiological properties of myenteric neurons persist following recovery from trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis in the guinea pig. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2007; 19:990-1000. [PMID: 17973636 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2007.00986.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Persistent changes in gastrointestinal motility frequently accompany the resolution of colitis, through mechanisms that remain to be determined. Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) colitis in the guinea pig decreases the rate of propulsive motility, causes hyperexcitability of AH neurons, and induces synaptic facilitation. The changes in motility and AH neurons are sensitive to cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition. The aim of this investigation was to determine if the motility and neurophysiological changes persist following recovery from colitis. Evaluations of inflammation, colonic motility and intracellular electrophysiology of myenteric neurons 8 weeks after TNBS administration were performed and compared to matched control conditions. Myeloperoxidase levels in the colons were comparable to control levels 56 days after TNBS treatment. At this time point, the rate of colonic motility was decreased relative to controls following treatment with TNBS alone or TNBS plus a COX-2 inhibitor. Furthermore, the electrical properties of AH neurons and fast synaptic potentials in S neurons were significantly different from controls and comparable to those detected during active inflammation. Collectively, these data suggest that altered myenteric neurophysiology initiated during active colitis persists long term, and provide a potential mechanism underlying altered gut function in individuals during remission from inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Krauter
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Linden DR, Couvrette JM, Ciolino A, McQuoid C, Blaszyk H, Sharkey KA, Mawe GM. Indiscriminate loss of myenteric neurones in the TNBS-inflamed guinea-pig distal colon. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2005; 17:751-60. [PMID: 16185315 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2005.00703.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This investigation was conducted to establish whether guinea-pig trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-colitis was associated with a change in the number of neurones of the myenteric plexus, and, if so, whether select subpopulations of neurones were affected. Total neurones were quantified with human (Hu) antiserum, and subpopulations were evaluated with antisera directed against choline acetyltransferase, nitric oxide synthase, calretinin, neuronal nuclear protein or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Colitis was associated with a loss of 20% of the myenteric neurones, most of which occurred during the first 12 h past-TNBS administration. During this period, myenteric ganglia were infiltrated with neutrophils while lymphocytes appeared at a later time-point. The neuronal loss persisted at a 56-day time-point, when inflammation had resolved. The decrease in myenteric neurones was not associated with a decrease in any given subpopulation of neurones, but the proportion of VIP-immunoreactive neurones increased 6 days following TNBS administration and returned to the control range at the 56 days. These findings indicate that there is an indiscriminant loss of myenteric neurones that occurs during the onset of TNBS-colitis, and the loss of neurones may be associated with the appearance of neutrophils in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Linden
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, 05405, USA
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14
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Abstract
Regulated release of serotonin (5-HT) from enterochromaffin (EC) cells activates neural reflexes that are involved in gut motility, secretion, vascular perfusion and sensation. The 5-HT-selective reuptake transporter (SERT) terminates serotonergic signalling in the intestinal mucosa. The aim of this investigation was to determine whether mucosal 5-HT content, release, and/or reuptake are altered in a murine model of immune cell-mediated colitis. Experiments were conducted 6 days after colitis was induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, a time point when macroscopic and histological damage scores indicated significant inflammation. During inflammation, SERT transcript levels and immunoreactivity were reduced, and the uptake of [3H] 5-HT was impaired. Increases in mucosal 5-HT content and the number of 5-HT-immunoreactive mast cells in the lamina propria were also detected in the inflamed region, whereas EC cell numbers did not change. Mucosal 5-HT released under basal and stimulated conditions was unchanged in animals with colitis. These data suggest that murine colitis alters 5-HT signalling by increasing 5-HT availability through decreased 5-HT uptake by mucosal epithelial cells. These findings support the concept that altered 5-HT signalling could be a contributing factor in altered gut function and sensitivity in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Linden
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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15
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Abstract
The effects of proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) agonists on the electrical properties of intact guinea pig ileal myenteric neurons were measured with intracellular microelectrodes. Approximately 52% of AH neurons and 41% of S neurons responded to pressure ejection of SLIGRL-NH(2) or trypsin with a prolonged depolarization that was often accompanied by increased excitability. When added to the bathing solution, trypsin caused a concentration-dependent depolarization of responding neurons with an estimated EC(50) value of 87 nM. Collectively, these novel observations indicate that PAR2 excites a proportion of myenteric neurons, which may contribute to dysmotility during intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Linden
- Given C 423, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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16
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Linden DR, Reutter MA, McCarson KE, Seybold VS. Time-dependent changes in neurokinin(3) receptors and tachykinins during adjuvant-induced peripheral inflammation in the rat. Neuroscience 2000; 98:801-11. [PMID: 10891623 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00160-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although considerable evidence exists that spinal neurokinin(1) receptors are involved in central sensitization of nociception, recent evidence from knockout studies indicates that other neurokinin receptors in the spinal cord may mediate a portion of the hyperalgesia caused by substance P and neurokinin A. The present study determined whether the second most abundant class of neurokinin receptors, neurokinin(3) receptors, are regulated during persistent peripheral inflammation. Inflammation in the hind paw of the rat was induced by intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant. Receptor autoradiography revealed specific binding of [125I]-MePhe(7)-NKB, a selective ligand for neurokinin(3) receptors, in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Specific binding of [125I]-MePhe(7)-NKB in the medial dorsal horn was reduced bilaterally two days after unilateral injection of complete Freund's adjuvant. Binding returned to basal levels four days after injection of complete Freund's adjuvant. Neurokinin(3) receptor messenger RNA levels doubled in the dorsal spinal cord at 12h and remained elevated for at least four days. The change in neurokinin(3) receptor binding and messenger RNA during adjuvant-induced inflammation may be a consequence of activation of the receptor. Spinal levels of potential endogenous ligands for spinal neurokinin(3) receptors were measured by radioimmunohistochemistry. Immunoreactive substance P but not neurokinin B peptide 2, a marker for neurokinin B, was reduced bilaterally during adjuvant-induced inflammation.Collectively, these data indicate that spinal neurokinin(3) receptors may play a role in spinal neurotransmission of injured rats and require consideration of other tachykinins as physiologically relevant ligands to spinal neurokinin(3) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Linden
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 6-145 Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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17
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Linden DR, Chell MJ, El-Fakahany EE, Seybold VS. Neurokinin(3) receptors couple to the activation of neuronal nitric-oxide synthase in stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000; 293:559-68. [PMID: 10773029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Several physiological effects induced by activation of neurokinin(3) (NK(3)) receptors are mediated by the production of nitric oxide (NO). We investigated the intracellular coupling of NK(3) receptors to NO synthase (NOS) using a Chinese hamster ovary cell line that was stably transfected with both the NK(3) receptor and type I (neuronal) NOS. NOS activity in the transfected cell line was assayed directly, by measuring the formation of L-citrulline, another product of NOS, as well as indirectly, by measuring the production of cGMP in cultured rat fetal lung fibroblasts (RFL-6 cells). MePhe(7)-neurokinin B (NKB) stimulation of L-[(3)H]citrulline production was concentration-dependent and yielded a two-site model for the concentration-response relationship. The production of L-citrulline in response to two other tachykinins, substance P or neurokinin A, revealed only a one-site nature of the response. The production of cGMP in response to MePhe(7)-NKB had an EC(50) value that corresponded to the high-potency component of MePhe(7)-NKB-induced production of L-[(3)H]citrulline. Agonist-induced calcium signaling was also concentration-dependent, and the acute increase in the production of cGMP by MePhe(7)-NKB (0.1 nM) was dependent on the release of calcium from intracellular stores. Results of this study provide the first direct evidence that NK(3) receptors couple to the generation of NO within the same cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Linden
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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18
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Abstract
The present study examined the effects of intrathecal administration of neurokinin3 receptor agonists on the electrically-evoked nociceptive flexor reflex in decerebrate and spinalized adult rats. The reflex was evoked by stimulating the isolated sural nerve at an intensity that activates C fibers and was measured by recording the number of compound potentials in the ipsilateral hamstring muscles. Intrathecal senktide (1-30 nmol), a neurokinin3 receptor agonist, dose-dependently facilitated the reflex reaching a maximum effect of 230% of the baseline reflex at 10 nmol. SR 142801 (60 nmol), a non-peptide neurokinin3 receptor antagonist, blocked facilitation of the reflex induced by 10 nmol senktide, providing further support that the effect of senktide is mediated by neurokinin3 receptors. The intrathecal administration of senktide (10 nmol) did not alter the monosynaptic reflex elicited by stimulating the L5 dorsal root at an intensity that was at the threshold for activating A fibers. This indicates that the senktide-induced facilitation of the nociceptive flexor reflex was not at the level of the motor neuron. Pretreatment with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (30 nmol), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, attenuated the effect of senktide, indicating that facilitation of the reflex by senktide is also mediated by the production of nitric oxide. Data from the present work have shown that spinal neurokinin3 receptors facilitate the nociceptive flexor reflex through a pathway that involves interneurons and the production of NO. Therefore, neurokinin3 receptors are likely to be involved in enhancing nociceptive neurotransmission at the level of the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Linden
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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19
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Abstract
Although intrathecally administered senktide, an agonist at the neurokinin3 receptor, attenuates withdrawal responses to noxious stimuli in the restrained animal, senktide increases motor neuron activity in spinal cords of neonatal rats and facilitates the electrically-evoked nociceptive flexor reflex in the adult rat. The present study examined the effects of intrathecal administration of senktide on withdrawal responses to noxious thermal and mechanical stimuli in awake, unrestrained, adult rats. Intrathecal administration of senktide (10 nmol) in chronically catheterized rats did not alter the responses elicited by a noxious mechanical stimulus (508 mN, von Frey monofilament). Conversely, intrathecal senktide (10 nmol) induced thermal hyperalgesia, indicated by decreased withdrawal latency to radiant heat. Thermal hyperalgesia peaked 20-26 min following drug injection and returned to normal within 30 min. SR 142801 (60 nmol), a non-peptide neurokinin3 receptor antagonist, inhibited the senktide-induced hyperalgesia, providing further support that the effect of senktide is mediated by neurokinin3 receptors. Pretreatment with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (30 nmol), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, blocked the effect of senktide, indicating that senktide-induced thermal hyperalgesia is also mediated by the production of nitric oxide. Intrathecal senktide produced vasodilation and increased skin temperature in the hind paw. Intravenous hexamethonium, a ganglionic nicotinic receptor antagonist, similarly increased paw temperature without decreasing withdrawal latency to radiant heat. Thus, the increased skin temperature associated with intrathecal senktide was insufficient to account for the thermal hyperalgesia observed. Collectively, the present work demonstrates that NK3 receptors mediate thermal but not mechanical hyperalgesia through a pathway that involves the production of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Linden
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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Jia Y, Linden DR, Serie JR, Seybold VS. Nociceptin/orphanin FQ binding increases in superficial laminae of the rat spinal cord during persistent peripheral inflammation. Neurosci Lett 1998; 250:21-4. [PMID: 9696056 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(98)00430-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of nociceptin/orphanin FQ neurotransmission in conjunction with peripheral inflammation and hyperalgesia was explored, using receptor autoradiography. Binding of [3H]nociceptin was quantified in spinal segment L4 of rats at 2, 4 and 8 days following injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into one hind-paw. Densitometric analysis of autoradiograms showed that [3H]nociceptin binding increased in medial and lateral laminae I-II bilaterally 4 days following injection of CFA compared to untreated rats; no change in binding occurred in lamina X at the times examined. Biochemical studies confirmed that the specific binding of [3H]nociceptin to sections of rat brain was consistent with the binding characteristics of the nociceptin receptor. These results suggest that spinal nociceptin receptors are upregulated during hyperalgesia. This response may enhance endogenous mechanisms of antinociception to attenuate the hyperalgesia induced by CFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Jia
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroanatomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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21
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Linden DR. Attenuation and reestablishment of the cer by discriminated avoidance conditioning in rats. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1969; 69:573-8. [PMID: 5357883 DOI: 10.1037/h0028226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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