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Johnson N, Rodriguez Diaz D, Ganapathy S, Bass JS, Kutchan TM, Khan AL, Flavier AB. Evaluation of reference genes for qRT-PCR studies in the colchicine producing Gloriosa superba L. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 17:1-11. [PMID: 37359494 PMCID: PMC10195008 DOI: 10.1007/s11816-023-00840-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The flame lily, Gloriosa superba L., is one of the two primary sources of the anti-inflammatory drug, colchicine. Previous studies have shown that a higher level of colchicine production occurs in the rhizomes than in leaves and roots. Earlier precursor feeding and transcriptome analysis of G. superba have provided a putative pathway and candidate genes involved in colchicine biosynthesis. Comparative analysis of expression levels of candidate pathway genes in different tissues of G. superba using quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) can reveal highly expressed genes in the rhizome compared to other tissues which could suggest roles of the gene products in colchicine biosynthesis. Normalization is an important step in effectively analyzing differential gene expression by qRT-PCR with broader applications. The current study selected candidate reference genes from the transcriptome datasets and analyzed them to determine the most stable genes for normalization of colchicine biosynthesis-related genes. Using RefFinder, one stable reference gene, UBC22, was selected to normalize gene expression levels of candidate methyltransferase (MT) genes in the leaves, roots, and rhizomes of G. superba. With UBC22 as reference gene, the methyltransferases, GsOMT1, GsOMT3, and GsOMT4 showed significantly higher expression levels in the rhizome of G. superba, while MT31794 was more highly expressed in the roots. In conclusion, the current results showed a viable reference gene expression analysis system that could help elucidate colchicine biosynthesis and its exploitation for increased production of the drug in G. superba. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11816-023-00840-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nekha Johnson
- Department of Engineering Technology, Technology Division, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204 USA
- Present Address: Lonza Biologics, Inc., 14905 Kirby Dr, Houston, TX 77047 USA
| | - Diana Rodriguez Diaz
- Department of Engineering Technology, Technology Division, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204 USA
- Present Address: Lonza Biologics, Inc., 14905 Kirby Dr, Houston, TX 77047 USA
| | - Sivakumar Ganapathy
- Department of Engineering Technology, Technology Division, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204 USA
| | - John S. Bass
- Department of Engineering Technology, Technology Division, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204 USA
- Present Address: Solugen, Inc., 14549 Minetta St, Houston, TX 77035 USA
| | - Toni M. Kutchan
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132 USA
| | - Abdul L. Khan
- Department of Engineering Technology, Technology Division, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204 USA
| | - Albert B. Flavier
- Department of Engineering Technology, Technology Division, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204 USA
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Kawada T. Correspondence on 'Association between treatment with colchicine and improved survival in a single-centre cohort of adult hospitalised patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome'. Ann Rheum Dis 2023; 82:e77. [PMID: 33504481 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-219771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Kawada
- Hygiene and Public Health, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku 1138602, Japan
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Perricone C, Scarsi M, Brucato A, Pisano P, Pigatto E, Becattini C, Cingolani A, Tiso F, Prota R, Tomasoni LR, Cutolo M, Tardella M, Rozza D, Zerbino C, Andreoni M, Poletti V, Bartoloni E, Gerli R. Treatment with COLchicine in hospitalized patients affected by COVID-19: The COLVID-19 trial. Eur J Intern Med 2023; 107:30-36. [PMID: 36396522 PMCID: PMC9618432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2022.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether the addition of colchicine to standard of care (SOC) results in better outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. DESIGN This interventional, multicenter, randomized, phase 2 study, evaluated colchicine 1.5 mg/day added to SOC in hospitalized COVID-19 patients (COLVID-19 trial) and 227 patients were recruited. The primary outcome was the rate of critical disease in 30 days defined as need of mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit (ICU), or death. RESULTS 152 non-anti-SARS-CoV-2-vaccinated patients (colchicine vs controls: 77vs75, mean age 69.1±13.1 vs 67.9±15 years, 39% vs 33.3% females, respectively) were analyzed. There was no difference in co-primary end-points between patients treated with colchicine compared to controls (mechanical ventilation 5.2% vs 4%, ICU 1.3% vs 5.3%, death 9.1% vs 6.7%, overall 11 (14.3%) vs 10 (13.3%) patients, P=ns, respectively). Mean time to discharge was similar (colchicine vs controls 14.1±10.4 vs 14.7±8.1 days). Older age (>60 years, P=0.025), P/F<275 mmHg (P=0.005), AST>40 U/L (P<0.001), pre-existent heart (P=0.02), lung (P=0.003), upper-gastrointestinal (P=0.014), lower-gastrointestinal diseases (P=0.009) and cancer (P=0.008) were predictive of achieving the primary outcome. Diarrhoea (9.1% vs 0%, p=0.0031) and increased levels of AST at 6 days (76.9±91.8 vs 33.5±20.7 U/l, P=0.016) were more frequent in the colchicine group. CONCLUSION Colchicine did not reduce the rate and the time to the critical stage. Colchicine was relatively safe although adverse hepatic effects require caution. We confirm that older (>60 years) patients with comorbidities are characterized by worse outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Perricone
- Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Brucato
- Università degli Studi di Milano, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Pisano
- Asl Cagliari, Dipartimento di Area Medica, Struttura Complessa Medicina Interna, Italy
| | - Erika Pigatto
- Ospedale Classificato Villa Salus, Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - Cecilia Becattini
- Medicina Interna, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Tiso
- Medicina d'urgenza, Ospedale Alto Vicentino - AULSS 7 Pedemontana, Santorso (VI), Italy
| | - Roberto Prota
- Azienda Ospedaliera Ordine Mauriziano, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Cutolo
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, IRCCS Polyclinic Hospital San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marika Tardella
- Ospedale Carlo Urbani - Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Davide Rozza
- Centro Studi SIR, Società Italiana di Reumatologia, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Andreoni
- Malattie Infettive, Dipartimento Processi Assistenziali Integrati, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Venerino Poletti
- Dipartimento Toracico, Azienda AUSL Romagna, Ospedale G.B. Morgagni, Forlì, Italy; Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Elena Bartoloni
- Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Gerli
- Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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Kiriacos CJ, Khedr MR, Tadros M, Youness RA. Prospective Medicinal Plants and Their Phytochemicals Shielding Autoimmune and Cancer Patients Against the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: A Special Focus on Matcha. Front Oncol 2022; 12:837408. [PMID: 35664773 PMCID: PMC9157490 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.837408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Being "positive" has been one of the most frustrating words anyone could hear since the end of 2019. This word had been overused globally due to the high infectious nature of SARS-CoV-2. All citizens are at risk of being infected with SARS-CoV-2, but a red warning sign has been directed towards cancer and immune-compromised patients in particular. These groups of patients are not only more prone to catch the virus but also more predisposed to its deadly consequences, something that urged the research community to seek other effective and safe solutions that could be used as a protective measurement for cancer and autoimmune patients during the pandemic. Aim The authors aimed to turn the spotlight on specific herbal remedies that showed potential anticancer activity, immuno-modulatory roles, and promising anti-SARS-CoV-2 actions. Methodology To attain the purpose of the review, the research was conducted at the States National Library of Medicine (PubMed). To search databases, the descriptors used were as follows: "COVID-19"/"SARS-CoV-2", "Herbal Drugs", "Autoimmune diseases", "Rheumatoid Arthritis", "Asthma", "Multiple Sclerosis", "Systemic Lupus Erythematosus" "Nutraceuticals", "Matcha", "EGCG", "Quercetin", "Cancer", and key molecular pathways. Results This manuscript reviewed most of the herbal drugs that showed a triple action concerning anticancer, immunomodulation, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities. Special attention was directed towards "matcha" as a novel potential protective and therapeutic agent for cancer and immunocompromised patients during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Conclusion This review sheds light on the pivotal role of "matcha" as a tri-acting herbal tea having a potent antitumorigenic effect, immunomodulatory role, and proven anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, thus providing a powerful shield for high-risk patients such as cancer and autoimmune patients during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Joseph Kiriacos
- Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Monika Rafik Khedr
- Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Miray Tadros
- Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rana A. Youness
- Molecular Genetics Research Team (MGRT), Pharmaceutical Biology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
- Biology and Biochemistry Department, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted by Global Academic Foundation, Cairo, Egypt
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Kamel NA, Ismail NSM, Yahia IS, Aboshanab KM. Potential Role of Colchicine in Combating COVID-19 Cytokine Storm and Its Ability to Inhibit Protease Enzyme of SARS-CoV-2 as Conferred by Molecular Docking Analysis. Medicina (B Aires) 2021; 58:medicina58010020. [PMID: 35056328 PMCID: PMC8781828 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the advance in the management of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the global pandemic is still ongoing with a massive health crisis. COVID-19 manifestations may range from mild symptoms to severe life threatening ones. The hallmark of the disease severity is related to the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines manifested as a cytokine storm. Based on its anti-inflammatory activity through interfering with several pro and anti-inflammatory pathways, colchicine had been proposed to reduce the cytokine storm and subsequently improve clinical outcomes. Molecular docking analysis of colchicine against RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and protease enzymes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) revealed that colchicine provided a grid-based molecular docking method, C-DOCKER interaction energy 64.26 and 47.53 (Kcal/mol) with protease and RdRp, respectively. This finding indicated higher binding stability for colchicine–protease complexes than the colchicine–RdRp complex with the involvement of seven hydrogen bonds, six hydrogen acceptors with Asn142, Gly143, Ser144, and Glu166 and one hydrogen-bond donors with Cys145 of the protease enzyme. This is in addition to three hydrophobic interactions with His172, Glu166, and Arg188. A good alignment with the reference compound, Boceprevir, indicated high probability of binding to the protease enzyme of SARS-CoV-2. In conclusion, colchicine can ameliorate the destructive effect of the COVID-19 cytokine storm with a strong evidence of antiviral activity by inhibiting the protease enzyme of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha A. Kamel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University (MIU), Cairo 19648, Egypt;
| | - Nasser S. M. Ismail
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Future University in Egypt (FUE), Cairo 11835, Egypt;
| | - Ibrahim S. Yahia
- Laboratory of Nano-Smart Materials for Science and Technology (LNSMST), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia;
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Nanoscience Laboratory for Environmental and Biomedical Applications (NLEBA), Semiconductor Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University (ASU), Roxy, Cairo 11757, Egypt
| | - Khaled M. Aboshanab
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University (ASU), Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-1-0075-82620; Fax: +20-2-2405110
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Pascual-Figal DA, Roura-Piloto AE, Moral-Escudero E, Bernal E, Albendín-Iglesias H, Pérez-Martínez MT, Noguera-Velasco JA, Cebreiros-López I, Hernández-Vicente Á, Vázquez-Andrés D, Sánchez-Pérez C, Khan A, Sánchez-Cabo F, García-Vázquez E. Colchicine in Recently Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: A Randomized Controlled Trial (COL-COVID). Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:5517-5526. [PMID: 34539185 PMCID: PMC8445096 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s329810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colchicine has been proposed as a potential therapy in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to their anti-inflammatory actions. METHODS The COL-COVID study was a prospective, randomized, controlled and open-label clinical trial that compared colchicine added to standard treatment vs standard treatment in hospitalized COVID-19 patients that do not need mechanical ventilatory support. Colchicine was initiated within the first 48 hours of admission at a 1.5 mg loading dose, followed by 0.5 mg b.i.d. for one week and 0.5 mg per day for 28 days. The study endpoints were clinical status (7-points WHO ordinal scale) and inflammatory biomarkers (IL-6 and CRP). RESULTS A total of 103 patients (51±12 years, 52% male) were randomly allocated to colchicine arm (n=52) and control arm (n=51). At day 28, all patients in the colchicine group were alive and discharged, whereas in the control group, two patients died in-hospital and one patient remained hospitalized. Clinical improvement in terms of changes on WHO scale at day 14 and 28 and time to 1-point clinical improvement did not differ between the two groups. Clinical deterioration (increase of at least 1-point in WHO scale) was observed in a higher proportion of cases in colchicine group (13.8%) vs control group (5.8%) (p=0.303); after adjustment by baseline risk factors and concomitant therapies, colchicine therapy was associated with a lower risk of clinical deterioration (p=0.030). Inflammatory biomarkers CRP and IL-6 concentrations course did not differ between the two arms. CONCLUSION In hospitalized COVID-19 patients, colchicine treatment neither improved the clinical status, nor the inflammatory response, over the standard treatment. Nevertheless, a preventive effect for further clinical deterioration might be possible. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04350320.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingo A Pascual-Figal
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Aychel E Roura-Piloto
- Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Encarnación Moral-Escudero
- Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Enrique Bernal
- Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Helena Albendín-Iglesias
- Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Teresa Pérez-Martínez
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Noguera-Velasco
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Iria Cebreiros-López
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Álvaro Hernández-Vicente
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - David Vázquez-Andrés
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Sánchez-Pérez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Amjad Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Elisa García-Vázquez
- Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - On behalf of the COL-COVID Investigators
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Alam S, Sarker MMR, Afrin S, Richi FT, Zhao C, Zhou JR, Mohamed IN. Traditional Herbal Medicines, Bioactive Metabolites, and Plant Products Against COVID-19: Update on Clinical Trials and Mechanism of Actions. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:671498. [PMID: 34122096 PMCID: PMC8194295 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.671498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the latest worldwide pandemic declared by the World Health Organization and there is no established anti-COVID-19 drug to combat this notorious situation except some recently approved vaccines. By affecting the global public health sector, this viral infection has created a disastrous situation associated with high morbidity and mortality rates along with remarkable cases of hospitalization because of its tendency to be high infective. These challenges forced researchers and leading pharmaceutical companies to find and develop cures for this novel strain of coronavirus. Besides, plants have a proven history of being notable wellsprings of potential drugs, including antiviral, antibacterial, and anticancer therapies. As a continuation of this approach, plant-based preparations and bioactive metabolites along with a notable number of traditional medicines, bioactive phytochemicals, traditional Chinese medicines, nutraceuticals, Ayurvedic preparations, and other plant-based products are being explored as possible therapeutics against COVID-19. Moreover, the unavailability of effective medicines against COVID-19 has driven researchers and members of the pharmaceutical, herbal, and related industries to conduct extensive investigations of plant-based products, especially those that have already shown antiviral properties. Even the recent invention of several vaccines has not eliminated doubts about safety and efficacy. As a consequence, many limited, unregulated clinical trials involving conventional mono- and poly-herbal therapies are being conducted in various areas of the world. Of the many clinical trials to establish such agents as credentialed sources of anti-COVID-19 medications, only a few have reached the landmark of completion. In this review, we have highlighted and focused on plant-based anti-COVID-19 clinical trials found in several scientific and authenticated databases. The aim is to allow researchers and innovators to identify promising and prospective anti-COVID-19 agents in clinical trials (either completed or recruiting) to establish them as novel therapies to address this unwanted pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaet Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Moklesur Rahman Sarker
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Division, Health Med Science Research Limited, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sadia Afrin
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fahmida Tasnim Richi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Chao Zhao
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jin-Rong Zhou
- Nutrition/Metabolism Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Isa Naina Mohamed
- Pharmacology Department, Medical Faculty, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (The National University of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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