Oxidative damage and carcinogenesis

The anticancer potential of tetrahydrocurcumin-phytosomes against oral carcinoma progression

BACKGROUND

Herbal medicine combined with nanotechnology offers an alternative to the increasing burden of surgery and/or chemotherapy, the main therapeutics of oral carcinoma. Phytosomes are nano-vesicular systems formed by the interaction between phospholipids and phyto-active components via hydrogen bonding, exhibiting superior efficacy over pure phytocomponents in drug delivery.

METHODS

Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC)-phytosomes were prepared by thin film hydration method. After characterization, in vitro cytotoxicity, antiproliferative capacity, antioxidant potential and full apoptotic workup were paneled on oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC4) in comparison with native THC-solution and cisplatin (3.58 µg/mL intravenous injection), as positive controls. In addition, we tested the three medications on normal oral keratinocytes and gingival fibroblasts to attest to their tissue-selectivity.

RESULTS

Successful preparation of THC-phytosomes using 1:1 molar ratio of THC to phospholipid exhibited significantly increased aqueous solubility, good colloidal properties, and complete drug release after one hour. On SCC4 cells, THC-phytosomes, at their dose-/time-dependency at ~ 60.06 µg/mL escalated cell percentages in the S-phase with 32.5 ± 6.22% increase, as well as a startling 29.69 ± 2.3% increase in apoptotic population. Depletion of the cell colonies survival to 0.29 ± 0.1% together with restraining the migratory rate by -6.4 ± 6.8% validated THC-phytosomes' antiproliferative capacity. Comparatively, the corresponding results of THC-solution and cisplatin revealed 12.9 ± 0.9% and 25.8 ± 1.1% for apoptosis and 0.9 ± 0.1% and 0.7 ± 0.08% for colony survival fraction, respectively. Furthermore, the nanoformulation exhibited the strongest immuno-positivity to caspase-3, which positively correlated with intense mitochondrial fluorescence by Mitotracker Red, suggesting its implication in the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, a finding further explained by the enormously high Bax and caspase-8 expression by RT-qPCR. Finally, the THC groups showed the lowest oxidative stress index, marking their highest free radical-scavenging potential among the test groups.

CONCLUSIONS

THC-phytosomes are depicted to be an efficient nanoformulation that enhanced the anticancer efficacy over the free drug counterpart and the conventional chemotherapeutic. Additionally, being selective to cancer cells and less cytotoxic to normal cells makes THC-phytosomes a potential candidate for tissue-targeted therapy.

Clean energy consumption, sleep duration, and the association of cancer: findings from the China health and retirement longitudinal study

Objective

Studies of the association between clean energy consumption, sleep duration, and cancer are still extremely limited. We aim to investigate the individual or joint role of clean energy consumption, and sleep duration in cancer onset.

Methods

We used data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Multivariable locally weighted regression (LOESS) models were first used to assess the individual association of daily sleep time with the risk to develop cancer. Multivariate logistic regression models were conducted on the individual and interaction effects of daily sleep time and cooking fuel.

Results

We found that short sleep duration (≤6 hours) and non-clean energy consumption were respectively associated with an increased risk of cancer among older Chinese(p<0.05). We assessed daily sleep time in four quartiles, the adjusted odds ratios (AOR), and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for participants in the second (5.0 to <6.5 hours), third (6.5 to <8.0 hours), and fourth quartiles (≥8.0 hours) were 0.88 (95% CI: 0.65-1.20), 0.61 (95% CI: 0.40-0.91), and 0.53 (95% CI: 0.37-0.77), respectively. When we set the cutoff point(6.5 hours), participants who slept more than 6 hours had a 39% lower risk of cancer (AOR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.46-0.79) compared with others. On the other hand, we conducted that exposure to clean fuel from cooking was negatively associated with cancer incidence (AOR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.54, 0.97). Furthermore, the combination of longer sleep and cleaner fuels showed the lowest OR for cancer (AOR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.24, 0.65).

Conclusion

Our study showed that sleep duration and clean energy consumption were significantly associated with cancer in elderly Chinese people. In addition, the prevalence of cancer was higher among people who slept less than six hours and used non-clean energy sources. Paying greater attention to the effects of sleep duration and clean energy on the risk of cancer may yield practical implications for cancer prevention.

Exploring the Bioactive Potential of Pisolithus (Basidiomycota): Comprehensive Insights into Antimicrobial, Anticancer, and Antioxidant Properties for Innovative Applications

Addressing pressing health concerns, modern medical research seeks to identify new antimicrobials to combat drug resistance, novel molecules for cancer treatment, and antioxidants for inflammation-related diseases. Pisolithus (Basidiomycota) is a ubiquitous and widely distributed fungal genus in forest ecosystems, known for establishing ectomycorrhizal associations with a range of host plants, enhancing their growth, and conferring protection against biotic and abiotic stresses. Beyond ecological applications, Pisolithus yields bioactive compounds with medicinal potential. This comprehensive review explores the transversal biological activity of Pisolithus fungi, aiming to provide a thorough overview of their antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant potential. The focus is on elucidating bioactive compounds within Pisolithus to trigger further research for innovative applications. Compounds from Pisolithus displayed antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The efficacy of Pisolithus-derived compounds matched established medications, emphasizing their therapeutic potential. In anticancer research, the triterpene pisosterol stood out with documented cytotoxicity against various cancer cell lines, showcasing promise for novel anticancer therapies. Pisolithus was also recognized as a potential source of antioxidants, with basidiocarps exhibiting high antioxidant activity. In vivo validation and comprehensive studies on a broader range of compounds, together with mechanistic insights into the mode of action of Pisolithus-derived compounds, are compelling areas for future research.

A marine coating: Self-healing, stable release of Cu2+, anti-biofouling

We developed a marine coating consisting of Cu-MOF-74, multi-walled carbon nanotube containing carboxyl groups (MWCNT-COOH) and self-healing polymers, which simultaneously possesses self-healing and anti-biofouling properties. Cu-MOF-74 can stably release Cu2+ by virtue of the coordination dissociative mechanism. Studies have proved that MWCNT can inhibit the growth of bacteria, so adding the MWCNT can help to reduce the amount of the copper ions and ensure the antibacterial effect of the coating. In addition, the cross-linked network and abundant -COOH provided by the polymers and MWCNT-COOH further prevent the loss of copper ions. Moreover, the coating we prepared has good performance of self-healing at room temperature or slightly heated because the polymers possess abundant non-covalent hydrogen bonds. Finally, the coating not only has superior antibacterial property, but also effectively prevents the adhesion of macrofouling organism. Therefore, the coating has a longer service life and its environmental friendliness has also been improved.

Total Sialic Acid, Antioxidant Enzyme Activities, Trace Elements, and Vitamin Status Before and After Surgery in Women with Uterine Myoma and Endometrial Cancer

The objective of present study was to examine endometrial tissue Be, As, Cr, Mo, Sr, Ti, Tl, Cu, Co, Se, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cd, Pb, Mg, P, erythrocytes CAT, SOD, GSH-Px, GSH, MDA, serum retinol, cholecalciferol, phylloquinone, TSA, LSA, TOS, and TAS status and to evaluate the relationships between the variables. The study had 110 participants; of these, 50 were women with uterine myoma (UM), 10 were women with endometrial cancer (EC), and 50 were healthy female subjects. In the study, vitamin analyses by HPLC and element analyses were determined using ICP-OES method. It was observed that EC group was significantly lower than healthy group in terms of levels of cholecalciferol (p < 0.05), phylloquinone (p < 0.01), GSH (p < 0.05), Fe (p < 0.05), and had a significant rise in Mg/Fe (p < 0.01) and Zn/Fe (p < 0.05) in preoperative period. UM group had significantly lower retinol (p < 0.05), phylloquinone (p < 0.001), GSH-Px (p < 0.01), GSH (p < 0.01), Cr (p < 0.01), Cu (p < 0.05), Mg (p < 0.01), and Zn (p < 0.01) levels than control group in preoperative period and significantly higher levels of MDA (p < 0.01), TSA (p < 0.01), and LSA (p < 0.01) than control group. It was found that significant associations were observed between Cu-CA 15-3 (r = 0.558, p = 0.016), Mn-CA 15-3 (r = 0.511, p = 0.030), P-CA 15-3(r =  - 0.502, p = 0.034) and with UM, also between GSH-CA-125 (r =  - 0.825, p = 0.022) and with EC group. The results of correlation analysis observed that concentrations of Cu, Mn, P, and GSH together with CA 15-3 and CA-125 levels might be important for monitoring patients with UM and EC before surgery.

DNA mutilation: A telltale sign of cancer inception

DNA damage is a discrepancy in its chemical structure precipitated by a multitude of factors. Most DNA damages can be repaired efficiently through diverse restorative mechanisms subjective to the type of damage. DNA-damaging agents elicit a medley of cellular retorts like cell cycle arrest, followed by DNA repair mechanisms or apoptosis. An unrepaired DNA damage in a nonreplicating cell does not generally engender mutations but a similar scenario in replicating cell routes to permanent modification of genetic material shrugging to carcinogenesis. DNA mutilation can be allied to disarray in bases, debasement of backbone, or crosslinks. Base damages or backbone damages like single-strand and double-strand DNA breaks are usually produced by reactive oxygen species and ionizing radiation. This substantial DNA damage has broadly been considered to be caused by various exogenous and endogenous agents with variable rates of causality and decrees of risk, sourcing toward cancer or other diseases, necessitating furtherance in diagnostics at sequential points. The purpose of this article is to review in detail the various types of DNA damages, their contributory factors, and recent developments in their identification.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial and Antiproliferative Effects of CuO-TiO2-Chitosan-Escin Nanocomposites on Human Leukemic MOLT4 Cells

Nanocomposites comprised of CuO-TiO2-chitosan-escin, which has adjustable physicochemical properties, provide a solution for therapeutic selectivity in cancer treatment. By controlling the intrinsic signaling primarily through the mitochondrial signaling pathway, we desired nanocomposites with enhanced anticancer activity by containing CuO-TiO2-chitosan-escin. The metal oxides CuO and TiO2, the natural polymer chitosan, and a phytochemical compound escin were combined to form CuO-TiO2-chitosan-escin nanocomposites. The synthesized nanocomposites were confirmed and characterized using FTIR spectroscopy, TEM, and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. A human leukemia cell line (MOLT-4) was used to assess the efficacy and selectivity of nanocomposites. Based on a cytotoxicity study, CuO-TiO2-chitosan-escin nanocomposites had inhibition concentrations (IC50) of 13.68, 8.9, and 7.14 µg/mL against human T lymphoblast cells after 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation, respectively. Compared with untreated MOLT-4 cells, CuO-TiO2-chitosan-escin nanocomposite-treated cells significantly increased (p < 0.05) caspase-3, -8, and -9 and decreased the levels of antioxidant enzymes GR, SOD, and GSH. Furthermore, MDA for lipid peroxidase and ROS levels significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the treated cells than in the untreated cells. Remarkably, CuO-TiO2-chitosan-escin nanocomposite-mediated control of cell cycles were mainly achieved through the activation of caspase-3, -8, and -9.

Interactions between Nitric Oxide and Hyaluronan Implicate the Migration of Breast Cancer Cells

Nitric oxide (^•NO) is one of the prominent free radicals, playing a pivotal role in breast cancer progression. Hyaluronic acid (HA) plays an essential role in neutralizing free radicals in tumor tissues. However, its interactions with nitric oxide have not been thoroughly investigated. Hence, this study attempts to understand the mechanism of these interactions and the different effects on the intracellular ^•NO levels and migration of breast cancer cells. The affinity of HA to scavenge ^•NO was investigated alongside the accompanying changes in specific physico-chemical properties and the further effects on the ^•NO-induced attachment and migration of the breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and HCC1806. The reaction of the nitrogen dioxide radical, formed via ^•NO/O₂ interactions, with HA initiated a series of oxidative reactions, which, in the presence of ^•NO, induce the fragmentation of the polymeric chains. Furthermore, these interactions were found to hinder the NO-induced migration of cancer cells. However, the NO-induced HA modification/fragmentation was inhibited in the presence of hemin, a NO-scavenging compound. Collectively, these results help toward understanding the involvement of HA in the ^•NO-induced cell migration and suggest the possible modification of HA, used as one of the main materials in different biomedical applications.

The Parental Pesticide and Offspring's Epigenome Study: Towards an Integrated Use of Human Biomonitoring of Exposure and Effect Biomarkers

In Morocco, due to the lack of education and the presence of a counterfeit market, pesticides constitute a major problem to be addressed by occupational and environmental health agencies. This paper aims to introduce the PaPOE (Parental Pesticides and Offspring Epigenome) prospective study and its goals, to motivate the study rationale and design, and to examine comprehensively whether multi-residue exposure to commonly used pesticides could induce epigenetic alterations through the oxidative stress pathway. The PaPOE project includes a cross-sectional study assessing the occupational exposure among 300 farmworkers in Meknes, and initiates a birth cohort of 1000 pregnant women. Data and biological samples are collected among farmworkers, and throughout pregnancy, and at birth. Oxidative stress biomarkers include Glutathione, Malondialdehyde, and 8-OHdG. Global and gene-specific DNA methylation is assessed. The study began enrollment in 2019 and is ongoing. As of 30 June 2021, 300 farmworkers and 125 pregnant women have enrolled. The results are expected to showcase the importance of biomonitoring for understanding individual risks, and to identify a number of regions where DNA methylation status is altered in the pesticides-exposed population, paving the way for an integrated biomonitoring system in Morocco and Africa to assess environmental exposures and their long-term health consequences.

Outdoor air pollution and cancer: An overview of the current evidence and public health recommendations

Outdoor air pollution is a major contributor to the burden of disease worldwide. Most of the global population resides in places where air pollution levels, because of emissions from industry, power generation, transportation, and domestic burning, considerably exceed the World Health Organization's health-based air-quality guidelines. Outdoor air pollution poses an urgent worldwide public health challenge because it is ubiquitous and has numerous serious adverse human health effects, including cancer. Currently, there is substantial evidence from studies of humans and experimental animals as well as mechanistic evidence to support a causal link between outdoor (ambient) air pollution, and especially particulate matter (PM) in outdoor air, with lung cancer incidence and mortality. It is estimated that hundreds of thousands of lung cancer deaths annually worldwide are attributable to PM air pollution. Epidemiological evidence on outdoor air pollution and the risk of other types of cancer, such as bladder cancer or breast cancer, is more limited. Outdoor air pollution may also be associated with poorer cancer survival, although further research is needed. This report presents an overview of outdoor air pollutants, sources, and global levels, as well as a description of epidemiological evidence linking outdoor air pollution with cancer incidence and mortality. Biological mechanisms of air pollution-derived carcinogenesis are also described. This report concludes by summarizing public health/policy recommendations, including multilevel interventions aimed at individual, community, and regional scales. Specific roles for medical and health care communities with regard to prevention and advocacy and recommendations for further research are also described.

The Cancer Chemopreventive and Therapeutic Potential of Tetrahydrocurcumin

In recent decades, cancer has been one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Despite advances in understanding the molecular basis of tumorigenesis, diagnosis, and clinical therapies, the discovery and development of effective drugs is an active and vital field in cancer research. Tetrahydrocurcumin is a major curcuminoid metabolite of curcumin, naturally occurring in turmeric. The interest in tetrahydrocurcumin research is increasing because it is superior to curcumin in its solubility in water, chemical stability, bioavailability, and anti-oxidative activity. Many in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed that tetrahydrocurcumin exerts anti-cancer effects through various mechanisms, including modulation of oxidative stress, xenobiotic detoxification, inflammation, proliferation, metastasis, programmed cell death, and immunity. Despite the pharmacological similarities between tetrahydrocurcumin and curcumin, the structure of tetrahydrocurcumin determines its distinct and specific molecular mechanism, thus making it a potential candidate for the prevention and treatment of cancers. However, the utility of tetrahydrocurcumin is yet to be evaluated as only limited pharmacokinetic and oral bioavailability studies have been performed. This review summarizes research on the anti-cancer properties of tetrahydrocurcumin and describes its mechanisms of action.

Inhibitory Effects of Cu2O/SiO2 on the Growth of Microcystis aeruginosa and Its Mechanism

In this study, a novel nanomaterial Cu₂O/SiO₂ was synthesized based on nano-SiO₂, and the inhibitory effects of different concentrations of Cu₂O/SiO₂ on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) were studied. At the same time, the mechanism of Cu₂O/SiO₂ inhibiting the growth of M. aeruginosa was discussed from the aspects of Cu²⁺ release, chlorophyll a destruction, oxidative damage, total protein, and the phycobiliprotein of algae cells. The results showed that low doses of Cu₂O/SiO₂ could promote the growth of M. aeruginosa. When the concentration of Cu₂O/SiO₂ reached 10 mg/L, it exhibited the best inhibitory effect on M. aeruginosa, and the relative inhibition rate reached 294% at 120 h. In terms of the algae inhibition mechanism, Cu₂O/SiO₂ will release Cu²⁺ in the solution and induce metal toxicity to algae cells. At the same time, M. aeruginosa might suffer oxidative damage by the free radicals, such as hydroxyl radicals released from Cu₂O/SiO₂, affecting the physiological characteristics of algae cells. Moreover, after the addition of Cu₂O/SiO₂, a decrease in the content of chlorophyll a, total soluble protein, and phycobiliprotein was found, which eventually led to the death of M. aeruginosa. Therefore, Cu₂O/SiO₂ can be used as an algaecide inhibitor for controlling harmful cyanobacteria blooms.

Regulating intracellular ROS signal by a dual pH/reducing-responsive nanogels system promotes tumor cell apoptosis

Purpose: The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tumor cells are much higher than that in normal cells, and rise rapidly under the influence of exogenous or endogenous inducing factors, eventually leading to the apoptosis of tumor cells. Therefore, this study prepared a dual pH/reducing-responsive poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-co-Cinnamaldehyde-co-D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate, PssNCT) nanogels, which employed two exogenous ROS inducers, cinnamaldehyde (CA) and D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS), to selectively induce apoptosis by regulating ROS levels in tumor cells. Methods: The PssNCT nanogels were prepared by the free radical precipitation polymerization under the crosslink between pH-sensitive hydrazone and reducing-sensitive disulfide bonds, followed by the physicochemical and morphological characteristics investigations. Plasma stability, dual pH/reducing responsive degradation and in vitro release were also assessed. In cell experiments, cytotoxicity in different cells were first detected. The intracellular ROS levels and mitochondrial functions of tumor cells were then evaluated. Moreover, the apoptosis and western-blot assays were employed to verify the association between ROS levels elevation and apoptosis in tumor cells. Results: The nanogels exhibited a round-like hollow structure with the diameter smaller than 200nm. The nanogels were stable in plasma, while showed rapid degradation in acidic and reducing environments, thus achieving significant release of CA and TPGS in these media. Furthermore, the sufficient amplification of ROS signals was induced by the synergistically function of CA and TPGS on mitochondria, which resulted in the opening of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and enhanced cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cells. However, nanogels barely affected L929 cells owing to their lower intracellular ROS basal levels. Conclusion: The specific ROS regulation method achieved by these nanogels could be explored to selectively kill tumor cells according to the difference of ROS signals in different kinds of cells.

Potential roles of reactive oxygen species derived from chemical substances involved in cancer development in the female reproductive system

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are major sources of cellular oxidative stress. Specifically, cancer cells harbor genetic alterations that promote a continuous and elevated production of ROS. While such oxidative stress conditions could be harmful to normal cells, they facilitate cancer cell growth in multiple ways by causing DNA damage and genomic instability, and ultimately by reprogramming cancer cell metabolism. This review provides up to date findings regarding the roles of ROS generation induced by diverse biological molecules and chemicals in representative women’s cancer. Specifically, we describe the cellular signaling pathways that regulate direct or indirect interactions between ROS homeostasis and metabolism within female genital cancer cells.

Evaluation of the structure–activity relationship of carbon nanomaterials as antioxidants

Aim: To develop the potential application of carbon nanomaterials as antioxidants calls for better understanding of how the specific structure affects their antioxidant activity. Materials & methods: Several typical carbon nanomaterials, including graphene quantum dots and fullerene derivatives were characterized and their radical scavenging activities were evaluated; in addition, the in vitro and in vivo radioprotection experiments were performed. Results: These carbon nanomaterials can efficiently scavenge free radicals in a structure-dependent manner. In vitro assays demonstrate that administration of these carbon nanomaterials markedly increases the surviving fraction of cells exposed to ionizing radiation. Moreover, in vivo experiments confirm that their administration can also increase the survival rates of mice exposed to radiation. Conclusion: All results confirm that large, buckyball-shaped fullerenes show the strongest antioxidant properties and the best radioprotective efficiency. Our work will be useful in guiding the design and optimization of nanomaterials for potential antioxidant and radioprotection bio-applications.

Therapeutic uses of epicatechin in diabetes and cancer

Epicatechin is a natural flavonoid found in green tea. It has been reported to possess an immense antioxidant effect which contributes to its therapeutic effect against a handful of ailments. In this review, we discuss its therapeutic role in the management of two of the most important human diseases; diabetes and cancer. The consumption of epicatechin has been shown to reduce blood glucose levels in diabetic patients, while is anticancer effect was attributed to its antioxidant properties, antiangiogenic and direct cytotoxicity to cancer cells. Although the exact mechanism of action of epicatechin is still being explored, there is no doubt that it is a promising candidate as an alternative. The significance of this review is to highlight the importance of the usage of natural products (in this case, epicatechin) as an alternative for the treatment of two potentially fatal diseases which is diabetes and cancer. The aim of this review is to educate the scientific community on the role of epicatechin in ameliorating the effects of diabetes and cancers on human while understanding the potential mechanisms of these aforementioned effects.

Clinical association of baseline levels of conjugated dienes in low-density lipoprotein and nitric oxide with aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and their relationship with immunoglobulins and Th1-to-Th2 ratio

Objective

The aim of this study was to highlight the clinical association of baseline levels of conjugated dienes in low-density lipoprotein (LDL-BCD) and nitric oxide (NO) with immunoglobulins (Igs) and T helper (Th)1/Th2 ratio in patients with newly diagnosed B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).

Patients and methods

Thirty-two newly diagnosed patients with aggressive B-cell NHL and 25 age-, sex-, and body-mass-index-matched healthy controls were randomly selected for a cross-sectional case–control study conducted at the Hematology Department of Tlemcen Medical Centre University (northwest of Algeria).

Results

Circulating levels of LDL-BCD and NO and those of IgA and IgM were significantly higher in patients than in controls. The levels of Th1/Th2 ratio and plasma total antioxidant capacity were significantly lower in patients compared with controls, while malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl levels were significantly higher in patients. B-cell NHL was significantly associated with high levels of LDL-BCD from 25th to 75th percentile (25th percentile: relative risk [RR] =2.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.42–3.59, P=0.014; 50th percentile: RR =2.84, 95% CI 1.72–4.68, P<0.001; 75th percentile: RR =5.43, 95% CI 2.58–11.42, P<0.001). Similarly, the disease was significantly associated with high levels of NO production from 25th to 75th percentile (25th percentile: RR =2.07, 95% CI 1.25–3.44, P=0.024; 50th percentile: RR =2.78, 95% CI 1.63–4.72, P<0.001; 75th percentile: RR =4.68, 95% CI 2.21–9.91, P<0.001). Moreover, LDL-BCD levels were positively and significantly correlated with interferon (IFN)-γ, whereas NO levels were inversely and significantly correlated with IFN-γ and Th1/Th2 ratio.

Conclusion

LDL-BCD and NO production seem to be associated with aggressive B-cell NHL and alteration of Th1/Th2 ratio. Our results have to be examined using ex vivo mechanistic studies leading to further investigations of these parameters, with an interest in the link between Epstein–Barr virus infection and NO and immunoglobulins.