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Chen J, Tai M, Chen J, Ni J, Yi H, Chen L, Wang D, Wen C, Li J, Shen X, You Y. Panax ginseng extract prevents UVB-induced skin photodamage by modulating VMP1-mediated ER stress. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 134:156010. [PMID: 39232284 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.156010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a crucial toxic signaling event triggered by chronic exposure to Ultraviolet B radiation (UVB), which significantly exacerbate photodamage responses in the irradiated skin. Therefore, the identification of agents capable of inhibiting ER stress could serve as a promising therapeutic strategy for addressing the unmet clinical needs in the treatment of UVB-induced photodamage. METHODS A UVB-irradiated mouse model was used and topical administration of Panax ginseng extract was carried out for a duration of 9 weeks. Vitamin E was used as a positive control. After 9 weeks of administration, the skin appearance, epidermal hyperplasia, infiltration of inflammatory cells, apoptosis, and collagen content were measured. The keratinocytes were irradiated with 6 mJ/cm2 UVB to establish an in vitro model. The levels of ER stress and apoptosis were investigated both in vivo and in vitro using qRT-PCR, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Among the 14 extracts derived from 13 distinct plant species that were screened, Panax ginseng, Prunus mume, and Camellia japonica showed inhibitory effect on UVB-induced ER stress. Notably, Panax ginseng effectively inhibits collagen degradation and apoptosis in both irradiated keratinocytes and Balb/C mice skin. Furthermore, the silencing of VMP1 significantly impeded the cellular protective effect of Panax ginseng extract on UVB-irradiated keratinocytes, indicating that Panax ginseng exerts its protective effects through targeted promotion of VMP1. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that Panax ginseng extract possess a therapeutical effect on UVB radiation-induced photodamage by promoting VMP1-mediated inhibition of ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieli Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiling Tai
- R&D Center, Infinitus (China) Company Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiawen Chen
- MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan University, China
| | - Jiahui Ni
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Yi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Luo Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cailing Wen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; R&D Center, Infinitus (China) Company Ltd, Guangzhou, China; MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan University, China.
| | - Yan You
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; MOE Innovative Center for New Drug Development of Immune Inflammatory Diseases, Fudan University, China.
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Cui Y, Wu J, Zhang D, Li D, Zhang J, Li W, Wang C, Yuan C, Liu Z. Changes in chemical components and hepatoprotective effect of red Panax notoginseng processed by aspartic acid impregnation treatment. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:6085-6099. [PMID: 38445528 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red Panax notoginseng (RPN) is one of the major processed products of P. notoginseng (PN), with more effective biological activities. However, the traditional processing method of RPN has some disadvantages, such as low conversion rate of ginsenosides and long processing time. RESULTS In this work, we developed a green, safe, and efficient approach for RPN processing by aspartic acid impregnation pretreatment. Our results showed that the optimized temperature, steaming time, and concentration of aspartic acid were 120 °C, 1 h, and 3% respectively. The original ginsenosides in PN treated by aspartic acid (Asp-PN) were completely converted to rare saponins at 120 °C within just 1 h. The concentration of the rare ginsenosides in Asp-PN was two times higher than that in untreated RPN. In addition, we examined the protective effect of RPN and Asp-PN on acetaminophen-induced liver injury in a mouse model. The results showed that Asp-PN has significantly more potent hepatoprotective action than the RPN. The hepatoprotection of Asp-PN in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity may be due to its anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory activities. CONCLUSION These results indicated that aspartic acid impregnation pretreatment may provide an effective method to shorten the steaming time, improve the conversion rate of ginsenosides, and enhance hepatoprotective activity of RPN. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cui
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianfa Wu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Danli Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial International Joint Research Center for the Development and Utilization of Authentic Medicinal Materials, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial International Joint Research Center for the Development and Utilization of Authentic Medicinal Materials, Changchun, China
| | - Chongzhi Wang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chunsu Yuan
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zhi Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial International Joint Research Center for the Development and Utilization of Authentic Medicinal Materials, Changchun, China
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Xu R, Bi Y, He X, Zhang Y, Zhao X. Kidney-tonifying blood-activating decoction delays ventricular remodeling in rats with chronic heart failure by regulating gut microbiota and metabolites and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/p65 nuclear factor kappa-B/aquaporin-4 signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 330:118110. [PMID: 38580189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Myocardial infarction has likely contributed to the increased prevalence of heart failure(HF).As a result of ventricular remodeling and reduced cardiac function, colonic blood flow decreases, causing mucosal ischemia and hypoxia of the villous structure of the intestinal wall.This damage in gut barrier function increases bowel wall permeability, leading to fluid metabolism disorder,gut microbial dysbiosis, increased gut bacteria translocation into the circulatory system and increased circulating endotoxins, thus promoting a typical inflammatory state.Traditional Chinese Medicine plays a key role in the prevention and treatment of HF.Kidney-tonifying Blood-activating(KTBA) decoction has been proved for clinical treatment of chronic HF.However,the mechanism of KTBA decoction on chronic HF is still unclear. AIMS OF THE STUDY The effect of KTBA decoction on gut microbiota and metabolites and p38MAPK/p65NF-κB/AQP4 signaling in rat colon was studied to investigate the mechanism that KTBA decoction delays ventricular remodeling and regulates water metabolism disorder in rats with HF after myocardial infarction based on the theory of "Kidney Storing Essence and Conducting Water". MATERIAL AND METHODS In vivo,a rat model of HF after myocardial infarction was prepared by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery combined with exhaustive swimming and starvation.The successful modeling rats were randomly divided into five groups:model group, tolvaptan group(gavaged 1.35mg/(kg•D) tolvaptan),KTBA decoction group(gavaged 15.75g/(kg•D) of KTBA decoction),KTBA decoction combined with SB203580(p38MAPK inhibitor) group(gavaged 15.75g/(kg•D) of KTBA decoction and intraperitoneally injected 1.5mg/(kg•D) of SB203580),and KTBA decoction combined with PDTC(p65NF-kB inhibitor) group(gavaged 15.75g/(kg•D) of KTBA decoction and intraperitoneally injected 120mg/(kg•D) of PDTC).The sham-operation group and model group were gavaged equal volume of normal saline.After 4 weeks of intervention with KTBA decoction,the effect of KTBA decoction on the cardiac structure and function of chronic HF model rats was observed by ultrasonic cardiogram.General state and cardiac index in rats were evaluated.Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was used to measure N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) concentration in rat serum.Hematoxylin and eosin(H&E) staining,and transmission electron microscope(TEM) were used to observe the morphology and ultrastructure of myocardial and colonic tissue,and myocardial fibrosis was measured by Masson's staining.Cardiac E-cadherin level was detected by Western blot.The mRNA expression and protein expression levels of p38MAPK,I-κBα, p65NF-κB,AQP4,Occludin and ZO-1 in colonic tissue were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry. Protein expression of p38MAPK, p-p38MAPK,I-κBα,p-I-κBα,p65NF-κB, p-p65NF-κB,AQP4,Occludin and ZO-1 in rat colon was detected using Western blot.Colonic microbiota and serum metabolites were respectively analyzed by amplicon sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.In vitro, CCD-841CoN cell was placed in the ischemic solution under hypoxic conditions (94%N2,5%CO2,and 1%O2) in a 37 °C incubator to establish an ischemia and hypoxia model.The CCD-841CoN cells were divided into 7 groups, namely blank group and model group with normal rat serum plus control siRNA, tolvaptan group with rat serum containing tolvaptan plus control siRNA, KTBA group with rat serum containing KTBA plus control siRNA, KTBA plus p38MAPK siRNA group, KTBA plus p65NF-κB siRNA group,and KTBA plus AQP4siRNA group.After 24h and 48h of intervention with KTBA decoction,RT-qPCR,immunofluorescence and Western blot was used to detect the mRNA expression and protein expression levels of p38MAPK,I-κBα,p65NF-κB,AQP4, Occludin and ZO-1 in CCD-841CoN cells. RESULTS Compared with the model, KTBA decoction improved the general state, decraesed the serum NT-proBNP level,HW/BW ratio, LVIDd and LVIDs, increased E-cadherin level,EF and FS,reduced number of collagen fibers deposited in the myocardial interstitium,and recovered irregular arrangement of myofibril and swollen or vacuolated mitochondria with broken crista in myocardium.Moreover, KTBA decoction inhibited the expression of p38MAPK,I-κBα,and p65NF-κB and upregulated AQP4, Occludin and ZO-1 in colon tissues and CCD-841CoN cells.Additionally,p38siRNA or SB203580, p65siRNA or PDTC, and AQP4siRNA partially weakened the protective effects of KTBA in vitro and vivo.Notably,The LEfSe analysis results showed that there were six gut biomaker bacteria in model group, including Allobaculum, Bacillales,Turicibacter, Turicibacterales,Turicibacteraceae,and Bacilli. Besides, three gut biomaker bacteria containing Deltaproteobacteria, Desulfovibrionaceae,and Desulfovibrionales were enriched by KTBA treatment in chronic HF model.There were five differential metabolites, including L-Leucine,Pelargonic acid, Capsidiol,beta-Carotene,and L- Erythrulose, which can be regulated back in the same changed metabolic routes by the intervention of KTBA.L-Leucine had the positive correlation with Bacillales, Turicibacterales,Turicibacteraceae,and Turicibacter.L-Leucine significantly impacts Protein digestion and absorption, Mineral absorption,and Central carbon metabolism in cancer regulated by KTBA, which is involved in the expression of MAPK and tight junction in intestinal epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS KTBA decoction manipulates the expression of several key proteins in the p38MAPK/p65NF-κB/AQP4 signaling pathway, modulates gut microbiota and metabolites toward a more favorable profile, improves gut barrier function, delays cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis,and improves cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Shenyang,Liaoning 110847,China
| | - Yanping Bi
- Jilin Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine,Jilin,Jilin 132000,China
| | - Xiaoteng He
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Shenyang,Liaoning 110847,China
| | - Yan Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, China.
| | - Xin Zhao
- The Second Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China.
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Wei G, Zhang G, Li M, Zheng Y, Zheng W, Wang B, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Huang Z, Wei T, Shi L, Chen S, Dong L. Panax notoginseng: panoramagram of phytochemical and pharmacological properties, biosynthesis, and regulation and production of ginsenosides. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae170. [PMID: 39135729 PMCID: PMC11317898 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng is a famous perennial herb widely used as material for medicine and health-care food. Due to its various therapeutic effects, research work on P. notoginseng has rapidly increased in recent years, urging a comprehensive review of research progress on this important medicinal plant. Here, we summarize the latest studies on the representative bioactive constituents of P. notoginseng and their multiple pharmacological effects, like cardiovascular protection, anti-tumor, and immunomodulatory activities. More importantly, we emphasize the biosynthesis and regulation of ginsenosides, which are the main bioactive ingredients of P. notoginseng. Key enzymes and transcription factors (TFs) involved in the biosynthesis of ginsenosides are reviewed, including diverse CYP450s, UGTs, bHLH, and ERF TFs. We also construct a transcriptional regulatory network based on multi-omics data and predicted candidate TFs mediating the biosynthesis of ginsenosides. Finally, the current three major biotechnological approaches for ginsenoside production are highlighted. This review covers advances in the past decades, providing insights into quality evaluation and perspectives for the rational utilization and development of P. notoginseng resources. Modern omics technologies facilitate the exploration of the molecular mechanisms of ginsenoside biosynthesis, which is crucial to the breeding of novel P. notoginseng varieties. The identification of functional enzymes for biosynthesizing ginsenosides will lead to the formulation of potential strategies for the efficient and large-scale production of specific ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfei Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Guozhuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Mengzhi Li
- Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, No.80, Changjiang Road, Wulibao Street, Wancheng District, 473000, China
| | - Yuqing Zheng
- Zhangzhou Pien Tze Huang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, No. 1 Amber Road, Xiangcheng District, Zhangzhou, Fujian, 363099, China
| | - Wenke Zheng
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 312, Anshan West Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Hubei Institute for Drug Control, No.54, Dingziqiao Road, Zhongnan Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430012, China
| | - Zhaoyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Zhangzhou Pien Tze Huang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, No. 1 Amber Road, Xiangcheng District, Zhangzhou, Fujian, 363099, China
| | - Ziying Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Tengyun Wei
- Zhangzhou Pien Tze Huang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, No. 1 Amber Road, Xiangcheng District, Zhangzhou, Fujian, 363099, China
| | - Liping Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Shilin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing, 100700, China
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 37, 12 Qiao Road, Jinniu District, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Linlin Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.16 Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei Ave., Beijing, 100700, China
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Mancuso C. Panax notoginseng: Pharmacological Aspects and Toxicological Issues. Nutrients 2024; 16:2120. [PMID: 38999868 PMCID: PMC11242943 DOI: 10.3390/nu16132120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Current evidence suggests a beneficial role of herbal products in free radical-induced diseases. Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen has long occupied a leading position in traditional Chinese medicine because of the ergogenic, nootropic, and antistress activities, although these properties are also acknowledged in the Western world. The goal of this paper is to review the pharmacological and toxicological properties of P. notoginseng and discuss its potential therapeutic effect. A literature search was carried out on Pubmed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases. The following search terms were used: "notoginseng", "gut microbiota", "immune system", "inflammation", "cardiovascular system", "central nervous system", "metabolism", "cancer", and "toxicology". Only peer-reviewed articles written in English, with the full text available, have been included. Preclinical evidence has unraveled the P. notoginseng pharmacological effects in immune-inflammatory, cardiovascular, central nervous system, metabolic, and neoplastic diseases by acting on several molecular targets. However, few clinical studies have confirmed the therapeutic properties of P. notoginseng, mainly as an adjuvant in the conventional treatment of cardiovascular disorders. Further clinical studies, which both confirm the efficacy of P. notoginseng in free radical-related diseases and delve into its toxicological aspects, are mandatory to broaden its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Mancuso
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; ; Tel.: +39-06-30154367; Fax: +39-06-3050159
- Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Section of Pharmacology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Xia J, Chen C, Sun Y, Li S, Li Y, Cheng BR, Pang Y, Li Y, Li D, Lin Q. Panax quinquefolius saponins and panax notoginseng saponins attenuate myocardial hypoxia-reoxygenation injury by reducing excessive mitophagy. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024; 82:1179-1191. [PMID: 38713401 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Panax quinquefolius saponins (PQS) and Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are key bioactive compounds in Panax quinquefolius L. and Panax notoginseng, commonly used in the treatment of clinical ischemic heart disease. However, their potential in mitigating myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury remains uncertain. This study aims to evaluate the protective effects of combined PQS and PNS administration in myocardial hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury and explore the underlying mechanisms. METHODS To investigate the involvement of HIF-1α/BNIP3 mitophagy pathway in the myocardial protection conferred by PNS and PQS, we employed small interfering BNIP3 (siBNIP3) to silence key proteins of the pathway. H9C2 cells were categorized into four groups: control, H/R, H/R + PQS + PNS, and H/R + PQS + PNS+siBNIP3. Cell viability was assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8, apoptosis rates determined via flow cytometry, mitochondrial membrane potential assessed with the JC-1 fluorescent probes, intracellular reactive oxygen species detected with 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, mitochondrial superoxide production quantified with MitoSOX Red, and autophagic flux monitored with mRFP-GFP-LC3 adenoviral vectors. Autophagosomes and their ultrastructure were visualized through transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, mRNA and protein levels were analyzed via real-time PCR and Western blotting. RESULTS PQS + PNS administration significantly increased cell viability, reduced apoptosis, lowered reactive oxygen species levels and mitochondrial superoxide production, mitigated mitochondrial dysfunction, and induced autophagic flux. Notably, siBNIP3 intervention did not counteract the cardioprotective effect of PQS + PNS. The PQS + PNS group showed downregulated mRNA expression of HIF-1α and BNIP3, along with reduced HIF-1α protein expression compared to the H/R group. CONCLUSIONS PQS + PNS protects against myocardial H/R injury, potentially by downregulating mitophagy through the HIF-1α/BNIP3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100700, Beijing, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Guanganmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100053, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Sun
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China
| | - Sinai Li
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 100010, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100078, Beijing, China
| | - Bai-Ru Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100700, Beijing, China
| | - Yanting Pang
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100700, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100078, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Cardiology, Dongfang Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100078, Beijing, China.
| | - Qian Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 100700, Beijing, China.
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Feng F, Ko HA, Truong TMT, Song WJ, Ko EJ, Kang I. Ginsenoside Rg3, enriched in red ginseng extract, improves lipopolysaccharides-induced suppression of brown and beige adipose thermogenesis with mitochondrial activation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9157. [PMID: 38644456 PMCID: PMC11033271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) which is a critical regulator of energy homeostasis, and its activity is inhibited by obesity and low-grade chronic inflammation. Ginsenoside Rg3, the primary constituent of Korean red ginseng (steamed Panax ginseng CA Meyer), has shown therapeutic potential in combating inflammatory and metabolic diseases. However, it remains unclear whether Rg3 can protect against the suppression of browning or activation of BAT induced by inflammation. In this study, we conducted a screening of ginsenoside composition in red ginseng extract (RGE) and explored the anti-adipogenic effects of both RGE and Rg3. We observed that RGE (exist 0.25 mg/mL of Rg3) exhibited significant lipid-lowering effects in adipocytes during adipogenesis. Moreover, treatment with Rg3 (60 μM) led to the inhibition of triglyceride accumulation, subsequently promoting enhanced fatty acid oxidation, as evidenced by the conversion of radiolabeled 3H-fatty acids into 3H-H2O with mitochondrial activation. Rg3 alleviated the attenuation of browning in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated beige adipocytes and primary brown adipocytes by recovered by uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and the oxygen consumption rate compared to the LPS-treated group. These protective effects of Rg3 on inflammation-induced inhibition of beige and BAT-derived thermogenesis were confirmed in vivo by treating with CL316,243 (a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist) and LPS to induce browning and inflammation, respectively. Consistent with the in vitro data, treatment with Rg3 (2.5 mg/kg, 8 weeks) effectively reversed the LPS-induced inhibition of brown adipocyte features in C57BL/6 mice. Our findings confirm that Rg3-rich foods are potential browning agents that counteract chronic inflammation and metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Feng
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
| | - Hyun-A Ko
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
| | - Thi My Tien Truong
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
| | - Eun-Ju Ko
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea
| | - Inhae Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology and Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Korea.
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Liu S, Wang M, Xiao H, Ye J, Cao L, Li W, Sun G. Advancements in research on the effects of panax notoginseng saponin constituents in ameliorating learning and memory disorders. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28581. [PMID: 38586351 PMCID: PMC10998096 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Learning and memory disorder is a cluster of symptoms caused by neuronal aging and other diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are a series of saponins derived from the natural active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that have neuroprotective effects on the central nervous system. In this paper, we review the ameliorative effects and mechanisms of Panax notoginseng saponin-like components on learning and memory disorders to provide valuable references and insights for the development of new drugs for the treatment of learning and memory disorders. Our summary results suggest that Panax ginseng saponins have significant effects on improving learning and memory disorders, and these effects and potential mechanisms are mediated by their anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, β-amyloid lowering, mitochondrial homeostasis in vivo, neuronal structure and function improving, neurogenesis promoting, neurotransmitter release regulating, and probiotic homeostasis in vivo activities. These findings suggest the potential of Panax notoginseng saponin-like constituents as drug candidates for improving learning and memory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusen Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China
| | - Min Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haiyan Xiao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingxue Ye
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenlan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China
| | - Guibo Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
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9
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Zhu L, Wang Y, Cai J. Molecular cloning, expression, purification, and characterization of Bacillus subtilis hydrolyzed ginsenoside Rc of α-L-arabinofuranosidase in Escherichia coli. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:181. [PMID: 38502253 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03902-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The α-L-arabinofuranosidase enzyme plays a crucial role in the degradation of ginsenosides. In this study, we successfully cloned and expressed a novel α-L-arabinofuranosidase bsafs gene (1503 bp, 501 amino acids, 55 kDa, and pI = 5.4) belonging to glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family 51 from Bacillus subtilis genome in Escherichia coli BL21 cells. The recombinant protein Bsafs was purified using Ni2+ sepharose fastflow affinity chromatography and exhibited a specific activity of 2.91 U/mg. Bsafs effectively hydrolyzed the α-L-arabinofuranoside at C20 site of ginsenoside Rc to produce Rd as the product. The Km values for hydrolysis of pNP-α-L-arabinofuranoside (pNPαAraf) and ginsenoside Rc were determined as 0.74 and 4.59 mmol/L, respectively; while the Vmax values for these substrates were found to be 24 and 164 μmol/min/mg, respectively; furthermore, the Kcat values for these enzymes were calculated as 22.3 and 1.58 S-1 correspondingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhu
- Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Fruit Wine, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- School of Chemical Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, 653100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Cai
- Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Fruit Wine, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Zhao Z, Yang Q, Ma Y, Jiang B, Ning K, Sun G, Sun Z, Sun Z, Ma G, Tong X, Qin H, Liu H, Xu X, Yang M, Wu H, Liu X. Identifying potential Q-markers for quality evaluation of Zhenyuan capsule by integrating chemical analysis, network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38389428 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2319650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Quality markers (Q-markers) are of great significance for quality evaluation of herbal medicines. Zhenyuan Capsule (ZYC) is a kind of Chinese patent medicine used to treat cardiovascular diseases. However, reliable and effective Q-markers for ZYC are still lacking. Herein, a UHPLC-Q/Orbitrap-MS/MS was performed to characterise the preliminary chemical profile of ZYC. A total of 86 components were characterised among which 20 constituents were unambiguously identified by reference compounds. Based on network pharmacology, seven major ginsenosides with great importance in the network were identified as Q-markers among which ginsenoside Re with the highest betweenness was screened to inhibit the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) by binding with vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). Docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies suggested that ginsenoside Re stably bound to VEGFA. Quantitative determination and chemical fingerprinting analysis were performed using HPLC-DAD. The results showed that ginsenosides screened might function as potential Q-markers for ZYC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qinwen Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghong Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Baoping Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Ning
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- School of Biomedicine, Beijing City University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangli Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- School of Biomedicine, Beijing City University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonghao Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaocui Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guoxu Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaole Tong
- Jilin Ji'an Yisheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Jilin, China
| | - Hailong Qin
- Jilin Ji'an Yisheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Jilin, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Jilin Ji'an Yisheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Jilin, China
| | - Xudong Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haifeng Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Beijing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Beijing, China
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11
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Smirnova IE, Galimova ZI, Sapozhnikova TA, Khisamutdinova RY, Thi THN, Kazakova OB. New Dipterocarpol-Based Molecules with α-Glucosidase Inhibitory and Hypoglycemic Activity. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300716. [PMID: 37990648 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Dammarane triterpenoids are affordable and bioactive natural metabolites with great structural potential, which makes them attractive sources for drug development. The aim of the study was to investigate the potency of new dipterocarpol derivatives for the treatment of diabetes. Two dammaranes (dipterocarpol and its 20(24)-diene derivative) were modified by a Claisen-Schmidt aldol condensation to afford C2(E)-arylidenes in good yields. The majority of the synthesized compounds exhibited an excellent-to-moderate inhibitory effect toward α-glucosidase (from S. saccharomyces), among them eight compounds showed IC50 values less than 10 μM. 3-Oxo-dammarane-2(E)-benzylidenes (holding p-hydroxy- 3 l and p-carbonyl- 3 m substituents) demonstrated the most potent α-glucosidase inhibition with IC50 0.753 and 0.204 μM, being 232- and 857-times more active than acarbose (IC50 174.90 μM), and a high level of NO inhibition in Raw 264.7 cells with IC50 of 1.75 and 4.57 μM, respectively. An in vivo testing of compound 3 m (in a dose of 20 mg/kg) on a model of streptozotocin-induced T1DM in rats showed a pronounced hypoglycemic activity, the ability to reduce effectively the processes of lipid peroxidation in liver tissue and decrease the excretion of glucose and pyruvic acid in the urine. Compound 3 m reduced the death of diabetic rats and preserved their motor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina E Smirnova
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry, UFRC RAS, 71, pr. Oktyabrya, Ufa, 450054, Russian Federation
| | - Zarema I Galimova
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry, UFRC RAS, 71, pr. Oktyabrya, Ufa, 450054, Russian Federation
| | - Tatyana A Sapozhnikova
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry, UFRC RAS, 71, pr. Oktyabrya, Ufa, 450054, Russian Federation
| | | | - Thu Ha Nguyen Thi
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Str., Cau Giay Dist., Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Oxana B Kazakova
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry, UFRC RAS, 71, pr. Oktyabrya, Ufa, 450054, Russian Federation
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12
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Yang L, Xu M, Zhang L, Zhang M, Wu W, Luo Z, Tian D, Fu Z, Zou W. Panax notoginseng saponin R1 improves glucocorticoid-inhibited airway epithelium repair via glucocorticoid receptor β. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 127:111347. [PMID: 38104367 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Panax notoginseng saponin R1(PNS-R1), derived from Panax notoginseng roots, promotes wound repair, whereas glucocorticoids can inhibit the repair of airway epithelial damage in asthma. OBJECTIVE This study investigated whether PNS-R1 counteracts the inhibitory effects of glucocorticoids on the repair of airway epithelial damage in asthma. METHODS In vivo, female C57BL/6 mice were sensitized, challenged with house dust mites (HDM), and treated with dexamethasone, PNS-R1, and/or adenovirus GRβ-shRNA. Airway epithelium damage was examined using pathological sections of the trachea and bronchi, markers of airway inflammation, epithelial cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and expression of the E-cadherin protein. In vitro, we treated 16HBE cells with dexamethasone, PNS-R1, and/or GRβ-siRNA and detected cell proliferation and migration. The expression of GRβ and key components of MKP-1 and Erk1/2 were detected by western blotting. RESULTS In vivo, PNS-R1 reduced airway inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, and mucus hypersecretion; the combination of PNS-R1 and dexamethasone promoted airway epithelial integrity and reduced cell detachment. In vitro, PNS-R1 alleviated the inhibition of bronchial epithelial cell growth, migration, and proliferation by dexamethasone; PNS-R1 promoted GRβ expression, inhibited MKP-1 protein expression, and activated MAPK signaling, thereby promoting airway epithelial cell proliferation and repair. CONCLUSIONS Panax notoginseng saponin R1 alleviated the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on the repair of airway epithelial damage in asthmatic mice, likely by promoting the proliferation of airway epithelial cells by stimulating GRβ expression and activating the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China
| | - Maozhu Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China
| | - Linghuan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, China
| | - Mingxiang Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, China
| | - Wenjie Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China; Department of Pediatrics, Chongqing Youyoubaobei Women and Children's Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengxiu Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, China
| | - Daiyin Tian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, China
| | - Zhou Fu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, China.
| | - Wenjing Zou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, China.
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13
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Fan G, Liu M, Liu J, Huang Y, Mu W. Traditional Chinese medicines treat ischemic stroke and their main bioactive constituents and mechanisms. Phytother Res 2024; 38:411-453. [PMID: 38051175 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) remains one of the leading causes of death and disability in humans. Unfortunately, none of the treatments effectively provide functional benefits to patients with IS, although many do so by targeting different aspects of the ischemic cascade response. The advantages of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in preventing and treating IS are obvious in terms of early treatment and global coordination. The efficacy of TCM and its bioactive constituents has been scientifically proven over the past decades. Based on clinical trials, this article provides a review of commonly used TCM patent medicines and herbal decoctions indicated for IS. In addition, this paper also reviews the mechanisms of bioactive constituents in TCM for the treatment of IS in recent years, both domestically and internationally. A comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical studies will hopefully provide new ideas to address the threat of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genhao Fan
- Tianjin University of Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Menglin Liu
- Tianjin University of Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuhong Huang
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Mu
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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14
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Choudhary D, Kaur R, Rani N, Singh TG, Kumar B. In-silico Investigation of Ginseng Phytoconstituents as Novel Therapeutics Against MAO-A. Curr Comput Aided Drug Des 2024; 20:711-722. [PMID: 37815181 DOI: 10.2174/0115734099266270230925090023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is a herb of medicinal and nutritional importance. Ginseng has been used since ancient times for the treatment of numerous ailments as it has many therapeutic properties. Several phytoconstituents are present in Panax ginseng that possess a variety of beneficial pharmacological properties. OBJECTIVE To explore the potential of phytoconstituents of Panax ginseng in the treatment of depression, a molecular modeling technique was utilized targeting monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A). METHODS A total of sixty-one phytoconstituents of ginseng were drawn with the help of ChemBioDraw Ultra 12.0 software and PDBs for MAO-A enzyme were retrieved from the RCSB PDB database. The prepared ligands were screened for MAO-A properties using the software Molegro Virtual Docker (MVD 2010.4.1.0). All the prepared ligands were evaluated for drug-likeliness properties using Swiss ADME. RESULTS Among the docking studies of 60 Ginseng phytochemicals including one standard, 15 phytoconstituents with the highest dock score and better binding interactions were selected further for absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) studies. Stachyose (-227.287, 17 interactions), Raffinose (-222.157, 14 interactions), and Ginsenoside Rg1 (-216.593, 10 interactions) were found to possess better interactions as compared to Clorgyline taken as a standard drug. CONCLUSION Stachyose was found to be the most potent inhibitor of MAO-A enzyme under investigation and can be a potential lead molecule for the development of newer phytochemical-based treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Choudhary
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Rajwinder Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Nidhi Rani
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | | | - Bhupinder Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University, Chauras Campus, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, 246174, India
- Department of Chemistry, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, 248002, Uttarakhand, India
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15
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Wang P, Gao Y, Yang G, Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Gao G, Zhao L, Li S. Enhancing the inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in H22 hepatoma cells through biotransformation of notoginsenoside R1 by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S165 into 20( S/ R)-notoginsenoside R2. RSC Adv 2023; 13:29773-29783. [PMID: 37829710 PMCID: PMC10565556 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06029b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Notoginsenoside R2 is a crucial active saponin in Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen, but its natural content is relatively low. In this study, we investigated the biotransformation of notoginsenoside R1 to 20(S/R)-notoginsenoside R2 using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S165, compared the inhibitory effects on cancer cell proliferation and conducted a mechanistic study. Notoginsenoside R1 was transformed using Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S165 at 37 °C for 21 days. The fermentation products were identified using a combination of HPLC, UPLC-MS/MS, and 13C-NMR methods. The inhibition effects of 20(S/R)-notoginsenoside R2 on H22 hepatoma cells were assessed by CCK-8 and TUNEL assays, and the underlying mechanism was investigated by Western blotting. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S165 could effectively transform notoginsenoside R1 to 20(S/R)-notoginsenoside R2 with a conversion yield of 82.85%. Our results showed that 20(S/R)-notoginsenoside R2 inhibited H22 hepatoma cells proliferation and promoted apoptosis. The apoptosis of H22 hepatoma cells was promoted by 20(S/R)-notoginsenoside R2 through the blockade of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. The biotransformation method used in this study resulted in the production of 20(S)-notoginsenoside R2 and 20(R)-notoginsenoside R2 from notoginsenoside R1, and the anti-tumor activity of the transformed substance markedly improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun 130117 P. R. China
| | - Yansong Gao
- Institute of Agro-Food Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changchun 130033 P. R. China +86 431 87063075 +86 431 87063289
| | - Ge Yang
- Institute of Agro-Food Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changchun 130033 P. R. China +86 431 87063075 +86 431 87063289
| | - Yujuan Zhao
- Institute of Agro-Food Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changchun 130033 P. R. China +86 431 87063075 +86 431 87063289
| | - Zijian Zhao
- Institute of Agro-Food Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changchun 130033 P. R. China +86 431 87063075 +86 431 87063289
| | - Ge Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun 130117 P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun 130117 P. R. China
| | - Shengyu Li
- Institute of Agro-Food Technology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences Changchun 130033 P. R. China +86 431 87063075 +86 431 87063289
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16
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Peng J, Li H, Olaolu OA, Ibrahim S, Ibrahim S, Wang S. Natural Products: A Dependable Source of Therapeutic Alternatives for Inflammatory Bowel Disease through Regulation of Tight Junctions. Molecules 2023; 28:6293. [PMID: 37687122 PMCID: PMC10488775 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), can affect the entire gastrointestinal tract and mucosal layer and lead to intestinal damage and intestinal dysfunction. IBD is an inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract that significantly impacts public health development. Monoclonal antibodies and other synthetic medications are currently used to treat IBD, but they are suspected of producing serious side effects and causing a number of other problems with long-term use. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that organic macromolecules from plants and animals have an alleviating effect on IBD-related problems, and many of them are also capable of altering enzymatic function, reducing oxidative stress, and inhibiting the production of cytokines and release of proinflammatory transcriptional factors. Thus, in this paper, the natural products with potential anti-IBD activities and their mechanism of action were reviewed, with a focus on the protective effects of natural products on intestinal barrier integrity and the regulation of tight junction protein expression and remodeling. In conclusion, the insights provided in the present review will be useful for further exploration and development of natural products for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730050, China; (J.P.); (H.L.); (O.A.O.)
| | - Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730050, China; (J.P.); (H.L.); (O.A.O.)
| | - Oladejo Ayodele Olaolu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730050, China; (J.P.); (H.L.); (O.A.O.)
- Department of Animal Health Technology, Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology Igboora Nigeria, Igboora 201003, Nigeria
| | - Saber Ibrahim
- Packaging Materials Department, National Research Centre, Giza 12111, Egypt;
- Nanomaterials Investigation Laboratory, Central Laboratory Network, National Research Centre, Giza 12111, Egypt
| | - Sally Ibrahim
- Department of Animal Reproduction and AI, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Egypt;
| | - Shengyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730050, China; (J.P.); (H.L.); (O.A.O.)
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17
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Li Z, Wang Y, Xu Q, Ma J, Li X, Tian Y, Wen Y, Chen T. Ginseng and health outcomes: an umbrella review. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1069268. [PMID: 37465522 PMCID: PMC10351045 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1069268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Ginseng consumption has been associated with various health outcomes. However, there are no review articles summarizing these reports. Methods: PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews, Scopus, CNKI and Wanfang databases were searched from inception to 31 July 2022. The Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews-2 (AMSTAR-2) and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) systems were used to assess the methodological quality and quality of evidence in each meta-analysis, and the results were summarized in a narrative form. Results: Nineteen meta-analyses that met the eligibility criteria were identified from among 1,233 papers. The overall methodological quality was relatively poor, with only five studies being low-quality, and 14 critically low-quality. When compared with control treatments (mainly placebo), ginseng was beneficial for improving fatigue and physical function, sexual function, menopausal symptoms, metabolic indicators, inflammatory markers, unstable angina and respiratory diseases. Adverse events included gastrointestinal symptoms and potential bleeding; however, no serious adverse events were reported. Conclusion: This umbrella review suggests that ginseng intake has beneficial therapeutic effects for diverse diseases. However, the methodological quality of studies needs to be improved considerably. In addition, it is imperative to establish the clinical efficacy of ginseng through high-quality randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxin Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yibing Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yandong Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Eye Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Dong Y, Dong W, Liang X, Wang YR, Xu F, Li L, Han L, Jiang LR. Construction and application of thrombin-activated fluorescence-SERS dual-mode optical nanoprobes. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 293:122513. [PMID: 36812752 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin (TB) plays a key role in the pathological and physiological coagulation of diseases. In this work, a TB-activated fluorescence-surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) dual-mode optical nanoprobe (MRAu) was constructed by linking rhodamine B (RB)-modified magnetic fluorescent nanospheres with AuNPs through TB-specific recognition peptides. In the presence of TB, the polypeptide substrate could specifically be cleaved by TB, resulting in the weakening of SERS hotspot effect and the reduction of Raman signal. Meanwhile, the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) system was destroyed, and the RB fluorescence signal originally quenched by AuNPs was recovered. Using MRAu, SERS and fluorescence methods were combined to extend the TB detection range to 1-150 pM, and the detection limit was as low as 0.35 pM. In addition, the ability to detect TB in human serum also verified the effectiveness and practicality of the nanoprobe. The probe was also successfully employed to evaluate the inhibitory effect against TB of active components in Panax notoginseng. This study provides a new technical means for the diagnosis and drug development of abnormal TB-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, PR China
| | - Wei Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, PR China
| | - Xin Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, PR China.
| | - Yuan-Rui Wang
- Qiqihar Center for Food and Drug Control, Qiqihar 161006, PR China
| | - Feng Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, PR China
| | - Li Li
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, PR China
| | - Lu Han
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, PR China
| | - Li-Rui Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, PR China
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19
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Xie Y, Wang C. Herb-drug interactions between Panax notoginseng or its biologically active compounds and therapeutic drugs: A comprehensive pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 307:116156. [PMID: 36754189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Herbs, along with the use of herb-drug interactions (HDIs) to combat diseases, are increasing in popularity worldwide. HDIs have two effects: favorable interactions that tend to improve therapeutic outcomes and/or minimize the toxic effects of drugs, and unfavorable interactions aggravating the condition of patients. Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen is a medicinal plant that has long been commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine to reduce swelling, relieve pain, clear blood stasis, and stop bleeding. Numerous studies have demonstrated the existence of intricate pharmacodynamic (PD) and pharmacokinetic (PK) interactions between P. notoginseng and conventional drugs. However, these HDIs have not been systematically summarized. AIM OF THE REVIEW To collect the available literature on the combined applications of P. notoginseng and drugs published from 2005 to 2022 and summarize the molecular mechanisms of interactions to circumvent the potential risks of combination therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS This work was conducted by searching PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and CNKI databases. The search terms included "notoginseng", "Sanqi", "drug interaction," "synergy/synergistic", "combination/combine", "enzyme", "CYP", and "transporter". RESULTS P. notoginseng and its bioactive ingredients interact synergistically with numerous drugs, including anticancer, antiplatelet, and antimicrobial agents, to surmount drug resistance and side effects. This review elaborates on the molecular mechanisms of the PD processed involved. P. notoginseng shapes the PK processes of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of other drugs by regulating metabolic enzymes and transporters, mainly cytochrome P450 enzymes and P-glycoprotein. This effect is a red flag for drugs with a narrow therapeutic window. Notably, amphipathic saponins in P. notoginseng act as auxiliary materials in drug delivery systems to enhance drug solubility and absorption and represent a new entry point for studying interactions. CONCLUSION This article provides a comprehensive overview of HDIs by analyzing the results of the in vivo and in vitro studies on P. notoginseng and its bioactive components. The knowledge presented here offers a scientific guideline for investigating the clinical importance of combination therapies. Physicians and patients need information on possible interactions between P. notoginseng and other drugs, and this review can help them make scientific predictions regarding the consequences of combination treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Xie
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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20
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Zhang X, Kong C, Wang X, Hou H, Yu H, Wang L, Li P, Li X, Zhang Y, Han L, Liu K. LC-MS Analysis of Ginsenosides in Different Parts of Panax quinquefolius and Their Potential for Coronary Disease Improvement. PLANTA MEDICA 2023. [PMID: 36940929 DOI: 10.1055/a-2058-1199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Seven main ginsenosides, including ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rb1, pseudoginsenoside F11, ginsenoside Rb2, ginsenoside Rb3, ginsenoside Rd, and ginsenoside F2, were identified by LC-QTOF MS/MS from root, leaf and flower extracts of Panax quinquefolius. These extracts promoted intersegmental vessel growth in a zebrafish model, indicating their potential cardiovascular health benefits. Network pharmacology analysis was then conducted to reveal the potential mechanisms of ginsenoside activity in the treatment of coronary artery disease. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses elucidated that G protein-coupled receptors played a critical role in VEGF-mediated signal transduction and that the molecular pathways associated with ginsenoside activity are involved in neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, cholesterol metabolism, the cGMP-PKG signaling pathway, etc. Moreover, VEGF, FGF2, and STAT3 were confirmed as the major targets inducing proliferation of endothelial cells and driving the pro-angiogenic process. Overall, ginsenosides could be potent nutraceutical agents that act to reduce the risks of cardiovascular disease. Our findings will provide a basis to utilize the whole P. quinquefolius plant in drugs and functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanming Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Can Kong
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Xixin Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Hairong Hou
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- Wendeng Daodishen Industry Co. Ltd., Weihai, China
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Peihai Li
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Xiaobin Li
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Liwen Han
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Kechun Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Zebrafish Models for Human Diseases and Drug Screening, Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
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21
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Metabolite Fingerprinting for Identification of Panax ginseng Metabolites Using Internal Extractive Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061152. [PMID: 36981079 PMCID: PMC10048038 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng, a kind of functional food and medicine with high nutritional value, contains various pharmacological metabolites that influence human metabolic functions. Therefore, it is very important to analyze the composition and metabolites of ginseng. However, the analysis of active metabolites in ginseng samples usually involves various experimental steps, such as extraction, chromatographic separation, and characterization, which may be time-consuming and laborious. In this study, an internal extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (iEESI-MS) method was developed to analyze active metabolites in ginseng samples with sequential sampling and no pretreatment. A total of 44 metabolites, with 32 ginsenosides, 6 sugars, and 6 organic acids, were identified in the ginseng samples. The orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) score plot showed a clear separation of ginseng samples from different origins, indicating that metabolic changes occurred under different growing conditions. This study demonstrated that different cultivation conditions of ginseng can be successfully discriminated when using iEESI-MS-based metabolite fingerprints, which provide an alternative solution for the quality identification of plant drugs.
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22
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Wei RY, Jiang YY, Tang K, Wang Z, Tan NH. Simultaneous determination of Panax notoginseng total saponins in rabbit tears by UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS and its application to pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1218:123490. [PMID: 36854204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng total saponins (PNS), the main bioactive components of the radix and rhizome of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen, could treat eye disorders. For the treatment of ocular diseases, eye drops are the first choice with the most common, economic and good compliance. So we proposed that PNS might be able to treat inflammatory ocular surface diseases by eye drops based on its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The short elimination half-life (t1/2) and rapid elimination of PNS after oral or intravenous administration may limit its application for eye disorders. Meanwhile, there is a lack of pharmacokinetic study on trace amount of tear samples with PNS eye drops. Therefore, a simple and sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS) method by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in positive ion mode was firstly developed and applied in the pharmacokinetic study of PNS in rabbit tears. Tears samples were prepared by protein precipitation using methanol. The linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, specificity, precision, repeatability, stability, recovery, and matrix effect have been investigated and passed their validation criteria. Compared with prior methods, this method has the advantages of rapid analysis, high sensitivity, simple sample preparation and less sample demands. The pharmacokinetic results indicated that PNS eye drops had a slower elimination and a longer t1/2 by topical ocular administration, which is expected to improve the success rate of eye drops in the treatment of anterior segment diseases. The ocular pharmacokinetics of PNS provides an experimental guidance and feasibility basis for in vivo effect verification of PNS eye drops in the future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Yun Wei
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Ye-Ying Jiang
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Kai Tang
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Ning-Hua Tan
- Department of TCMs Pharmaceuticals, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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Shoaib RM, Ahsan MZ, Akhtar U, Ahmad KA, Ali U, Deng MY, Li XY, Wang YX. Ginsenoside Rb1, a principal effective ingredient of Panax notoginseng, produces pain antihypersensitivity by spinal microglial dynorphin A expression. Neurosci Res 2023; 188:75-87. [PMID: 36368461 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng (Chinese ginseng, Sanqi), one of the major ginseng species, has been traditionally used to alleviate different types of chronic pain. The raw P. notoginseng powder is commonly available in China as a non-prescription drug to treat various aliments including arthritic pain. However, strong scientific evidence is needed to illustrate its pain antihypersensitive effects, effective ingredients and mechanism of action. The oral P. notoginseng powder dose-dependently alleviated formalin-induced tonic hyperalgesia, and its total ginsenosides remarkably inhibited neuropathic pain hypersensitivity. Ginsenoside Rb1, the most abundant ginsenoside of P. notoginseng, dose-dependently produced neuropathic pain antihypersensitivity. Conversely, ginsenosides Rg1, Re and notoginseng R1, the other major saponins from P. notoginseng, failed to inhibit formalin-induced tonic pain or mechanical allodynia in neuropathic pain. Ginsenoside Rb1 metabolites ginsenosides Rg3, Compound-K and protopanaxadiol also had similar antineuropathic pain efficacy to ginsenoside Rb1. Additionally, intrathecal ginsenoside Rb1 specifically stimulated dynorphin A expression which was colocalized with microglia but not neurons or astrocytes in the spinal dorsal horn and primary cultured cells. Pretreatment with microglial metabolic inhibitor minocycline, dynorphin A antiserum and specific κ-opioid receptor antagonist GNTI completely blocked Rb1-induced mechanical antiallodynia in neuropathic pain. Furthermore, the specific glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist Dex-21-mesylate (but not GPR30 estrogen receptor antagonist G15) also entirely attenuated ginsenoside Rb1-related antineuropathic pain effects. All these results, for the first time, show that P. notoginseng alleviates neuropathic pain and ginsenoside Rb1 is its principal effective ingredient. Furthermore, ginsenoside Rb1 inhibits neuropathic pain by stimulation of spinal microglial dynorphin A expression following GR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Muhammad Shoaib
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | | | - Usman Akhtar
- Department of Pharmacy, Forman Christian College, A Chartered University, Zahoor Elahi Road, Gulberg III, Lahore, Punjab 54600, Pakistan
| | - Khalil Ali Ahmad
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Usman Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Men-Yan Deng
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xin-Yan Li
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Wang
- King's Lab, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Pharmacy, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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24
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Shin YJ, Lee DY, Kim JY, Heo K, Shim JJ, Lee JL, Kim DH. Effect of fermented red ginseng on gut microbiota dysbiosis- or immobilization stress-induced anxiety, depression, and colitis in mice. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:255-264. [PMID: 36926604 PMCID: PMC10014181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Red ginseng (RG) alleviates psychiatric disorders. Fermented red ginseng (fRG) alleviates stress-induced gut inflammation. Gut dysbiosis causes psychiatric disorders with gut inflammation. To understand the gut microbiota-mediated action mechanism of RG and fRG against anxiety/depression (AD), we investigated the effects of RG, fRG, ginsenoside Rd, and 20(S)-β-D-glucopyranosyl protopanaxadiol (CK) on gut microbiota dysbiosis-induced AD and colitis in mice. Methods Mice with AD and colitis were prepared by exposing to immobilization stress (IS) or transplanting the feces of patients with ulcerative colitis and depression (UCDF). AD-like behaviors were measured in the elevated plus maze, light/dark transition, forced swimming, and tail suspension tests. Results Oral gavage of UCDF increased AD-like behaviors and induced neuroinflammation, gastrointestinal inflammation, and gut microbiota fluctuation in mice. Oral administration of fRG or RG treatment reduced UCDF-induced AD-like behaviors, hippocampal and hypothalamic IL-6 expression, and blood corticosterone level, whereas UCDF-suppressed hippocampal BDNF+NeuN+ cell population and dopamine and hypothalamic serotonin levels increased. Furthermore, their treatments suppressed UCDF-induced colonic inflammation and partially restored UCDF-induced gut microbiota fluctuation. Oral administration of fRG, RG, Rd, or CK also decreased IS-induced AD-like behaviors, blood IL-6 and corticosterone and colonic IL-6 and TNF-α levels, and gut dysbiosis, while IS-suppressed hypothalamic dopamine and serotonin levels increased. Conclusion Oral gavage of UCDF caused AD, neuroinflammation, and gastrointestinal inflammation in mice. fRG mitigated AD and colitis in UCDF-exposed mice by the regulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and IS-exposed mice by the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
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Key Words
- AD, anxiety/depression
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotropic factor
- CK, 20(S)-β-D-glucopyranosyl protopanaxadiol
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunoassay
- EPMT, elevated plus maze task
- FMT, fecal microbiota transplantation
- FST, forced swimming test
- HPA, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal
- IL, interleukin
- IS, immobilization stress
- LDTT, light/dark transition task
- RG, red ginseng
- TNBS, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TST, tail suspension test
- UCD, ulcerative colitis and depression
- UCDF, the feces of patients with ulcerative colitis and depression
- depression
- fRG, fermented red ginseng
- fermentation
- ginsenoside Rd
- gut microbiota
- red ginseng
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Jung Shin
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yun Lee
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Yun Kim
- R&BD Center, hy Co.Ltd., Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Heo
- R&BD Center, hy Co.Ltd., Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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25
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Moini Jazani A, Arabzadeh A, Haghi-Aminjan H, Nasimi Doost Azgomi R. The role of ginseng derivatives against chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity: A systematic review of non-clinical studies. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1022360. [PMID: 36844721 PMCID: PMC9946988 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1022360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Although chemotherapy agents are used to treating cancers, they have serious side effects, like their harmful effects on the cardiovascular system, limiting the clinical use of these chemotherapy agents. This study aimed to systematically investigate the potential role of ginseng derivatives in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced cardiac toxicity. Methods This systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines strategy in databases till August 2022. First, identify studies related to using search terms in titles and abstracts. After studying and screening 209 articles, 16 articles were selected in this study according to our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results According to the findings of this study, ginseng derivatives showed significant changes in biochemical, histological, and heart weight loss, as well as a reduction in mortality, which occurred in the groups treated with chemotherapy agents compared to the control groups. Co-administration of ginseng derivatives with chemotherapy agents inhibited or reversed these changes to near-moderate levels. The protective effects of ginseng derivatives can be due to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-apoptotic action. Conclusion This systematic review shows evidence that concomitant administration of ginseng derivatives improves chemotherapy-induced cardiac toxicity. However, for better conclusions about the practical mechanisms of ginseng derivatives in reducing the cardiac toxic effects of chemotherapy agents and evaluating the efficacy and safety of the compound simultaneously, it is necessary to design comprehensive studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Moini Jazani
- Traditional Medicine and Hydrotherapy Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - AmirAhmad Arabzadeh
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Hamed Haghi-Aminjan
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran,*Correspondence: Hamed Haghi-Aminjan,✉
| | - Ramin Nasimi Doost Azgomi
- Traditional Medicine and Hydrotherapy Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran,Ramin Nasimi Doost Azgomi,✉
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Yang K, Kim HH, Shim YR, Song MJ. The Efficacy of Panax ginseng for the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Studies. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030721. [PMID: 36771427 PMCID: PMC9919883 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although tremendous research has reported the protective effects of natural compounds in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), there is still no approved drug. This study aimed to examine the efficacy of Panax ginseng in NAFLD in preclinical studies. A total of 41 studies were identified by searching the PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases. The methodological quality was assessed by the risk of bias tool from the Systematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation. The standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval was calculated, and the random effects model was used to examine overall efficacy or heterogeneity. The publication bias was analyzed by Egger's test. The results showed that Panax ginseng treatment significantly reduced the systemic levels of alanine aminotransferase (SMD: -2.15 IU/L; p < 0.0001), aspartate aminotransferase (SMD: -2.86 IU/L; p < 0.0001), triglyceride (SMD: -2.86 mg/dL; p < 0.0001), total cholesterol (SMD: -1.69 mg/dL; p < 0.0001), low-density lipoprotein (SMD: -1.46 mg/dL; p < 0.0001), and fasting glucose (SMD: -1.45 mg/dL; p < 0.0001) while increasing high-density lipoprotein (SMD: 1.22 mg/dL; p = 0.0002) in NAFLD regardless of animal models or species. These findings may suggest that Panax ginseng is a promising therapeutic agent for NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keungmo Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Hoon Kim
- Life Science Research Institute, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ri Shim
- Life Science Research Institute, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Jun Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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27
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Fu X, Chen K, Li Z, Fan H, Xu B, Liu M, Guo L, Xie Z, Liu K, Zhang S, Kou L. Pharmacokinetics and Oral Bioavailability of Panax Notoginseng Saponins Administered to Rats Using a Validated UPLC-MS/MS Method. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:469-479. [PMID: 36576094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are the most important bioactive components of P. Notoginseng. In this paper, an evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and oral absolute bioavailability of PNS was carried out following intravenous and oral administration of PNS to Sprague-Dawley rats. The plasma concentration of 28 PNS was determined using a validated UPLC-MS/MS system. The results demonstrated that Rb1(32.8%), Rg1(41.4%), R1(9.4%), Re(4.5%), and Rd(3.5%) are the five main ingredients of PNS for administration. After oral administration, it was found that the area under the curve (AUC0-72 h) for these five major saponins was significantly different. AUC0-72 h of Rb1 and Rd accounted for about 60% of all PNS exposure, while AUC0-72 h of Rg1 and R1 only accounted for 0.7%, and Re was undetectable in plasma. Also, PPD, PPT, and CK were detected as the major PNS metabolites in vivo. Furthermore, it was shown that the total oral bioavailability of PNS was only 1.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhen Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai264003, China
| | - Kun Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai264003, China
| | - Zhi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai264003, China
| | - Huaying Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai264003, China
| | - Bo Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai264003, China
| | - Ming Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai264003, China
| | - Lin Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai264003, China
| | - Zeping Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai264003, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shandong Boyuan Biomedical Co., Ltd., Yantai264003, China
| | - Shumin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai264003, China
| | - Lijuan Kou
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai264003, China
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Volatile Compositions of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquifolium Grown for Different Cultivation Years. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010136. [PMID: 36613353 PMCID: PMC9818133 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the volatile profiles of Panax ginseng (Korean ginseng) and Panax quinquefolium (American ginseng) grown for different cultivation years by using HS-SPME/GC-MS and determined the key discriminant volatile compounds by chemometric analysis including principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and partial least squares-discrimination analysis (PLS-DA). Fifty-six compounds, including forty terpenes, eight alcohols, one alkane, one ketone, and one furan, were identified in the ginseng roots. The chemometric results identified two major clusters of American ginseng and Korean ginseng cultivars with distinct volatile compositions. The volatile compounds in fresh white ginseng roots were affected by the species, but the influence of different cultivation ages was ambiguous. The major volatile components of ginseng roots are terpenes, including monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. In particular, panaginsene, ginsinsene, α-isocomene, and caryophyllene were predominant in Korean ginseng cultivars, whereas β-farnesene levels were higher in American ginseng. The difference in volatile patterns between Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolium could be attributed to the composition of sesquiterpenes such as β-panaginsene, ginsinsene, caryophyllene, and β-farnesene.
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Liu Z, Moore R, Gao Y, Chen P, Yu L, Zhang M, Sun J. Comparison of Phytochemical Profiles of Wild and Cultivated American Ginseng Using Metabolomics by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010009. [PMID: 36615206 PMCID: PMC9821851 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) has been recognized as a valuable herb medicine, and ginsenosides are the most important components responsible for the health-beneficial effects. This study investigated the secondary metabolites responsible for the differentiation of wild and cultivated American ginsengs with ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS)-based metabolomic approach. An in-house ginsenoside library was developed to facilitate data processing and metabolite identification. Data visualization methods, such as heatmaps and volcano plots, were utilized to extract discriminated ion features. The results suggested that the ginsenoside profiles of wild and cultivated ginsengs were significantly different. The octillol (OT)-type ginsenosides were present in greater abundance and diversity in wild American ginsengs; however, a wider distribution of the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-and oleanolic acid (OA)-type ginsenosides were found in cultivated American ginseng. Based on the tentative identification and semi-quantification, the amounts of five ginsenosides (i.e., notoginsenoside H, glucoginsenoside Rf, notoginsenoside R1, pseudoginsenoside RT2, and ginsenoside Rc) were 2.3-54.5 fold greater in wild ginseng in comparison to those in their cultivated counterparts, and the content of six ginsenosides (chicusetsusaponin IVa, malonylginsenoside Rd, pseudoginsenoside Rc1, malonylfloralginsenoside Rd6, Ginsenoside Rd, and malonylginsenoside Rb1) was 2.6-14.4 fold greater in cultivated ginseng compared to wild ginseng. The results suggested that the in-house metabolite library can significantly reduce the complexity of the data processing for ginseng samples, and UHPLC-HRMS is effective and robust for identifying characteristic components (marker compounds) for distinguishing wild and cultivated American ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Liu
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Roderick Moore
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Ying Gao
- School of Agriculture, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
| | - Pei Chen
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Liangli Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Mengliang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
- Correspondence: (M.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Jianghao Sun
- Methods and Application of Food Composition Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
- Correspondence: (M.Z.); (J.S.)
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Wei G, Zhang G, Li M, Liu C, Wei F, Wang Y, Huang Z, Chen Z, Zheng Y, Chen S, Dong L. Core rhizosphere microbiome of Panax notoginseng and its associations with belowground biomass and saponin contents. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:6238-6251. [PMID: 36229418 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The core rhizosphere microbiome is critical for plant fitness. However, its contribution to the belowground biomass and saponin contents of Panax notoginseng remains unclear. High-throughput sequencing of amplicon and metagenome was performed to obtain the microbiome profiles and functional traits in P. notoginseng rhizosphere across a large spatial scale. We obtained 639 bacterial and 310 fungal core OTUs, which were mainly affected by soil pH and organic matter (OM). The core taxa were grouped into four ecological clusters (i.e. high pH, low pH, high OM and low OM) for sharing similar habitat preferences. Furthermore, structural equation modelling (SEM) and correlation analyses revealed that the diversity and composition of core microbiomes, as well as the metagenome-derived microbial functions, were related to belowground biomass and saponin contents. Key microbial genera related to the two plant indicators were also identified. In short, this study explored the main driving environmental factors of core microbiomes in the P. notoginseng rhizosphere and revealed that the core microbiomes and microbial functions potentially contributed to the belowground biomass and saponin contents of the plant. This work may enhance our understanding of interactions between microbes and perennial plants and improve our ability to manage root microbiota for the sustainable production of herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guozhuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengzhi Li
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Congsheng Liu
- Zhangzhou Pien Tze Huang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Fujian, China
| | - Fugang Wei
- Wenshan Miaoxiang Notoginseng Technology, Co., Ltd, Wenshan, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Sanqi Research, Wenshan University, Wenshan, China
| | - Zhixin Huang
- Zhangzhou Pien Tze Huang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Fujian, China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Wenshan Miaoxiang Notoginseng Technology, Co., Ltd, Wenshan, China
| | - Yuqing Zheng
- Zhangzhou Pien Tze Huang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Fujian, China
| | - Shilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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He XY, Gao ZY, Liang W, Sun YC. Ameliorative effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis: involvement of intestinal barrier remodeling in mice. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:1328. [PMID: 36660612 PMCID: PMC9843362 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-5467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Ginsenoside Rg1, a major bioactive ingredient of Panax notoginseng, has been shown to reduce gut inflammation and ameliorate experimental colitis in mice. However, it is not yet known whether it affects the intestinal barrier injury of colitis. Methods This study explored the effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on intestinal barrier injury in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mice through an ultrastructure observation of the colonic mucosa and analysis of the expression of colonic cytoplasmatic zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) protein. Results Treatment with ginsenoside Rg1, especially high-dose use, significantly ameliorated colonic histopathologic features and the severity of the colitis and reduced colonic tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels and increase IL-4 levels in a mouse model of DSS-induced colitis. Its observed efficacy was comparable to that of 5-Aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), a first-line therapeutic agent for ulcerative colitis. Notably, ginsenoside Rg1 administration was shown to up-regulate the expression of colonic ZO-1 protein, and it repaired the intestinal barrier structure in DSS-induced colitis mice. Conclusions Taken together, our findings demonstrated that ginsenoside Rg1 treatment can significantly ameliorate the severity of DSS-induced colitis in mice, which involves intestinal barrier structure remodeling through lowering the levels of the colonic pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ and increasing the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4. These results suggest the potential therapeutic use of ginsenoside Rg1 as a promising approach for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ying He
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Cangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Gao
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Cangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Cangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Chuan Sun
- Department of Radiotherapy, Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Cangzhou, China
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Liu Y, Deng Y, Wang F, Liu X, Wang J, Xiao J, Zhang C, Zhang Q. A New Mechanism for Ginsenoside Rb1 to Promote Glucose Uptake, Regulating Riboflavin Metabolism and Redox Homeostasis. Metabolites 2022; 12:1011. [PMID: 36355094 PMCID: PMC9698532 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose absorption promoters perform insulin mimic functions to enhance blood glucose transport to skeletal muscle cells and accelerate glucose consumption, thereby reducing blood glucose levels. In our screening exploration of food ingredients for improving glucose transportation and metabolism, we found that the saponins in American ginseng (Panaxquinquefolius L.) showed potential activity to promote glucose uptake, which can be used for stabilizing levels of postprandial blood glucose. The aim of this study was to identify key components of American ginseng with glucose uptake-promoting activity and to elucidate their metabolic regulatory mechanisms. Bio-guided isolation using zebrafish larvae and 2-NBDG indicator identified ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) as the most potential promotor of glucose uptake. Using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS combined with RT-qPCR and phenotypic verification, we found that riboflavin metabolism is the hinge for GRb1-mediated facilitation of glucose transport. GRb1-induced restoration of redox homeostasis was mediated by targeting riboflavin transporters (SLC52A1 and SLC52A3) and riboflavin kinase (RFK).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yuchan Deng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Fengyu Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xiaoyi Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Cunli Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China
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A Panax quinquefolius-Based Preparation Prevents the Impact of 5-FU on Activity/Exploration Behaviors and Not on Cognitive Functions Mitigating Gut Microbiota and Inflammation in Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184403. [PMID: 36139563 PMCID: PMC9496716 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) and fatigue worsen the quality of life (QoL) of cancer patients. Multicenter studies have shown that Panax quinquefolius and vitamin C, respectively, were effective in reducing the symptoms of fatigue in treated cancer patients. We developed a behavioral C57Bl/6j mouse model to study the impact of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) chemotherapy on activity/fatigue, emotional reactivity and cognitive functions. We used this model to evaluate the potentially beneficial role of a Panax quinquefolius-based solution containing vitamin C (Qiseng®) or vitamin C alone in these chemotherapy side effects. We established that Qiseng® prevents the reduction in activity/exploration and symptoms of fatigue induced by 5-FU and dampens chemotherapy-induced intestinal dysbiosis and systemic inflammation. We further showed that Qiseng® decreases macrophage infiltration in the intestinal compartment, thus preventing, at least in part, the systemic elevation of IL-6 and MCP-1 and further reducing the neuroinflammation likely responsible for the fatigue induced by chemotherapy, a major advance toward improving the QoL of patients. Abstract Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) and fatigue constitute common complaints among cancer patient survivors. Panax quinquefolius has been shown to be effective against fatigue in treated cancer patients. We developed a behavioral C57Bl/6j mouse model to study the role of a Panax quinquefolius-based solution containing vitamin C (Qiseng®) or vitamin C alone in activity/fatigue, emotional reactivity and cognitive functions impacted by 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) chemotherapy. 5-FU significantly reduces the locomotor/exploration activity potentially associated with fatigue, evokes spatial cognitive impairments and leads to a decreased neurogenesis within the hippocampus (Hp). Qiseng® fully prevents the impact of chemotherapy on activity/fatigue and on neurogenesis, specifically in the ventral Hp. We observed that the chemotherapy treatment induces intestinal damage and inflammation associated with increased levels of Lactobacilli in mouse gut microbiota and increased expression of plasma pro-inflammatory cytokines, notably IL-6 and MCP-1. We demonstrated that Qiseng® prevents the 5-FU-induced increase in Lactobacilli levels and further compensates the 5-FU-induced cytokine release. Concomitantly, in the brains of 5-FU-treated mice, Qiseng® partially attenuates the IL-6 receptor gp130 expression associated with a decreased proliferation of neural stem cells in the Hp. In conclusion, Qiseng® prevents the symptoms of fatigue, reduced chemotherapy-induced neuroinflammation and altered neurogenesis, while regulating the mouse gut microbiota composition, thus protecting against intestinal and systemic inflammation.
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Sun F, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Wang Q, Liu X. A compound ginseng stem leaf saponins and aluminium adjuvant enhances the potency of inactivated Aeromonas salmonicida vaccine in turbot. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:60-66. [PMID: 35843529 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Furunculosis caused by Aeromonas salmonicida in turbot farming is increasingly leading to huge economic losses. In this study, an inactivated vaccine containing a compound adjuvant of ginseng stem leaf saponins and aluminum hydroxide gel (GSLS/Alum) was developed against A. salmonicida and evaluated on turbot. As a result, serum antibody titer in vaccinated group was significantly higher than that in control group and the relative percentage survival (RPS) was up to 75.7%. Comparatively, the RPS of groups that vaccinated with only inactivated vaccine and vaccine containing Alum adjuvant or an oil emulsion Montanide™ ISA 763A were 32.4%, 48.6% and 64.9%, respectively. Although the vaccine containing oil adjuvant elicited comparable IgM level as that containing the compound GSLS/Alum adjuvant, the latter had no obvious side effects. Moreover, the inactivated vaccine containing the compound adjuvant was more likely to induce a higher cellular immune response according to the expressions of some immune related genes. Most importantly, an excellent protection of the vaccine containing GSLS/Alum adjuvant was obtained when turbots were naturally infected under clinical condition. In summary, our study demonstrated that the formulation of GSLS and Alum is a potential compound adjuvant in turbot vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Qiyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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DI P, YAN Y, WANG P, YAN M, WANG YP, HUANG LQ. Integrative SMRT sequencing and ginsenoside profiling analysis provide insights into the biosynthesis of ginsenoside in Panax quinquefolium. Chin J Nat Med 2022; 20:614-626. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(22)60198-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cui ZY, Liu CL, Li DD, Wang YZ, Xu FR. Anticoagulant activity analysis and origin identification of Panax notoginseng using HPLC and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2022; 33:971-981. [PMID: 35715878 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Panax notoginseng is one of the traditional precious and bulk-traded medicinal materials in China. Its anticoagulant activity is related to its saponin composition. However, the correlation between saponins and anticoagulant activities in P. notoginseng from different origins and identification of the origins have been rarely reported. OBJECTIVES We aimed to analyze the correlation of components and activities of P. notoginseng from different origins and develop a rapid P. notoginseng origin identification method. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pharmacological experiments, HPLC, and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy (variable selection) combined with chemometrics methods of P. notoginseng main roots from four different origins (359 individuals) in Yunnan Province were conducted. RESULTS The pharmacological experiments and HPLC showed that the saponin content of P. notoginseng main roots was not significantly different. It was the highest in main roots from Wenshan Prefecture (9.86%). The coagulation time was prolonged to observe the strongest effect (4.99 s), and the anticoagulant activity was positively correlated with the contents of the three saponins. The content of ginsenoside Rg1 had the greatest influence on the anticoagulant effect. The results of spectroscopy combined with chemometrics show that the variable selection method could extract a small number of variables containing valid information and improve the performance of the model. The variable importance in projection has the best ability to identify the origins of P. notoginseng; the accuracy of the training set and the test set was 0.975 and 0.984, respectively. CONCLUSION This method is a powerful analytical tool for the activity analysis and identification of Chinese medicinal materials from different origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ying Cui
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chun-Lu Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan, Kunming, China
| | - Dan-Dan Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuan-Zhong Wang
- Medicinal Plants Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan, Kunming, China
| | - Fu-Rong Xu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Zhang G, Wei F, Chen Z, Wang Y, Jiao S, Yang J, Chen Y, Liu C, Huang Z, Dong L, Chen S. Evidence for saponin diversity-mycobiome links and conservatism of plant-fungi interaction patterns across Holarctic disjunct Panax species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154583. [PMID: 35304141 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although interplays between plant and coevolved microorganisms are believed to drive landscape formation and ecosystem services, the relationships between the mycobiome and phytochemical evolution and the evolutionary characteristics of plant-mycobiome interaction patterns are still unclear. The present study explored fungal communities from 405 multiniche samples of three Holarctic disjunct Panax species. The overall mycobiomes showed compartment-dominated variations and dynamic universality. Neutral models were fitted for each compartment at the Panax genus (I) and species (II) levels to infer the community assembly mechanism and identify fungal subgroups potentially representing different plant-fungi interaction results, i.e., the potentially selected, opposed, and neutral taxa. Selection contributed more to the endosphere than to external compartments. The nonneutral taxa showed significant phylogenetic clustering. In Model I, the opposed subgroups could best reflect Panax saponin diversities (r = 0.69), and genera with highly positive correlations to specific saponins were identified using machine learning. Although mycobiomes in the three species differed significantly, subgroups in Model II were phylogenetically clustered based on potential interaction type rather than plant species, indicating potentially conservative plant-fungi interactions. In summary, the finding of strong links between invaders and saponin diversity can help explore the underlying mechanisms of saponin biosynthesis evolution from microbial insights, which is important to understanding the formation of the current landscape. The potential conservatism of plant-fungi interaction patterns suggests that the related genetic modules and selection pressures were convergent across Panax species, advancing our understanding of plant interplay with biotic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Fugang Wei
- Wenshan Miaoxiang Notoginseng Technology, Co, Ltd., Wenshan 663000, China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Institute of Sanqi Research, Wenshan University, Wenshan 663000, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Sanqi Research, Wenshan University, Wenshan 663000, China
| | - Shuo Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| | - JiaYing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yongzhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Congsheng Liu
- Zhangzhou Pianzihuang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Fujian 363099, China
| | - Zhixin Huang
- Zhangzhou Pianzihuang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Fujian 363099, China
| | - Linlin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Shilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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Rg3 and Rh2 ginsenosides suppress embryoid body formation by inhibiting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Arch Pharm Res 2022; 45:494-505. [PMID: 35759089 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-022-01395-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Numerous active compounds derived from ginseng exhibit various pharmacological and therapeutic effects in humans. Despite the benefits of ginsenosides, little is known about their influence on embryonic development, especially in human embryonic models. In this study, we evaluated the effect of two ginsenosides (Rg3 and Rh2) on human embryonic development, using embryoid bodies and three-dimensional (3D) aggregates of pluripotent stem cells. We exposed embryoid bodies to varying concentrations of Rg3 and Rh2 (5, 10, and 25 μg/mL), and their embryotoxicity was evaluated by measuring the size of the embryoid body and the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. The growth rates of embryoid bodies were reduced upon treatment with a high concentration (25 μg/mL) of Rg3 and Rh2. In addition, Rg3 induced E-cadherin expression while inhibiting N-cadherin and vimentin expression, which implies the inhibition of EMT. Such a change in E-cadherin expression was not observed after Rh2 treatment, but the inhibition of N-cadherin and vimentin expression was observed to be consistent with that observed on treatment with Rg3. Taken together, using the human embryoid model, we found that the two active ginsenosides, Rg3 and Rh2, induce aberrant embryoid body formation and ablate normal EMT.
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Zhang D, Ji P, Sun R, Zhou H, Huang L, Kong L, Li W, Li W. Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates LPS-induced chronic renal injury by inhibiting NOX4-NLRP3 signaling in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:112936. [PMID: 35421784 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic renal injury (CRI) is a common pathological damage in chronic renal disease, and the therapeutic options for preventing its progression are limited at present. Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) is reported to have a protective effect on renal injury by improving oxidative stress and inflammation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plays important roles in inducing inflammatory and high-dose LPS is often used to perform acute renal injury. However, little is known about the effect of low-dose LPS on CRI, and the protective effect of Rg1 against chronic LPS-induced CRI. Here, we reported the protective effect and mechanism of Rg1 against LPS-induced CRI in mice. In this study, the results demonstrated that low-dose LPS (0.25 mg/kg) exposure for 14 days significantly induced renal function impairment and renal injury and fibrosis. Meanwhile, LPS exposure significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) and NLRP3 inflammasome expression in renal cortex. However, treatment with Rg1, tempol (a superoxide dismutase mimetic), and apocynin (a NOX inhibitor) significantly improved renal function impairment and renal fibrosis, and significantly decreased the levels of TGF-β, IL-1β, KIM-1, β-Gal, and collagen IV in the kidneys. And Rg1 treatment also significantly reduced ROS generation and inhibited the activation of NOX4 and NLRP3 inflammasome. Overall, these results suggest that Rg1 treatment can ameliorate LPS-induced chronic kidney injury and renal fibrosis, the mechanisms may be involved in reducing NOX2-mediated oxidative stress and inhibiting NLRP1 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duoduo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Pengmin Ji
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Ran Sun
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Huimin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Liangliang Kong
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Weiping Li
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Anqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Anqing 246052, Anhui, China.
| | - Weizu Li
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medicine College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
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Shi R, Xiong B, He S, Liu C, Ben-Asher J, Horowitz AR, Wang S, He X. Comparative metabolic profiling of root, leaf, fruit, and stem tissues of Panax notoginseng. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2022.2071294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Shi
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Landscape Architecture Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Bingjie Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Landscape Architecture Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Shu He
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Landscape Architecture Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Can Liu
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Landscape Architecture Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Jiftah Ben-Asher
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Dryland, the Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Israel
| | - Abraham Rami Horowitz
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Dryland, the Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, Israel
| | - Shu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Landscape Architecture Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiahong He
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Landscape Architecture Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
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Gao M, Cao X, Wei S, Huang X, Ouyang H, Chang Y, Shi R, He J. Quantitative Comparison and Chemical Profile of Different Botanical Parts of Panax notoginseng From Different Regions. Front Nutr 2022; 9:841541. [PMID: 35571961 PMCID: PMC9097766 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.841541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The root of Panax notoginseng, a highly valued medicine and functional food, is the main part used for medicinal purposes. However, the stems and leaves are also used in practice. To provide a chemical basis for various uses, a quantitative comparison of 18 saponins using a non-targeted metabolomics approach was established, so as to investigate the chemical profiles of the different parts of P. notoginseng. The established strategy revealed that roots and stems, with their similar chemical characteristics, consisted mainly of protopanaxatriol-type saponins, whereas protopanaxadiol-type saponins were principally present in the leaves. Multivariate analysis further suggested that the quality of the stems and leaves of P. notoginseng was significantly affected by its geographical origin. Furthermore, 52 constituents (26 non-volatile and 26 volatile) were identified as potential markers for discriminating between different parts of the plant. Taken together, the study provides comprehensive chemical evidence for the rational application and exploitation of different parts of P. notoginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiunan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shujie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Huizi Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanxu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Shi
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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Wei G, Li M, Zhang G, Chen Z, Wei F, Jiao S, Qian J, Wang Y, Wei J, Wang Y, Meng X, Fitzgerald M, Yu Y, Dong L, Chen S. Temporal Dynamics of Rhizosphere Communities Across the Life Cycle of Panax notoginseng. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:853077. [PMID: 35432289 PMCID: PMC9010977 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.853077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizosphere microbiome promotes plant growth; however, the succession of rhizosphere microbial community during the growth stages of perennial medicinal plant Panax notoginseng (P. notoginseng) is still unclear. Here, amplicon sequencing was performed to assess the succession characteristics of rhizosphere microbiomes during developmental stages. Results showed that bacterial and fungal communities were mainly shaped by the development stages. The microbial α-diversities first increased and then decreased with plant growth and the variation in microbial composition was active at the 3-year root growth (3YR) stage. The variation trend of cross-domain co-occurrence network complexity was similar to that of α-diversities. Cross-domain nodes decreased at the 3YR stage and fungal nodes increased at the 3YR stage. This study provided a detailed and systematic survey of rhizosphere microbiomes during the growth stages of P. notoginseng. The findings revealed that the development stages of P. notoginseng drove the temporal dynamics of rhizosphere communities. This study helps in harnessing the power of microbiomes to evaluate herbal medicine growth and provides valuable information to guide the microbial breeding of medical plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengzhi Li
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guozhuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Institute of Sanqi Research, Wenshan University, Wenshan, China
| | - Fugang Wei
- Wenshan Miaoxiang Notoginseng Technology, Co., Ltd., Wenshan, China
| | - Shuo Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Sanqi Research, Wenshan University, Wenshan, China
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Xiangxiao Meng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yuqi Yu
- Wenshan Miaoxiang Notoginseng Technology, Co., Ltd., Wenshan, China
| | - Linlin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Inhibition of Aldose Reductase by Ginsenoside Derivatives via a Specific Structure Activity Relationship with Kinetics Mechanism and Molecular Docking Study. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072134. [PMID: 35408532 PMCID: PMC9000482 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This present work is designed to evaluate the anti-diabetic potential of 22 ginsenosides via the inhibition against rat lens aldose reductase (RLAR), and human recombinant aldose reductase (HRAR), using DL-glyceraldehyde as a substrate. Among the ginsenosides tested, ginsenoside Rh2, (20S) ginsenoside Rg3, (20R) ginsenoside Rg3, and ginsenoside Rh1 inhibited RLAR significantly, with IC50 values of 0.67, 1.25, 4.28, and 7.28 µM, respectively. Moreover, protopanaxadiol, protopanaxatriol, compound K, and ginsenoside Rh1 were potent inhibitors of HRAR, with IC50 values of 0.36, 1.43, 2.23, and 4.66 µM, respectively. The relationship of structure-activity exposed that the existence of hydroxyl groups, linkages, and their stereo-structure, as well as the sugar moieties of the ginsenoside skeleton, represented a significant role in the inhibition of HRAR and RLAR. Additional, various modes of ginsenoside inhibition and molecular docking simulation indicated negative binding energies. It was also indicated that it has a strong capacity and high affinity to bind the active sites of enzymes. Further, active ginsenosides suppressed sorbitol accumulation in rat lenses under high-glucose conditions, demonstrating their potential to prevent sorbitol accumulation ex vivo. The findings of the present study suggest the potential of ginsenoside derivatives for use in the development of therapeutic or preventive agents for diabetic complications.
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Liu C, Chen Z, Wu SL, Chow TC, Cheng RS, Lee JT, Yew DT. Comparative Review on Effects of Pien Tze Huang and AnGong NiuHuang Pill and their Potential on Treatment of Central Nervous System Diseases. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2350-2360. [PMID: 35306986 DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220318111730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
The ancient composite formulae Angong Niuhuang pill and Pien Tze Huang that were used a few hundred years ago to treat febrile disease and inflammation respectively are found to exert effects benefiting other neurological diseases and conditions. This short review introduces the main constituents of the two formulae, looking into both the cumulative synergetic and possible individual effects of each herb or animal apcoien. In essence, the main effects of Angong Niuhuang pill include antiinflammation, antioxidation, anti-cell death, anticonvulsion, antiedema, antipyretic, antithrombotic, antimicrobial (bacteria, viruses, fungi), neuroprotective effects, and cardiovascular protection. The main effects of Pien Tze Huang include antiinflammation, antioxidation, anti-cell death, antithrombotic, antimicrobial, neuroprotective effects, and cardiovascular protection. Comparing both composites, similarities of the effects and part of the components are found, showing some pharmacological evidence. This review casts light on research on the effects of neuroprotective and cardiovascular protective mechanisms as well as treatment mechanisms for cerebral accidents in the integrative medicine perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congsheng Liu
- Fujian Provincial Corporate Key Laboratory of PTH Natural Medicine Research and Development (R & D), Zhangzhou Pien Tze Huang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Fujian, China
| | - Zhiliang Chen
- Fujian Provincial Corporate Key Laboratory of PTH Natural Medicine Research and Development (R & D), Zhangzhou Pien Tze Huang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Fujian, China
| | - Sharon L.Y. Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Hong S.A.R., China
| | - Tony C.H. Chow
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Hong S.A.R., China
| | - Rufina S.Y. Cheng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Hong S.A.R., China
| | - Jocy T.C. Lee
- Hong Kong College of Technology, Hong Hong S.A.R., China
| | - David T. Yew
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Hong S.A.R., China
- Hong Kong College of Technology, Hong Hong S.A.R., China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Hong S.A.R., China
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Park JS, Kim SH, Han KM, Kim YS, Kwon E, Paek SH, Seo YK, Yun JW, Kang BC. Efficacy and safety evaluation of black ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.) extract (CJ EnerG): broad spectrum cytotoxic activity in human cancer cell lines and 28-day repeated oral toxicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:44. [PMID: 35172794 PMCID: PMC8848956 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03522-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey.) has been used as a valuable ingredient in traditional medicine for thousands of years mostly in Asian countries due to its therapeutic effects in various diseases. Among the processed ginseng products, black ginseng is produced by a repeated steaming and drying process of ginseng roots and has been known for its superior efficacy based on high accumulation of minor ginsenosides as recently discovered. Despite its popularity and increasing use, the toxicity information on black ginseng still remained largely lacking, raising safety concerns. This study was therefore carried out to determine the repeated oral toxicity of black ginseng extract (BGE; CJ EnerG) with evaluation of cytotoxic activity as validation of its pharmacological activity for toxicity testing. METHODS Prior to the toxicity test, we examined the cytotoxicity of BGE in six cancer cell lines derived from distinct human tissues in comparison with red ginseng extract (RGE), ginsenosides Rg5 and 20(S)-Rg3, and then assessed 28-day repeated oral toxicity in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats using daily administration of up to 2000 mg/kg BGE. RESULTS BGE showed higher cytotoxicity than RGE in all the cell lines used in this study. Interestingly, the efficacy of BGE closely resembled the cytotoxic pattern of Rg5, suggesting Rg5 as the main effector in the cytotoxic activity of BGE. During the toxicity study, BGE-treated groups showed no noticeable abnormality in clinical signs, body weight gain, food and water consumption and urinalysis. Furthermore, hematological, serum biochemical and histopathological analyses did not find any BGE-related toxicity. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that BGE has broad-spectrum in vitro cytotoxic activity, and that NOAEL of BGE in SD rats is > 2000 mg/kg, providing the essential safety information for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sung Park
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Min Han
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pathology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Yun-Soon Kim
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Euna Kwon
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hee Paek
- Food R&D Institute, CJ CheilJedang Corp., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ki Seo
- Food R&D Institute, CJ CheilJedang Corp., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Kang
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Biomedical Center for Animal Resource and Development, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Designed Animal and Transplantation Research Institute, Institute of GreenBio Science Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
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Yang L, Wang H, Wang P, Gao M, Huang L, Cui X, Liu Y. De novo and comparative transcriptomic analysis explain morphological differences in Panax notoginseng taproots. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:86. [PMID: 35100996 PMCID: PMC8802446 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08283-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen (PN) belonging to the genus Panax of family Araliaceae is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat various diseases. PN taproot, as the most vital organ for the accumulation of bioactive components, presents a variable morphology (oval or long), even within the same environment. However, no related studies have yet explained the molecular mechanism of phenotypic differences. To investigate the cause of differences in the taproot phenotype, de novo and comparative transcriptomic analysis on PN taproot was performed. Results A total of 133,730,886 and 114,761,595 paired-end clean reads were obtained based on high-throughput sequencing from oval and long taproot samples, respectively. 121,955 unigenes with contig N50 = 1,774 bp were generated by using the de novo assembly transcriptome, 63,133 annotations were obtained with the BLAST. And then, 42 genes belong to class III peroxidase (PRX) gene family, 8 genes belong to L-Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) gene family, and 55 genes belong to a series of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) gene family were identified based on integrated annotation results. Differentially expressed genes analysis indicated substantial up-regulation of PnAPX3 and PnPRX45, which are related to reactive oxygen species metabolism, and the PnMPK3 gene, which is related to cell proliferation and plant root development, in long taproots compared with that in oval taproots. Furthermore, the determination results of real-time quantitative PCR, enzyme activity, and H2O2 content verified transcriptomic analysis results. Conclusion These results collectively demonstrate that reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and the PnMPK3 gene may play vital roles in regulating the taproot phenotype of PN. This study provides further insights into the genetic mechanisms of phenotypic differences in other species of the genus Panax. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08283-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifang Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Hanye Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Panpan Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Mingju Gao
- Wenshan University, Wenshan, 663000, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650000, China.,Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng Resources Sustainable Development and Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650000, China.,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming, 650000, China.,Kunming Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Famous-Region Drug, Kunming, 650000, China.,Sanqi Research Institute of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650000, China. .,Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng Resources Sustainable Development and Utilization of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650000, China. .,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming, 650000, China. .,Kunming Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Famous-Region Drug, Kunming, 650000, China. .,Sanqi Research Institute of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650000, China.
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Acute Developmental Toxicity of Panax notoginseng in Zebrafish Larvae. Chin J Integr Med 2022; 29:333-340. [PMID: 35089525 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-3302-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate toxicity of raw extract of Panax notoginseng (rPN) and decocted extract of PN (dPN) by a toxicological assay using zebrafish larvae, and explore the mechanism by RNA sequencing assay. METHODS Zebrafish larvae was used to evaluate acute toxicity of PN in two forms: rPN and dPN. Three doses (0.5, 1.5, and 5.0 µ g/mL) of dPN were used to treat zebrafishes for evaluating the developmental toxicity. Behavior abnormalities, body weight, body length and number of vertebral roots were used as specific phenotypic endpoints. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) assay was applied to clarify the mechanism of acute toxicity, followed by real time PCR (qPCR) for verification. High performance liquid chromatography analysis was performed to determine the chemoprofile of this herb. RESULTS The acute toxicity result showed that rPN exerted higher acute toxicity than dPN in inducing death of larval zebrafishes (P<0.01). After daily oral intake for 21 days, dPN at doses of 0.5, 1.5 and 5.0 µ g/mL decreased the body weight, body length, and vertebral number of larval zebrafishes, indicating developmental toxicity of dPN. No other adverse outcome was observed during the experimental period. RNA-seq data revealed 38 genes differentially expressed in dPN-treated zebrafishes, of which carboxypeptidase A1 (cpa1) and opioid growth factor receptor-like 2 (ogfrl2) were identified as functional genes in regulating body development of zebrafishes. qPCR data showed that dPN significantly down-regulated the mRNA expressions of cpa1 and ogfrl2 (both P<0.01), verifying cpa1 and ogfrl2 as target genes for dPN. CONCLUSION This report uncovers the developmental toxicity of dPN, suggesting potential risk of its clinical application in children.
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Lee S, Reddy CK, Ryu JJ, Kyung S, Lim Y, Park MS, Kang S, Lee CH. Solid-State Fermentation With Aspergillus cristatus Enhances the Protopanaxadiol- and Protopanaxatriol-Associated Skin Anti-aging Activity of Panax notoginseng. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:602135. [PMID: 34975775 PMCID: PMC8718098 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.602135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A metabolomics approach was used to profile metabolites of Panax notoginseng fermented with Aspergillus cristatus in two ways, liquid-state fermentation (LF-P) and solid-state fermentation (SSF-P) and examine metabolite markers representing antioxidant activity and skin anti-aging. Protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT) contents were higher in SSF-P than in LF-P and showed a multiplicative increase over the fermentation period of four days. PPD and PPT levels also correlated with antioxidant and anti-aging effects in skin, based on the mRNA expression of dermal extracellular matrix components. In the bioactivity validation assays, PPD and PPT significantly improved the expression of type-I collagen, fibrillin-1, and elastin in human dermal fibroblasts from both young and old subjects; these were comparable with the effects of the SSF-P extracts. Overall, our results suggest that changes in the metabolites of P. notoginseng fermented with A. cristatus enhance the quality and availability of bioactive compounds associated with skin anti-aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunmin Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Seoul, South Korea.,Resource Analysis Research Laboratory, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chagam Koteswara Reddy
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeoung Jin Ryu
- COSMAX BTI R&I Center, Pangyo inno valley E, 255 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Seoyeon Kyung
- COSMAX BTI R&I Center, Pangyo inno valley E, 255 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Yonghwan Lim
- COSMAX BTI R&I Center, Pangyo inno valley E, 255 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Myeong Sam Park
- COSMAX BTI R&I Center, Pangyo inno valley E, 255 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Seunghyun Kang
- COSMAX BTI R&I Center, Pangyo inno valley E, 255 Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Choong Hwan Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Seoul, South Korea
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49
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Chu LL, Bae H. Bacterial endophytes from ginseng and their biotechnological application. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:1-10. [PMID: 35035239 PMCID: PMC8753428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has been well-known as a medicinal plant for thousands of years. Bacterial endophytes ubiquitously colonize the inside tissues of ginseng without any disease symptoms. The identification of bacterial endophytes is conducted through either the internal transcribed spacer region combined with ribosomal sequences or metagenomics. Bacterial endophyte communities differ in their diversity and composition profile, depending on the geographical location, cultivation condition, and tissue, age, and species of ginseng. Bacterial endophytes have a significant effect on the growth of ginseng through indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and siderophore production, phosphate solubilization, and nitrogen fixation. Moreover, bacterial endophytes can protect ginseng by acting as biocontrol agents. Interestingly, bacterial endophytes isolated from Panax species have the potential to produce ginsenosides and bioactive metabolites, which can be used in the production of food and medicine. The ability of bacterial endophytes to transform major ginsenosides into minor ginsenosides using β-glucosidase is gaining increasing attention as a promising biotechnology. Recently, metabolic engineering has accelerated the possibilities for potential applications of bacterial endophytes in producing beneficial secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Luong Chu
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Phenikaa University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
- Bioresource Research Center, Phenikaa University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hanhong Bae
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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50
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Kim JK, Lee EK, Bae CH, Park SD, Shim JJ, Lee JL, Yoo HH, Kim DH. The Impact of Gut Microbiome on the Pharmacokinetics of Ginsenosides Rd and Rg3 in Mice after Oral Administration of Red Ginseng. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2021; 49:1897-1912. [PMID: 34961415 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x21500890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenosides of orally administered red ginseng (RG) extracts are metabolized and absorbed into blood. Here, we examined the pharmacokinetic profiles of ginsenosides Rd and Rg3 in mice orally gavaged with RG, then investigated the correlations between these and gut microbiota composition. RG water extract (RGw), RG ethanol extract (RGe), or fermented RGe (fRGe) was orally gavaged in mice. The plasma concentrations of the ginsenosides were determined, and the gut microbiota composition was analyzed. RGe and fRGe-treated mice showed higher plasma concentration levels of ginsenoside Rd compared with RGw-treated mice; particularly, ginsenoside Rd absorbed was substantially high in fRGe-treated mice. Oral administration of RG extracts modified the gut microbiota composition; the modified gut microbiota, such as Peptococcaceae, Rikenellaceae, and Hungateiclostridiaceae, were closely correlated with the absorption of ginsenosides, such as Rd and Rg3. These results suggest that oral administration of RG extracts can modify gut microbiome, which may consequently affect the bioavailability of RG ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeon-Kyung Kim
- Neurobiota Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Eun Kyu Lee
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Hye Hyun Yoo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Kim
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Korea
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