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Lee YY, Kim SD, Park JK, Lee WJ, Han JE, Seo MS, Seo MG, Bae S, Kwak D, Saba E, Rhee MH. Red ginseng extract inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced platelet-leukocyte aggregates in mice. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:428-434. [PMID: 39036730 PMCID: PMC11258389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Platelet-leukocyte aggregates (PLAs) play important roles in cardiovascular disease and sepsis. Red ginseng extract (RGE) has been well-studied for its antiplatelet and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the potential inhibitory effects of RGE on PLA have not been investigated. Methods Six-week-old ICR mice were given oral gavage of RGE for 7 days, followed by an intraperitoneal injection of 15 mg/kg of lipopolysaccharide. Mice were euthanized 24 h later, and blood samples were collected for further analysis. Flow cytometry was utilized to sort populations of PLAs and platelet-neutrophil aggregates (PNAs). By using confocal microscopy, PNAs were validated. Morphological changes in platelets and leukocytes were visualized with scanning electron microscopy. Expressions of tissue factor (TF) and platelet factor 4 (PF4) were investigated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Populations of activated platelets, PLAs and PNAs, were significantly increased with LPS-induction. Treatment with 200 and 400 mg/kg of RGE decreased platelet activation. Moreover, the populations of PLAs and PNAs were reduced. PNAs were visible in the blood of septic mice, and this was attenuated by treatment with 400 mg/kg of RGE. Morphologically, sepsisinduced platelet activation and fibrin formation in the blood. This was reduced with RGE treatment. Sepsis-induced increase in the plasma levels of TF and PF4 was also reduced with RGE treatment. Conclusion This study shows that RGE is a potential therapeutic that reduces the activation of platelets and targets PLA and PNA formation. Detailed inhibitory mechanisms of RGE should be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yee Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States
| | - Sung Dae Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyu Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Jae Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Eun Han
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Seo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Goo Seo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulgi Bae
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmi Kwak
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Evelyn Saba
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Elsaman T, Muddathir AM, Mohieldin EAM, Batubara I, Rahminiwati M, Yamauchi K, Mohamed MA, Asoka SF, Büsselberg D, Habtemariam S, Sharifi-Rad J. Ginsenoside Rg5 as an anticancer drug: a comprehensive review on mechanisms, structure-activity relationship, and prospects for clinical advancement. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:287-306. [PMID: 38526651 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00586-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death in the world. Despite the considerable success of conventional treatment strategies, the incidence and mortality rates are still high, making developing new effective anticancer therapies an urgent priority. Ginsenoside Rg5 (Rg5) is a minor ginsenoside constituent obtained exclusively from ginseng species and is known for its broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. This article aimed to comprehensively review the anticancer properties of Rg5, focusing on action mechanisms, structure-activity relationship (SAR), and pharmacokinetics attributes. The in vitro and in vivo activities of Rg5 have been proven against several cancer types, such as breast, liver, lung, bone, and gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. The modulation of multiple signaling pathways critical for cancer growth and survival mediates these activities. Nevertheless, human clinical studies of Rg5 have not been addressed before, and there is still considerable ambiguity regarding its pharmacokinetics properties. In addition, a significant shortage in the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of Rg5 has been identified. Therefore, future efforts should focus on further optimization by performing extensive SAR studies to uncover the structural features essential for the potent anticancer activity of Rg5. Thus, this review highlights the value of Rg5 as a potential anticancer drug candidate and identifies the research areas requiring more investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilal Elsaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Mahmoud Muddathir
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, Shambat, 13314, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | | | - Irmanida Batubara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor, Indonesia
- Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Min Rahminiwati
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, IPB University, Jln Agathis Dramaga, Bogor, West Java, 16680, Indonesia
- Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University, Jl. Taman Kencana No. 3, Bogor, West Java, 16128, Indonesia
| | - Kosei Yamauchi
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Magdi Awadalla Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shadila Fira Asoka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor, Indonesia
- Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research and Herbal Analysis Services UK, Central Avenue , Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
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Chen X, Du H, Liu Y, Shi T, Li J, Liu J, Zhao L, Liu S. Fully connected-convolutional (FC-CNN) neural network based on hyperspectral images for rapid identification of P. ginseng growth years. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7209. [PMID: 38532030 PMCID: PMC10966043 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57904-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
P. ginseng is a precious traditional Chinese functional food, which is used for both medicinal and food purposes, and has various effects such as immunomodulation, anti-tumor and anti-oxidation. The growth year of P. ginseng has an important impact on its medicinal and economic values. Fast and nondestructive identification of the growth year of P. ginseng is crucial for its quality evaluation. In this paper, we propose a FC-CNN network that incorporates spectral and spatial features of hyperspectral images to characterize P. ginseng from different growth years. The importance ranking of the spectra was obtained using the random forest method for optimal band selection. Based on the hyperspectral reflectance data of P. ginseng after radiometric calibration and the images of the best five VNIR bands and five SWIR bands selected, the year-by-year identification of P. ginseng age and its identification experiments for food and medicinal purposes were conducted, and the FC-CNN network and its FCNN and CNN branch networks were tested and compared in terms of their effectiveness in the identification of P. ginseng growth years. It has been experimentally verified that the best year-by-year recognition was achieved by utilizing images from five visible and near-infrared important bands and all spectral curves, and the recognition accuracy of food and medicinal use reached 100%. The FC-CNN network is significantly better than its branching model in the effect of edible and medicinal identification. The results show that for P. ginseng growth year identification, VNIR images have much more useful information than SWIR images. Meanwhile, the FC-CNN network utilizing the spectral and spatial features of hyperspectral images is an effective method for the identification of P. ginseng growth year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingfeng Chen
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Hejuan Du
- The School of Information Engineering, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, 712089, China
| | - Yun Liu
- The 54th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Tingting Shi
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Jiaguo Li
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Limin Zhao
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
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Bao Y, Zhang R, Jiang X, Liu F, He Y, Hu H, Hou X, Hao L, Pei X. Detoxification mechanisms of ginseng to aconite: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 304:116009. [PMID: 36516908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.116009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Aconite (Fuzi, FZ), the processed root tuber of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx., is utilized as a classic medicine to treat diseases of the cardiovascular system and immune system. Resulting from the narrow margin of safety between a therapeutic dose and a toxic dose, FZ often causes cardiotoxicity including hypotension, palpitation, and bradycardia. Contributing to the detoxification effects of the other famous herbal medicine ginseng (Renshen, RS), which is the dried root and rhizome of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, people broadly combine FZ and RS as compatibility more than 1800 years to attenuate the toxicity of FZ. However, the systematic detoxification mechanisms of RS to FZ have not been fully revealed. AIM OF THE REVIEW Aiming to provide a comprehensive interpretation of the attenuation processes of FZ via RS, this review summarizes the up-to-date information about regulatory mechanisms of RS to FZ to shed the light on the essence of detoxification. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature was searched in electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, CNKI and WanFang Data. Relevant studies on detoxification mechanisms were included while irrelevant and duplicate studies were excluded. According to the study design, subject, intervention regime, outcome, first author and year of publication of included data, detoxification mechanisms of RS to FZ were summarized and visualized. RESULTS A total of 144 studies were identified through databases from their inception up to Oct. 2022. Included information indicated that diester-diterpenoid alkaloids (DDAs) were the main toxic substances of FZ. The main mechanisms that RS attenuates the toxicity of FZ were transforming toxic compounds of FZ, affecting the absorption and metabolism of FZ as well as the FZ-induced cell toxicity alleviation. CONCLUSION FZ, as a famous traditional Chinese medicine, has good prospects for utilization. The narrow margin of safety between a therapeutic dose and a toxic dose of FZ limits its clinical effect and safety while RS is always combined with FZ to alleviate its toxicity. However, mechanisms responsible for the detoxification process have not been well identified. Therefore, detoxification mechanisms of RS to FZ are reviewed to ensure the safety and effectiveness of FZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Bao
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Ruiyuan Zhang
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Xinyi Jiang
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Fang Liu
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
| | - Yao He
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
| | - Huiling Hu
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
| | - Xinlian Hou
- Huarun Sanjiu (Ya'an) Pharmaceutical Group Co., LTD, Ya'an, 625000, PR China
| | - Li Hao
- Huarun Sanjiu (Ya'an) Pharmaceutical Group Co., LTD, Ya'an, 625000, PR China
| | - Xu Pei
- Pharmacy College of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, PR China
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Zhou Y, Zhang D, Tan P, Xian B, Jiang H, Wu Q, Huang X, Zhang P, Xiao X, Pei J. Mechanism of platelet activation and potential therapeutic effects of natural drugs. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 108:154463. [PMID: 36347177 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease is one of the most concerning chronic diseases in the world. Many studies have shown that platelet overactivation is a very important factor in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases. At present, the widely used antiplatelet drugs have some defects, such as drug resistance and adverse reactions. PURPOSE The purpose of this article is to summarize the main mechanisms and pathways of platelet activation, the main targets of antiplatelet aggregation, and the antiplatelet aggregation components of natural drugs and their mechanisms of action to provide new research ideas for the development and application of antiplatelet drugs. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS In this review, we systematically searched the PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and CNKI databases and selected studies based on predefined eligibility criteria. We then assessed their quality and extracted data. RESULTS ADP, AA, THR, AF, collagen, SDF-1α, and Ca2+ can induce platelet aggregation and trigger thrombosis. Natural drugs have a good inhibitory effect on platelet activation. More than 50 kinds of natural drugs and over 120 kinds of chemical compounds, including flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, coumarins, and organic acids, have significantly inhibited platelet activation activity. The MAPK pathway, cGMP-PKG pathway, cAMP-PKA pathway, PI3K-AKT pathway, PTK pathway, PLC pathway, and AA pathway are the main mechanisms and pathways of platelet activation. CONCLUSION Natural drugs and their active ingredients have shown good activity and application prospects in anti-platelet aggregation. We hope that this review provides new research ideas for the development and application of antiplatelet drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Dingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Peng Tan
- Sichuan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bin Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Huajuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Xulong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Medical Supplies Centre of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100036, China.
| | - Xiaohe Xiao
- Department of Liver Disease, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 10039, China.
| | - Jin Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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Hossain MA, Kim JH. Possibility as role of ginseng and ginsenosides on inhibiting the heart disease of COVID-19: A systematic review. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:321-330. [PMID: 35068945 PMCID: PMC8767974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus has been spreading rapidly around the world since it broke out in China in 2019. Respiratory diseases caused by coronavirus infection cause various diseases ranging from asymptomatic subclinical infections to severe pneumonia and cardiovascular complications, leading to death. In this regard, natural products are being studied to prevent various diseases caused by COVID-19. In current review, we would like to present mechanisms related to the inhibition of heart disease in ginseng and ginsenoside against SARS-CoV-2. In many previous studies, ginseng and ginsenoside are known to have antioxidant, blood flow improvement, improvement of vascular and heart function, blood pressure control, suppression of myocardial infarction and heart failure, and antiarrhythmia. Therefore, ginseng and ginsenoside have a possibility to suppress cardiovascular complications caused by COVID-19. Many of research provide evidence for ginseng and ginsenoside as treatments for the risk of cardiovascular complications. However, in this review, more specific contents on the proposition of the efficacy of ginseng and ginsenoside for COVID-19 should be presented. Therefore, we hope that researches to reduce cardiovascular complications of ginseng and ginsenoside for COVID-19 should be presented to reduce mortality for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amjad Hossain
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-city, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan-city, Republic of Korea
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Fu W, Liang Y, Xie Z, Wu H, Zhang Z, Lv H. Preparation and evaluation of lecithin/zein hybrid nanoparticles for the oral delivery of Panax notoginseng saponins. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 164:105882. [PMID: 34000426 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Panax Notoginseng Saponins (PNS) has been widely used in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction, heart failure and cerebral infarction. However, oral administration of PNS showed low bioavailability because of its instability and poor membrane permeability in the gastrointestinal tract. Here, lipoprotein-inspired hybrid nanoparticles of PNS-Lecithin-Zein (PLZ-NPs) were prepared by using a simple phase separation method, which possessed a core-shell structure, where zein was used as protein part to replace the animal origin protein to increase the resistance to acid and enzymes while lecithin was used as the lipid composition to improve the oral absorption of PNS as well as to increase the drug loading capacity of PNS into the nanocarriers. The results of stability test showed that PLZ-NPs had robust enzymolysis resistance ability for acid and digestive enzymes of gastrointestinal environments. The fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay confirmed the ability of LZ-NPs to be intactly absorbed by Caco-2 cell monolayer. Cell transport studies demonstrated that the permeability of PLZ-NPs in Caco-2/HT29-MTX co-culture cell model was 1.5-fold that of PNS. Meanwhile, the single-pass intestinal perfusion assay proved the absorption parameter Peff of PLZ-NPs was 1.75 and 1.80 times higher than that of PNS in the ileum and jejunum, respectively. Finally, the in vivo pharmacokinetic experiment showed that the relative oral bioavailability of PLZ-NPs was 1.71-fold that of free PNS in SD rat. In summary, the employment of the Lecithin/Zein hybrid nanoparticles could be considered as a promising approach for PNS analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Fu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yiping Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zhonghui Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Hangyi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zhenhai Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China.
| | - Huixia Lv
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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Liu J, Li T, Wang J, Zhao C, Geng C, Meng Q, Du G, Yin J. Different absorption and metabolism of ginsenosides after the administration of total ginsenosides and decoction of Panax ginseng. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8788. [PMID: 32196768 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (PG), which contains polysaccharides and ginsenosides as the major bioactive components, has been used to promote health and treat diseases for thousands of years in China. Total ginsenosides were extracted from a decoction of Panax ginseng (GD), which included both ginsenosides and polysaccharides, and dissolved in water to obtain a total ginsenosides aqueous solution (TGAS). To study their absorption and metabolism, the pharmacokinetics (PK) and metabolites of ginsenosides in vivo were investigated after the administration of GD and TGAS. METHODS Rat and mice plasma samples were collected after the administration of GD and TGAS. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used with the UNIFI platform to identify metabolites in the plasma sample. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a noncompartmental method in the Drug and Statistics software package. RESULTS Thirty ginsenoside metabolites were identified in mice plasma, of which only seven were found in the rat plasma after the administration of GD. The PK of ginsenosides Rb1 , Rc, and Rd were also determined after the oral administration of GD and TGAS and showed significant differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters. CONCLUSIONS There was no difference in the biotransformation pathways after the oral administration of GD and TGAS, indicating that there was no influence of polysaccharides on the biotransformation of ginsenosides in vivo. However, the pharmacokinetic parameters were different after the administration of GD and TGAS, possibly because of the polysaccharides in GD. This study should be of significance in exploring the basis of PG bioactivities and lays the foundation for the further development of new drugs using PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihua Liu
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunfang Zhao
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Cong Geng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qin Meng
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guangguang Du
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianyuan Yin
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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The effects of ginsenosides on platelet aggregation and vascular intima in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases: From molecular mechanisms to clinical applications. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:105031. [PMID: 32562816 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thrombosis initiated by abnormal platelet aggregation is a pivotal pathological event that precedes most cases of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Recently, growing evidence indicates that platelet could be a potential target for CVD prevention. However, as the conventional antithrombotic management strategy, applications of current antiplatelet agents are somewhat limited by their various side effects, such as bleeding risk and drug resistance. Hence, efforts have been made to search for agents as complementary therapies. Ginsenoside, the principal active component extracted from Panax ginseng, has gained much attention for its regulations on multiple crucial events of platelet aggregation. From structural characteristics to clinical applications, this review anatomized the intrinsic structure-function relationship of antiplatelet potency of ginsenosides, and the involved signal pathways were specifically summarized. Additionally, the emphasis was placed on clinical studies that investigate the antithrombotic efficacy of ginsenosides in the treatment of CVD. Further, a broad overview of approaches for improving the bioavailability of ginsenosides was concluded. Limitations and prospects of current studies were also discussed. This study may provide some new insights into the systematic understanding of ginsenosides in CVD treatment and lay a foundation for future research.
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Al-Dujaili EAS, Hajleh MNA, Chalmers R. Effects of Ginseng Ingestion on Salivary Testosterone and DHEA Levels in Healthy Females: An Exploratory Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061582. [PMID: 32481563 PMCID: PMC7352699 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng is a traditional herbal adaptogen that has been historically used in China and the Far East. Ginsenosides are the active component of ginseng known to exert several actions by targeting "multi-receptor systems", both extracellular and intracellular. In humans, ginseng effects remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether ginseng can influence salivary androgen levels (testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)) in females. The study followed a parallel partially controlled design. Healthy women (n = 24) were recruited and divided into two groups (A = 20-32 and B = 38-50 years). Volunteers were asked to maintain a food diary pre and post ginseng consumption and collected four salivary samples (7 a.m., 9 a.m., 12 p.m., and 5 p.m.) before and after ingesting 75 mg red Korean ginseng extract per day for seven days. Testosterone and DHEA were then assayed by ELISA methods. Group A's mean daily salivary testosterone pre ginseng ingestion increased from 76.3 ± 16.6 to 98.4 ± 21.1 pg/mL post ginseng (p < 0.01) with significant difference at all time points, and mean daily salivary DHEA increased from 1.53 ± 0.63 to 1.98 ± 0.89 ng/mL post ginseng (p = 0.02). Group B's mean daily salivary testosterone pre ginseng ingestion was 61.2 ± 16.9 and post ginseng 68.1 ± 11.5 pg/mL (p = 0.132), and daily salivary DHEA increased from 0.91 ± 0.32 to 1.62 ± 0.49 ng/mL post ginseng (p = 0.014) with significant difference at all time points. In conclusion, it appears that ginseng intake significantly increased salivary testosterone levels in the younger women group, but only slightly in the older group. However, DHEA levels in the older women showed a marked and significant increase. These results suggest a potential role for ginseng in modulating salivary androgen levels and that such effect may be more evident in older women where the levels of androgens (DHEA) start to decline. However, it has to be stressed that our results are preliminary and further properly controlled trials are justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad A. S. Al-Dujaili
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-131-339-1785
| | - Maha N. Abu Hajleh
- Department of Pharmaceutical sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
| | - Ruth Chalmers
- Biological Sciences, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh EH21 6UU, UK;
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11
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Irfan M, Kim M, Rhee MH. Anti-platelet role of Korean ginseng and ginsenosides in cardiovascular diseases. J Ginseng Res 2020; 44:24-32. [PMID: 32095094 PMCID: PMC7033355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases prevail among modern societies and underdeveloped countries, and a high mortality rate has also been reported by the World Health Organization affecting millions of people worldwide. Hyperactive platelets are the major culprits in thrombotic disorders. A group of drugs is available to deal with such platelet-related disorders; however, sometimes, side effects and complications caused by these drugs outweigh their benefits. Ginseng and its nutraceuticals have been reported to reduce the impact of thrombotic conditions and improve cardiovascular health by antiplatelet mechanisms. This review provides (1) a comprehensive insight into the available pharmacological options from ginseng and ginsenosides (saponin and nonsaponin fractions) for platelet-originated cardiovascular disorders; (2) a discussion on the impact of specific functional groups on the modulation of platelet functions and how structural modifications among ginsenosides affect platelet activation, which may further provide a basis for drug design, optimization, and the development of ginsenoside scaffolds as pharmacological antiplatelet agents; (3) an insight into the synergistic effects of ginsenosides on platelet functions; and (4) a perspective on future research and the development of ginseng and ginsenosides as super nutraceuticals.
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Key Words
- AA, arachidonic acid
- AC, adenylyl cyclase
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- ASA, acetylsalicylic acid
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Akt, protein kinase B
- Antiplatelet
- COX, cyclooxygenase
- CRP, collagen-related peptide
- CSF, crude saponin fraction
- ERK, extracellular signal–regulated kinase
- GPVI, glycoprotein VI
- Ginsenosides
- IC50, half maximal (50%) inhibitory concentration
- IP3, inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MKK4, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4
- MLC, myosin light chain
- Nutraceutical
- PAF, platelet-activating factor
- PAR, proteinase-activated receptor
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PKC, protein kinase C
- PKG, protein kinase G
- PLA2, phospholipase A2
- PLCγ2, phospholipase C gamma-2
- PPD, protopanaxadiol
- PPT, protopanaxatriol
- PT, prothrombin time
- ROCK, Rho-associated protein kinase
- SFK, Src family kinase
- Structural modification
- Syk, spleen tyrosine kinase
- Synergism
- TS, total saponin
- TxA2, thromboxane A2
- TxAS, thromboxane-A synthase
- TxB2, thromboxane B2
- TxR, thromboxane receptor
- VASP, vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein
- [Ca2+]i, intracellular calcium ion
- aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time
- cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- cPLA2α, cytosolic phospholipase A2α
- vWF, von Willebrand factor
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Man Hee Rhee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Cell Signaling, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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12
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Kwon HW. 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits glycoprotein IIb/IIIa activation in human platelets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3839/jabc.2018.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk-Woo Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Far East University, Eumseong 27601, Republic of Korea
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13
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Kim JH. Pharmacological and medical applications of Panax ginseng and ginsenosides: a review for use in cardiovascular diseases. J Ginseng Res 2018; 42:264-269. [PMID: 29983607 PMCID: PMC6026386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng, also called Asian or Korean ginseng, has long been traditionally used in Korea and China to treat various diseases. The major active ingredients of P. ginseng are ginsenosides, which have been shown to have a variety of therapeutic effects, including antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, vasorelaxation, antiallergic, antidiabetic, and anticancer. To date, approximately 40 ginsenoside components have been reported. Current research is concentrating on using a single ginseng compound, one of the ginsenosides, instead of the total ginseng compounds, to determine the mechanisms of ginseng and ginsenosides. Recent in vitro and in vivo results show that ginseng has beneficial effects on cardiac and vascular diseases through efficacy, including antioxidation, control of vasomotor function, modulation of ion channels and signal transduction, improvement of lipid profiles, adjustment of blood pressure, improvement in cardiac function, and reduction in platelet adhesion. This review aims to provide valuable information on the traditional uses of ginseng and ginsenosides, their therapeutic applications in animal models and humans, and the pharmacological action of ginseng and ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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Irfan M, Jeong D, Saba E, Kwon HW, Shin JH, Jeon BR, Kim S, Kim SD, Lee DH, Nah SY, Rhee MH. Gintonin modulates platelet function and inhibits thrombus formation via impaired glycoprotein VI signaling. Platelets 2018; 30:589-598. [PMID: 29870296 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2018.1479033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng (P. ginseng), one of the most valuable medicinal plants, is known for its healing and immunobooster properties and has been widely used in folk medicine against cardiovascular diseases, including stroke and heart attack. In this study, we explored the anti-platelet activity of gintonin (a recently discovered non-saponin fraction of ginseng) against agonist-induced platelet activation. In vitro effects of gintonin on agonist-induced human and rat platelet aggregation, granule secretion, integrin αIIbβ3 activation, and intracellular calcium ion ([Ca2+]i) mobilization were examined. Western blot analysis and immunoprecipitation techniques were used to estimate the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) and interaction of glycoprotein VI (GPVI) signaling pathway molecules such as Src family kinases (SFK), tyrosine kinase Syk, and PLCγ2. In vivo effects were studied using acute pulmonary thromboembolism model in mice. Gintonin remarkably inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation and suppressed granule secretion, [Ca2+]i mobilization, and fibrinogen binding to integrin αIIbβ3 in a dose-dependent manner and clot retraction. Gintonin attenuated the activation of MAPK molecules and PI3K/Akt pathway. It also inhibited SFK, Syk, and PLCγ2 activation and protected mice from thrombosis. Gintonin inhibited agonist-induced platelet activation and thrombus formation through impairment in GPVI signaling molecules, including activation of SFK, Syk, PLCγ2, MAPK, and PI3K/Akt; suggesting its therapeutic potential against platelet related CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan
- a Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine , Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Republic of Korea
| | - Dahye Jeong
- a Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine , Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Republic of Korea
| | - Evelyn Saba
- a Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine , Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Woo Kwon
- b Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science , Far East University , Eumseong , Korea
| | - Jung-Hae Shin
- c Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering , Inje University , Gyungnam , Korea
| | - Bo-Ra Jeon
- a Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine , Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Kim
- d Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine , Gyeongsang National University , Jinju , Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Dae Kim
- a Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine , Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ha Lee
- e Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science , Korea Nazarene University , Cheonan, Chungnam , Republic of Korea.,f Molecular Diagnostics Research Institute , Namseoul University , Cheonan, Chungnam , Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- g Ginsentology Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine , Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- a Laboratory of Physiology and Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine , Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Republic of Korea
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15
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Dai YL, Qiao MD, Yu P, Zheng F, Yue H, Liu SY. Comparing eight types of ginsenosides in ginseng of different plant ages and regions using RRLC-Q-TOF MS/MS. J Ginseng Res 2017; 44:205-214. [PMID: 32148401 PMCID: PMC7031739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This article aims to compare and analyze the contents of ginsenosides in ginseng of different plant ages from different localities in China. Methods In this study, 77 fresh ginseng samples aged 2–4 years were collected from 13 different cultivation regions in China. The content of eight ginsenosides (Rg3, Rc, Rg1, Rf, Rb2, Rb1, Re, and Rd) was determined using rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole–time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (RRLC-Q-TOF MS/MS) to comparatively evaluate the influences of cultivation region and age. Results Ginsenoside contents differed significantly depending on age and cultivation region. The contents of ginsenosides Re, Rc, Rg1, Rg3, and Rf increased with cultivation age, whereas that of ginsenoside Rb1 peaked in the third year of cultivation. Moreover, the highest ginsenoside content was obtained from Changbai (19.36 mg/g) whereas the lowest content was obtained from Jidong (12.05 mg/g). Ginseng from Jilin Province contained greater total ginsenosides and was richer in ginsenoside Re than ginseng of the same age group in Heilongjiang and Liaoning provinces, where Rb1 and Rg1 contents were relatively high. Conclusion In this study, RRLC-Q-TOF MS/MS was used to analyze ginsenoside contents in 77 ginseng samples aged 2–4 years from different cultivation regions. These patterns of variation in ginsenoside content, which depend on harvesting location and age, could be useful for interested parties to choose ginseng products according to their needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Dai
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Meng-Dan Qiao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Yu
- School of pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Fei Zheng
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Hao Yue
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Shu-Ying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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16
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Kwon HW, Lee DH. The Inhibitory Effects of Cordycepin on Phosphoproteins including PI3K, Akt, and p38. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2017.49.2.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk-Woo Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Dong-Ha Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Korea Nazarene University, Cheonan, Korea
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17
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Park JH, Lee SK, Kim MK, Lee JH, Yun BH, Park JH, Seo SK, Cho S, Choi YS. Saponin Extracts Induced Apoptosis of Endometrial Cells From Women With Endometriosis Through Modulation of miR-21-5p. Reprod Sci 2017; 25:292-301. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719117711263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Kyun Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Kyoung Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo Hyun Yun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Park
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Kyo Seo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - SiHyun Cho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Sik Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Jayakumar T, Lin KC, Lu WJ, Lin CY, Pitchairaj G, Li JY, Sheu JR. Nobiletin, a citrus flavonoid, activates vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein in human platelets through non-cyclic nucleotide-related mechanisms. Int J Mol Med 2016; 39:174-182. [PMID: 27959381 PMCID: PMC5179174 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nobiletin, a bioactive polymethoxylated flavone, has been described to possess a diversity of biological effects through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) is a common substrate for cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP-regulated protein kinases [i.e., cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA; also known as protein kinase A) and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG; also known as protein kinase G)] and it has been shown to be directly phosphorylated by protein kinase C (PKC). In the present study, we demonstrate that VASP is phosphorylated by nobiletin in human platelets via a non-cyclic nucleotide-related mechanism. This was confirmed by the use of inhibitors of adenylate cyclase (SQ22536) and guanylate cyclase [1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ)], since they prevented VASP phosphorylation induced by nobiletin. Furthormore, this event was also not affected by specific inhibitors of PKA (H-89), PKG (KT5823) and PKC (Ro318220), representing cyclic nucleotide-dependent pathways upon nobiletin-induced VASP phosphorylation. Similarly, inhibitors of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK; SB203580), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2; PD98059), c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1; SP600125), Akt (LY294002) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB; Bay11-7082) did not affect nobiletin-induced VASP phosphorylation. Moreover, electron spin resonance, dichlorofluorescein fluorescence and western blotting techniques revealed that nobiletin did not affect hydroxyl radicals (OH•), intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and on protein carbonylation, respectively. Furthermore, the nobiletin-induced VASP phosphorylation was surprisingly reversed by the intracellular antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), but not by the inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI). It was surprising to observe the differential effects of nobiletin and NAC on VASP phosphorylation in human platelets, since they both have been reported to have antioxidant properties. The likely explanation for this discrepancy is that NAC may bind to allosteric sites on the receptor different from those that nobiletin binds to in human platelets. Taken together, our findings suggest that nobiletin induces VASP phosphorylation in human platelets through non-cyclic nucleotide-related mechanisms. Nevertheless, the exact mechanisms responsible for these effects need to be further confirmed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanasekaran Jayakumar
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kao-Chang Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wan-Jung Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Ying Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Geraldine Pitchairaj
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jiun-Yi Li
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Joen-Rong Sheu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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19
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Effects of ginseng on two main sex steroid hormone receptors: estrogen and androgen receptors. J Ginseng Res 2016; 41:215-221. [PMID: 28413327 PMCID: PMC5386121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has been used in China for at least two millennia and is now popular in over 35 countries. It is one of the world's popular herbs for complementary and alternative medicine and has been shown to have helpful effects on cognition and blood circulation, as well as anti-aging, anti-cancer, and anti-diabetic effects, among many others. The pharmacological activities of ginseng are dependent mainly on ginsenosides. Ginsenosides have a cholesterol-like four trans-ring steroid skeleton with a variety of sugar moieties. Nuclear receptors are one of the most important molecular targets of ginseng, and reports have shown that members of the nuclear receptor superfamily are regulated by a variety of ginsenosides. Here, we review the published literature on the effects of ginseng and its constituents on two main sex steroid hormone receptors: estrogen and androgen receptors. Furthermore, we discuss applications for sex steroid hormone receptor modulation and their therapeutic efficacy.
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20
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Hossen MJ, Cho JY, Kim D. PDK1 in NF-κB signaling is a target of Xanthium strumarium methanolic extract-mediated anti-inflammatory activities. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 190:251-260. [PMID: 27286918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Xanthium strumarium L. (Asteraceae) has traditionally been used to treat bacterial infections, nasal sinusitis, urticaria, arthritis, chronic bronchitis and rhinitis, allergic rhinitis, edema, lumbago, and other ailments. However, the molecular mechanisms by which this plant exerts its anti-inflammatory effects are poorly characterized. Here we studied the immunopharmacological activities of the methanolic extract of the aerial parts of this plant (Xs-ME) and validated its pharmacological targets. MATERIALS AND METHODS To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of Xs-ME, we employed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated macrophages and an HCl/EtOH-induced mouse model of gastritis. We also used HPLC to identify the potentially active anti-inflammatory components of this extract. The molecular mechanisms of its anti-inflammatory activity were studied by kinase assays, reporter gene assays, immunoprecipitation analysis, and overexpression of target enzymes. RESULTS The production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were both suppressed by Xs-ME. Moreover, orally administered Xs-ME ameliorated HCl/EtOH-induced gastric lesions. Furthermore, this extract downregulated the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and reduced the nuclear levels of NF-κB. Signaling events upstream of NF-κB translocation, such as phosphorylation of AKT and the formation of PDK1-AKT signaling complexes, were also inhibited by Xs-ME. Moreover, Xs-ME suppressed the enzymatic activity of PDK1. Additionally, PDK1-induced luciferase activity and Akt phosphorylation were both inhibited by Xs-ME. We also identified the polyphenol resveratrol as a likely active anti-inflammatory component in Xs-ME that targets PDK1. CONCLUSION Xs-ME exerts anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting PDK1 kinase activity and blocking signaling to its downstream transcription factor, NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jahangir Hossen
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Animal Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Daewon Kim
- Laboratory of Bio-informatics, Department of Multimedia Engineering, Dankook University, Republic of Korea.
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Yoon JY, Kim JH, Baek KS, Kim GS, Lee SE, Lee DY, Choi JH, Kim SY, Park HB, Sung GH, Lee KR, Cho JY, Noh HJ. A direct protein kinase B-targeted anti-inflammatory activity of cordycepin from artificially cultured fruit body of Cordyceps militaris. Pharmacogn Mag 2015; 11:477-85. [PMID: 26246722 PMCID: PMC4522833 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.160454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cordyceps militaris is one of well-known medicinal mushrooms with anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-obesity activities. Objective: The objective of the following study is to isolate chemical components from the ethanol extract (Cm-EE) from Cordyceps militaris and to evaluate their anti-inflammatory activities. Materials and Methods: Column chromatographic separation was performed and anti-inflammatory roles of these compounds were also examined by using NO production and protein kinase B (AKT) activity assays. Results: From Cm-EE, 13 constituents, including trehalose (1), cordycepin (2), 6-hydroxyethyladenosine (3), nicotinic amide (4), butyric acid (5), β-dimorphecolic acid (6), α-dimorphecolic acid (7), palmitic acid (8), linoleic acid (9), cordycepeptide A (10), 4-(2-hydroxy-3-((9E,12E)-octadeca-9,12-dienoyloxy)propoxy)-2-(trimethylammonio)butanoate (11), 4-(2-hydroxy-3-(palmitoyloxy)propoxy)-2-(trimethylammonio)butanoate (12), and linoleic acid methyl ester (13) were isolated. Of these components, compound 2 displayed a significant inhibitory effect on NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, this compound strongly and directly suppressed the kinase activity of AKT, an essential signalling enzyme in LPS-induced NO production, by interacting with its ATP binding site. Conclusion: C. militaris could have anti-inflammatory activity mediated by cordycepin-induced suppression of AKT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Young Yoon
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Baek
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Geum Soog Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseoung 369 873, Korea
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseoung 369 873, Korea
| | - Dae Young Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseoung 369 873, Korea
| | - Je Hun Choi
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseoung 369 873, Korea
| | - Seung Yu Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseoung 369 873, Korea
| | - Hyun Bong Park
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440 746, Korea
| | - Gi-Ho Sung
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseoung 369 873, Korea
| | - Kang Ro Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440 746, Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyung Jun Noh
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseoung 369 873, Korea
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Hossen MJ, Jeon SH, Kim SC, Kim JH, Jeong D, Sung NY, Yang S, Baek KS, Kim JH, Yoon DH, Song WO, Yoon KD, Cho SH, Lee S, Kim JH, Cho JY. In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of Phyllanthus acidus methanolic extract. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 168:217-228. [PMID: 25839115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels (Phyllanthaceae) has traditionally been used to treat gastric trouble, rheumatism, bronchitis, asthma, respiratory disorders, and hepatitis. Despite this widespread use, the pharmacological activities of this plant and their molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Therefore, we evaluated the immunopharmacological activities of the methanolic extract of the aerial parts of this plant (Pa-ME) and validated its pharmacological targets. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated macrophages, an HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis model, and an acetic acid-injected capillary permeability mouse model were employed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of Pa-ME. Potentially active anti-inflammatory components of this extract were identified by HPLC. The molecular mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory activity were studied by kinase assays, reporter gene assays, immunoprecipitation analysis, and overexpression of target enzymes. RESULTS Pa-ME suppressed the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prevented morphological changes in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, both HCl/EtOH-induced gastric damage and acetic acid-triggered vascular permeability were restored by orally administered Pa-ME. Furthermore, this extract downregulated the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and reduced the nuclear levels of NF-κB. Signalling events upstream of NF-κB translocation, such as phosphorylation of Src and Syk and formation of Src/Syk signalling complexes, were also inhibited by Pa-ME. The enzymatic activities of Src and Syk were also suppressed by Pa-ME. Moreover, Src-induced and Syk-induced luciferase activity and p85/Akt phosphorylation were also inhibited by Pa-ME. Of the identified flavonoids, kaempferol and quercetin were revealed as partially active anti-inflammatory components in Pa-ME. CONCLUSION Pa-ME exerts anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo by suppressing Src, Syk, and their downstream transcription factor, NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jahangir Hossen
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea; Department of Animal Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh
| | - Sung Ho Jeon
- Department of Life Science Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Cheol Kim
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Jeong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Nak Yoon Sung
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjae Yang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Baek
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Hyo Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 220-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Won O Song
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Kee Dong Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukchan Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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Kwon HW, Shin JH, Cho HJ, Rhee MH, Park HJ. Total saponin from Korean Red Ginseng inhibits binding of adhesive proteins to glycoprotein IIb/IIIa via phosphorylation of VASP (Ser(157)) and dephosphorylation of PI3K and Akt. J Ginseng Res 2015; 40:76-85. [PMID: 26843825 PMCID: PMC4703804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Binding of adhesive proteins (i.e., fibrinogen, fibronectin, vitronectin) to platelet integrin glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (αIIb/β3) by various agonists (thrombin, collagen, adenosine diphosphate) involve in strength of thrombus. This study was carried out to evaluate the antiplatelet effect of total saponin from Korean Red Ginseng (KRG-TS) by investigating whether KRG-TS inhibits thrombin-induced binding of fibrinogen and fibronectin to αIIb/β3. Methods We investigated the effect of KRG-TS on phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) and dephosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt, affecting binding of fibrinogen and fibronectin to αIIb/β3, and clot retraction. Results KRG-TS had an antiplatelet effect by inhibiting the binding of fibrinogen and fibronectin to αIIb/β3 via phosphorylation of VASP (Ser157), and dephosphorylation of PI3K and Akt on thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. Moreover, A-kinase inhibitor Rp-8-Br-cyclic adenosine monophosphates (cAMPs) reduced KRG-TS-increased VASP (Ser157) phosphorylation, and increased KRG-TS-inhibited fibrinogen-, and fibronectin-binding to αIIb/β3. These findings indicate that KRG-TS interferes with the binding of fibrinogen and fibronectin to αIIb/β3 via cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of VASP (Ser157). In addition, KRG-TS decreased the rate of clot retraction, reflecting inhibition of αIIb/β3 activation. In this study, we clarified ginsenoside Ro (G-Ro) in KRG-TS inhibited thrombin-induced platelet aggregation via both inhibition of [Ca2+]i mobilization and increase of cAMP production. Conclusion These results strongly indicate that KRG-TS is a beneficial herbal substance inhibiting fibrinogen-, and fibronectin-binding to αIIb/β3, and clot retraction, and may prevent platelet αIIb/β3-mediated thrombotic disease. In addition, we demonstrate that G-Ro is a novel compound with antiplatelet characteristics of KRG-TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk-Woo Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, Gyungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hae Shin
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, Gyungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Cho
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Science, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Jin Park
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, Gyungnam, Republic of Korea
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Shin JH, Kwon HW, Cho HJ, Rhee MH, Park HJ. Inhibitory effects of total saponin from Korean Red Ginseng on [Ca(2+)]i mobilization through phosphorylation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type I in human platelets. J Ginseng Res 2015; 39:354-64. [PMID: 26869828 PMCID: PMC4593793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intracellular Ca2+([Ca2+]i) is a platelet aggregation-inducing molecule. Therefore, understanding the inhibitory mechanism of [Ca2+]i mobilization is very important to evaluate the antiplatelet effect of a substance. This study was carried out to understand the Ca2+-antagonistic effect of total saponin from Korean Red Ginseng (KRG-TS). Methods We investigated the Ca2+-antagonistic effect of KRG-TS on cyclic nucleotides-associated phosphorylation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type I (IP3RI) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA) in thrombin (0.05 U/mL)-stimulated human platelet aggregation. Results The inhibition of [Ca2+]i mobilization by KRG-TS was increased by a PKA inhibitor (Rp-8-Br-cAMPS), which was more stronger than the inhibition by a cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKG) inhibitor (Rp-8-Br-cGMPS). In addition, Rp-8-Br-cAMPS inhibited phosphorylation of PKA catalytic subunit (PKAc) (Thr197) by KRG-TS. The phosphorylation of IP3RI (Ser1756) by KRG-TS was very strongly inhibited by Rp-8-Br-cAMPS compared with that by Rp-8-Br-cGMPS. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of [Ca2+]i mobilization by KRG-TS is more strongly dependent on a cAMP/PKA pathway than a cGMP/PKG pathway. KRG-TS also inhibited the release of adenosine triphosphate and serotonin. In addition, only G-Rg3 of protopanaxadiol in KRG-TS inhibited thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. Conclusion These results strongly indicate that KRG-TS is a potent beneficial compound that inhibits [Ca2+]i mobilization in thrombin–platelet interactions, which may result in the prevention of platelet aggregation-mediated thrombotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hae Shin
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, Inje-ro, Gimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea
| | - Hyuk-Woo Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, Inje-ro, Gimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Cho
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Science, Konyang University, Gasuwon-dong, Seo-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Buk-gu, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hwa-Jin Park
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inje University, Inje-ro, Gimhae-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea
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Jeon BR, Kim SJ, Hong SB, Park HJ, Cho JY, Rhee MH. The inhibitory mechanism of crude saponin fraction from Korean Red Ginseng in collagen-induced platelet aggregation. J Ginseng Res 2015. [PMID: 26199561 PMCID: PMC4506371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Korean Red Ginseng has been used as a traditional oriental medicine to treat illness and to promote health for several thousand years in Eastern Asia. It is widely accepted that ginseng saponins, ginsenosides, are the major active ingredients responsible for Korean Red Ginseng’s therapeutic activity against many kinds of illness. Although the crude saponin fraction (CSF) displayed antiplatelet activity, the molecular mechanism of its action remains to be elucidated. Methods The platelet aggregation was induced by collagen, the ligand of integrin αIIβI and glycoprotein VI. The crude saponin’s effects on granule secretion [e.g., calcium ion mobilization and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release] were determined. The activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), and p38 MAPK, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt was analyzed by immunoblotting. In addition, the activation of integrin αIIbβIII was examined by fluorocytometry. Results CSF strongly inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation and ATP release in a concentration-dependent manner. It also markedly suppressed [Ca2+]i mobilization in collagen-stimulated platelets. Immunoblotting assay revealed that CSF significantly suppressed ERK1/2, p38, JNK, PI3K, Akt, and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 phosphorylation. In addition, our fraction strongly inhibited the fibrinogen binding to integrin αIIbβ3. Conclusion Our present data suggest that CSF may have a strong antiplatelet property and it can be considered as a candidate with therapeutic potential for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders involving abnormal platelet function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ra Jeon
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Su Jung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Daegu Health College, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seung Bok Hong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Chungbuk Health and Science University, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Hwa-Jin Park
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering and Regional Research Center, Inje University, Gyungnam, Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Cell Signaling, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Chemical diversity of ginseng saponins from Panax ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2015; 39:287-98. [PMID: 26869820 PMCID: PMC4593792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng, a perennial plant belonging to the genus Panax of the Araliaceae family, is well known for its medicinal properties that help alleviate pathological symptoms, promote health, and prevent potential diseases. Among the active ingredients of ginseng are saponins, most of which are glycosides of triterpenoid aglycones. So far, numerous saponins have been reported as components of Panax ginseng, also known as Korean ginseng. Herein, we summarize available information about 112 saponins related to P. ginseng; >80 of them are isolated from raw or processed ginseng, and the others are acid/base hydrolysates, semisynthetic saponins, or metabolites.
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Lee CH, Kim JH. A review on the medicinal potentials of ginseng and ginsenosides on cardiovascular diseases. J Ginseng Res 2014; 38:161-6. [PMID: 25378989 PMCID: PMC4213864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ginseng is widely used for its promising healing and restorative properties as well as for its possible tonic effect in traditional medicine. Nowadays, many studies focus on purified individual ginsenoside, an important constituent in ginseng, and study its specific mechanism of action instead of whole-plant extracts on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Of the various ginsenosides, purified ginsenosides such as Rb1, Rg1, Rg3, Rh1, Re, and Rd are the most frequently studied. Although there are many reports on the molecular mechanisms and medical applications of ginsenosides in the treatment of CVDs, many concerns exist in their application. This review discusses current works on the countless pharmacological functions and the potential benefits of ginseng in the area of CVDs. RESULTS Both in vitro and in vivo results indicate that ginseng has potentially positive effects on heart disease through its various properties including antioxidation, reduced platelet adhesion, vasomotor regulation, improving lipid profiles, and influencing various ion channels. To date, approximately 40 ginsenosides have been identified, and each has a different mechanism of action owing to the differences in chemical structure. This review aims to present comprehensive information on the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of ginseng, especially in the control of hypertension and cardiovascular function. In addition, the review also provides an insight into the opportunities for future research and development on the biological activities of ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ho Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
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